In Memoriam

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Metallurgy of Gold 139 Hardness (HV) 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Aging time Std Zr + Co Al + Co Co B FIGURe 7.14 Age-hardening potential of modified 18kt alloys at 300°C; the time=0h state corresponds to a 50–60% cold-worked state, [43] = Figure 7.12 from [43] 18 Carat yellow gold alloys with increased hardness, R. Süss, E. van der Lingen, L. Gardner, and M. du Toit, Gold Bulletin, 2004, 3.7.(3.–4.), 196. additions of up to 2% of base metals (Co, Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Zr), platinum group metals (PGMs: Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir) as well as Al and B (
140 Gold: Science and Applications 90 60 50 Nickel weight percent 80 70 40 30 20 10 Au Immiscibility α (Au-Cu) +α (Ni-Cu) 760°C 540°C miscibility gap in the binary Au-Pt system extends significantly into the ternary Au-Pt-Pd system and broadens toward the Au-Pd system. As a consequence, Au-Pd-Pt–based alloys with as low as 6 wt% Pt are age hardenable [20,47]. Age-hardening mechanisms in dental alloys are continuously researched and discussed controversially [48] (see also Multicomponent Alloys later). Low- and Microalloyed Gold The development of strengthened high karat (22kt–24kt) Au alloys with improved hardness and wear resistance and at the same time good suitability for jewelry manufacturing has remained a challenging task to date. It has involved extensive research into precipitation-hardenable alloys. For 24kt alloys the precipitation hardening potential of a large variety of base metals at alloying levels of max. 1 wt% was reviewed, and titanium was identified as the best candidate in that range [49]. The hardness of a 990 gold alloy containing 1 wt% Ti can be substantially increased from 70 HV in the as-cast state to 170 HV in the age-hardened state (solution annealing for 800°C followed by aging at 500°C for ~1 h) (Figure 7.16). The strengthening effect is based on formation of Au 4Ti-precipitates. Although big efforts were spent on developing and communicating best practices for working with this alloy type [49–51], its usage and spread in jewelry manufacturing has remained very limited up to now due to the high reactivity of titanium and its related tendency to form oxides, nitrides, and carbides. However, binary Au-Ti alloys with ~1.7 wt% Ti (eventually with small Ir-additions for grain refinement) have been introduced with some success in the dental sector as alloys with outstanding biocompatibility [52]. Also considered for wire and foil applications in electronics [53] is 990 AuTi, and it has been discovered that irreversible dispersion hardening by formation of titanium oxides can contribute to the strengthening effects, which is relevant for near-surface regions as well as very thin products (
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Edited by Christopher Corti Richard
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In Memoriam Since writing the prefa
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viii Contents Chapter 1.2. Gold Thi
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x Preface We appreciate and acknowl
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xii Contributors Koichiro Mukoyama
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2 Gold: Science and Applications 19
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4 Gold: Science and Applications of
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4 CONTeNTs INTRODUCTION Surface Ele
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Surface Electrochemistry of Gold 53
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Page 102 and 103: 6 CONTeNTs * Deceased. Gold Catalys
Page 104 and 105: Gold Catalysis 91 1998 [18], which
Page 106 and 107: Gold Catalysis 93 Chemical Vapor De
Page 108 and 109: Gold Catalysis 95 The extent of the
Page 110 and 111: Gold Catalysis 97 Rate per surface
Page 112 and 113: Gold Catalysis 99 observed for the
Page 114 and 115: Gold Catalysis 101 TabLe 6.3 synthe
Page 116 and 117: Gold Catalysis 103 diphosphanes as
Page 118 and 119: Gold Catalysis 105 10-60 ppm sulfur
Page 120 and 121: Gold Catalysis 107 chloride were pr
Page 122 and 123: Gold Catalysis 109 TabLe 6.5 Yields
Page 124 and 125: Gold Catalysis 111 per month, has s
Page 126 and 127: Gold Catalysis 113 a propene oxide
Page 128 and 129: Gold Catalysis 115 TabLe 6.7 Relati
Page 130 and 131: Gold Catalysis 117 aCKNOWLeDGMeNTs
Page 132 and 133: Gold Catalysis 119 53. Gold nanopar
Page 134 and 135: Gold Catalysis 121 108. The applica
Page 136 and 137: 7 CONTeNTs INTRODUCTION Metallurgy
Page 138 and 139: Metallurgy of Gold 125 solidifiCati
Page 140 and 141: Metallurgy of Gold 127 for a gold p
Page 142 and 143: Metallurgy of Gold 129 aiming at a
Page 144 and 145: Metallurgy of Gold 131 In order to
Page 146 and 147: Metallurgy of Gold 133 such alloys,
Page 148 and 149: Metallurgy of Gold 135 • Aging at
Page 150 and 151: Metallurgy of Gold 137 Temperature
Page 154 and 155: Metallurgy of Gold 141 Hardness (HV
Page 156 and 157: Metallurgy of Gold 143 Hardness (HV
Page 158 and 159: Metallurgy of Gold 145 Reflectivity
Page 160 and 161: Metallurgy of Gold 147 90 80 70 60
Page 162 and 163: Metallurgy of Gold 149 refinement),
Page 164 and 165: Metallurgy of Gold 151 Formfilling
Page 166 and 167: Metallurgy of Gold 153 Temperature
Page 168 and 169: Metallurgy of Gold 155 example, int
Page 170 and 171: Metallurgy of Gold 157 47. Palladiu
Page 172: Metallurgy of Gold 159 101. The eff
Page 175 and 176: 162 Gold: Science and Applications
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9 CONTeNTs INTRODUCTION Jewelry Man
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Jewelry Manufacturing Technology 19
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16 Nanotechnological Applications o
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Nanotechnological Applications of G
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408 Index Bretton Woods agreement,
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410 Index engineering uses of gold,
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412 Index hardening, 128-144 disord
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414 Index mesoporous gold sponges,
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416 Index surpluses, 2 swarna bhasm
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a c Au C C COLOR FiguRe 3.3 The cry
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Au S S S S Au Au Au Au Au S (a) Au
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90 80 70 60 50 Nickel weight percen
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COLOR FiguRe 10.2 Representation of
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COLOR FiguRe 14.11 Goldtech Bio2000
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COLOR FiguRe 14.18 Crowns infiltrat
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COLOR FiguRe 15.14 Ink-jet printed
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COLOR FiguRe 15.25 The head of a si
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