Entomology in Ecuador: Recent developments and - Olivier Dangles

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for Biblidinae, Limenitidinae and Charaxinae, but were not signifi cant for Morphinae, Nymphalinae, Heliconiinae, Apaturinae and Satyrinae. However, Satyrinae presented signifi cant coeffi cients for precipitation (Table 3). Th e values of the coeffi cients from the models of each subfamily increased compared to the models of the entire community (pooling all of the subfamilies) indicating a decrease in the variance and a better fi t of the variables in linear regression models. Discussion During this survey, 9236 individuals from 208 species of butterfl ies were collected in 476 M. F. Checa, A. Barragán, J. Rodríguez & M. Christman baited traps over 130 days of sampling using 48 traps. Th is study focused on the rotting carrion guild of butterfl ies, which is still poorly known; in fact, most of the previous studies focused on rotting-fruit butterfl ies employing rotten banana as bait (e.g. Pinheiro & Ortiz 1992, Kremen 1994, Shahabuddin & Terborgh 1999, Lewis 2000, Schulze et al. 2001, Hill et al. 2001, DeVries & Walla 2001, Hamer et al. 2003, Fermon et al. 2003, Dumbrell & Hill 2005, Hamer et al. 2005, Veddeler et al. 2005, Molleman et al. 2006, Barlow et al. 2007, Uehara-Prado et al. 2007). Th is study found approximately fi ve times as many individuals to be attracted to carrion bait than a similar study by DeVries et al. (1999) using fruit bait at a nearby site. Th ese diff erences could be due Figure 4 Results of the NMDS using Euclidean distance showing diff erences in the structure and the composition of butterfl y communities throughout the year. Circles represent the variation in species richness of the diff erent subfamilies analyzed.
Temporal abundance patterns of butterfl ies to many factors, most obviously diff erences between the study location faunas and diff erences between the total community abundance over the two survey periods. However, diff erent types of bait are also likely to attract both diff erent numbers of species and individuals. Consistent with our results, a study by Hall & Willmott (2000) throughout Ecuador found many more species and individuals of Riodinidae to be attracted to carrion baits than fruit baits. Additional studies exploring this idea would clearly be valuable. Temporal Patterns of Butterfly Communities Th e composition of butterfl y communities attracted to rotting-carrion bait showed a circular pattern of variation throughout the year (Fig. 4). Among-month diff erences in butterfl y composition were, in general, signifi cant except for consecutive months (Table 1). Table 2. Results of SIMPER method analyzing all of the 13 months of survey together. It is shown the relative contribution (Cont.) of diff erent species to separate butterfl y communities along the year and the cumulative percent of explanation (Cu.%) of each species. Only species that most and less contributed are presented along with their abundance in each sampled month. To determine the contribution of each species, refer to the cumulative percent. Species Cont. Cu.% Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Adelpha jordani 0,70 1,9 0 0 0 0 29 137 81 119 58 63 13 12 10 Panacea procilla divalis 0,52 3,2 110 32 6 15 3 2 156 35 0 5 10 8 17 Dynamine chryseis 0,45 4,4 0 3 5 5 25 226 4 2 5 11 6 0 2 Telenassa teletusa burchelli 0,44 5,6 0 9 9 25 20 3 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 Diaethria clymena peruviana 0,43 6,7 5 15 17 36 16 17 6 10 1 2 0 1 1 Adelpha mesentina 0,41 7,8 7 19 10 19 18 41 47 48 15 17 4 4 0 A. iphiclus iphiclus 0,40 8,9 4 30 11 22 21 76 61 54 16 18 3 3 3 A. attica attica 0,38 9,9 3 6 5 12 5 18 17 26 7 6 3 0 0 Pyrrhogyra neaerea argina 0,38 10,9 1 1 0 1 16 20 17 6 5 5 1 0 1 Laparus doris doris 0,37 11,9 4 3 1 18 6 7 6 6 0 2 0 0 0 Eunica clytia 0,37 12,8 0 0 1 19 6 23 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 Marpesia chiron marius 0,37 13,8 3 3 4 1 13 8 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hermeuptychia hermes 0,37 14,8 10 28 23 36 13 7 5 1 3 1 6 2 4 Pyrrhogyra amphiro amphiro 0,36 15,7 3 3 0 1 5 33 13 7 1 7 1 0 2 Panacea prola amazonica 0,36 16,7 2 4 8 2 0 3 3 10 0 20 1 1 0 Delpha erotia erotia 0,35 17,6 3 13 8 8 7 8 5 19 7 2 5 0 0 Doxocopa pavon pavon 0,34 18,5 0 0 0 0 6 12 4 13 2 0 1 2 0 Callicore cynosura cynosura 0,34 19,4 2 4 4 10 11 7 3 6 1 0 1 0 0 Adelpha thesprotia 0,33 20,3 5 10 5 12 7 14 10 17 6 10 0 1 1 Hermeuptychia fallax 0,04 98,4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Prepona pheridamas 0,04 98,5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cissia penelope 0,04 98,6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hermeuptychia maimoune 0,04 98,7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Caeruleuptychia scopulata 0,04 98,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dynamine gisella 0,04 98,9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dynastor darius stygianus 0,03 99,0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Magneuptychia libye 0,03 99,1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bia actorion rebeli 0,03 99,1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Adelpha serpa diadochus 0,03 99,2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dione juno juno 0,03 99,3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tegosa serpia 0,03 99,4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Catoblepia generosa 0,03 99,5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Memphis xenocles xenocles 0,03 99,6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Callicore excelsior elatior 0,03 99,6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Memphis anna anna 0,03 99,7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eunica violetta 0,03 99,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Catacore kolyma kolyma 0,03 99,9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anartia amathea sticheli 0,03 99,9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eunica mygdonia mygdonia 0,03 100 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 477
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Entomology in Ecuador Edited by Oli
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Ann. soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 2009
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Histoire de l’entomologie en Equa
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Entomology in Ecuador Figure 1 Digi
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Entomology in Ecuador western and e
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Entomology in Ecuador discipline in
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Entomology in Ecuador exploitation
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Entomology in Ecuador entomology) i
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Entomology in Ecuador DeVries P. J.
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Ann. soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 2009
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Type Specimens at the QCAZ Museum b
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Type Specimens at the QCAZ Museum P
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Annales de la Société entomologiq
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Tabanidae of Ecuador Phaeotabanus n
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specimens were collected directly f
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532 B. W. Bahder, R. H. Scheffrahn,
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Discussion Many regions and a varie
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Fontes L. R. 1979. Atlantitermes, n
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