Proceedings of the United States National Museum - Smithsonian ...

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 94 Washington: 1944 No. 3171
CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA IN THE UNITED STATES
NATIONAL MUSEUM COLLECTIONS: NON-ESKIMO
PEOPLE OF THE NORTHWEST COAST, ALASKA, AND
SIBERIA
By Ales IIrdliCka"
INTRODUCTION
The present catalog of crania is the seventh and concluding part
of a work describing the large and valuable collections of human skulls
in the United States National Museum. Its object, as that of ail the
previous parts, is to furnish American and other students of man with
reliable, detailed measurements, made by the same experienced
observer, using tested methods and standard instruments, as the basis
of future studies and the solution of anthropological problems.
The data given herein are supplemented by those obtained by me in
various Russian institutions, principally the anthropological museums
at Leningrad and Moscow and the City Museum at Irkutsk. They
extend to the Indian and other non-Eskimo populations of the Northwest
Coast of North America, Alaska (including Kodiak Island and
the Aleutian Islands), and Siberia.
The extension of the catalog to the Siberian materials grew gradually
in urgency, for as the work progressed evidence pointed more and
more to northern Asia as the source of the original American Indian
population. Since it was of prime importance that the data be col-
lected and collated by the same observer and by the same methods as
those for the North American skulls, I made a trip to the Soviet Union,
including Siberia, in 1939. All possible facilities and aid were accorded
•Dr. HrdliJka died on September 5, 1943, a few days after galley proofs of this paper were received from
tiie printer.—Editor.
633194—44 1 1

J PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.94
me by the Russian scientists, and as a result I was able to examine a
considerable number of Siberian crania from all periods of occupation.
In view of the importance of some of this material, particularly that
from the neolithic and more modern periods, the gist of the observa-
tions, with some details, was published in the American Journal of
Physical Antliropology (vol. 29, pp. 435-4S1, 1942); but the detailed
measurements of all except the prehistoric specimens were reserved
for the present publication. Meanwhile there was published also the
final catalog of the Eskimo crania (Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., vol. 91, pp.
169-429, 1942).
It was once hoped that tliis series of catalogs might be extended also
to cranial materials from Mexico, Central America, the Antilles, and
South America, but except for Peru the collections from these regions
are still scarce, much of these vast territories being entirely unrepre-
sented. For the present, therefore, nothing systematic covering these
areas is feasible.
It may be useful to show the field covered by the six previous
catalogs. These were as follows
1. The Eskimo, Alaska and Related Indians, Northeastern Asiatics:
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, art. 12, 51 pp., 1924. (Long out of
print and wholly replaced by the 1942 catalog on the Eskimo in general
and by the present number.)
2. The Algonkin and Related Iroquois, Siouan, Caddoan, Salish
and Sahaptin, Shoshonean, and Californian Indians: Ihid., vol. 69,
art. 5, 127 pp., 1927.
3. Australians, Tasmanians, South African Bushmen, Hottentots,
and Negro: Ibid., vol. 71, art. 24, 140 pp., 1928.
4. Pueblos, Southeastern Utah Basket-makers, Navaho: Ibid., vol.
78, art. 2,95 pp., 1931.
5. Indians of the Gulf States: Ibid., vol. 87, pp. 315-464, 1940.
6. Eskimo in General: Ibid., vol. 91, pp. 169-429, 1942.
Meanwhile, since 1926, important collections were gathered in
Alaska and the neighboring parts of the Northwest Coast on the
Indian and other non-Eskimo groups of the region. These included
materials from two hitherto unknown large groups, the Pre-Koniag
of Kodiak Island and the Pre-Aleuts of the Aleutian Archipelago.
The detailed measurements of the crania of all these are given in
the present catalog. Tliis includes, therefore, data on the crania
from the following localities:
1. The Northwest Coast. 7. Kodiak Island (Koniag).
2. Southeastern Alaska. 8. Kodiak Island (Pre-Koniag).
3. Southwestern Alaska. 9. Aleutian Islands (Aleut).
4. The Yukon. 10. Aleutian Islands (Pre-Alcut).
5. Shagoluk Slough. 11. Siberia.
6. The Alaska Peninsula.

CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLICKA 6
The methods of measurement were outlined in the 1942 catalog on
the Eskimo in general, and comparisons as well as other details are
given in the same catalog and also in two papers now in press. ^ The
present data will require, therefore, but little discussion. This will be
found at the conclusion of this paper.
' "Anthropology of Kodiak Island" and "Anthropology of the Aleutian and Commander Islands,"
Wistar Institute, Philadelphia.

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158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. W
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160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
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CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLI^KA 161
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166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
Measurement
Approximate age of subject
Vault:
Length
Breadth
Height
Cranial Index
Mean height index
Cranial module
Capacity
Face:
Total height ,
Upper height
Maximum breadth
Facial index, total.
Facial index, upper
Base, etc.:
Basion-Alveolar point..
Basion-Subnasal point.
Basion-Nasion...
Facial angle
Alveolar angle
Orbits, height:
Right-
Left
Breadth:
Right.
Left-.
Index:
Right
Left.—
Nose:
Height ,
Breadth
Nasal index—
Upper Alveolar Arch:
Length ,
Breadth
Index- ,
Lower jaw:
Height at symphysis...
> Grouped by cranial index.
MONGOLS
(Abstract)
I Males Females
>
Group A Group B Group C Group A Group B
(31)
44.0
(31)
18.82
(31)
14.70
(31)
13.20
(31)
78. IS
(31)
78.75
(31)
15.57
(31)
1, 574. 5
(9)
12.98
(2(5)
7.95
(30)
14.29
(9)
90. 40
(26)
55.67
(26)
10.05
(31)
8.93
(31)
10.45
(20)
69.75
(26)
5.5. 33
(31)
3.61
(29)
3.61
(31)
3.90
(29)
3.88
(31)
92.63
(29)
93.07
(31)
5.70
(31)
2.72
(31)
47.78
(2.3)
5.47
(23)
6.70
(23)
81. GB
(10)
3.61
(61)
44.2
(61)
18.37
(61)
15.21
(61)
13.18
(61)
82. 8t
(61)
75..^
(61)
15.58
(59)
1, 587. 9
(16)
12.99
(47)
7.89
(57)
14.32
(15)
9t.40
(46)
55. IG
(46)
9.96
(60)
8.83
(60)
10.37
(44)
68.55
(44)
54.20
(60)
3.59
(59)
3.61
(60)
3.92
(59)
3.87
(fiO)
91.58
(59)
93.40
(61)
5.61
(61)
2.75
(61)
49.09
(41)
5.42
(41)
6.75
(41)
SO. SO
(19)
3.68
(12)
44.3
(12)
17.88
(12)
15.68
(12)
13. 17
(12)
87.74
(12)
78.47
(12)
15.58
(12)
1, 638. 3
(4)
12.73
(9)
7.90
(11)
14.58
(4)
88. 5S
(9)
64. 15
(S)
9.75
(12)
8.45
(12)
9.75
(8)
66.25
(8)
50.44
(11)
3.58
(10)
3.63
(11)
4.0
(10)
4.0
(11)
88.93
(10)
90.74
(11)
5.60
(11)
2.70
(11)
48.18
(7)
5.34
(7)
6.67
(7)
80.09
(4)
3.64
(29)
36.2
(29)
17.86
(29)
14.07
(29)
12.58
(29)
78.76
(29)
78.81
(29)
14.84
(28)
1, 404. 9
(14)
11.07
(25)
7.16
(29)
13.18
(14)
89.63
(25)
54-33
(23)
9.52
(28)
8.49
(29)
9.64
(23)
68.91
(23)
53. 37
(29)
3.49
(29)
3.50
(29)
3.79
(29)
3.74
(29)
9^.17
(29)
93.60
(28)
5.15
(28)
2.60
(28)
60. 59
(22)
5.10
(22)
6.34
(22)
80.56
(15)
3.25
(29)
34.2
(29)
17.34
(29)
14.39
(29)
12.67
(29)
89.98
(29)
79.81
(29)
14.80
(29)
1,413.3
(10)
11.64
(20)
7.06
(29)
13.22
(10)
88.68
(26)
5S. 45
(25)
9.46
(29)
8.40
(29)
9.50
(25)
68.44
(2.5)
52. 84
(27)
3.42
(28)
3.45
(27)
3.79
(28)
3.72
(27)
90.37
(23)
92. 94
(29)
5.16
(29)
2.59
(29)
60.18
(2.3)
5.0
(23)
6.27
(23)
79.80
(10)
3.27

t
CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLICKA 167

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
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CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLICKA 169
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170 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 94
NOTES ON THE NON-ESKIMO CRANIA
Less than a score of years ago Alaska from the point of view of
antliropology was regarded as one of the simplest regions, with only
the Indians and the Eskimo to be considered. How far this concept
was from reality will be appreciated from a study of tlie data herein
presented.
The Alaska Indians in general offer much in common, though there
are some regional differences among them. The only marked excep-
tion is the group on the Shageluk Slough of tlie Yukon, which approaches
the doHchoid Shoshonean-Algonkin strains. The Eskimo,
too, arc fau'ly homogeneous, with local differences. But there were
four groups at least in southwestern Alaska that, although belonging
to the same basic complex, were distinctly different from the rest.
Two of these, the Koniag and the Aleut, used to be erroneously
counted with the Eskimo; but there were also two others, older and
until recently not even suspected, that for a long time occupied the
regions of the Koniags and the Aleuts but were more or less completely
replaced by the latter.
Of these four groups, the Koniags, the latest mhabitants of Kodiak
Island, were related to the Aleuts, as well as to the southern Alaska
Indians, yet had some individuality of their own. The Aleuts, shown
to be completely different from the Eskimo, have marked Asiatic
(Tungus) affinities. Both the Pre-Koniags and the Pre-Aleuts vv^ere
entirely distinct from the Koniags and the Aleuts, as well as from each
other, and were related to different types of the mainland Indian.
Thus Alaska was a mosaic of differing types of people, and the main
groups have doubtless now been discovered. These peoples were
not very ancient, none in all probability reaching much beyond the
Christian Era. If there is any type still more ancient, evidence of it
lies in the frozen grounds that cannot yet be explored. It would
seem, however, that at best there could have been only sparse and
few stations of earlier man—there is no indication of anything on a
larger scale.
Notwithstanding the differences in the various Alaska strains, there
was found nowhere any sharp line of demarcation. The masses
differed, sometimes very markedly, but many of the individuals
merged with others of separate groups. This was partly due, no
doubt, to intermixture, but in the m.ain the cause is the same as
between the various mamland tribes; it is the same basic racial deriva-
tion. Even the Eskimo in Alaska and the Indian merge to such a
degree that in the case of many individual crania even an expert
cannot be sure what he has before him.
This matter naturally raises the question as to the meaning of
existing differences between these and other American native groups.
In general there is not one of the many American tribes, nor any two

CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA—HRDLICKA 171
or more separate parts of even the same tribe, that do not present
some physical differences. Yet all these tribes are basically closely
related, and all belong plainly to one and the same stem of humanity.
The differences are manifested, though never collectively, in most of
the physical characters of both the living and the skeleton. The
most marked ones are in stature, shape of the head, and robustness
of the parts.
These differences parallel those within the other two main stems of
mankind, the 'VMiite and the Black, and their explanation is not yet
possible, but it may be approached. It is clear that all these differ-
ences could not have existed from the beginnings of the species, for
none of the human varieties of present times are of such antiquity;
many in fact must be rather recent. Therefore they must have
arisen in the course of man's biological history and can have been
due only to internal or external contemporaneous agencies. In an
extended sense therefore they were not inherent but were acquired.
Just what the reasons were that underlay these organic acquisitions
it is not possible to fathom clearly, but we may be sure that the causes,
multiple and elusive as they may be, are all natural, and as such all
subject to eventual definitive determination. They may legitimately
be called the causes of "raciogeny," and their study will constitute
perhaps the most attractive and important task of future anthropology.
For the present it may suffice to view all these human subtypes, types,
or varieties, Amxcrican or other, as so many more or less fixed results
of the reactions between a plastic class of organisms and various
sufficiently potent internal and external agencies.

Northwest Coast:
INDEX TO TABLES
Paeo
Males 4
Females 6
Southeast Alaska:
Males (Tlingit) 8
Females (Tlingit) 10
Males (Haida and Tlingit). 11
Females (Haida and Tlingit) 13
South and Southwest Alaska:
Males 15
Females 17
Yukon Males IS
Females 20
Shageluk (Yukon)
Males 22
Females 24
Northwest Canada (Dene) 29
Northwestern and Alaskan crania
(general abstract) 28
Alaska Peninsula:
Males 30
Females 32
Kodiak Island:
Koniag males 34
Koniag females 38
Koniag children and adolescents
41
Pre-Koniag children 43,44
Pre-Koniag males 46, 50
Pre-Koniag females 52,58,59
Aleutian Islands:
Aleut males 61
Aleut males (Kaganiil
Caves) 66
Aleut females 70
Aleut females (Kagamil
Caves) 74
Pre-Aleut males 78
Pre-Aleut females 82
172
Kodiak and Aleutian Islands Page
(abstract) 86
Siberia:
Neolithic crania (abstract) . , 87
Samoyed males 88
Samoyed females 90
Ostiak males 92
Ostiak females 98
Vogul males 104
Vogul females 106
Tungus: Moscow series 108
Tungus: Leningrad series 112
Buriat: U.S.N. M. series
(males) 114
Buriat: Irkutsk series
(males) 116
Buriat: U.S.N. M. series
(females) 118
Buriat: Irkutsk series (fe-
males)
Buriat : Summary
120
122
Ulchi-D 124
Ulchi-B 126
Giiiak-LB (Sakhalin) 128
Giliak-D (Amur)
Yakut
132
134
Yukagir 136
Orochi
Koriak, Lamut, and Kam-
138
chadal 140
Chukchi (Chukchi Peninsula)
142
Chukchi (Anadyr region) 148
Chukchi (miscellaneous) 152
Chukchi (abstract) 154
Mongol males 156
Mongol females 162
iNIongols (abstract) 166
Siberian crania (abstract) 167
o