Marked exam answers with assessor feedback

A guide for candidates
3
Marked exam
answers with
assessor feedback
Leading global excellence in procurement and supply

How to approach
unseen case studies
with questions
Suggestions, hints and tips for the assessment
• Read the case study and the case questions through
quickly to start with in order to get a general overview of
what it is about, and to help you settle down to thinking.
Then, read the case study through again more carefully,
this time with a pen at the ready to make a few notes and
annotate the case study throughout. It is beneficial to
write any notes in your answer booklet (you can cross
them out at the end). That way, if you run out of time, the
assessor can read your notes which may give him or her
an insight to your analysis
• Next, identify the contextual information, such as the
background data that sets the scene for the key issues. For
example, if there is financial information, or information
on trends, size of the business or procurement spend,
then it is useful to highlight these and consider their
relevance to the case study.
• Then identify the key issues that are presented in the
case and try to prioritise these, including any that
appear to be peripheral to the main case.
Timing is everything
• We recommend you spend 20 minutes on ‘Reading case
study material and all questions’
• As you read through the paper, identify what is being
asked of you in each question or each part of a question.
Remember, there will be one question for each of the
learning outcomes in the ‘Unit Content Guide’:
Determine which part of the subject unit content the
question relates to
Consider what elements of the case study are relevant
to this topic, and the key issues the question is asking
you to write about
Check the number of marks allocated to each question
or part of a question: this helps you to work out how
much information the assessors are expecting you to
include in your answer to each part
Take careful note if the question asks you to provide a
specific number of examples or ideas – make sure you
provide the number required.
• Next, highlight the command words in each question or
part of a question. (See page 16 for examples of command
words and what they mean.)
www.cips.org

Recommended time to spend on unseen case study assessments (three hours duration)
Diploma
Advanced &
Professional Diploma
Reading case study material and all questions 20 minutes 20 minutes
Planning/making notes for answers (per question) 4 minutes 4 minutes
Writing (per question) 25 minutes 33 minutes
Checking/amending (per question) 2 minutes 2 minutes
Checking that you have correctly followed the instructions, missed
nothing out, labelled everything, last-minute amendments
(per assessment)
5 minutes 4 minutes
20
04 mins
05 mins
mins
25 02
33 mins
mins
mins
03

Improving your approach to
answering exam questions
A case study is a brief overview of
a business situation
The purpose of the case study is to allow you to demonstrate your ability to analyse and comment
on a procurement and supply situation under assessment conditions. To do this effectively you
need to know, understand and have experience of the application of the relevant theory.
This is a real exam question paper used in a previous
exam series. In it you will find actual marker feedback
based on the answers of students. It is especially helpful
in this instance as it links the question and the answers
to the case study and the reason why the final mark was
awarded.
This resource not only helps for the type of question but
will also help you to improve your generic exam
technique.
Remember good answers will be well reasoned and
justified with appropriate theories, models or examples.
The following exam question was used for students
sitting the D3 – Sourcing in procurement and supply
exam.
www.cips.org

Unseen Case study example – Sourcing in procurement and supply
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
(GFATM) is an international organisation that aims to
attract and distribute resources to prevent and treat HIV
and AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. The organisation has
its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It is financed by
government grants and public donations.
GFATM intends to develop its sourcing and procurement
activities. It has recently carried out a review to explore
how efficiency could be improved, to develop increased
commercial expertise in its field staff, and therefore
achieve greater transparency on costs and payments.
Malaria, which is carried by mosquitoes, kills many
thousands of people every year, many of whom are
children. One of its first sourcing activities under this new
approach was to carry out the world’s largest tender for
the supply of mosquito nets, designed to produce
estimated savings of $140 million for GFATM over two
years. The project would provide 190 million bed nets and
protect 400 million people at risk of malaria in 30 African
and Asian countries. The lives of an estimated 1.3 million
children could be saved.
A new sourcing process was established to organise the
structured purchase of mosquito nets, shifting the power
from seller to buyer. The process focused on reducing the
market dominance of individual manufacturers and
mosquito net suppliers. There would be a strong focus by
GFATM on local production and suppliers using this new
approach. Long-term contracts resulting from the new
sourcing process would improve visibility, production,
capacity planning and pricing.
Another aim of the sourcing exercise was to generate
overall value by ordering more nets of a standard size and
simplifying manufacturing processes to cut costs.
Previously the number of mosquito net specifications was
very wide. Through standardisation and reduced prices, a
third more nets could be bought within the same budget.
By using large-scale purchasing power, the new process
would provide better value for money, providing savings
and the reduction of supply chain bottlenecks and
shortages.
The new sourcing process was also meant to achieve a
balanced sustainable supply chain. Contracts would be
spread among a number of suppliers and this would
support innovation, optimise capacity and reduce risk in
GFATM’s supply chain.
In addition, the sourcing process would support domestic
production in countries with high demand for mosquito
nets, which would lower transportation costs and utilise
advice from local experts.
However, the move towards using smaller local suppliers
would need to be managed carefully in order to ensure
the suppliers’ financial stability. The mosquito net
sourcing exercise was part of a more proactive approach
to procurement being adopted by GFATM. The
organisation aims to follow it up with a similar sourcing
exercise for medical supplies.
The GFATM sourcing team has introduced a strategic
review of its approach to sourcing and is trying to gain a
better understanding of market dynamics.
The strategic review process aims to promote capability
development throughout the supply chain, including
better coordination and cooperation. Expected outcomes
of the strategic review process include the better
understanding of stakeholder needs, comprehensive
supply market intelligence, a common sourcing process,
reduced costs, and improved innovation.
This is a collaborative approach which should help GFATM
to achieve common objectives and eliminate duplication
of effort.
Sources:
• www.supplymanagement.com - 14 October 2014
• www.globalfund.org - January 2015
• www.guardian.com - 15 November 2013
05

Question 1: Discuss FOUR criteria that GFATM might apply when awarding the contracts to suppliers
(20 marks)
Sample answer:
Award of contracts is made to suppliers when the ‘best’ option,
value or price had been determined. Each supplier would be
assessed on their suitability, acceptability and capability, that
they can bring to the requirement at that time and potentially
moving forward with later procurement or requirements.
Award criteria needs to cover both technical and commercial
criteria. Technical is that the supplier has the knowledge, skills,
expertise to deliver the contract. Commercial criteria is that the
supplier has the financial status, innovation and ‘best’ solution to
deliver the contract.
Assessor comments:
A good, but lengthy, introduction. It
contextualises the answer, but it doesn't
contribute anything to the answer and no marks
can be awarded for it at this stage. The body of
the answer duplicates some of this content.
No specific marks are given for the introduction
but it does demonstrate some understanding of
the subject matter.
The case study refers to GFATM wishing to reduce supply chain
bottlenecks and shortages. To achieve this they could use the
Kraljic matrix to help them visualise which products are in which
quarter and what they can do to improve where possible.
The Kraljic matrix rates how complex the supply chain is with
how important the item is to the organisation so that a plan can
be devised regarding the amount of time, effort and resource is
dedicated to the purchase type.
Complexity of supply chain
Low
High
Importance of item
High
Low
Non-critical
items
Strategic items
Partnering
Bottleneck
items
www.cips.org

1 Innovation
The supplier is the expert in their field and so by using early
supplier involvement and using the expertise to look at the
material grade, quality may end up with a product that
matches or exceeds the original specification for the same or a
lower cost.
The product may be of a better quality and be more durable
and therefore more cost effective. This may lead to a better
reputation in the field/brand for the supplier whilst delivering
the protection required- a win/win for buying organisation
and supplier.
2 Capacity
GFATM would want to know that the supplying organisation
had the capacity to produce the quantity of mosquito nets
require. As they are standardising the net there will be less
variation and so potentially they will have one supplier who
will have the required machinery to provide the specified net
in the quantity that is required.
3 Quality
GFATM would want to ensure that the supplier being awarded
the contract have good, robust quality ethics. Quality control
is checking the item (usually a random quantity i.e. 5% as
organisational policy) after it is made and rejecting the item if
found to be faulty this can lead to waste. Quality assurance is
however looking at the processes involved within the
manufacture of the item ensuring that the item is correct and
fit for purpose the first time. This would include monitoring
the materials used, the process and removing any waste
procedures and a quality culture from the management team
down to the shop floor employees.
4 Price/best value for money
Ensuring that the best quality product is provided for the best
possible price. MEAT- Most economically advantageous
tender- as GFATM are a third sector buying organisation they
may not be looking at price only. As the funding comes via
government grants and public donations their funding is
under huge scrutiny as they are spending public money.
3/5 marks
Innovation – this is one of the relevant criteria
for contract award. This part of the answer could
have been improved by reference to the case
study information.
For example, the case study information states
that GFATM has recently carried out a review to
explore how efficiency could be improved.
Innovation on the part of the supplier might
help to achieve this.
3/5 marks
Capacity – this is also a relevant point. But more
discussion of what capacity means, in addition to
machinery, would have resulted in a higher mark,
e.g. manpower and financial resources.
4/5 marks
Quality - this is a good answer, of a distinction
pass standard. A good knowledge of quality
control and quality assurance is demonstrated.
TQM could have been mentioned.
4/5 marks
Value for money - a good understanding of
price, best value for money and MEAT is
demonstrated. Also, it is applied to GFATM and
the fact that it is a third sector organisation.
Total mark = 14/20, a strong credit pass answer
07

Question 2: A new and structured sourcing process was established by GFATM as part of its new
proactive approach to procurement. This would involve the development of sourcing plans for goods
and services from external suppliers.
Describe FIVE elements that GFATM should include in sourcing plans
(20 marks)
Sample answer:
Carter’s 10 Cs
1 Ethics/Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
As GFATM are sourcing internationally and as stated in
the case study looking to place some contracts with
suppliers using the mosquito nets, the countries may
not be developed and so to ensure GFATMs
reputation they would have to ensure that labour and
pay for these countries were fair and equal, child
labour is not used and that the relevant laws are
adhered to.
2 Staffing/expertise
The case study states that GFATM are looking to
develop the commercial expertise of its field staff. This
would give the staff a better understanding and
knowledge of the sourcing procedures and GFATM
sourcing plan as an organisation. As GFATM are a third
sector organisation the transparency they would
achieve and expert knowledge would be of great
benefit.
3 Stakeholders needs/ compliance
Stakeholders are individuals or organisations that can
influence or put pressure on the organisation in either
a positive or negative manner. Stakeholders can be
either internal or external to the organisation. In the
case of GFATM the stakeholders would be their
employees, directors, supplier, taxpayers, public,
service users. It is important to have stakeholder buyin
to ensure that the best value for money is achieved.
4 Market intelligence/ continuity
It is important that GFATM looks at the market to
review the options within it. This involves reviewing
current suppliers as well as seeking new suppliers and
the innovation and experience they can bring to add
value and expertise to the individual requirement or
project.
5 Locality/transportation
By using local suppliers and reducing the
transportation required to get the finished product to
its place of need bring value in that sustainability,
‘green’ practice is used. It uses the skills of local
workers bringing economic viability to the areas and
potentially improving their living and working
conditions.
Assessor comments:
This was not a good answer and much of it did not
address the question. The candidate has used sections of
the Carter model of supplier evaluation as the basis of
their answer and this is only indirectly relevant.
A good answer would have described five of the
following elements or others that GFATM could have
included in a sourcing plan:
• Whether the supply base should be wide or narrow
• Whether sourcing should be by negotiation or tender
• Should there be partnership relationships or arm’s
length agreements or any of the options between
these extremes
• Set up a supplier appraisal process
• Develop KPI's to monitor supplier performance
• Consider supplier development activities to be
included in the sourcing plan
These should have been applied to the case study
information for higher marks.
Some marks was awarded for mention of the Carter 10
C's model, the section on Ethics/CSR and the section on
stakeholders, because they are involved in the sourcing
process.
Marks were also awarded for the section on market
intelligence, as this could be considered to be part of a
sourcing plan.
Marks were awarded for the section on locality, because
this was related to the case study information.
Total mark awarded = 9/20, a fail grade answer overall,
mainly because it lacked breadth of detail and depth of
detail. The individual points made were generally valid.
www.cips.org

Question 3a: The case study information states that the move towards using smaller local suppliers
would need to be managed carefully in order to ensure the suppliers’ financial stability.
Describe THREE sources of financial information about suppliers which could be used to assess their
financial stability. (9 marks)
Sample answer:
1 Presentation
The supplier could be asked to make a presentation to the
buying organisation’s finance and procurement managers. They
would outline where they are financially, how they have
improved, any information they could give that shows them to
be a sound, financially healthy organisation. No current or
potential supplier should refuse this opportunity.
2 Credit rating companies
Usually used by using an online website i.e. Experion or Dun +
Bradstreet. For a small fee the credit rating company would
supply information regarding the supplier’s financial health and
status.
3 Using financial statements
For example balance sheets, cash flow statements and profit
and loss accounts. The information can be used to calculate
indicators and ratios that can help in the assessment of a
suppliers financial health.
Assessor comments:
3/3 marks
A very good answer.
2/3 marks
Lacks some detail, but the main point is covered.
2/3 marks
Lacks some detail, but the main points are
covered.
Total mark for part (a) = 7/9, a good answer
overall.
Development of the credit rating and financial
statements responses would have been beneficial
as they are both rather brief.
09

Question 3b: Describe TWO liquidity ratios that GFATM might use to assess a supplier’s financial
stability. (6 marks)
Sample answer:
1 Quick ratio or acid test ratio
Assets – stock =
Liabilities
Assessor comments:
2/3 marks
The formula given is incorrect. It should be current
assets - stock divided by current liabilities. But 2
marks awarded for the narrative, which is correct.
This is the more accurate of the liquidity ratios as it removes
unsold stock from the financial indicator. The ratio ideally
should be one or above indicating that the company has
sufficient ‘cash’ to be able to pay its liabilities in the short term.
Stock is removed as it may take time to sell/invoices to be paid
and so the cash is not freely available.
2 Working capital ratio
Assets =
Liabilities
Ideally this indicator total should be 2 or above again indicating
that the organisation has sufficient ‘cash’ to cover their short
and long term liabilities. It is important that this is only a
snapshot taken by using the company’s balance sheet. This
information would only be true on the date of the balance
sheet and so may be outdated.
0/3 marks
The working capital ratio is not a liquidity ratio.
The formula given is not used as a financial
liquidity ratio. Current assets and current
liabilities are the items and their elements that are
compared to analyse liquidity.
Total mark for part (b) = 2/6, a fail grade answer.
Question 3c: Explain the significance of liquidity ratios to GFATM in assessing the financial stability of a
supplier. (5 marks)
Sample answer:
1 The liquidity ratios give an idea as to how much cash the
supplier has to cover its own liabilities or debts. This would also
indicate whether a supplier is likely to have good financial
health and resource to take on additional business of producing
more or any mosquito nets. The supplier may need to employ
additional staff, purchase materials to start the contract with
payment from GFATM not coming for maybe a month or two
depending on the terms agreed in the contract.
Assessor comments:
3/5 marks
This answer lacks some detail. Debtors, and the
other different examples of current assets, could
be included in the explanation. A mark of a credit
standard is justified.
Total mark for part (c) = 3/5
Total mark for Q3 is = 12/20, a credit pass grade,
mainly because of the good answer to part (a).
www.cips.org

Question 4a: One of GFATM’s first sourcing activities was to carry out the world’s first tender for the
supply of mosquito nets. The organisation aims to follow it up with another sourcing exercise for medical
supplies.
Outline FOUR electronic systems that GFATM could use to source its requirement from external
suppliers. (8 marks)
Sample answer:
1 E-catalogues
These are easily obtained via the supplier websites to download
or view online. For one-off, small value items or those that have a
framework agreement with pre-qualified suppliers may also allow
purchase online by using a trolley/basket and checkout model.
2 E-auction and reverse e-auction
These can speed up the process dramatically.
E-auction- the supplier advertises the auction and buyers bid for
the items being sold. Usually via an auction site, the bidding is
timed (usually 2 hours), the bidding is open and so bids can be
seen but not the buyer’s identity. The highest bid at the end of the
allotted time ‘wins’ the purchase.
Reverse e-auctions- is where the buyer advertises their
requirement via the auction site. Suppliers then bid competitively
to win the business, bids can be updated throughout the process,
timed as above. Bids are open but the suppliers are not identified
at the end of the process, the lowest bid that meets the
specification and criteria wins the business.
3 E-tender
This is where the tender is advertised via OJEU or another webbased
site used by markets or industries.
All documentation- specification, requirement, tendering process,
award and selection criteria are placed onto the site. Some
industries use CPV- common procurement vocabulary codes for
example, cleaning, security, catering contracts for ease of use.
Some tenders may be open and so any supplier can compete for
the contract whilst others maybe restricted and so a PQQprequalification
questionnaire stage will be added. This can help
eliminate bids that do not have essential criteria by the use of
yes/no, pass/fail questions that the system can eliminate.
4 E-inventory/E-POS
Some organisations may have an automated inventory where all
lines are set with a minimum reorder level. When this minimum is
reached the system automatically reorders stock from the
appropriate suppliers. This system gives real time information
regarding stock control.
Assessor comments:
2/2 marks
A good answer with the item supported by
examples.
2/2 marks
Also a good answer with useful additional detail
to demonstrate understanding.
2/2 marks
Also a good answer. OJEU (journal of the
European Union) would only actually be
relevant in a European context but the example
could be valid.
2/2 marks
E-Inventory is not part of sourcing, but 2 marks
awarded for an outline of E-POS, which might be
perceived as part of sourcing. Some latitude
allowed due to relevant supporting content for
the example.
Total mark for part (a) = 8/8, a very good
answer, full marks, that is of a distinction pass
standard.
11

Question 4b: Explain THREE benefits that GFATM might gain by using electronic systems to source its
requirements from external suppliers. (12 marks)
Sample answer:
1 Speed
GFATM is operating globally and so by using electronic
systems information can be sent quickly, efficiently and
securely (with correct governance) to any or all of the
locations worldwide. This can save a lot of time as to send the
paper copies could take several days. Additional benefits in
saving on paper and adding to sustainability and ‘green’
policies are achieved. Decisions can be made promptly that
may effect urgent attention.
2 Duplication of effort/documentation
When updating information on the system this can be done as
one task i.e. supplier details would be updated across the
system network. This would save on duplication of tasks and
human error. Whilst updating tender or contract documents
version control can be applied ensuring that the correct
version is always available when writing new contracts or
tenders then the use of ‘copy and paste’ can speed up the
process and ensure that wording is correct and not having to
retype it each time that may lead to errors.
3 Timescales
As GFATM operate globally they will need to be aware of time
zones. This may mean that one office may be open the other
may be shut due to it being night time. A similar issue would
be encountered with a variation of cultures, public holidays
etc. The use of email and general electronic systems ensures
that business continues as messages and tasks are dealt with
the next working day.
Assessor comments:
4/4 marks
A very good answer, marks also awarded for the
good contextualisation of the answer.
3/4 marks
A good answer, but some slight duplication of the
previous answer in terms of speed. There are
limited examples included in the answer which
restricts it from full marks.
2/4 marks
The candidate seems to have headed the section
incorrectly. The response, while a valid benefit in
terms of time zones, has not been explained well.
Examples of how time zones might have an
impact could also be included. A pass grade only
for this section.
Total mark for part(b) = 9/12
Total mark for Q4 = 17/20, a distinction pass
grade.
www.cips.org

Question 5: The case study information states that GFATM is an international organisation which
supports local production in several countries.
Analyse FOUR legislative, regulatory or organisational requirements that GFATM will need to take into
account when sourcing from international suppliers (20 marks)
Sample answer:
1 Ethical
GFATM would need to ensure that their suppliers conformed
to labour laws for example fair pay for a fair day’s work, that
men and women are paid fairly, that child labour is not
acceptable. The international labour organisation has many
policies and directives that support and advise on these
matters. As a third sector organisation that is financed by
government and public donation they are under huge scrutiny
by the public at large. By the public donations they have got
the support but if they were found to exploit the people they
are trying to help this would lead to reputational damage,
donations may fall or stop
2 Incoterms
If GFATM wish to import or export items they will need to
ensure the relevant terms are in the contract and negotiated
with the supplier. Incoterms are the international terms set by
the international Chambers of Commerce. The terms state
who has responsibility and when that changes in the
movement of the supplies from the supplier to the buyer.
5/5 marks
A very good answer, demonstrating a good
knowledge of ethical issues and why GFATM
would need to take this into account. The use of
supporting example justifies the award of full
marks.
4/5 marks
Also a very good answer, demonstrating good
knowledge of Incoterms. But some application
to the case study could have been included.
For example:
EXW- Exworks- stipulates that the supplier is to leave the
supplies as a destination for the buyer to upload- making
supplies available. The supplier may assist with transit but this
is not necessary.
FOB- free on board- The supplier has responsibility for the
consignment up until it is on the ship, at this point the
responsibility passes to the buyer for the rest of the journey
and transit.
DDP- Delivery- The supplier has full responsibility for the
whole transportation process and so will incur any costs for
insurance, breakages that may occur.
Depending on the cargo it would be up to the buyer to
stipulate their requirements to the supplier.
13

Question 5: The case study information states that GFATM is an international organisation which
supports local production in several countries.
Analyse FOUR legislative, regulatory or organisational requirements that GFATM will need to take into
account when sourcing from international suppliers (20 marks)
3 HMRC
Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise have duties to ensure
that goods entering or leaving the country have paid the
taxes and duties on them as appropriate. They are also
required to produce statistical data and seize any illegal or
banned products. Taxes are enforced in two ways; Ad
valorum- by value or; by quantity- weight or measurement
i.e. container.
4 Payment
Payment terms would be complicated for GFATM as there are
multiple currencies as they trade globally. They would want to
minimise the number of currencies that they trade in whilst
ensuring that they get the best value within the exchange
rate. Payment could be done in a number of ways:
Normal trading- pay for goods when they are received, this
would require trust and only undertaken with known
suppliers.
PIA- Payment in advance. Goods are paid for by the buyer in
advance usually for strategic relationships.
1/5 marks
This part of the answer does not address the
question very well. It is a UK centric and
parochial response as HMRC would not need to
be taken into account by GFATM. However 1
mark awarded for the mention of taxes and
duties which would be relevant but in a more
international context.
4/5 marks
A good answer demonstrating good knowledge
of payment mechanisms, but limited application
to the case study. The analysis of payment
methods could include the advantage and
disadvantages of each approach. Development
of this answer to include these would have
resulted in full marks being justified.
Total mark for Q5 = 14/20, a good credit pass
standard.
Letter of credit- Once the contract has been signed, the order
is placed. The buyer notifies its bank of the arrangement that
then they contact a bank in suppliers area. Once all
documents have been agreed and goods are received and
checked, payment is passed from the buyer’s bank to that of
the supplier.
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15

Command words
Finally, make sure you have read and understood the list of command words below.
These words will appear in the questions, and they tell you exactly what the assessor wants you to
do. Although you do not need to learn the words and their definitions, you should make sure you
have read and understood the different requirements of each command word.
Definitions of Command words
Analyse
Appraise
Argue
Assess
Comment
on
Compare
Contrast
Criticise
Define
Describe
Discuss
Enumerate
Evaluate
Assess a topic together with thoughts and judgments about it, by dividing the
topic into its separate parts and looking at each part in detail
Evaluate, judge or assess something, giving views based on strengths and
weaknesses of a given situation
Provide reasons for or against something, clearly and in proper order, using or
citing evidence so that a case can be proven. Also, compare with Discuss
Evaluate or judge the importance of something, referring to the special
knowledge of experts where possible. This may involve quoting from other texts
Write notes explaining your own criticism and observations of the issues. Base
your comments on a balance of fact versus personal views. Often involves
evaluation
Assess one thing in relation to another thing so that points of similarity or
difference become evident
Emphasise the differences between two opposite or dissimilar things. This may
include approaches to a particular aspect of procurement
Give your judgments about the good or bad qualities of theories or opinions,
supporting your decision with evidence and where appropriate, literature
Explain the exact meaning of a word or phrase
Give a full account or a detailed representation of something
Consider something by writing about it from different points of view. Compare
with Argue or evaluate
List and mention items separately in number order. Compare with List, Identify
Calculate or judge the value of something; include your personal opinion in
your evaluation. Often includes an assessment of strengths and weaknesses
www.cips.org

Definitions of Command words
Explain
Identify
Illustrate
Interpret
Justify
List
Outline
Propose
Reconcile
Relate
Review
Show
State
Suggest
Summarise
Give reasons for, or account for something, so that it is clear or easy to understand.
Mention items separately in number order or by using bullet points. Compare
with Enumerate, List
Clarify or explain something by using examples or diagrams
Use your own ideas to explain the significance of something. This may be
qualitative or quantative
Show good reasons for decisions or conclusions, perhaps by referring to other
texts or evidence with a case study
Mention items separately in number order or by using bullet points. Compare
with Enumerate, Identify
Give the main features, facts or the general idea of something, omitting minor details
Put forward (for example, a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for
consideration or action
Show how two apparently conflicting things can appear similar or compatible
Establish a connection or association between things to show how they effect
each other or how they are alike
Examine and assess a subject critically
Explain thoroughly or prove something so that the truth can be established
Put something into words clearly and briefly
This means that there may be more than one answer. You must give the most
appropriate answer or answers
Give a brief, concise account of the main points of something, leaving out details
and examples
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