Analyses of the Effects of Global Change on - US Climate Change ...

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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> on Human Settlements ......................................89 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................89 3.1.1 Purpose ...........................................................................................89 3.1.2 Background ....................................................................................89 3.1.3 Current State <strong>of</strong> Knowledge .........................................................90 3.2 Climate <strong>Change</strong> Impacts and <strong>the</strong> Vulnerabilities <strong>of</strong> Human Settlements .................................................90 3.2.1 Determinants <strong>of</strong> Vulnerability ......................................................90 3.2.2 Impacts <strong>of</strong> Climate <strong>Change</strong> on Human Settlements .................92 3.2.3 The Interaction <strong>of</strong> Climate Impacts with Non-climate Factors ......................................................................96 3.2.4 Realizing Opportunities from Climate <strong>Change</strong> in <strong>the</strong> United States ...................................................98 3.2.5 Examples <strong>of</strong> Impacts on Metropolitan Areas in <strong>the</strong> United States .............................................98 3.3 Opportunities for Adaptation <strong>of</strong> Human Settlements to Climate <strong>Change</strong> ............................................100 3.3.1 Perspectives on Adaptation by Settlements .............................101 3.3.2 Major Categories <strong>of</strong> Adaptation Strategies ..............................102 3.3.3 Examples <strong>of</strong> Current Adaptation Strategies .............................103 3.3.4 Strategies to Enhance Adaptive Capacity .................................104 3.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................104 3.5 Expanding <strong>the</strong> Knowledge Base ..................................................................105 3.6 References .....................................................................................................106 4 <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> on Human Welfare ............................................111 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................111 4.2 Human Welfare, Well-being, and Quality <strong>of</strong> Life .......................................112 4.2.1 Individual Measures <strong>of</strong> Well-being ..............................................114 4.2.2 The Social Indicators Approach ..................................................115 4.2.3 A Closer Look at Communities ..................................................120 4.2.4 Vulnerable Populations, Communities, and Adaptation ...........123 4.3 An Economic Approach to Human Welfare ..............................................124 4.3.1 Economic Valuation .....................................................................126 4.3.2 Impacts Assessment and Monetary Valuation ..........................127 4.3.3 Human Health..............................................................................128 4.3.4 Ecosystems ...................................................................................133 4.3.5 Recreational Activities and Opportunities ................................140 4.3.6 Amenity Value <strong>of</strong> Climate ...........................................................147 4.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................151 4.5 Expanding <strong>the</strong> Knowledge Base ..................................................................153 4.6 References .....................................................................................................154 4.7 Appendix .......................................................................................................163
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Common Themes and Research Recommendations ...............................169 5.1 Syn<strong>the</strong>sis and Assessment Product 4.6: Advances in <strong>the</strong> Science ...........169 5.1.1 Complex Linkages and a Cascading Chain <strong>of</strong> Impacts Across <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s ...........................................169 5.1.2 <strong>Change</strong>s in Climate Extremes and Climate Averages .............170 5.1.3 Vulnerable Populations and Vulnerable Locations ....................171 5.1.4 The Cost <strong>of</strong> and Capacity for Adaptation ..................................172 5.1.5 An Integrative Framework ..........................................................172 5.2 Expanding <strong>the</strong> Knowledge Base ..................................................................173 5.2.1 Human Health Research Gaps ...................................................174 5.2.2 Human Settlements Research Gaps ..........................................175 5.2.3 Human Welfare Research Gaps ..................................................176 6 Glossary and Acronyms ...............................................................................177 ix
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