Obura-Journal_of_Biogeography

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D. O. Obura glaring gap is the absence of Palaeogene and Neogene coral fossils from the WIO, to complement those found in the Asian coastlines of the Indian Ocean (see Wilson & Rosen, 1998; McMonagle et al., 2011). It is possible this gap may never be filled, as it appears extensive carbonate deposits were not created in the WIO, whether due to tectonic inactivity (affecting shallow deposits) or due to other factors such as marine climate (see Peterson & Backman, 1990), deepening the ‘Palaeogene gap’ for Indian Ocean reef-coral biodiversity (Johnson et al., 2015). Patterns of coral and reef fish diversity are among the most extensively studied for tropical marine taxa, and are widely used as evidence for general patterns that may also be found in other taxonomic groups (Bellwood & Hughes, 2001; Roberts et al., 2002; Reaka et al., 2008; Veron et al., 2009; Tittensor et al., 2010; Briggs & Bowen, 2012, 2013; Bowen et al., 2013). This suggests that the hypotheses presented here, of deep and shallow evolutionary influences on coral biogeographical pattern, could be considered in refining biogeographical classifications for other taxa as well (e.g. Spalding et al., 2007; Briggs & Bowen, 2012). This is relevant to current interest in marine conservation, as evolutionary diversity is not uniformly spread among species, and attention to old, relict lineages with more unique genetic diversity can be an important criterion in biodiversity conservation and management (Jetz et al., 2014; Curnick et al., 2015). Analyses would be enriched by considering diverse taxa showing a range of evolutionary rates, from slow to fast (e.g. Brown et al., 1979; Shearer et al., 2002), to ensure different processes and periods of genetic differentiation are addressed. The tectonically inactive WIO appears to act as a stable ‘museum’ for species, and Obura (2012a) suggests that currents in the Mozambique Channel, particularly in the north, accumulate and preserve species in a second hotspot for shallow marine biodiversity after the Coral Triangle. The present configuration of currents in the Channel, of energetic mesoscale eddies in both cyclonic and anticyclonic directions, result in profound ecosystem and productivity consequences within the channel, including high connectivity and larval recruitment (Ternon et al., 2014). The eddies are driven by vorticity induced in the South Equatorial Current when it is forced around the northern tip of Madagascar (Backeberg & Reason, 2010), a feature that has likely persisted throughout the Neogene and was perhaps also present even during the Eocene and Oligocene when Africa and Madagascar were further south, as was the main equatorial current from the east (Brass et al., 1982). The Mozambique Channel and stable African continental slopes to the north and south are also where the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae has persisted, having disappeared from the fossil record across the globe at the Pg/T extinction, marking the start of the Cenozoic (Smith, 1939). This provides additional corroboration for this hypothesis that the Mozambique Channel forms a tectonically and oceanographically stable region that preserves old lineages reliant on continental shelf habitats. Thus this centre 10 of diversity (Obura, 2012a) may act as a centre of accumulation, with complex feedbacks to the centres of origin hypothesized here being likely (see Bowen et al., 2013). Finally, two questions emerge on present and future dynamics. First, will the present condition of high connectivity across the Indian Ocean lead to greater homogenization of the Indo-Pacific fauna in the W&NIO above current levels? The fate of the W&NIO Tethyan relict species is likely to be eventual loss, though their competitive inferiority with younger species (Ricklefs, 2011) is belied by their persistence over tens of millions of years. The contribution of new species created through ongoing speciation in sub-regions of the W&NIO (Bowen et al., 2013) should, by contrast, persist. Second, given the inevitable obliteration of the IAA by continued continental collision, will the tectonically inactive WIO become a museum for IAA lineages and W&NIO endemics as the next biodiversity hotspot for shallow marine species establishes in a new region of tectonic collision? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The original work on this hypothesis was supported through a research grant (MASMA/OR/2008/05) and then a writing grant (MASMA/books/02/12) from the Marine Science for Management (MASMA) programme of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA). The ideas presented here have benefited from discussions and common regional interests with colleagues, in particular with Francesca Benzoni and Allen Chen, and the work of their collaborators and students establishing some of the lines of evidence supporting these hypotheses, and with Melita Samoilys. My thanks especially go to two anonymous referees and the editor, whose comments greatly improved the manuscript. REFERENCES Ali, J.R. & Huber, M. (2010) Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents. Nature, 463, 653–656. Allen, G.R. (2008) Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18, 541–556. Arrigoni, R., Stefani, F., Pichon, M., Galli, P. & Benzoni, F. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Robust clade (Faviidae, Mussidae, Merulinidae, and Pectiniidae): an Indian Ocean perspective. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65, 183–193. 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