Work, play and boredom - Ephemera

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eferences the author ephemera 11(4): 482-489 On boredom notes Rasmus Johnsen Bartlett, F.C. (1943) ‘Fatigue following highly skilled work’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Britain, 131: 247-254. Damrad-Frye, R. and J.D. Laird (1989) The experience of boredom: The role of self-perception of attention, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 315-320. Davies, A.H. (1926) ‘The physical and mental effects of monotony in modern industry’, British Medical Journal, 2: 472-479. Farmer, R. and D. Sundberg (1986) ‘Boredom proneness: The development and correlates of a new scale’, Journal of Personality Assessment, 50: 4-17. Fisher, C.D. (1993) ‘Boredom at work: A neglected concept’, Human Relations, 46: 395-417. Gallagher, S. and D. Zahavi (2008) The phenomenological mind. London New York, Routledge. Goodstein, E.S. (2005) Experience without qualities – boredom and modernity, Stanford, Stanford University Press. Husserl, E. (1991) On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Kierkegaard, S. (1987) Either/or, Vol. 1, trans and eds. H. Hong and E. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Loukidou, L., J. Loan-Clarke and K. Daniels (2009) ‘Boredom in the workplace: More than monotonous tasks’, International Journal of Management Reviews, 11 (4): 381-405. Morrisey (1988) Viva Hate, HMV Records. Mikulas, W.L. and S.J. Vodanovich (1993) ‘The essence of boredom’, The Psychological Record, 43: 3- 12. Perkins, R.E. and A.B. Hill (1985) ‘Cognitive and affective aspects of boredom’, British Journal of Psychology, 76: 221-234. Russon, J. (2003) Human experience – philosophy, neurosis, and the elements of everyday life. Albany: State University of New York Press. Seneca (2004) Epistulaemorales 24.26, in P. Toohey (ed.) Melancholy, love, and time: Boundaries of the self in ancientliterature. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Sloterdijk, P. (1998) Sphären I. Frankfurt am Main: SuhrkampVerlag. Sloterdijk, P. (1987) Critique of cynical reason. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Wangh, M. (1979) ‘Some Psychoanalytic Observations on Boredom’, International Journal of Psycho- Analysis, 60: 515-526. Wallace, J.C., S.J. Vodanovich and B.M. Restino (2003) ‘Predicting cognitive failures from boredom proneness and daytime sleepiness scores: An investigation within military and undergraduate samples’, Personality and Individual Differences, 34: 635-644. Watson, D., L.A. Clark and G. Carey (1988) ‘Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders’, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97: 346-353. Rasmus Johnsen, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Department of Management, Politics and Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School. E-mail: rj.lpf@cbs.dk 489
eview of: ephemera reviews theory & politics in organization The work of games Jacob J. Peters the author(s) 2011 ISSN 1473-2866 www.ephemeraweb.org volume 11(4): 490-494 Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter (2009) Games of empire: Global capitalism and video games. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis (PB, pp. 320, £19.95, ISBN 9780816666119). My heart sunk as the introduction to Games of Empire (GoE) began with a recounting of scene in Second Life – was this to be an analysis of the possibilities of virtual life tempered with warnings that the means of such life are brought to you by Empire? Three paragraphs later, the simple acknowledgement that Second Life avatars consume electricity produced somehow on servers located somewhere made the stakes of the book clear and allayed any such fears. This simple acknowledgement turns out to be a major intervention into video games studies that leads towards an analysis that deals with the whole life of a game: The labor process that makes the game, the infrastructural requirements of its play, its relation to resource extraction, the game’s ideological roots, and above all, how war and global capitalism became both the context and content for many games. Or as the authors put it, the book is about ‘the interaction of virtual games and actual power in the context of Empire, an apparatus whose two pillars are the military and the market … video games are a paradigmatic media of Empire’ (xiv-xv, emphasis in original). Most surprisingly and productively, the book reads well regardless of opinion on Hardt and Negri’s theorizing of Empire and Multitude – this is an empirically rich text that makes clear that anyone interested in the military-industrial-educational complex and capitalism’s emerging extractive strategies would benefit from taking some time to think about video games. GoE is about games and organizations, not gamers – yet many of the book’s claims demand another book with a similar framework focused on the actual play of games and people who play them. When the book does delve into game play and the sort of subjectivities supposedly produced via game play, there are some questionable sweeping judgments about subjectivity that temper my excitement for the book. This is not a minor issue, as one of the primary means through which the book’s arguments are advanced is subject formation: Video games ‘reassert, rehearse and reinforce Empire’s twin vital subjectivities of worker-consumer and solider-citizen’ (xiv). Although this sounds solid and true, there is a larger conversation about subjectivity and capitalism at stake here. Such an assertion about games and subjectivity deserves some skepticism, as the actual acts that constitute virtual gaming are part of people’s complicated lives. 490
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