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4 Vegetative Stages True leaf — 4 cm V-12 Reproductive Stages R-5.1 R-7 V-E V-2 V-4 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-3 Top View R-4 Top View R-5.5 R-5.9 R-6 R-8 R-9 ■ Figure 4. Stages of sunfl ower development. (A. A. Schneiter and J.F. Miller.) Less than 2cm R-2 R-3 More than 2cm
Description of sunfl ower growth stage The total time required for development of a sunfl ower plant and the time between the various stages of development depends on the genetic background of the plant and growing season environment. When determining the growth stage of a sunfl ower fi eld, the average development of a large number of plants should be considered. This staging method also can be used for individual plants. The same system can be used for classifying either a single head or branched sunfl ower. In the case of branched sunfl ower, make determinations using only the main branch or head. In stages R-7 through R-9, use healthy, disease-free heads to determine plant development if possible because some diseases can cause head discoloration. Also, in a number of recently released and grown hybrids, the stay-green characteristic is present, which means the yellowing or browning of the bracts may not be a good indicator of plant maturity. Stage Description V (number) These are determined by counting the number of true leaves at least Vegetative Stages 4 cm in length beginning as V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, etc. If senescence of (e.g., V-1, V-2, V-3, etc.) of the lower leaves has occurred, count leaf scars (excluding those where the cotyledons were attached) to determine the proper stage. R-1 Reproductive Stages The terminal bud forms a miniature fl oral head rather than a cluster of leaves. When viewed from directly above, the immature bracts have a many-pointed starlike appearance. R-2 The immature bud elongates 0.5 to 2.0 cm above the nearest leaf attached to the stem. Disregard leaves attached directly to the back of the bud. R-3 The immature bud elongates more than 2 cm above the nearest leaf. R-4 The infl orescence begins to open. When viewed from directly above, immature ray fl owers are visible. R-5 (decimal) This stage is the beginning of fl owering. The stage can be divided into (e.g., R-5.1, R-5.2, R-5.3, etc.) substages dependent upon the percent of the head area (disk fl owers) that has completed or is in fl owering. Ex. R-5.3 (30%), R-5.8 (80%), etc. R-6 Flowering is complete and the ray fl owers are wilting. R-7 The back of the head has started to turn a pale yellow. R-8 The back of the head is yellow but the bracts remain green. R-9 The bracts become yellow and brown. This stage is regarded as physiological maturity. From Schneiter, A.A., and J.F. Miller. 1981. Description of Sunfl ower Growth Stages. Crop Sci. 21:901-903. Growth Stages 5
Page 1: A-1331 (EB-25 Revised) Sunfl ower P
Page 4 and 5: ii Contributors Roger Ashley, Area
Page 7 and 8: Introduction (Duane R. Berglund) Tw
Page 9: ay fl ower petal disk fl orets rece
Page 13 and 14: Changes in the 1990 government farm
Page 15 and 16: Sunfl ower Marketing Strategy (Geor
Page 17 and 18: Hybrid Selection and Production Pra
Page 19 and 20: Sunfl ower Branching (Duane Berglun
Page 21 and 22: Fertilizer Application (Dave Franze
Page 23 and 24: water applied by irrigation will in
Page 25 and 26: on a good long-term crop rotation t
Page 27 and 28: a liquid or dry fertilizer attachme
Page 29 and 30: Crop Rotation (Greg Endres) Having
Page 31 and 32: ■ Figure 15. Bees and hives are o
Page 33 and 34: trol measures vary for different or
Page 35 and 36: Insects (Janet Knodel and Larry Cha
Page 37 and 38: way to determine the severity of in
Page 39 and 40: Damage: Cutworm damage normally con
Page 41 and 42: ■ Sunfl ower Beetle Species: Zygo
Page 43 and 44: ■ Sunfl ower Bud Moth Species: Su
Page 45 and 46: ■ Sunfl ower Maggots Species: Sun
Page 47 and 48: ■ Sunfl ower Stem Weevil Species:
Page 49 and 50: for about two weeks in late July an
Page 51 and 52: ■ Sunfl ower Midge Species: Conta
Page 53 and 54: tion may occur in areas with a high
Page 55 and 56: Life Cycle: Sunfl ower moth migrati
Page 57 and 58: Economic Injury Level (EIL) is the
Page 59 and 60: ■ Sunfl ower Headclipping Weevil
Page 61 and 62:
Many sunfl ower diseases are contro
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Disease Cycle: Downy mildew is caus
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II. Foliar Diseases ■ Rust On mos
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on sedges of the genus Cyperus. Thi
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■ Alternaria Leaf and Stem Spot D
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■ Powdery Mildew Description: Pow
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III. Stalk- and Root-infecting Dise
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■ Sclerotinia Middle Stalk Rot an
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■ Stem Rots Caused by Sclerotinia
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Texas Root Rot Description: Texas r
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■ Verticillium Leaf Mottle Descri
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IV. Head Rots and Diseases of Matur
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RUSSIAN THISTLE (Salsola iberia) is
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■ Figure 100. This fi eld was har
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nial weed control. Adjust rate base
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Birds (George M. Linz and Jim Hanze
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Birds are kept out of sunfl ower fi
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Lightning Lightning damage sometime
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Hail Injury (Duane R. Berglund) Hai
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at which the injury occurs. When pl
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Herbicide Drift and Chemical Residu
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growth may be retarded by growth-re
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Low wind velocity in combination wi
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Maturity Harvesting (Vern Hofman) S
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Combine Adjustments Forward Speed:
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Drying and Storage (Kenneth Helleva
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Storage Farm structures that are st
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Feeding Value of Sunfl ower Product
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Summary That sunfl ower meal is a u
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Other Information Sources Major Org
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Glossary Achene — The sunfl ower
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Appendix 1 Diseases of Sunfl ower (
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Misc. foliar pathogens Ascochyta co
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