Turks,Moors,& Moriscos in Early America

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18. From L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain, 66.
19. See Cesar Adib Majul, The Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines,
(Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1985), 17-18. Interestingly, according to Hernán Taboada,
Muslims from the Philippine Islands were also brought to the Spanish Caribbean
as slaves in the sixteenth century and made up another unexpected element of the
Muslim population of the American colonies (Hernán Taboada, La sombra del Islam
en la conquista de América, 115). At the time, Spain was in the process of conquering
and colonizing the Philippines; Muslims predominated on the southern islands but
also had a significant presence in the north, where they sometimes constituted a ruling
elite.
20. See L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain, 1.
21. Jan Read, Moors in Spain and Portugal, 225.
22. See L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain, 2-3; Tomás Irving, Artesania mudejar, 13; Ahmed
Boucharb, “Spécificité du problème morisque au Portugal,” 224.
23. Peter Dressendörfer, Islam unter der Inquisition, 20.
24. Ahmed Boucharb, “Spécificité du problème morisque au Portugal,” 224.
25. Sylviane Diouf, Servants of Allah, 147; she cites Frederick Bowser, The African Slave
in Colonial Peru 1524-1650 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), 251.
26. Peter Dressendörfer, Islam unter der Inquisition, 33-35.
27. Peter Dressendörfer, Islam unter der Inquisition, 37.
28. See Bartolomé and Lucile Bennassar, Les chrétiens d’Allah, 75; Peter Dressendörfer,
Islam unter der Inquisition, 31.
29. Peter Dressendörfer, Islam unter der Inquisition, 87-89.
30. Peter Dressendörfer, Islam unter der Inquisition, 34.
31. Hernán Taboada, La sombra del Islam en la conquista de América, 115.
32. See Sylviane Diouf, Servants of Allah, 49-70; Allan Austin, African Muslims in Antebellum
America, 51-186.
33. Sylviane Diouf, Servants of Allah, 18, 179.
34. Paul Hoffman, Spain and the Roanoke Voyages, 10.
35. Américo Castro, “The Spanish Sense of Nobility,” 194-98; L. P. Harvey, Islamic
34