U.S. History I: United States History 1607-1865 ... - Textbook Equity

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This text by Henry J. Sage is published by Academic American History through Lulu, Inc., an online, print-on-demand service (www.lulu.com). The text is based on the web site created by the author at Northern Virginia Community College (NVCC), 1995-2008. The history content is also located at www.academicamerican.com, a web site maintained by the author. This edition of the text is structured for History 121, Early American History, taught online through the NVCC Extended Learning Institute. It may be updated and augmented during the course of each semester. Announcements about all updates affecting NVCC courses will be posted on the course web site and linked from the NVCC Blackboard course management system. The content parallels From Colonies to Free Nation: United States History 1607-1865, also available through Lulu. Students who purchase this text should be aware that while all course content is contained herein, they should nevertheless check for announcements in Blackboard regularly for additions or changes in assignments. Links to additional support pages may be found on the course web site at www.academicamerican.com. Email the author/instructor: hsage@cox.net H.J. Sage Copyright © 2007-2010 Henry J. Sage Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. Published by Academic American History 10509 Old Colchester Road Lorton, Virginia 22079 About the Author: Henry J. Sage is professor emeritus of history at Northern Virginia Community College. He received his B.S. in Engineering in 1962 from the United States Naval Academy. He earned a Diplom in German Language, Culture and History from the University of Heidelberg in 1968, an M.A. in History from Clark University in 1974, and an M.A. in American Literature from the University of Maryland in 1986. He has taught history at The College of the Holy Cross, the University of Maryland (Far East Division) and at George Mason University. Mr. Sage served in the Marine Corps until his retirement in 1981. His tours of duty included Marine Corps Headquarters; the Pentagon; Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia; U.S. Army Artillery School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma; 1 st Marine Division, Vietnam; 2d Marine Division, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; 3 rd Marine Division, Okinawa, Japan; the Navy ROTC unit at the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts. Cover Photo: The San Jacinto Memorial near Houston, Texas, taken by the author. ii
Preface Welcome to Academic American History: Early American History, 1607-1865. This textbook is the print version of course content published on the Academic American History web site, www.academicamerican.com. The site contains links to information about recommended readings, historic sites and other sources of historic interest. This text is offered as a convenience for online students, for whom this is the only required text. The alternative to using this text involves downloading and printing identical material from the web site. To save you time, Lulu publishing prints the book to order for each buyer. The link for this and other texts by the author is www.lulu.com/hjsage. As the author I add a small royalty fee, which goes toward maintenance of the Academic American History web site and donations to Northern Virginia Community College. This volume is not a rigorously researched and constructed formal textbook. Rather, it is the product of my thirty plus years of teaching American history at several different colleges and universities, starting at the College of the Holy Cross in 1971. My lectures, and this text, have been influenced by America’s finest historians. The documentation in this book is necessarily slender, for to reassemble a bibliographic record of those years would be quite a challenge. Where materials from any work are quoted directly, the source is clearly indicated. They generally refer to authors whose ideas have struck me as particularly interesting. On the companion web site you will find useful links and recommended books that I have found especially helpful in understanding American history. Most of the graphics have come from open source locations on the Web such as Google images and various government sites such as the Library of Congress and the National Archives. I have also included my own photographs where appropriate. Much of what you will find here is the product of my own thinking and necessarily includes opinions with which others may disagree. It is essentially what my students heard during my years of teaching in the classroom. It also includes their thoughts and ideas, expressed in class discussions and in examinations and essays written over the years. My online students at Northern Virginia Community College continue to make valuable contributions. In addition to their formal and informal submissions, they have provided invaluable proofreading assistance and have made many suggestions, all of which have been given careful consideration. Many student ideas have been included in the text. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the editorial contribution of Katherine Kappus. Her careful editing and useful suggestions have improved this edition immeasurably. As a history teacher in Fairfax County, Virginia, Katy viewed the text not only from the point of view of a skilled editor, but also from the perspective of students who will be using this book. I am very grateful for her assistance. My students have also written hundreds of excellent papers from which I have gleaned additional knowledge about our country’s past. This work is dedicated to them. H.J. Sage Lorton, Virginia January 2010 iii
Page 1: U.S. History I: United States Histo
Page 5 and 6: Part 2: Era of the American Revolut
Page 7 and 8: The Compromise of 1850 313 The Rise
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN HISTORY
Page 11 and 12: Our Roots Are Deep and Wide: Americ
Page 13 and 14: had gone before. • Economic: From
Page 15 and 16: gious movement begun by Mohammed wh
Page 17 and 18: The nature of warfare also illustra
Page 19 and 20: drifted towards war. His successor,
Page 21 and 22: difficult, to say the least, but th
Page 23 and 24: spurred by conditions in England an
Page 25 and 26: ancestors, and the things we admire
Page 27 and 28: The point here is simply to observe
Page 29 and 30: worship and systems of belief. Peop
Page 31 and 32: limited sense, but that system also
Page 33 and 34: Lessons of Virginia and Jamestown:
Page 35 and 36: Arthur was unconsummated. Pope Juli
Page 37 and 38: as evidenced by the violent conflic
Page 39 and 40: Another example, as nearly pure and
Page 41 and 42: Highlights of the Puritan Era: •
Page 43 and 44: VIRGINIA-MASSACHUSETTS COMPARISONS.
Page 45 and 46: feelings of Roger Williams himself,
Page 47 and 48: Delaware The Delaware colony, named
Page 49 and 50: armada, the colony was left to itse
Page 51 and 52: did not entitle them to freedom. In
Page 53 and 54:
law of religious toleration, only t
Page 55 and 56:
The Enlightenment and America The p
Page 57:
on behalf of his family. If the hus
Page 60 and 61:
Colonial Legislatures • Colonial
Page 62 and 63:
Note: The colonists had no objectio
Page 64 and 65:
aggressive enforcement of duties, f
Page 66 and 67:
Most colonists considered their par
Page 68 and 69:
Appendix A: Selected Documents in C
Page 70 and 71:
and in a triumphant manner led him
Page 72 and 73:
For I am not half a quarter as stro
Page 74 and 75:
There is a time also when a Christi
Page 76 and 77:
servants, and cause their prayers t
Page 78 and 79:
ought a large shallop with them out
Page 80 and 81:
After these thing he returned to hi
Page 82 and 83:
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut,
Page 84 and 85:
9. It is Ordered … that the deput
Page 86 and 87:
pieces, so that I was almost naked.
Page 88 and 89:
Gottlieb Mittelberger’s Journey t
Page 90 and 91:
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Go
Page 92 and 93:
Three Poems of Anne Bradstreet When
Page 94 and 95:
Maryland Toleration Act, 1649 We of
Page 96 and 97:
A Letter from New England To my lov
Page 98 and 99:
misery, somehow made through the ne
Page 100 and 101:
the extremity of the correction sho
Page 102 and 103:
The American Revolution: 1763-1800
Page 104 and 105:
Second, it has been argued in other
Page 106 and 107:
the British colonists. The precario
Page 108 and 109:
The story of the Battle of Fort Wil
Page 110 and 111:
The influence of the Enlightenment
Page 112 and 113:
• That His Majesty’s liege subj
Page 114 and 115:
urned the schooner to the keel. Whe
Page 116 and 117:
1775: The Real Revolution Begins—
Page 118 and 119:
The Second Continental Congress The
Page 120 and 121:
occupied the ground when the battle
Page 122 and 123:
mander was met by a delegation from
Page 124 and 125:
1776 had been less than successful.
Page 126 and 127:
Saratoga and its aftereffects were
Page 128 and 129:
and brutal; Clarke’s victories se
Page 130 and 131:
go to France. Although the American
Page 132 and 133:
Abigail Adams famously pleaded with
Page 134 and 135:
Political Issues in the Early Feder
Page 136 and 137:
Revolution and Empire. But even in
Page 138 and 139:
Women also demanded the natural rig
Page 140 and 141:
Making a New Government: The Road t
Page 142 and 143:
gang up on them and, in effect, nib
Page 144 and 145:
atified by the legislatures of thre
Page 146 and 147:
“This country, with its instituti
Page 148 and 149:
[transfer] of power took place was,
Page 150 and 151:
created a new, stronger government
Page 152 and 153:
George Washington as President: Set
Page 154 and 155:
proper” arguments in the case of
Page 156 and 157:
Evolved into Whigs in the Jackson y
Page 158 and 159:
justices and instituted a number of
Page 160 and 161:
The Federalists regained some popul
Page 162 and 163:
perhaps spy on the Americans, that
Page 164 and 165:
the White House in 1800. The Federa
Page 166 and 167:
Documents for the Era of the Americ
Page 168 and 169:
13. That it is the right of the Bri
Page 170 and 171:
Resolves of the Continental Congres
Page 172 and 173:
Patrick Henry: “Liberty or Death
Page 174 and 175:
duced additional violence and insul
Page 176 and 177:
The Sun never shined on a cause of
Page 178 and 179:
and childishness. There was a time
Page 180 and 181:
10. That general warrants, whereby
Page 182 and 183:
A BILL FOR ESTABLISHING RELIGIOUS F
Page 184 and 185:
Benjamin Franklin’s Final Speech
Page 186 and 187:
Virginia Ratifying Convention June
Page 188 and 189:
The Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 So b
Page 190 and 191:
181
Page 192 and 193:
the leaders—a “natural aristocr
Page 194 and 195:
he was slow to deplore the violence
Page 196 and 197:
frugal government, an admirable goa
Page 198 and 199:
John Marshall is judged by lawyers
Page 200 and 201:
enterprise that eventually led to h
Page 202 and 203:
controlled the Atlantic and Mediter
Page 204 and 205:
that the American flag created de f
Page 206 and 207:
that those who needed her husband
Page 208 and 209:
was the only territorial conquest r
Page 210 and 211:
Nevertheless, American sailors were
Page 212 and 213:
under American control. Another fle
Page 214 and 215:
James Madison’s legacy is still b
Page 216 and 217:
The Embargo of 1807-1809 and the Wa
Page 218 and 219:
sity. (Interestingly, President Eis
Page 220 and 221:
little controversy from 1789 to 181
Page 222 and 223:
shunned British overtures, the effe
Page 224 and 225:
his career he served as senator fro
Page 226 and 227:
Marshall’s Leading Decisions 1803
Page 228 and 229:
1824 Gibbons vs. Ogden Gibbons v. O
Page 230 and 231:
With a divided vote, no candidate w
Page 232 and 233:
y 1900), factories full of heavy ma
Page 234 and 235:
capital was invested in manufacturi
Page 236 and 237:
oad. In 1830 the Baltimore and Ohio
Page 238 and 239:
The Age of Jacksonian Democracy Run
Page 240 and 241:
ought votes directly, it certainly
Page 242 and 243:
Jackson, a true Westerner at heart
Page 244 and 245:
in Congress, and his opponents bega
Page 246 and 247:
or Western interests, Webster also
Page 248 and 249:
The Election of 1832 For the first
Page 250 and 251:
push the fight any further, relente
Page 252 and 253:
Foreign Affairs under Jackson. Fore
Page 254 and 255:
Tocqueville received permission fro
Page 256 and 257:
opinion may be tolerated where reas
Page 258 and 259:
The Embargo Act: Jefferson’s Emba
Page 260 and 261:
Our moderation and conciliation hav
Page 262 and 263:
The late events in Spain and Portug
Page 264 and 265:
… The Constitution is either a su
Page 266 and 267:
The Court has bestowed on this subj
Page 268 and 269:
etain forever the government of the
Page 270 and 271:
South Carolina’s Protest Against
Page 272 and 273:
ANDREW JACKSON: Proclamation to the
Page 274 and 275:
Here is a law of the United States,
Page 276 and 277:
ight in the people to reform their
Page 278 and 279:
Andrew Jackson's Bank Veto The Bank
Page 280 and 281:
Excerpts from Alexis de Tocqueville
Page 282 and 283:
Any discussion of the political law
Page 284 and 285:
Justice therefore forms the boundar
Page 286 and 287:
Part 4: Expansion and War: The Unit
Page 288 and 289:
The John Tyler Administration: A Pr
Page 290 and 291:
American Foreign Relations in the T
Page 292 and 293:
once.” 63 The trial, however, was
Page 294 and 295:
self-determination. That situation
Page 296 and 297:
perience, named him Major General o
Page 298 and 299:
Manifest Destiny and Mexico After r
Page 300 and 301:
land the United States took from Me
Page 302 and 303:
City, where he paused, awaiting fre
Page 304 and 305:
lating his instructions. “Polk wa
Page 306 and 307:
The Barnburners—Democrats discont
Page 308 and 309:
Social and Cultural Issues in the A
Page 310 and 311:
The temperance movement was but one
Page 312 and 313:
The Women’s Movement: Seneca Fall
Page 314 and 315:
of Irish was as hostile as anything
Page 316 and 317:
The Ante-Bellum South: Life on the
Page 318 and 319:
Perhaps the best way to arrive at a
Page 320 and 321:
cially children, and marriages betw
Page 322 and 323:
world they must be in this. By an i
Page 324 and 325:
America in the 1850s Slavery, State
Page 326 and 327:
The slave trade (but not slavery) w
Page 328 and 329:
disunion than the cry of "Health, h
Page 330 and 331:
BEEN PROPOSED, because, while admit
Page 332 and 333:
liberty laws to protect free blacks
Page 334 and 335:
As the Whigs collapsed, a new party
Page 336 and 337:
north of the Missouri Compromise li
Page 338 and 339:
they saw themselves possible victor
Page 340 and 341:
when you protect slavery in the Con
Page 342 and 343:
in Illinois, would have agreed with
Page 344 and 345:
Lincoln men worked to get him in th
Page 346 and 347:
The Civil War, 1861-1865 Background
Page 348 and 349:
merely heightened the crisis. By 18
Page 350 and 351:
formed and the new government began
Page 352 and 353:
ways; the British were not driven o
Page 354 and 355:
First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas.
Page 356 and 357:
vice in helping to keep Great Brita
Page 358 and 359:
was waiting to combine forces with
Page 360 and 361:
Lee had earned a reputation for cau
Page 362 and 363:
On September 14 the Battle of South
Page 364 and 365:
ignored. 97 The British were quite
Page 366 and 367:
January 1 but had no immediate impa
Page 368 and 369:
was too heavily engaged to break of
Page 370 and 371:
intimidated. Union artillery, stock
Page 372 and 373:
telegraph wires, destroyed bridges,
Page 374 and 375:
As the third full year of fighting
Page 376 and 377:
About the time that Sherman was beg
Page 378 and 379:
Ford’s Theatre in Washington. Joh
Page 380 and 381:
acres of land from both federal and
Page 382 and 383:
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: ADDITIONAL
Page 384 and 385:
Unit Histories Hundreds of regiment
Page 386 and 387:
These DECLARATIONS we solemnly avow
Page 388 and 389:
It has, through its emissaries, inc
Page 390 and 391:
The Mexican forces at Matamoras ass
Page 392 and 393:
Views of Slavery In contrast to the
Page 394 and 395:
nies of childbirth; others who had
Page 396 and 397:
consequences of a dissolution of th
Page 398 and 399:
I propose to bestow upon each of th
Page 400 and 401:
part to act, not for my own securit
Page 402 and 403:
eration should dishonor these ensig
Page 404 and 405:
cestors did not leave things to “
Page 406 and 407:
From John Brown, Last Speech in Cou
Page 408 and 409:
urning shame to our country and age
Page 410 and 411:
South Carolina Declaration, Decembe
Page 412 and 413:
Abraham Lincoln First Inaugural Add
Page 414 and 415:
is no single good reason for precip
Page 416 and 417:
Sec. 2. (I) The citizens of each St
Page 418 and 419:
amongst us. Many who hear me, perha
Page 420 and 421:
And I further declare and make know
Page 422 and 423:
which excepted parts, are for the p
Page 424 and 425:
Fondly do we hope, fervently do we
Page 426 and 427:
sert its authority, wherever it onc
Page 428:
me to give them up and burn to ashe
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