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The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK Copyright: © 1998 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Servheen, C., Herrero, S., and Peyton, B. (compilers). (1998) Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 309 pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0462-6 Cover photo: Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), La Planada, Colombia. (J. Orejuela) Produced by: The Nature Conservation Bureau Ltd, Newbury, UK. Printed by: Information Press, Oxford, UK. Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277894, Fax: +44 1223 277175 E-mail: info@books.iucn.org WWW: http://www.iucn.org A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. The text of this book is printed on 115 gsm Zone Silk, which is rated as 4-star under the Eco-Check system and is made from 100% sustainable fibre sources using chlorine-free processes. ii
Foreword .......................................................................v Acknowledgements .......................................................vi Executive Summary .....................................................vii Summary of the Status of Bear Species by Distribution ..............................................................ix CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................. 1 STEPHEN HERRERO The nature of bears.................................................. 1 Why conserve bears? ...............................................4 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Bears .................................................................. 6 Chapter 2: An Overview of Bear Conservation Planning and Implementation ........................................ 8 BERNARD PEYTON, CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN, AND STEPHEN HERRERO Introduction ............................................................8 Planning .................................................................. 8 Identifying threats ................................................... 9 Prioritizing threats ................................................. 10 Determining what is needed to address threats ..... 10 Implementation ..................................................... 14 Summary ............................................................... 24 Chapter 3: Genetics of the Bears of the World ............. 25 LISETTE WAITS, DAVID PAETKAU, AND CURTIS STROBECK Overview ................................................................ 25 1. Interspecific phylogenetic analyses .................... 26 2. Intraspecific population structure analyses ....... 27 3. Genetic diversity within populations ................. 29 4. Ecological applications ...................................... 30 5. Forensic applications ......................................... 31 Chapter 4: The Trade in Bears and Bear Parts ............ 33 CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN Introduction .......................................................... 33 Origins of bile in trade ........................................... 33 Value of bear parts ................................................ 34 Bear farming .......................................................... 36 The future of trade in bear parts in North America ...................................................... 36 Control of trade in bear parts ................................ 37 Chapter 5: Brown Bear Conservation Action Plan for North America (Ursus arctos) ................................ 39 Introduction .......................................................... 40 Contents iii Alaska .................................................................... 40 STERLING D. MILLER AND JOHN SCHOEN Canada ................................................................... 46 BRUCE MCLELLAN AND VIVIAN BANCI United States: Grizzly Bear in the Lower 48 .......... 50 CHRISTOPHER SERVHEEN Chapter 6: Brown Bear Conservation Action Plan for Europe (Ursus arctos) ............................................ 55 Introduction .......................................................... 56 Austria ................................................................... 56 GEORG RAUER Bulgaria ................................................................. 59 NIKOLAI SPASSOV AND G. SPIRIDONOV Finland ................................................................... 63 ERIK S. NYHOLM AND KAI-EERIK NYHOLM France .................................................................... 68 JEAN JACQUES CAMARRA Greece .................................................................... 72 GEORGE MERTZANIS Italy (Abruzzo) ....................................................... 81 GIORGIO BOSCAGLI Italy (Trentino) ...................................................... 84 FABIO OSTI Norway .................................................................. 86 OLE JAKOB SØRENSEN, JON E. SWENSON, AND TOR KVAM Poland .................................................................... 89 WITOLD FRACKOWIAK, ROMAN GULA, AND KAJETAN PERZANOWSKI Romania ................................................................. 93 OVIDIU IONESCU Russia (see page 136) Slovakia ................................................................. 96 PAVEL HELL AND SLAVOMÍR FIND’O Spain: eastern and western Cantabria ................... 100 Eastern Cantabrian subpopulation ................ 101 ANTHONY P. CLEVENGER AND FRANCISCO J. PURROY Western Cantabrian subpopulation ............... 104 JAVIER NAVES CIENFUEGOS AND CARLOS NORES QUESADA Sweden ................................................................. 111 JON E. SWENSON, FINN SANDEGREN, ANDERS BJÄRVALL, ROBERT FRANZÉN, ARNE SÖDERBERG, AND PETTER WABAKKEN Former Yugoslavia ............................................... 113 DJURO HUBER Bosnia and Hercegovina ................................ 113 Croatia ........................................................... 115 Macedonia...................................................... 118 Montenegro and Serbia (with Kosovo) .......... 118 Slovenia .......................................................... 119 DJURO HUBER AND MIHA ADAMIC
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Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan Compiled by ... - Wildpro

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