exam TURNER CANA VERMEER

Turner was present during a time where European politics, philosophy,
science and communications were fundamentally reoriented. It was
referred to as the “Age of Reason or the “Enlightenment”. The early
Enlightment began in 1685 by natural philosophers of the Scientific
Revolution, including Galileo, Kepler and Leibniz. The movement
increased in the high Enlightment, lasting roughly until 1815. the high
Enlightment was a time of religious faith being questioned among
more rational lines and deists and materialists argued that the universe
seemed to determine its own course without God’s intervention. The
late Enlightment led to the French Revolution of 1789. This threw out
the old authorities to remake society along rational lines.
The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions,
scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and
French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals.
The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was
the Encyclopaedia. This was published between 1751 and 1772 in
thirty-five volumes. The publication was compiled by Denis
Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and 150 scientists and philosophers
who helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe.
The Enlightenment eventually resulted with the 19thcentury
Romanticism. The term itself was invented in
the 1840s, in England. However, the movement had
been present since the late 18th century, primarily in
Literature and Arts.
In England, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, and Byron
characterised Romanticism. Romanticists believed
that the advances made by the Enlightenment were
creating an cruel, and conformist society. They
believed that science and rationality could never truly
understand the world and the human personality.
Romanticism conflicted with "classicism," where it
portrays idealistic and the goodness of
the natural. Romanticism shows logic and reason
cannot explain everything. In the visual arts,
Romanticism appeared in landscape painting from
as early as the 1760s. British artists began to turn to
introduce natural catastrophes and Gothic
architecture.