GCRMN_COI_2017-Western Indian Ocean Reef Status

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Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Management of coral reef resources is improving, though at a slow rate. Cooperative management with communities is encouraging, with BMUs and VFCs having the potential to play a greater role in marine resource conservation and management. The current SWIOFish approach of managing fisheries by fishery type (thus coral reef fisheries are managed separately) and giving greater significance to research for management is quite promising. Conservation initiatives now include the expansion of existing MPAs (e.g. the boundaries of Menai Bay Conservation Area in Zanzibar have been expanded under the Marine Conservation Unit regulations of 2015), establishment of new MPAs and exploration of the possibility of establishing transboundary MPAs. 2.9.9 Recommendations Based on the current state of the coral reefs in Tanzania, their anthropogenic and natural stressors, and management initiatives currently applied, the following recommendations are made: 1. Coral reef monitoring should be continued, supported and expanded to include more sites and other parameters, particularly coral bleaching and disease. 2. Strengthening of coral reef monitoring networks is needed, nationally and regionally. 3. There is a need for harmonisation of monitoring methods. 4. Capacity building in coral reef monitoring is required. 5. It is important to have a unified national coral reef database. 6. Strengthening of MPA management is essential. 7. Inter and intra-institutional collaboration and cooperation should be promoted. 8. Marine spatial planning at some reef sites may help reduce stress from different reef users. 2.9.10 References NATIONAL CHAPTERS Daffa, J. 2001. Status and management of coral reefs in Tanzania. In: Proceedings of the International Coral Reef Initiative Regional Workshop for East Asia Report, Cebu, Philippines, 2001. English, S., Wilkinson, C. and Baker, V. 1994 Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 358 pp. Garpe, K.C., Yahya, S.A.S., Lindahl, U. and Öhman, M.C. 2006. Long-term effects of the 1998 coral bleaching event on reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 315, 237-247. Garpe, K.C. and Öhman, M.C., 2003. Coral and fish distribution patterns in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania: fish–habitat interactions. Hydrobiologia, 498(1-3), pp.191-211. Guard, M. and Masaiganah, M.. 1997. Dynamite fishing in southern Tanzania, geographical variation, intensity of use and possible solution. Mar. Pollut. Bull 34:758–762. 142
Coral reef status report for the Western Indian Ocean (2017) Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Hamilton, H.G.H., 1975., A description of the coral fauna of the East African Coast. University of Dar-es-Salaam. Hamilton, H.G.H. and Brakel, W.H. 1984. Structure and coral fauna of East African reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 34:248-266. Jiddawi, N.S. and Öhman, M.C. 2002. Marine Fisheries in Tanzania. Ambio. 7-8. 518-527. Johnstone, R., Muhando, C. and Francis, J. 1998 The status of coral reef of Zanzibar: One example of a regional predicament. Ambio, 27: 700-707 Kuguru, B.L. 2002. The distribution and abundance of Rhodactisspp (Cnidaria: Corallimorpharia) and their competitive effects on stony corals (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) on selected reefs around Zanzibar MSc. Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam. Kuguru, B.L., Mgaya, Y.D., Öhman, M.C. and Wagner, G.M., 2004. The reef environment and competitive success in the Corallimorpharia. Marine Biology, 145(5), pp.875-884. Lindahl, U.L.F., Öhman, M.C., and Schelten, C.K. 2001. The 1997/1998 mass mortality of corals: effects on fish communities on a Tanzanian coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(2), 127-131. Machano, H. 2012. Status of coral reefs in Rufiji, Mafia and Kilwa: Report on coral reef vulnerability monitoring, December 2011. WWF RUMAKI Seascape Programme. 21pp. McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A., Kamukuru, A.T., Machano,H., and Kiambo, R.W. 1999. The effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 89(2), 161-182. McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A., Maina, J., Kamukuru, A.T., and Yahya, S.A. 2009. Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 19(7), 758-771. McClanahan, T.R. and Arthur, R., 2001. The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes. Ecological Applications, 11(2), pp.559-569. Mohammed, M.S., Muhando, C.A. and Machano, H. 2000. Assessment of coral reef degradation in Tanzania: Results of coral monitoring 1999. In: Souter, D., Obura, D., and Linden, O. (eds.) 2000. Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean: Status Report 2000. CORDIO. pp 35-42 Mohammed, M.S. 2016. Distribution and dynamics of coral reef diseases in Tanzania. PhD thesis. University of Dar es Salaam. 209pp. Muhando, C.A. 2008 Approaches to Coral Reef Monitoring in Tanzania. In: CORDIO Status Report 2008. pp 129-138 NATIONAL CHAPTERS 143
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