Issue 9: Burning History & the Ashing of Science

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32 | ORIGINS al-Din, the successor to Zangi, sent aid and the combined Muslim force defeated the Crusaders, adding Damascus to his empire. The Crusaders of Jerusalem started fighting for Cairo. Nur al-Din sent an army led by general Shirkuh to take Cairo. After Cairo fell to the Muslims, Saladin, the nephew of general Shirkuh, campaigned against the Christians. After Nur al- Din’s death, Saladin led a major campaign against the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders fell at the battle of Hattin and lost Jerusalem. The Third Crusade 1187 to 1192 The Third Crusade was born in response to the battle of Hattin with forces led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of Spain, and King Richard I of England. Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, seized Jaffa and won the battle of Arsuf. Richard I and Saladin signed a peace treaty that re-established the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but not the city. The Fourth Crusade 1202 to 1204 Pope Innocent III called the Fourth Crusade against the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III. Alexius IV’s attempt to bring the Byzantine church under Rome failed and ended in his death by strangulation during a palace coup. The Crusaders declared war on Constantinople after Alexius IV’s death. The city, with a thousand years of collected wealth, was ransacked and conquered. Considered a great victory, many returned home to Europe with their plunder. The Fifth Crusade 1217 to 1221 Pope Honorius III shared the same Crusade passion as his predecessor Pope Innocent III. He sent letters calling for armies throughout Europe for the Fifth Crusade. Few responded, but a small army gathered and made a way to Acre. King John of Jerusalem knew that attacking the city of Jerusalem would be pointless with Egypt controlled by Muslims. The Crusaders left for Cairo prioritizing the capture of Damietta, a town near the Nile that guarded the main water route to Cairo with a small tower controlling the Nile channel. They succeeded capturing Damietta and the tower. They waited for more reinforcements before moving into Cairo. Cardinal Pelagius came with troops and became the leader of this Crusade. After skirmishes and cutting the food supply off from Damietta for several months, they succeeded in its capture through an abandoned tower. When the city fell, 80,000 were already dead. Only 3,000 inhabitants were alive when the Crusaders entered the city. After the victory, squabbles among the troops ensued. Much of Egypt was starving while the Sultan awaited the Crusaders’ advance. It came in July with a march of 40,000 soldiers and 5,000 knights into Sharimshah. The army was trapped by the weather and terrain, left with only the option of forced retreat. The knights set fire to the supplies and the soldiers drank all the wine rather than leaving it behind. Al-Kamil ordered the canals to flood the area occupied by the Crusaders. Many perished, unable to fight in a drunken stupor in the mud under a night sky. A truce was made between King John and the Sultan. Damietta was returned to Egypt, prisoners were exchanged, a feast was held, and the Crusaders boarded a ship back to Europe. The True Cross was part of the truce; however, in the fourth year after the fall of Jerusalem, it was unable to be recovered and returned. Back in Europe, fingers of blame pointed everywhere making this the last general European crusade. The Sixth Crusade 1228 to 1229 The Sixth Crusade centered around Frederick II. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was without a King, the reagents 14-year-old daughter Yolanda was www.knowyourorigins.org
THE CRUSADES | 33 The True Cross “True Cross” is the name given to the physical remains of the cross on which Jesus was crucified. This is accepted as a true artifact by Catholic and Orthodox churches. There are four legends about the finding of the true cross. In Life of Constantine, Eusebius of Caesarea describing the cross as buried beneath the Temple of Venus during Hadrian’s reconstruction of Jerusalem. According to Socrates Scholasticus in his Ecclesiastical History, when the temple was destroyed the cross was discovered. Sozomen, in his book titled the same, claims the same story as true with mention of an eastern-dwelling Hebrew who knew which cross belonged to Jesus from a series of documents in his possesion. Theodoret recounts the same classical version of the story with an addition: president Macarius of the city touched each of the crosses until the one of Jesus healed him from his long suffered disease. The Holy Nails in turn were taken by Helena to Constantinople. Pictured here: Detail of The Finding of the True Cross by Agnolo Gaddi of Florence ca. 1380, currently in Santa Croce, Florence. made Queen. Frederick II married her, seduced her cousin, and was excommunicated by Pope Gregory when he fell from favor after a couple of delayed departures to the Holy Land. Yolanda gave him an heir, Conrad, but his son died shortly thereafter. When Frederick II arrived in Acre, he was excommunicated a second time by the Pope for leaving without clearing his first excommunication. Many of his followers left him, the Templars and Hospitallers refused him, the Military Orders were uncooperative, and the barons feared him. Frederick II was in the Holy Land with no power or support, but he managed a treaty with Al-Kamil for the return of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, the castle Montfort, the castle Toron, and a corridor from Jerusalem to Jaffa. The Muslims kept the mosque al-Aqsa, the Dome of the Rock and access to the city. Frederick was blamed for losing the Fifth Crusade, held accountable for breaking his word and vows, defying the Pope and wasting an army; but he Origins Scientific Research Society
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Page 26 and 27: 26 | ORIGINS Banned Books Karen Mez
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Issue 9: Burning History & the Ashing of Science

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