Future of an Ageing Population

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men to learn and take part in activities together. This has been found to have a positive impact on men’s health and the adverse effects of retirement and social isolation 65 , although there is a lack of robust evidence to assess which community learning initiatives are effective 66 . 40 35 Proportion of learners (%) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Help in current job Get qualification Employer requirement Make work more satisfying Change job /employer Professional requirements To get a paid job Motivation for learning Age group (years): 50-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Survey of 859 learners aged 50+ Figure 3.1. Work-related motivations for learning among workers aged 50+, 2012 67 . Policy Implication Continuous learning throughout life can bring people a range of benefits. Education and training improve mental capital, which in turn increases resilience in later life. Learning can also help improve physical and mental health, reducing pressure on family and community resources. 3.2 Financial and technological skills Adult education will have an important role in how the ageing population responds to challenges. Pensions are a good example of this. The UK is moving away from Defined Benefits schemes, where risks of shortfall are pooled and held by employers, to Defined Contributions schemes, where risks are borne more by individuals 19 . Education is increasingly important in this context, since people with low levels of Defined Contribution savings appear to be least well equipped with the necessary skills to take the best decisions about their pensions 68 . These changes will increase the benefits of having basic financial P44
and numerical skills. People without these skills are less likely to explore the market and shop around for pensions. Those who actively plan for retirement tend to accumulate more wealth than those who do not 68 . Interventions to provide financial education can be effective, but only if they are prolonged 69 . Technological skills are similarly important. They are one of the main factors that prevent people from using and benefiting from technology, particularly in later life. 60% of non-internet users aged over 64 consider the internet “too difficult to use” 70 . Currently a large proportion of this age group have no internet skills, and they are significantly below the population average for having ‘medium’ or ‘high’ internet skills 71 . There is also a strong correlation for people of all ages between internet use and education level. The future importance of technology creates even greater impetus to address any skills gap in people of all ages. Uptake of technology in early life is a significant determinant of usage in later life. Skills can be improved through initiatives such as ‘Digital by Default’ which provide ‘push’ to encourage nonusers to engage digitally with services (although this may risk excluding those without internet access). A complementary approach is to create ‘pull’ for sustained digital participation. For example community learning initiatives can encourage older people to explore and learn digital skills in the pursuit of activities that are enjoyable, meaningful and worthwhile 72 . Policy Implication Financial and technological skills will be increasingly important as the population ages. Evidence shows that these skills can improve people’s retirement savings and their work and health outcomes. However they are particularly problematic for older people to develop and maintain, so may require specific focus from policymakers. 3.3 Barriers to participation in adult education Despite all the benefits of continuing to learn throughout life, older people are currently less likely to participate in learning (see Figure 3.2 for work-related training) than younger age groups. Rates of participation in learning activities have fallen in recent years, and projections suggest that if these patterns continue, learning rates for those aged 50-59 could fall as low as 20% by 2040 57 . A 2012 survey revealed that over 40% of people aged 55-64 had undertaken no learning since leaving school 67 , and while 64% of people aged 50-54 in 2012 had done some learning, this stood at 39% for those aged 75 and over 67 . P45
Page 1 and 2: Future of an Ageing Population P1
Page 3 and 4: Foreword People in the UK are livin
Page 5 and 6: The Government Office for Science w
Page 7 and 8: Learning and training will become o
Page 9 and 10: across different socio-economic gro
Page 11 and 12: Priorities include: • Adapting he
Page 13 and 14: Box A: Perceptions of youth and old
Page 15 and 16: P15
Page 17 and 18: • Keating, N , Kwan, D., Hillcoat
Page 19 and 20: Population ageing refers to a chang
Page 21 and 22: 70 95 Life expectancy at birth (yea
Page 23 and 24: Increased life expectancy is the re
Page 25 and 26: Work Population ageing, combined wi
Page 27 and 28: Box 1.3: Pension landscape People w
Page 29 and 30: 2.1 Longer working lives Working la
Page 31 and 32: 100 80 Employment rate (%) 60 40 20
Page 33 and 34: However, there is evidence that the
Page 35 and 36: Country Turkey Denmark Bulgaria Cyp
Page 37 and 38: 50 Percentage of people (%) 40 30 2
Page 39 and 40: Box 2.1: Special circumstances rela
Page 41 and 42: and learning faced by older people.
Page 43: 3.1 Lifelong learning to enhance me
Page 47 and 48: smaller proportion of men of any ag
Page 49 and 50: Policy Implication Participation in
Page 51 and 52: 4.1 Changing demand for housing In
Page 53 and 54: 30 Number of homes built (thousands
Page 55 and 56: younger people who commit to provid
Page 57 and 58: 4.3 The importance of the wider nei
Page 59 and 60: International Case Study: De Hogewe
Page 61 and 62: 5 Number of people (millions) 4 3 2
Page 63 and 64: Policy Implication Many of today’
Page 65 and 66: 5.1 Family trends occurring in para
Page 67 and 68: 100 90 80 Unweighted data Weighted
Page 69 and 70: In general, evidence suggests that
Page 71 and 72: 5.4 The impact of ageing and ‘ver
Page 73 and 74: Age (years) 65+ Care receipt 2007 2
Page 75 and 76: approach overlooks interdependencie
Page 77 and 78: 6.1 Changing health and care needs
Page 79 and 80: Social isolation affects 7-17% of o
Page 81 and 82: transfer of care into the community
Page 83 and 84: combine health and social care skil
Page 85 and 86: 6.4 Medical and assistive technolog
Page 87 and 88: can apply for benefits. Application
Page 89 and 90: 7.1 Benefits of connectivity Connec
Page 91 and 92: Travel habits change over the life
Page 93 and 94: Policy Implication Different age gr
Page 95 and 96:
100 Proportion of respondents who u
Page 97 and 98:
Percentage of internet non-users (T
Page 99 and 100:
Policy Implication Virtual connecti
Page 101 and 102:
The response to an ageing populatio
Page 103 and 104:
ced impact ess, including rm condit
Page 105 and 106:
Term Accredited training Age struct
Page 107 and 108:
Morbidity rate Multi-morbidity Non-
Page 109 and 110:
P109
Page 111 and 112:
1 DWP (2011) Predictors of attitude
Page 113 and 114:
36 ONS (2016) Regional labour marke
Page 115 and 116:
71 Eurostat (2014) Table: Individua
Page 117 and 118:
107 Sugiyama, T. and Ward Thompson,
Page 119 and 120:
147 Harper, S. (2016), Population A
Page 121 and 122:
183 O’Reilly, D. et al. (2015) Ca
Page 123 and 124:
219 Burton, E. and Mitchell, L. (20
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Future of an Ageing Population

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