C Programming Yellow Book

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Computers and Programs C# Programming languages get around both of these problems. They are simple enough to be made sense of by computer programs and they reduce ambiguity. Programmer’s Point: The language is not that important There are a great many programming languages around, during your career you will have to learn more than just one. C# is a great language to start programming in, but do not think that it is the only language you will ever learn. 1.4 C# There are literally hundreds of programming languages around; you will need to know at least 3! 1.4.1 Dangerous C We are going to learn a language called C# (pronounced C sharp). If you ever make the mistake of calling the language C hash you will show your ignorance straight away! C# is a very flexible and powerful programming language with an interesting history. It was developed by Microsoft Corporation for a variety of reasons, some technical, some political and others marketing. C# bears a strong resemblance to the C++ and Java programming languages, having borrowed (or improved) features provided by these languages. The origins of both Java and C++ can be traced back to a language called C, which is a highly dangerous and entertaining language which was invented in the early 1970s. C is famous as the language the UNIX operating system was written in, and was specially designed for this. I referred to C as a dangerous language. So what do I mean by that? Consider the chain saw. If I, Rob Miles, want to use a chain saw I will hire one from a shop. As I am not an experienced chain saw user I would expect it to come with lots of built in safety features such as guards and automatic cut outs. These will make me much safer with the thing but will probably limit the usefulness of the tool, i.e. because of all the safety stuff I might not be able to cut down certain kinds of tree. If I was a real lumberjack I would go out and buy a professional chain saw which has no safety features whatsoever but can be used to cut down most anything. If I make a mistake with the professional tool I could quite easily lose my leg, something the amateur machine would not let happen. In programming terms what this means is that C lacks some safety features provided by other programming languages. This makes the language much more flexible. However, if I do something stupid C will not stop me, so I have a much greater chance of crashing the computer with a C program than I do with a safer language. Programmer’s Point: Computers are always stupid I reckon that you should always work on the basis that any computer will tolerate no errors on your part and anything that you do which is stupid will always cause a disaster! This concentrates the mind wonderfully. 1.4.2 Safe C# The C# language attempts to get the best of both worlds in this respect. A C# program can contain managed or unmanaged parts. The managed code is fussed over by the system which runs it. This makes sure that it is hard (but probably not impossible) to crash your computer running managed code. However, all this fussing comes at a price, causing your programs to run more slowly. To get the maximum possible performance, and enable direct access to parts of the underlying computer system, you can mark your programs as unmanaged. An unmanaged program goes faster, but if it crashes it is capable of taking the computer C# Programming © Rob Miles 2015 10
Computers and Programs C# 1.4.3 C# and Objects 1.4.4 Making C# Run with it. Switching to unmanaged mode is analogous to removing the guard from your new chainsaw because it gets in the way. C# is a great language to start learning with as the managed parts will make it easier for you to understand what has happened when your programs go wrong. The C# language is object oriented. Objects are an organisational mechanism which let you break your program down into sensible chunks, each of which is in charge of part of the overall system. Object Oriented Design makes large projects much easier to design, test and extend. It also lets you create programs which can have a high degree of reliability and stability. I am very keen on object oriented programming, but I am not going to tell you much about it just yet. This is not because I don't know much about it (honest) but because I believe that there are some very fundamental programming issues which need to be addressed before we make use of objects in our programs. The use of objects is as much about design as programming, and we have to know how to program before we can design larger systems. You actually write the program using some form of text editor - which may be part of the compiling and running system. C# is a compiled programming language. The computer cannot understand the language directly, so a program called a compiler converts the C# text into the low level instructions which are much simpler. These low level instructions are in turn converted into the actual commands to drive the hardware which runs your program. We will look in more detail at this aspect of how C# programs work a little later, for now the thing to remember is that you need to show your wonderful C# program to the compiler before you get to actually run it. A compiler is a very large program which knows how to decide if your program is legal. The first thing it does is check for errors in the way that you have used the language itself. Only if no errors are found by the compiler will it produce any output. The compiler will also flag up warnings which occur when it notices that you have done something which is not technically illegal, but may indicate that you have made a mistake somewhere. An example of a warning situation is where you create something but don't use it for anything. The compiler would tell you about this, in case you had forgotten to add a bit of your program. The C# language is supplied with a whole bunch of other stuff (to use a technical term) which lets C# programs do things like read text from the keyboard, print on the screen, set up network connections and the like. These extra features are available to your C# program but you must explicitly ask for them. They are then located automatically when your program runs. Later on we will look at how you can break a program of your own down into a number of different chunks (perhaps so several different programmers can work on it). 1.4.5 Creating C# Programs Microsoft has made a tool called Visual Studio, which is a great place to write programs. It comprises the compiler, along with an integrated editor, and debugger. It is provided in a number of versions with different feature sets. There is a free version, called Visual Studio Express edition, which is a great place to get started. Another free resource is the Microsoft .NET Framework. This provides a bunch of command line tools, i.e. things that you type to the command prompt, which can be used to compile and run C# programs. How you create and run your programs is up to you. C# Programming © Rob Miles 2015 11
Page 1 and 2: C # Programming Yellow Book Rob Mil
Page 3 and 4: Introduction 1 Welcome ............
Page 5 and 6: Introduction Welcome Introduction W
Page 7 and 8: Computers and Programs Computers Wi
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Page 13: Computers and Programs Programming
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Creating Programs Arrays } static v
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Creating Programs Arrays 3.3.2 Arra
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Creating Programs Exceptions and Er
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Creating Programs Exceptions and Er
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Creating Programs The Switch Constr
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Creating Programs Using Files switc
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Creating Programs Using Files 3.6.4
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Creating Programs Using Files 3.6.7
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Creating Solutions Our Case Study:
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Creating Solutions Enumerated Types
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Creating Solutions Structures Using
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Creating Solutions Objects, Structu
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Creating Solutions Designing With O
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Creating Solutions The Construction
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Creating Solutions From Object to C
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Creating Solutions Inheritance You
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Creating Solutions Inheritance 4.9.
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Creating Solutions Inheritance Bank
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Creating Solutions Object Etiquette
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Creating Solutions Object Etiquette
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Creating Solutions The power of str
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Creating Solutions Properties I can
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Creating Solutions Building a Bank
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Creating Solutions Building a Bank
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Advanced Programming Generics and C
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Advanced Programming Generics and C
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Advanced Programming Debugging you
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Advanced Programming The End? Progr
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C Programming Yellow Book

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