Semester One Notebook Etienne

Metals, with only a few electrons in the outer energy level, tend to lose electrons most readily. The
energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom is called the IONIZATION POTENTIAL.
Energy + Metal Atom ---> Metal (+) ion + e-
Non-metals, which lack only one or two electrons in the outer energy level have little tendency to lose
electrons - the ionization potential would be very high. Instead non-metals have a tendency to gain
electrons. The ELECTRON AFFINITY is the energy given off by an atom when it gains electrons.
Non-metal Atom + e- --- Non-metal (-) ion + energy
The energy required to produce positive ions (ionization potential) is roughly balanced by the energy
given off to produce negative ions (electron affinity). The energy released by the net force of
attraction by the ions provides the overall stabilizing energy of the compound.
Notes Section:
.. ..
Mg .. B .. .P
..
..
S
..
in alpha particle decay a proton is ejected from the Nucleus when a
hydrogen hits the nucleus it make the number of protons go down by
two and the total mass goes down by four. it is based on half life and in
every half life half of the substance that you have will go through a
transmutation. it is the same process for beta particle decay except that
in beta particle decay the mass stays the same the only thing that
changes is that the mass does not change only the number of protons
do. Gamma radiation does not do anything it is just excess that is given
off in alpha or beta particle radiation and accounts for less than 1%.
There is no such thing as pure gamma radiation it is only given off as a
byproduct of alpha of beta particle radiation.
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