Montgomery (Appellant) v Lanarkshire Health Board (Respondent) (Scotland)

person to a risk of injury which she would otherwise have avoided, but it is
also the counterpart of the patient’s entitlement to decide whether or not to
incur that risk. The existence of that entitlement, and the fact that its exercise
does not depend exclusively on medical considerations, are important. They
point to a fundamental distinction between, on the one hand, the doctor’s role
when considering possible investigatory or treatment options and, on the
other, her role in discussing with the patient any recommended treatment and
possible alternatives, and the risks of injury which may be involved.
83. The former role is an exercise of professional skill and judgment: what risks
of injury are involved in an operation, for example, is a matter falling within
the expertise of members of the medical profession. But it is a non sequitur
to conclude that the question whether a risk of injury, or the availability of an
alternative form of treatment, ought to be discussed with the patient is also a
matter of purely professional judgment. The doctor’s advisory role cannot be
regarded as solely an exercise of medical skill without leaving out of account
the patient’s entitlement to decide on the risks to her health which she is
willing to run (a decision which may be influenced by non-medical
considerations). Responsibility for determining the nature and extent of a
person’s rights rests with the courts, not with the medical professions.
84. Furthermore, because the extent to which a doctor may be inclined to discuss
risks with a patient is not determined by medical learning or experience, the
application of the Bolam test to this question is liable to result in the
sanctioning of differences in practice which are attributable not to divergent
schools of thought in medical science, but merely to divergent attitudes
among doctors as to the degree of respect owed to their patients.
85. A person can of course decide that she does not wish to be informed of risks
of injury (just as a person may choose to ignore the information leaflet
enclosed with her medicine); and a doctor is not obliged to discuss the risks
inherent in treatment with a person who makes it clear that she would prefer
not to discuss the matter. Deciding whether a person is so disinclined may
involve the doctor making a judgment; but it is not a judgment which is
dependent on medical expertise. It is also true that the doctor must necessarily
make a judgment as to how best to explain the risks to the patient, and that
providing an effective explanation may require skill. But the skill and
judgment required are not of the kind with which the Bolam test is concerned;
and the need for that kind of skill and judgment does not entail that the
question whether to explain the risks at all is normally a matter for the
judgment of the doctor. That is not to say that the doctor is required to make
disclosures to her patient if, in the reasonable exercise of medical judgment,
she considers that it would be detrimental to the health of her patient to do
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