3 4 7 CONTENTS 11 Gunnar Ries Amphibol - Wikimedia Commons Eurasian wolf 14 18 3 Introduction 4 If you go down to the woods tonight… 7 Beavering away at Bamff 11 Fighting to save the hedgehog Editor: Kay Haw (Woodland Trust) 20 14 Back from the brink: pine martens in Wales 18 The return of the polecat 20 A hoofed legend returned Contributors: David Bonsall (Woodland Trust), Lizzie Croose (Vincent Wildlife Trust), Henry Johnson (People’s Trust for Endangered Species), Jenny Macpherson (Vincent Wildlife Trust), Paul Ramsay (Bamff Beaver Project), Henry Schofield (Vincent Wildlife Trust) Designer: Emma Jolly (Woodland Trust) Cover photo: Hedgehog-northeastwildlife.co.uk Mammals Mammals are our closest living relatives and we share similar traits. Perhaps this is the reason many of us have such strong feelings for and connections with them. Mammalian species are endothermic or warm-blooded, with hair (mostly), mammary glands and the neocortex section of the brain that controls sensory perception, spatial reasoning and awareness or subjectivity. This brain structure is not found in birds, reptiles, amphibians or fish – although birds and reptiles have a dorsal ventricular ridge that contains similar cells and is thought to perform similar functions. In the UK, there are a variety of different mammals, from those found on land (e.g. badgers, Meles meles) to more aquatics (e.g. otters, Lutra lutra), to those in the seas (e.g. Risso’s dolphins, Grampus griseus). Despite the extinction of a number of our largest mammals, such as the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, since the end of the last ice age, there are still many that survive and that we strive to protect for the future. Interrupting trophic cascades The loss of our large, top mammal predators, such as wolves, Canis lupus, through human persecution has caused an ecological imbalance in the landscape. The trophic cascade of the predator suppressing the abundance of its prey and altering its behaviour has disappeared for deer. Their increasing abundance and more brazen attitude are significantly reducing levels of vegetation. Along with the negative impact this has on the plant communities themselves, it has the knock-on effect of diminishing food and habitat resources for a wide variety of other fauna. Aldo Leopold is credited as one of the first to realise and communicate the dangers of overgrazing through the loss of wolves. In Thinking Like a Mountain he writes “I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves, so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer… Perhaps this is behind Thoreau’s dictum: In wildness is the salvation of the world. Perhaps this is the hidden meaning in the howl of the wolf, long known among mountains, but seldom perceived among men.” 1 Threats and opportunities In our modern world, as with all our wildlife, the threats of habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, persecution and pollution are among the threats constantly hovering over the heads of the UK’s remaining mammals. But is our affinity with them the reason so many of us willingly give valuable time and resources to their protection? Woods are important for supporting a whole range of native mammals and some non-natives too, providing a fairly stable habitat and food supplies. Therefore, the protection and expansion of our native woodland resource offers opportunities to support the return or reintroduction of species. For example, the Woodland Trust is working in partnership with the Vincent Wildlife Trust to support their work in reintroducing pine martens, Martes martes, to Wales. Research in Ireland has shown there is a correlation between increasing pine marten numbers and the reduction of the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, population, which could be great news for our dwindling number of red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris. This issue of Wood Wise focuses on a suite of woodland mammals and the work of various dedicated people and organisations to secure a balanced future for all. 1 Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There. USA, Oxford University Press. 2 Wood Wise • Woodland Conservation News • Summer 2016 Wood Wise • Woodland Conservation News • Summer 2016 3