Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride: a reassessment, and ... - CBS

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JAKLITSCH ET AL. Thus, we rely on the concordance between phenotype and genotype. It is also important to note that for some groups the high observed phylogenetic diversity enabled us to recognize a species (e.g. T. gamsii), while in other cases, when the diversity was low and both sets of characters were unclear, we refrained from proposing a new taxonomy (Vd 1–3). The formation of warted conidia in the viride clade seems to suggest that this character is derived within Trichoderma and that smooth conidia are the primitive state. However, we are not yet in a position to discuss evolution of most phenotypic characters in Trichoderma, and conidium ornamentation is not an exception. Tuberculate conidia are produced by completely unrelated species of Trichoderma, including T. saturnisporum and T. ghanense (both sect. Longibrachiatum, Samuels et al. 1994), and Bissett (1991b) illustrated warted conidia in T. virens (sect. Pachybasium) using scanning electron microscopy. On the other hand the eidamia-like morphology of conidiophores produced on rich media is apomorphic for the large viridescens clade defined here, and the coconut-like odour produced by several members of the entire viride clade. The level of knowledge of Trichoderma species is perhaps greater than for any other genus of fungi. We acknowledge the difficulty of identifying Trichoderma species on the basis of their phenotype, despite the fact that morphology-based keys to species, and illustrations of at least the most common species is available at www.nt.ars-grin.gov. However, every species is represented in GenBank by sequences of two or more genes and by a multiplicity of correctly identified strains (Samuels 2006). Moreover, all known species of Trichoderma may be identified using molecular markers at www.isth.info. The majority of species can be safely identified by the DNA barcoding based on ITS1 and 2 loci (Kopchinskiy et al. 2005). However, since species from Trichoderma section Trichoderma share the same or very similar alleles of ITS1 and 2, they should be identified by an integration of the barcode method (TrichOKEY) and Trichoderma similarity search TrichoBLAST (Kopchinskiy et al. 2005) as described in Druzhinina et al. (2006). If a researcher has access to a sequencing facility, there is no need to misidentify a species of Trichoderma. We strongly recommend that individuals check the identity of strains that are of interest and we urge editors of journals reporting properties of Trichoderma species to require that the identity of the strains be verified by members of the International Subcommittee on Taxonomy of Hypocrea (ISTH) which can be accessed at www.isth.info. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Hermann Voglmayr for the collection of Hypocrea teleomorphs, Svengunnar Ryman and Roland Moberg for support of excursions in Sweden. Drs Moberg and Hennig Knudsen were instrumental in identifying type material of Sphaeria rufa. Cultures were provided by Drs John Bissett (DAOM), Charles Howell (USDA), Toru Okuda (Nippon Roche), Walter Gams (CBS), Willies Soberanis 176 (Tarpoto, Peru), Helgard Nirenberg (BBA, Berlin), and Doustmorad Zafari (Bu Ali SIna University, Hamadan, Iran). Dr. Adnan Ismaiel (BPI) and Mag. Monika Komon-Zelazovska obtained many sequences from Trichoderma cultures. Ms Ellen Bloch (NY) patiently located and expedited the loan specimens of Hypocrea. Mr James Plaskowitz (BPI) and Dr Eric Erbe (USDA, Beltsville), respectively, performed the electron microscopy. A.T. Gräfenhan kindly reviewed an earlier version of this paper. The financial support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Project P16465-B03) to W.M.J. is gratefully acknowledged. 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Page 1 and 2: Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride: a
Page 3 and 4: Table 1. Strains used in phylogenet
Page 5 and 6: Table 1. (Continued). HYPOCREA RUFA
Page 7 and 8: Table 1. (Continued). HYPOCREA RUFA
Page 9 and 10: the tree, the “Large Viridescens
Page 11 and 12: optimum for T. scalesiae was 25-30
Page 13 and 14: HYPOCREA RUFA / TRICHODERMA VIRIDE
Page 15 and 16: Table 2. (Continued) Taxa/clades Ch
Page 17 and 18: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES Continu
Page 21 and 22: 2004, W. Jaklitsch & H. Voglmayr, W
Page 23 and 24: a d e f g h i b k l m n c HYPOCREA
Page 29 and 30: and Putzentalalm, MTB 8749/1, 47°1
Page 31 and 32: homogeneous, of textura angularis t
Page 39 and 40: detected on PDA; no diffusing pigme
Page 41: one or a few phialides along the le

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