Atef O. Sherif - CIMAP

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� The climate system is global: Observations, theory, and models are all needed in climate research. � Comprehensive climate models are based on physical laws and allow for numerical simulations. � The climate system is characterized by a broad range of spatial scales and timescales. Consequently, GCMs can effectively address large-scale climate features such as the general circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean, and subcontinental patterns, (e.g., temperature and precipitation). � Their formal resolution (grid scale) is at best around 100–200 km.* � Their real resolution is more like 6–8 grid distances **, i.e., of the order of 1000 km. This falls short of many key regional and local climate aspects, e.g. intensive precipitation. � Very high global model resolution would of course give rise to simulation of regional and local aspects ***. GCMs of this kind are, however, still not feasible due to their high computational cost. � Other methods are therefore needed, which is the backdrop to downscaling. Cairo University FVLab * Meehl GA, Stocker TF, Collins WD, Friedlingstein P, Gaye AT, et al. Global climate projections. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, et al. eds. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridgeand New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007. ** Grotch SL, MacCracken MC. The use of general circulation models to predict regional climatic change J Climate 1991, 4:286–303. *** Mizuta R, Oouchi K, Yoshimura H, Noda A, Katayama K, et al. 20-km-mesh global climate simulations using JMA-GSM model—mean climate states. J Meteorol Soc Japan 2006, 84:165–185. 15 May 2008 A. O. <strong>Sherif</strong> NFS-AST Workshop on Supercomputing Applications in Climate and Remote Sensing 10 Cairo Egypt, 13-16 May 2008
� Global climate models (GCMs) are a fundamental research tool for the understanding of climate. � Regional climate models (RCMs) are a complementary research method, allowing more detailed process studies and simulation of regional and even local conditions. � They provide key input to climate impact studies as well as to adaptation planning, dealing with possible damages and opportunities related � to climate variability and change. � The primary assumption in regional modeling is that data on the climate large-scale information is used to force („drive‟) an RCM over a limited area. Such a regional domain, as compared to a global one, allows for high resolution without a prohibitive increase in computational cost. � Driving data are supplied to the regional model as lateral (and often also sea surface) boundary conditions. The basic set of boundary conditions contains temperature, moisture, and circulation (winds), as well as sea surface temperature and sea ice. An accurate treatment of boundary conditions is a central issue in regional modeling. � RCMs are vehicles for both research and applications. 15 May 2008 A. O. <strong>Sherif</strong> NFS-AST Workshop on Supercomputing Applications in Climate and Remote Sensing Cairo Egypt, 13-16 May 2008 Cairo University FVLab 11
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Page 5 and 6: � Aerodynamic modeling of Weather
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Page 23 and 24: Monthly average wind speed at 100m
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Atef O. Sherif - CIMAP

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