Improving the germination of somatic embryos in date palm Berhi cultivar in vitro

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Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. the liquid cultures of Berhi date palm. However, Partial desiccation of mature embryos followed by their culture on germination medium resulted in a higher germination rate, whereas these percentages reduced when desiccated period extended to four hours. Results in discussion are in line with the findings of Fki et al., (2003). It was reported that partial desiccation of the mature embryos of cultivar Deglet Nour, corresponding to a decrease in water content from 90 to 75% significantly improved germination rate from 25% to 80%. The effects of partial drying may cause a breakdown of endogenous ABA or decreased sensitivity of embryos to ABA which could release embryos from development constraints and allow germination to proceed (Kermode et al., 1989). These results confirm those from Othmani et al., (2009a) on germination of date palm. Also, increase proline content under desiccation and cold hardening treatments may be improved the germination of somatic embryos by increasing enzyme activity as peroxidase enzyme which play role in cell division or it was able to change the expression of genes which are essential for the germination. In turn recent proteomic, genomic and metabolic studies have revealed that the function of proline is not as straight forward as initially believed. Research studies on plants, especially those on proline synthesis and catabolic genes, have demonstrated that the proline produced under stressful conditions can act as a compatible solute in osmotic adjustment, a free radical scavenger, a metal chelator, an activator of detoxification pathways, a cell redox balancer, a cytosolic pH buffer, a source of energy, nitrogen and carbon, a stabilizer for subcellular structures and membranes including photosystem II (PS II), or act as a signaling molecule (Anwar et al., 2014). Moreover, the effect of cold hardening on proline content of explants was found to increase proline contents in date palm tissues Khenizi cultivar (Fki et al., 2013). According to Pociecha et al., (2009) the specific accumulation of this amino acid improves resistance to both severe osmotic stress and cold hardening. Cold acclimation was found to improve post-cryopreservation recovery in several plant species such as apple (Kushnarenko et al., 2009) and date palm (Fki et al., 2013). Conclusion The determination of biochemical and physical changes associated with germination of somatic embryos is a very interesting approach to optimize tissue culture date palm protocol. Also, the present study suggests that the improvement of the germination of somatic embryos via low temperature and especially via partial desiccation embryos somatic is feasible, reproducible and offers a tremendous potential for an inexpensive method for large scale propagation of superior date palm cultivars. References Al-Khayri JM. 2010. Somatic embryogenesis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) improved by coconut water. Biotechnol 9, 477-484. Anwar MA, Hossain Md, Anamul H, David JB, Masayuki F. 2014. Proline Protects Plants Against Abiotic Oxidative Stress: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms P. Ahmad (Ed): Oxidative Damage to Plants Elsevier Inc 477-522. Cohen Y. 2011. Molecular detection of somaclonal variation in date palm-In: Jain, S.M., Al-Khayri, J.M., Johnson, D.V. (ed.): Date Palm Biotechnology pp. 221-235. Springer, Dordrecht 2011. El-Hadrami I, El-Bellaj M, El-Idrissi A, J’Aiti F, El-Jaafari S, Daaf F. 1998. Biotechnologie végétalers et amelioration du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pivot de l’agriculture oasienne Marocaine. Cah. Agric 7, 463-468. Fki L, Masmoudi R, Drira N, Rival A. 2003. An optimised protocol for plant regen-eration from embryogenic suspension cultures of date palm, Phoenix dactyliferaL., cv. Deglet Nour. Plant. Cell. Rep. 21, 517–524. Shareef et al. Page 22
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. Fki LN, Bouaziz1, O Chkir1, R Benjemaa- Masmoudi1, A Rival, R Swennen, N Drira1, B, Panis3. 2013. Cold hardening and sucrose treatment improve cryopreservation, BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 57 (2), 375-379, 2013 of date palm meristems. Ibraheem YI, Pinker and M, Böhme. 2013. A comparative study between solid and liquid cultures relative to callus growth and somatic embryo formation in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Zaghlool, Emir. J. Food Agric 25(11), 883-898. Irigoyen JJ, Emerich DW, Sanchez- Diaz M. 1992. Water stress induce changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiol Plant 84, 55- 60. Jain MS, Al Khayri JM, DVF J. 2011. Date Palm Biotechnology, 1st ed. Springer Netherlands. Kermode AR, Dumbroff EB, Bewley JD. 1989. The role of maturation drying in the transition from seed development to germination. J. Exp. Bot 40, 303-313. Othmani A, Bayoudh C, Drira N, Marrakchi M, Trifi M. 2009a. Somatic embryo-genesis and plant regeneration in date palm Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Boufeggousis significantly improved by fine chopping and partial desiccation of embryo-genic callus. Plant Cell Tiss. Org 97, 71–79. Othmani A, Bayoudh C, Drira N, Trifi M. 2009 b. In vitro cloning of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Deglet Bey by using embryogenic suspension and temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB). Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Eo 23(2), 1181-1188. Pociecha E, P1azek A, Janowiak F, Zwierzykowski Z. 2009. ABA level, proline and phenolic concentration, and PAL activity induced during cold acclimation in androgenic Festulolium forms with contrasting resistance to frost and pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale). - Physiol. mol. Plant Pathol. 73, 126-132. Sharma DR, Kumari R, Chowdhury JB. 1980. In vitro culture of female date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) tissues. Euphytica 29, 169–174. Kushnarenko SV, Romadanova NV, Reed BM. 2009. Cold acclimation improves regrowth of cryopreserved apple shoot tips-CryoLetters 30, 47- 54. Zaid A, Arias-Jimenez EJ. 2002. Date palm cultivation. FAO Plant production andprotection paper 156 Rev. 1. F.A.O Rome. Shareef et al. Page 23
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Improving the germination of somatic embryos in date palm Berhi cultivar in vitro

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