The Stable Magazine - April 2016

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NUTRITIONSPECIAL The Importance of Different Feeds for Different Needs When a young horse begins training, horse owners and managers must realize the horse is still growing. The dual demands of training and growth make it especially important to pay attention to proper nutrition. During the training process, the bones will undergo constant remodeling to adapt to the stress of work. A balance of vitamins and minerals in the diet will aid in minimizing the amount of stress these changes cause. Further, adequate dietary protein is essential as greater muscle breakdown is a physiological consequence of increased work. Protein for growth and work can usually be supplied with a 14% protein concentrate, or 12% if fed with alfalfa or alfalfa mix hays. FEEDING THE WORKING HORSE Once a horse is in steady work, whether it is light, moderate or intense, special attention should be given to the diet. The demands of performance put stresses on a horse’s body that normally would not occur if the horse was turned out in a field. How many horses run and jump over a log just for kicks? The energy requirement increases in grand proportions. The body of the horse is very well adapted to storing and mobilizing energy from various types of nutrients, such as fibre, starch, sugar and fat. Fibre is often neglected as an energy source. The digestive tract of the horse is designed to obtain energy from forage (fibre). The billions of microbes residing in the cecum and large intestine digest fiber and produce energy in a form the horse can use. The result of microbial fermentation is volatile fatty acids. Once volatile fatty acids enter the bloodstream, they can be used for immediate energy, changed to glucose for energy, or stored in adipose tissue (body fat). This source of energy is not produced very rapidly, and is therefore appropriate for moderate to low intensity work. Starch and sugars are sources of energy found in large amounts in grain and molasses, respectively. The energy from these sources is converted to glucose in the body, used immediately or stored in the liver or muscle as glycogen (long chains of glucose molecules). This type of stored energy is more readily available and converted more rapidly to energy than volatile fatty acids and fat stores. Starch and sugar are especially important energy sources for intense work like short bursts of speed, but are suitable for any type of work. Added dietary fat in the form of oil or an animal fat supplement is another source of energy for the horse. The advantage of feeding dietary fat is the concentrated nature of the energy source. Fat can be fed in smaller amounts than grain for the same amount of energy. Further, it appears that horses that have added dietary fat adapt to utilizing fat as an energy source more rapidly than horses with no fat in the diet. The amount of energy available from fat stores is much greater than the stores of glycogen. Therefore, any energy substrate that is stored in such great quantities 68 The Stable Magazine www.thestablemagazine.com is advantageous to utilize. The ability to use adipose for energy is what allows a trail horse to keep going all day. Some energy is coming from fiber digestion, but a great deal is contributed by adipose. The metabolism of fat is relatively slow, so it is not the first energy store a race horse will use, but may be turned on in the final lengths of a race to give the horse some staying power. Protein can also be used for energy, but it is not the ideal source. If sufficient protein is provided in the diet for turnover of body tissues, the remaining protein can be broken down into a form that is utilized as energy (glucose or fatty acids). The problem with using protein for energy is that during the process of breaking down the protein molecule, nitrogen is left as a by-product. The body will excrete the excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia through urination. Excess protein results in increased water intake, increased urination and increased internal heat production. The first two are not generally a problem as long as the horse has adequate water available, although the ammonia can be overwhelming in a stall. The increase in internal heat production is normally marginal, but may cause a problem in a horse already under heat stress. >
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The Stable Magazine - April 2016

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