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their Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50); for example, TIH Zone A is more toxic than Zone D.
All distances which are listed in the green-bordered pages are calculated by the use of
mathematical models for each TIH material. For the assignment of hazard zones refer to
the glossary.
Table 2 lists, by ID number order, materials that produce large amounts of Toxic Inhalation
Hazard (TIH) gases when spilled in water and identifies the TIH gases produced. These Water
Reactive materials are easily identified in Table 1 as their name is immediately followed by
(when spilled in water). Some Water Reactive materials are also TIH materials themselves
(e.g., Bromine trifluoride (UN1746), Thionyl chloride (UN1836), etc.). In these instances, two
entries are provided in Table 1 for land-based and water-based spills. If the Water Reactive
material is NOT a TIH, and this material is NOT spilled in water, Table 1 and Table 2 do
not apply and safety distances will be found within the appropriate orange-bordered guide.
Table 3 provides, by alphabetical order of material name, initial isolation and protective action
distances for six Toxic Inhalation Hazard materials that may be more commonly encountered.
The selected materials are:
- Ammonia, anhydrous (UN1005)
- Chlorine (UN1017)
- Ethylene oxide (UN1040)
- Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous (UN1050) and Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid (UN2186)
- Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052)
- Sulfur dioxide/Sulphur dioxide (UN1079)
The table provides Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for large spills (more than
208 liters or 55 US gallons) involving different container types (therefore different volume
capacities) for day-time and night-time situations and different wind speeds.
Isolation and Evacuation Distances
Isolation or evacuation distances are shown in the guides (orange-bordered pages) and in
the Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (green-bordered pages). This
may confuse users not thoroughly familiar with ERG2016.
It is important to note that some guides refer only to non-TIH (PIH in the US) materials
(37 guides), some refer to both TIH and non-TIH materials (21 guides) and some (5 guides)
refer only to TIH or Water-reactive materials (WRM). A guide refers to both TIH and non-TIH
materials (for example see GUIDE 131) when the following sentence appears under the
title EVACUATION-Spill: “See Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for
highlighted materials. For non-highlighted materials, increase, in the downwind direction, as
necessary, the isolation distance shown under ‘PUBLIC SAFETY.’” A guide refers only to TIH
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