the quest for racial purity - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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permitted to reside but were kept strictly separate from the Christian population. In the twentieth century, ghettos in German-occupied eastern Europe were typically composed of a small number of streets surrounded by barbed wire, fences, or stone walls in the poorest part of a city or town. In more-rural areas, ghettos were often not enclosed at all and, in some cases, constituted the entire town. From the outset, the ghettos were conceived not as a permanent solution to the “Jewish question” but as a provisional measure to control, isolate, and segregate Jews pending their complete removal from territories under German control. The ghettos established by the German authorities were located primarily in eastern Europe between 1940 and 1943 and in Hungary in 1944. Seeing no need to expend re- sources on Jewish inhabitants, German occupation policy ensured virtually unlivable conditions in most ghettos. They were severely overcrowded, little existed in the way of sanitation or other measures to control disease, they generally lacked heat and electricity, and food rations were almost always substandard and drastically limited. The brutal and primitive living conditions heavily increased mortality rates from epidemic disease, mass starvation, and exposure. Jewish children (right) holding bowls for soup rations in the Warsaw ghetto in Poland, between 1940 and 1943. The deprivations of ghetto life affected children with particular severity, turning many of them into beggars and food smugglers. Weakened by hunger and disease, younger children in the ghetto died more quickly than adults did; infants were the first to perish. A small percentage of Jewish children were rescued by non-Jews, who hid them from the German authorities and their accomplices. warsaw, poland, c.1940. ushmm, courtesy of instytut pamieci narodowej 134 | nazi ideology and the holocaust
The ghettos were conceived ... as a provisional measure to control, isolate, and segregate Jews pending their complete removal from territories under German control.
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the quest for racial purity: German
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ideology into practice. The persecu
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conditions were by definition “he
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granted exemptions to people who we
Page 9 and 10: a distracted population from what t
Page 11 and 12: Doctors marked each name with a red
Page 13 and 14: in white coats and rode along in th
Page 15 and 16: and leadership had moved to other p
Page 17 and 18: scientists, physicians, nurses, aca
Page 20 and 21: and other racial minorities. The la
Page 22 and 23: popular prejudices (in Germany and
Page 24: Many insisted that who did not meri
Page 27 and 28: with “feeblemindedness” and oth
Page 29 and 30: In the camps, Roma were made to wea
Page 31 and 32: German physicians also used Roma co
Page 33 and 34: arracks. The SS refrained from carr
Page 35 and 36: end with Germany’s acknowledgment
Page 37 and 38: he nazis reserved their most viciou
Page 40 and 41: In 1933, the approximately 530,000
Page 43 and 44: marked the beginning of a pattern t
Page 45 and 46: this a “racial” definition for
Page 47 and 48: the army; and, in early 1934, forba
Page 49 and 50: Most German Jews who managed to emi
Page 51 and 52: - Close relatives of the prospectiv
Page 53: instigated and carried out by Nazi
Page 56 and 57: Night of Broken Glass,” German Je
Page 59: context of the do-or-die struggle b
Page 63 and 64: The Nazis, and many other Germans u
Page 65: police officials and, in particular
Page 68 and 69: The tactics used by the German auth
Page 70 and 71: forced the inhabitants into certain
Page 72 and 73: the war, the Germans had deported a
Page 75 and 76: Unlike the Operation Reinhard camps
Page 77 and 78: their efforts could not save Jewish
Page 79 and 80: Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1
Page 81 and 82: Despite Nazi efforts to hide their
Page 83 and 84: epilogue | the aftermath of the hol
Page 85 and 86: The Nuremberg Trial brought major N
Page 87 and 88: viduals—from all religious backgr
Page 89 and 90: polish and soviet civilians, and so
Page 91 and 92: Morse, Arthur. While Six Million Di
Page 93 and 94: Dalliare, Roméo, 161-62 Darfur, Su
Page 95 and 96: Jewish resistance, 150-52 Jewish st
Page 97 and 98: Polish civilians, 54, 55 children,
Page 99: design Studio A, Alexandria, Va. ww
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