Nanotechnology White Paper - US Environmental Protection Agency

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62 EPA Nanotechnology White Paper elucidate key taxonomic groups (i.e., highly sensitive organisms that may become indicator species) and endpoints that may be of greatest importance to determining ecological risk. These studies must also include careful tracking of uptake and disposition to understand toxicity as a function of dose at the site of action. A number of existing test procedures that assess long-term survival, growth, development, and reproductive endpoints (both whole organism and physiological or biochemical) for invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and plants (including algae, rooted macrophytes, and terrestrial plants) should be adaptable to nanomaterials. These tests are able to examine a wide range of species and endpoints to help pinpoint the types of effects most significant to the evaluation of nanomaterials, and have a strong foundation relative to projecting likely ecological effects. Both pilot toxicity testing protocols and definitive protocols should be evaluated with respect to their applicability to nanomaterials. In addition, field studies or mesocosm studies might be conducted in systems known to be exposed to nanomaterials to screen for food chain bioaccumulation and unanticipated effects or endpoints.
EPA Nanotechnology White Paper 4.0 Responsible Development One of the stated goals of the National Nanotechnology Initiative is to support responsible development of nanotechnology. EPA administers a statutory framework laid out in this chapter that supports responsible development. EPA also funds and conducts research, and identifies research needs within the context of its programmatic statutory mandates. The ways that risks are characterized and decisions are made vary based on the program area (air, water, chemical substances, etc.) and also the specific statute involved (for example, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Toxic Substances Control Act). Supporting responsible development at EPA is informed by an understanding of the risk from exposure to potential hazard. Section 4 of this paper discusses the risk assessment process and the types of information that EPA could need to inform its decisions. Figure 22 identifies EPA office roles, statutory authorities, and categories of research needs related to nanotechnology. As illustrated in Figure 22 and described in greater detail in Chapter 5, an understanding of environmental applications, chemical identification, potential environmental release, environmental fate and transport, human exposure and mitigation, human and environmental effects, risk assessments, and pollution prevention is needed to provide sound scientific information that informs the responsible development of nanotechnology. 4.1 Responsible Development of Nanoscale Materials EPA recognizes the potential benefits of nanomaterials. To fully realize that potential, the responsible development of such products is in the interest of EPA, state environmental protection agencies, producers, their suppliers, as well as users of nanotechnology, and society as a whole. EPA believes that a proactive approach is appropriate in responsible development. EPA believes that partnerships with industrial sectors will ensure that responsible development is part of initial decision making. Working in partnership with producers, their suppliers, and users of nanomaterials to develop best practices and standards in the workplace, throughout the supply chain, as well as other environmental programs, would help ensure the responsible development of the production, use, and end of life management of nanomaterials. 63
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