Dead planet, living planet: Biodiversity and ecosystem - UNEP
Dead planet, living planet: Biodiversity and ecosystem - UNEP
Dead planet, living planet: Biodiversity and ecosystem - UNEP
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ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION<br />
FOR HEALTH AND WASTE<br />
WATER MANAGEMENT<br />
Over half of the organic water pollution <strong>and</strong> initial wastewater production takes place<br />
outside of cities – largely a result of loss of wetl<strong>and</strong>s, increasing erosion <strong>and</strong> run-off resulting<br />
from clearing of natural vegetation along field edges, streams, villages <strong>and</strong> slopes<br />
due to activities such as deforestation, overgrazing <strong>and</strong> intensive or unsustainable agriculture<br />
(<strong>UNEP</strong>, 2010). Restoration of wetl<strong>and</strong>s to help filter certain types of wastewater<br />
can be a highly viable solution to wastewater management challenges (Ko et al., 2004).<br />
Forested wetl<strong>and</strong>s treat more wastewater per unit of energy <strong>and</strong> have a 6–22 fold higher<br />
benefit-cost ratio than traditional s<strong>and</strong> filtration (Ko et al., 2004).<br />
Securing safe water <strong>and</strong> reducing the unregulated discharge<br />
of wastewater are among the most important factors influencing<br />
world health. WHO estimates that worldwide some 2.2<br />
million people die each year from diarrhoeal disease, 3.7 %<br />
of all deaths <strong>and</strong> at any one time over half of the world’s hospitals<br />
beds are filled with people suffering from water related<br />
diseases (UNDP 2006). Of the 10.4 million deaths of children<br />
under five, 17 % are attributed to diarrhoeal disease, i.e. an<br />
estimated 1.8 million under-fives die annually as a result of<br />
diarrhoeal diseases (<strong>UNEP</strong>, 2010). Unmanaged wastewater is<br />
a vector of disease, causing child mortality <strong>and</strong> reduced labor<br />
productivity, but receives a disproportionately low <strong>and</strong> often<br />
poorly targeted share of development aid <strong>and</strong> investment in<br />
developing countries.<br />
However, while there is some increased focus on the need<br />
for treatment plants <strong>and</strong> operational maintenance over time<br />
(<strong>UNEP</strong>, 2010; UN-HABITAT, 2010), the role of <strong>ecosystem</strong> restoration<br />
has sofar not received the attention it deserves – while<br />
providing the most viable operational, practical, cheapest <strong>and</strong><br />
most effective solution for improving water quality in rural areas<br />
<strong>and</strong> into urban centers.<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, river deltas, lakes <strong>and</strong> marshes play a crucial role not<br />
only in sedimentation of pollutants <strong>and</strong> organic matter, cultures<br />
<strong>and</strong> harvest of fish <strong>and</strong> provision of nesting or feeding habitat<br />
for birdlife all across the <strong>planet</strong>, they also serve as important<br />
filters for pollutants. Intensive management to increase agricultural<br />
production – through irrigation <strong>and</strong> the application of<br />
fertilizers <strong>and</strong> pesticides – can further reduce the water quality<br />
available for consumption. Such intensification has had major<br />
direct impacts on biodiversity, such as on farml<strong>and</strong> birds <strong>and</strong><br />
aquatic species, but also on algae blooms <strong>and</strong> water quality, <strong>and</strong><br />
in return, on people’s health.<br />
Run-off from agricultural <strong>and</strong> livestock production may result<br />
in the eutrophication or pollution of aquatic <strong>ecosystem</strong>s (Seitzinger<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lee 2008). Aquatic <strong>ecosystem</strong>s are also being affected<br />
by food production in terrestrial areas, mainly through high<br />
nutrient input <strong>and</strong> alteration of freshwater flows. In the NW<br />
Gulf of Mexico, nutrient enrichment mainly from fertilizer use<br />
in the Mississippi Basin, has accounted for the world’s largest<br />
hypoxic or dead zone (Turner & Rabalais 1991, Rabalais et al.<br />
1999; <strong>UNEP</strong>, 2008). Without significant nitrogen mitigation<br />
efforts, marine areas will be subjected to increasing hypoxia<br />
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