Emotions and self-control 1 Incidental and Integral ... - Michael Inzlicht

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Table 1 Emotions and self-control 44 Summary of experiments testing the effects incidental positive or negative emotion inductions on dieting and delay of gratification. Effects of Negative Emotions on Dieting Article Emotion Induction Dependent Measure Herman & Polivy (1975) Threat of shock Ice-cream consumption Ruderman (1985) Negative feedback Cracker consumption Heatherton et al. (1991) Ego threat Ice-cream consumption Cools et al. (1992) Scary film clip Popcorn consumption Polivy et al. (1994) Heatherton et al. (1998, Study 1) Wallis & Hetherington (2004) Wallis & Hetherington (2009, Study 2) Yeomans & Coughlan (2009) Threat of public speaking Task failure or sad music Ego threat Ego threat Scary video clip Cookie consumption Ice-cream consumption Chocolate consumption High-fat and low-fat snack consumption Popcorn and raisin consumption Effects of Positive Emotions on Dieting Article Emotion Induction Dependent Measure Cools et al. (1992) Funny film clip Popcorn consumption Yeomans & Coughlan (2009) Funny video clip Macht et al. (2002) Funny film clip Popcorn and raisin consumption Motivation to consume chocolate Effects of Emotions on Delay of Gratification in Children Helps or Hurts Self- Control Hurts restrained eaters Hurts restrained eaters Hurts restrained eaters Hurts restrained eaters Hurts restrained eaters Hurts restrained eaters Hurts restrained, emotional eaters Helps restrained eaters refrain from low-fat snacks Hurts restrained, disinhibited eaters Helps or Hurts Self- Control Hurts restrained eaters Hurts unrestrained, disinhibited eaters Hurts Article Emotion Induction Dependent Measure Helps or Hurts Self- Control Seeman & Schwarz Negative feedback Delay behavior Hurts
(1974) Fry (1975) Sad thoughts, happy thoughts, or neutral thoughts Delay behavior Emotions and self-control 45 Sad thought hurts and happy thought helps compared to neutral Moore et al. (1976) Sad memory Delay behavior Hurts Fry (1977) Failure feedback, success feedback, no feedback Delay behavior Failure feedback hurts and success feedback helps compared to no Schwarz & Pollack (1977) Sad (versus happy) thoughts Delay behavior feedback Hurts on first assessment of delay Yates et al. (1981) Happy thoughts Delay behavior Helps Helps when norm is Perry et al. (1985) Happy thoughts Taking candy to refrain, hurts otherwise Effects of Emotions on Delay of Gratification in Adults Article Emotion Induction Dependent Measure Gray (1999) Hirsh et al. (2010) Augustine & Larsen (2011) Fedorikhin & Patrick (2010) Wilcox et al. (2011) Viewing negative or neutral pictures Outperforming, being outperformed by, or no confederate Viewing positive or negative pictures High-arousal positive, low-arousal positive, or neutral film clip Pondering a prideful accomplishment, happy thoughts, or neutral thoughts Temporally-extended choice task Delay discounting Delay discounting Choice of grapes or candy Indulgent vs. utilitarian choice Helps or Hurts Self- Control Hurts Bigger change in positive emotions hurts extraverts Both positive and negative hurts neurotics Low-arousal positive helps Prideful thought hurts
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