Download the Algal Biofuels Roadmap draft document - Sandia
Download the Algal Biofuels Roadmap draft document - Sandia
Download the Algal Biofuels Roadmap draft document - Sandia
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Utilization ............................................................................................................................. 111<br />
<strong>Algal</strong> Blendstocks to Replace Middle-Distillate Petroleum Products.............................. 112<br />
<strong>Algal</strong> Blendstocks for Alcohol and Gasoline-Range Petroleum Products ...................... 112<br />
Research Needs .................................................................................................................. 113<br />
References ........................................................................................................................... 113<br />
9. Resources and Siting ......................................................................................................... 114<br />
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 114<br />
Resources Overview ............................................................................................................ 115<br />
Climate ............................................................................................................................ 115<br />
Water .............................................................................................................................. 117<br />
Carbon Dioxide ............................................................................................................... 120<br />
Land ................................................................................................................................ 121<br />
Integration with Water Treatment Facilities, Power Utilities, O<strong>the</strong>r Industries .................... 123<br />
Water Treatment Applications ........................................................................................ 123<br />
Algae Production Techniques for Water Treatment Plants ............................................ 125<br />
Summary of Potential Benefits of Algae Production with Wastewater Treatment ......... 127<br />
Co-location of <strong>Algal</strong> Cultivation Facilities with CO2-Emitting Industries .............................. 128<br />
Advantages of Co-location of Algae Production with Stationary Industrial CO2 Sources131<br />
Barriers to Co-location of Algae Production with Stationary Industrial CO2 Sources ..... 131<br />
Recommended Areas for Research and Policy Evaluations ............................................... 132<br />
Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................... 133<br />
Section 9 Appendix – Additional Figures ............................................................................. 135<br />
10. Corresponding Standards, Regulation, and Policy ............................................................ 144<br />
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 144<br />
Rationale for Standards and Regulations Development ................................................ 144<br />
Status of Standards and Regulations Relating to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> Industry ................ 145<br />
Standards and Regulations Issues ................................................................................. 145<br />
Developing Standards ......................................................................................................... 146<br />
Areas in Which Standards Are Needed .......................................................................... 146<br />
Status of <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> Industry Standards ................................................................... 147<br />
Timeline for Completing Actions ..................................................................................... 148<br />
Building a Regulatory Structure ........................................................................................... 149<br />
The Case for Regulation ................................................................................................. 149<br />
Status of <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> Industry Regulation .................................................................. 150<br />
Timeline for Completing Actions ..................................................................................... 151<br />
Policy Framework for <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> .................................................................................... 152<br />
Policy Objectives ............................................................................................................ 152<br />
Policy Options ................................................................................................................. 154<br />
11. Systems and Techno-Economic Analysis of <strong>Algal</strong> Biofuel Deployment ............................ 157<br />
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 157<br />
Workshop Results and Discussion ...................................................................................... 158<br />
Systems Analysis ................................................................................................................. 161<br />
Algae Production Cost Uncertainties – Illustrative Example ............................................... 164<br />
Algae Techno-Economic analyses: System Dynamics modeling ........................................ 168<br />
Recommended Priorities and R&D Effort ............................................................................ 169<br />
References ........................................................................................................................... 171<br />
12. Public-Private Partnerships ............................................................................................... 175<br />
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 175<br />
Building Successful Public-Private Partnerships ................................................................. 176<br />
The Benefits of <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> Public-Private Partnerships ................................................. 177<br />
Partnership Environment in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> Industry ...................................................... 178<br />
Challenges for <strong>Algal</strong> <strong>Biofuels</strong> Public-Private Partnerships to Address ................................ 178<br />
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