Physa natricina Taylor 1988, junior synonym of Physa acuta ...

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character states were present individually or together in different combinations (Te 1975; Te 1978; Te 1980; Wethington & Lydeard 2007; Wethington in prep.). Therefore, the morphological differences in penial morphology reported in Taylor (1988; 2003) are not valid distinguishing features for P. natricina. The results of this study demonstrate that the diagnostic morphological characters of the P. natricina holotype are not unique to any Physa taxon and cannot be used to define the species. Penial morphology, as defined by Te (1975; 1978; 1980) has been shown as a perfect predictor of phylogenetic structure, fitting perfectly with molecular analyses (Wethington 2004; Wethington & Guralnick 2004; Wethington & Lydeard 2007). The penial characters of the holotype and by Taylor’s diagnoses are identical with the widespread species Physa acuta. This character was consistent between the P. natricina holotype and all P. acuta examined in this study. All the specimens collected from the Snake River system where the penial morphology was examined were either P. acuta or P. gyrina. Therefore, we conclude that P. natricina is a junior synonym of P. acuta. While it could be argued that P. natricina did exist as a real species, but has since gone extinct due to the habitat being invaded by P. acuta, we feel that this is extremely unlikely. First, fossil P. acuta are known from all the same localities and more where fossil P. natricina was reported (Taylor 1988). Secondly and more importantly, as shown above the characters of the type series, including the holotype are not unique, do not conform to the original description and can be found in any of a myriad combinations across the range of P. acuta, not just regionally, but globally. Because the definition for P. natricina is not specific (i.e.: exclusive) it cannot be a species. Acknowledgments We thank the Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History, Idaho Power Company, Los Angeles County Museum, California Academy of Sciences for providing material. We acknowledge the following funding sources: NSF (awarded to Lydeard, Dillon and Strong); Conchologists of America and Western Society of Malacologists (awarded to Wethington); the University of Alabama Graduate Association and Biology Department and the MultiUser Equipment Grant from NSF (awarded to Lydeard, Mayden, Powell and Harris (DBI007351). R. Dillon and W. Clark provided valuable comments to earlier drafts. We are very grateful to the following individuals who provided additional material: C. Albrecht, R. Anderson, C. Appelton, P. Bouchet, L. Bousset, D. Britton, R. Bromley, P.A. Crochet, R. Dillon, A. Estoup, B. Facon, G. Feulner, R. Rojas Garcia, R. Guralnik, P.Y. Henry, B. Howells, B. Isham, P. Jarne, H.A. Jambari, M. Glaubrecht, M. Kawata, A.V. Korniushin, C. Lively, M. Malaquias, E. Michel, F. Munoz, F. Nijokou, V. Nuñez, J.P. Pontier, M. Porter, A.M. Ramos, F. Reinhard, T. Smith, M. Stevens, S. Trouve, A. Tsitrone, M.J. Wallace, D. Wiegel, J. Wise and M. Zeki Yildirim. References Britton, D.K. & McMahon, R.F. (2004) Environmentally and genetically induced shellshape variation in the freshwater pond snail Physa (Physella) virgata (Gould, 1855). American Malacological Bulletin, 19, 93–100. Burch, J.B. (1982) North American freshwater snails: identification keys, generic synonymy, supplemental notes, glossary, references, index. Walkerana, 1, 1–365. 6
Burch, J.B. (1989) North American freshwater snails. Malacological Publications, Hamburg, Michigan, 365 pp. Burch, J.B. & Tottenham, J. (1980) North American freshwater snails: species list, ranges and illustrations. Walkerana, 1, 1–215. Burnside, C. (1998) Ecophenotypic variation in shell morphology within the freshwater pond snail genus Physella (Pulmonata: Basommatophora) and its taxonomic implications. Dissertation, University of Texas, Arlington, 206 pp. Cazier, L.D. (1997) Middle Snake River Aquatic Macroinvertebrate and ESA Snail Survey. Annual Report January 1996 – December 1996. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 17 pp. Cazier, L.D. (1999a) Bliss Powerplant Tailrace Biological Assessment. Partial annual report June 1999. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 4 pp. Cazier, L.D. (1999b) Middle Snake River Aquatic Macroinvertebrate and ESA Snail Survey: Idaho Power Company. Responses to FERC Additional Information Request #40 a–c. FERC No. 2777, FERC No. 2061, FERC No. 1975, FERC No. 2778. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 220 pp. Cazier, L.D. (1999c) Middle Snake River Aquatic Macroinvertebrate and ESA Snail Survey: Idaho Power Company. Responses to FERC Additional Information Request #39 a–e. FERC No. 2777, FERC No. 2061, FERC No. 1975, FERC No. 2778. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 220 pp. Cazier, L.D. & Myers, R. (1996) Middle Snake River Aquatic Macroinvertebrate and ESA Snail Survey. Annual report April 1995 – December 1995. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 26 pp. Cazier Shinn, D. (2001a) Snake River Aquatic Macroinvertebrate and ESA Snail Survey: 1997. Annual report January 1997 – December 1997. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 22 pp. Cazier Shinn, D. (2001b) Snake River Macroinvertebrate Survey: 1998. Annual report January 1998 – December 1998. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 24 pp. Cazier Shinn, D. (2001c) Ecology Studies and Biological Assessment on Snake River ESA Snails: 1999. Annual report January 1999 – December 1999. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 40 pp. Cazier Shinn, D. (2001d) Ecology Studies and Biological Assessment on Snake River ESA Snails: 2000. Annual report January 2000 – December 2000. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 52 pp. Cazier Shinn, D. (2001e) Ecology Studies and Biological Assessment on Snake River ESA Snails: 2000. Annual report January 2000 – December 2000. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 41 pp. Cazier Shinn, D. (2002) Snake River ESA Snail colony Evaluation, Additional Survey and Laboratory Studies: 2001. Idaho: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Report nr Section 10 permit PRT#799558. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 22 pp. Cazier Shinn, D., Foster, A. & Stephenson, M. (2001) Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Hells Canyon Boise: Idaho Power Company. Technical report nr Appendix E.3.1–8. FERC No. 1971. Idaho Power Company, Boise, 91 pp. Chamberlain, R.V. & Jones, D.T. (1929) A Descriptive Catalog of the Molluscs of Utah. Biological Series, Vol. 1, No. 1. The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 73 pp. 7
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Physa natricina Taylor 1988, junior synonym of Physa acuta ...

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