Accessed online - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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Ridgefield National <strong>Wildlife</strong> Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan <strong>and</strong> Environmental Assessment<br />

Chapter 6. Special Designation L<strong>and</strong>s, Cultural Resources, <strong>and</strong> Social/Economic Environment .. 6-1<br />

6.1 Special Designation L<strong>and</strong>s .................................................................................................................. 6-1<br />

6.1.1 National Register of Historic Places .......................................................................................... 6-1<br />

6.1.2 Important Bird Areas (IBA) ...................................................................................................... 6-1<br />

6.1.3 Research Natural Area ............................................................................................................... 6-2<br />

6.2 Archaeological <strong>and</strong> Cultural Resources .............................................................................................. 6-3<br />

6.2.1 Pre-recorded History ................................................................................................................. 6-4<br />

6.2.2 Pre-contact Native American Traditions ................................................................................... 6-5<br />

6.2.3 Post-Contact Traditions ............................................................................................................. 6-6<br />

6.2.4 Recent Settlement <strong>and</strong> Economic Development Period .......................................................... 6-13<br />

6.3 Social/Economic Environment ......................................................................................................... 6-20<br />

6.3.1 Population, Housing, <strong>and</strong> Income ........................................................................................... 6-20<br />

6.3.2 Employment <strong>and</strong> Business ...................................................................................................... 6-22<br />

6.3.3 Refuge Impact on Local Economies ........................................................................................ 6-25<br />

6.4 References ......................................................................................................................................... 6-26<br />

Chapter 7. Environmental Effects ......................................................................................................... 7-1<br />

7.1 Summary of Effects ............................................................................................................................ 7-1<br />

..... 7.1.1 Effects to Waterfowl <strong>and</strong> Some Other Migratory Birds ............................................................ 7-7<br />

..... 7.1.2 Effects to Other Species (nesting great blue herons, shorebirds, marshbirds, songbirds) ....... 7-12<br />

..... 7.1.3 Effects to Federal <strong>and</strong> State Listed Species ............................................................................. 7-14<br />

..... 7.1.4 Effects to Grassl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Pasture Habitats <strong>and</strong> Associated <strong>Wildlife</strong> ....................................... 7-17<br />

..... 7.1.5 Effects to Wetl<strong>and</strong> Habitats <strong>and</strong> Associated <strong>Wildlife</strong> ............................................................. 7-19<br />

..... 7.1.6 Effects to Floodplain Forests <strong>and</strong> Associated <strong>Wildlife</strong> ........................................................... 7-25<br />

..... 7.1.7 Effects to Oak Woodl<strong>and</strong>, Mixed Forests, <strong>and</strong> Associated <strong>Wildlife</strong> ....................................... 7-26<br />

..... 7.1.8 Effects to Riverine Habitats <strong>and</strong> Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Associated <strong>Wildlife</strong> ............................ 7-27<br />

7.2 Effects to the Physical Environment ................................................................................................. 7-27<br />

..... 7.2.1 Effects to Hydrology ............................................................................................................... 7-27<br />

..... 7.2.2 Effects to Water Quality .......................................................................................................... 7-27<br />

..... 7.2.3 Effects to Air Quality .............................................................................................................. 7-29<br />

..... 7.2.4 Effects to Visual Quality ......................................................................................................... 7-30<br />

7.3 Social Effects .................................................................................................................................... 7-31<br />

..... 7.3.1 Projected User Numbers in 15 Years ...................................................................................... 7-31<br />

..... 7.3.2 Opportunities for Quality <strong>Wildlife</strong> Observation <strong>and</strong> Photography .......................................... 7-33<br />

..... 7.3.3 Opportunities for Quality Hunting .......................................................................................... 7-36<br />

..... 7.3.4 Opportunities for Quality <strong>Fish</strong>ing ........................................................................................... 7-39<br />

..... 7.3.5 Opportunities for Quality Environmental Education ............................................................... 7-40<br />

..... 7.3.6 Opportunities for Quality Interpretation .................................................................................. 7-40<br />

..... 7.3.7 Opportunities for Nonwildlife-Dependent Recreation ............................................................ 7-40<br />

..... 7.3.8 Amount of Illegal Use ............................................................................................................. 7-41<br />

..... 7.3.9 Environmental Justice ............................................................................................................. 7-41<br />

7.4 Economic Effects .............................................................................................................................. 7-42<br />

7.5 Effects to Cultural <strong>and</strong> Historical Resources .................................................................................... 7-43<br />

7.6 Other Effects ..................................................................................................................................... 7-46<br />

..... 7.6.1 Potential Impacts on Adjacent L<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> their Associated Natural Resources ...................... 7-46<br />

..... 7.6.2 Potential Impacts to Nearby Residents .................................................................................... 7-46<br />

7.7 Cumulative Effects ............................................................................................................................ 7-47<br />

7.8 References ......................................................................................................................................... 7-48<br />

Table of Contents v

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