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Yield potential and adaptability of medium duration Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes in dry parts of North Rift Valley, Kenya

Abstract Pigeonpea is an important crop in Semi- Arid tropical and sub- tropical areas. Although it is reported to have wide adaptability to different climates and soils, 98.7% of its production in Kenya is concentrated mainly in three counties (Machakos, Kitui and Makueni) but remains neglected and underutilized in North Rift Valley. Therefore, sixteen elite genotypes from ICRISAT were evaluated for yield performance and adaptability. Also, the study looked at association between grain yield and its yield components. Field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times in three varied agro-ecological zones during long rain season of April-October 2014. Data was collected on grain yield, number of pods/plant, secondary branches, height at maturity, days to 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, number of seeds/pod and 100 seed weight. The results revealed seven genotypes (ICEAPs 01147, 1147-1, 01159, 00911, 0979-1, 00850C and 1154-2) recording higher yields. Site variation was significant (P≤0.05) with Koibatek recording the highest average yield of 2.5 t/ha, Marigat (0.4 t/ha) and Fluorspar (0.2 t/ha). ICEAP 1147-1 was adaptable to all sites due to its vegetative growth of high branching and podding. This variety may therefore be selected for adaptability preference. Significant (P≤0.05) positive correlation was revealed between grain yield and number of pods/plant, secondary branches, height at maturity and 100 seed weight but negatively with 50

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Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.

The two media (H2O and MS) differed by the basal

salt composition, the MS containing micro, macro

elements and vitamins. The results obtained with the

different combinations (1000 or 2000 mg.l -1 of GA3

for 6, 12, 24 and 48h) for the four studied caper

populations are shown in Table 1. C. spinosa showed

great of variability in germination rate. Seeds

developed on MS or H2O control medium (H2O and

MS without GA3) did not exhibit any germination

before 17 days (not shown in the table). The

maximum germination rates were 12.50, 8.33 and

4.16%, respectively for the populations coded P1, P3

and P4 on H2O media. In contrast on the other media

where GA3 was added, the seeds germinated after one

week of cultivation. All of seedlings were green and

phenotypically normal. These plantlets, when

transferred to fresh media, continued to grow and did

not exhibit any transformation. All germination

stages have been observed on the different

populations. Statistically, the level of the germination

varied according to the media, GA3 dose and

genotype.

Fig. 1. Seeds germination percentage of C. spinosa populations (P1, P2, P3 and P4) using MS media under

different GA3 levels according to the soaking times.

The population (P1) exhibits the best abilities to

germination. The highest seed germination (75%) was

achieved when the seeds were treated for 48h with

2000 mg.l -1 GA3 solution. The roots observed from

the seedlings were longer and vigorous compared to

those obtained from the control. The highest

germination in each case was obtained from seeds

soaked for 48 h in GA3. Low germination percentage

in case of control was possibly due to dormancy and

hard seeds.

Genotype effect on germination percentage of caper

seeds

The data of germination percentages and the results

of AMOVA were reported in the Table 1.

Highly significant differences (p < 0.001) in

Awatef et al.

germination percentage at different soaking times

were obtained among the different studied

populations suggesting that the genotype has an effect

on the seed germination.

Therefore, independently to the tested conditions, the

genotype seemed to be a significant factor influencing

germination induction. The responses of P1 were

better than those observed for P2, P3 and P4

populations (Table 1). Statistically, there was

significant difference among the populations (P1, P2,

P3 and P4) for MS an H2O medium at various

treatments concerning the percentages of

germination (Table 1). On other hand, the populationmedia

interaction has not any significant difference.

In control condition, the germination percentage

varied from 4.16 to 12.50%. The population P2 can’t

Page 4

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Int. J. Agron. Agri. R. The two media (H2O and MS) differed by the basal salt composition, the MS containing micro, macro elements and vitamins. The results obtained with the different combinations (1000 or 2000 mg.l -1 of GA3 for 6, 12, 24 and 48h) for the four studied caper populations are shown in Table 1. C. spinosa showed great of variability in germination rate. Seeds developed on MS or H2O control medium (H2O and MS without GA3) did not exhibit any germination before 17 days (not shown in the table). The maximum germination rates were 12.50, 8.33 and 4.16%, respectively for the populations coded P1, P3 and P4 on H2O media. In contrast on the other media where GA3 was added, the seeds germinated after one week of cultivation. All of seedlings were green and phenotypically normal. These plantlets, when transferred to fresh media, continued to grow and did not exhibit any transformation. All germination stages have been observed on the different populations. Statistically, the level of the germination varied according to the media, GA3 dose and genotype. Fig. 1. Seeds germination percentage of C. spinosa populations (P1, P2, P3 and P4) using MS media under different GA3 levels according to the soaking times. The population (P1) exhibits the best abilities to germination. The highest seed germination (75%) was achieved when the seeds were treated for 48h with 2000 mg.l -1 GA3 solution. The roots observed from the seedlings were longer and vigorous compared to those obtained from the control. The highest germination in each case was obtained from seeds soaked for 48 h in GA3. Low germination percentage in case of control was possibly due to dormancy and hard seeds. Genotype effect on germination percentage of caper seeds The data of germination percentages and the results of AMOVA were reported in the Table 1. Highly significant differences (p < 0.001) in Awatef et al. germination percentage at different soaking times were obtained among the different studied populations suggesting that the genotype has an effect on the seed germination. Therefore, independently to the tested conditions, the genotype seemed to be a significant factor influencing germination induction. The responses of P1 were better than those observed for P2, P3 and P4 populations (Table 1). Statistically, there was significant difference among the populations (P1, P2, P3 and P4) for MS an H2O medium at various treatments concerning the percentages of germination (Table 1). On other hand, the populationmedia interaction has not any significant difference. In control condition, the germination percentage varied from 4.16 to 12.50%. The population P2 can’t Page 4

Int. J. Agron. Agri. R. germinate at control condition. However, placed in control condition caper seeds have germination difficulties which would be explained by the seed dormancy. Media effect on germination percentage of caper seeds The two growth media MS and H2O were used for the experiment. The results have shown significant differences (p

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Yield potential and adaptability of medium duration Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes in dry parts of North Rift Valley, Kenya

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