Investigación para la producción de vegetales en zonas áridas y ...
Investigación para la producción de vegetales en zonas áridas y ...
Investigación para la producción de vegetales en zonas áridas y ...
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CORPADECO<br />
CORPORACiÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA REGiÓN DE COQUIMBO<br />
"E<br />
E<br />
Abril, 1999<br />
" k~i<br />
). ..,~ .<br />
"'. "i'"<br />
~ e:'C O~ Ing<strong>en</strong>ieros y Economistas Consultores S.A.<br />
, ~t
IN DICE<br />
1. RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES... 1<br />
2. INTRODUCCION...... 8<br />
3. ANTECEDENTES GENERALES.. 10<br />
4. ESTUDIO DE MERCADO................. 15<br />
4.1 DETERMINACION DEL PRODUCTO..................................... 15<br />
4.2 DEMANDA................... 29<br />
4.2.1 Caracterización <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>mandantes........ 29<br />
4.2.2 Estimación <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda interna y externa................... 33<br />
4.2.3 Estacionalidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda................................... 40<br />
4.2.4 Niveles <strong>de</strong> Calidad exigidos por los <strong>de</strong>mandantes........ 40<br />
4.2.5 Proyección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda interna y externa............... 42'<br />
----"<br />
4.3 OFERTA........................ 44<br />
4.3.1 I<strong>de</strong>ntificación <strong>de</strong> ofer.<strong>en</strong>tes....................................... 44<br />
4.3.2 Estimación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta nacional y externa..... ....... ..... 46<br />
4.3.3 Oferta <strong>de</strong> los principales productos sustitutos............ 49<br />
4.3.4 Estacionalidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta....................................... 49<br />
4.3.5 Nivel <strong>de</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> los productos ofrecidos................ 49<br />
4.3.6 Proyección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta............................................ 51
4.4 COMERCIALlZACION ~ ·.. ·········· .<br />
52<br />
4.4.1 Precio <strong>de</strong>l producto .<br />
4.4.2 Distribución , .<br />
4.4.3 Análisis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s barreras arance<strong>la</strong>rias y no arance<strong>la</strong>rias<br />
,<strong>de</strong> los mercados objetivo<br />
4.4.4 Características <strong>de</strong>l <strong>en</strong>vase ··· · ..<br />
52<br />
56<br />
58<br />
58<br />
4.5 CONCLUSION DEL ESTUDIO DE MERCADO....... 59<br />
4.5.1 Evolución <strong>de</strong>l mercado <strong>de</strong>l Aloe <strong>en</strong> el mundo............. 59<br />
4.5.2 Demanda actual y proyección futura <strong>en</strong> Chile............ 59<br />
4.5.3 Recom<strong>en</strong>daciones............................................ ...... 60<br />
5. ESTUDIO TECNICO-FINANCIERO . 61<br />
5.1 Procesos <strong>de</strong> Obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> Subproductos <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera y<br />
Costos Asociados....... 61<br />
5.1.1 Descripción <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo y costos asociados<br />
<strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera..................... 63<br />
\<br />
5.1.2 Descripción <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo y costos asociados<br />
<strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> acíbar <strong>en</strong> polvo............. 66<br />
5.1.3 Descripción <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo y costos asociados<br />
<strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> gel líquido y liofilizado................ 68<br />
5.2 Determinación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Inversión necesaria <strong>para</strong> producir<br />
los productos seleccionados. 73<br />
5.2.1 Definición <strong>de</strong>l perfil y tamaño <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> empresa.............. 73<br />
5.2.2 Determinación <strong>de</strong>l monto <strong>de</strong> inversión <strong>en</strong> activo fijo.... 76<br />
5.2.3 Determinación <strong>de</strong> monto <strong>de</strong> inversión <strong>en</strong> cap. <strong>de</strong> trabajo 79
5.3 Evaluación <strong>de</strong>l Proyecto, S<strong>en</strong>'sibilizaciones y Definición<br />
De Esc<strong>en</strong>arios <strong>de</strong> Ocurr<strong>en</strong>cia.......................................... 90<br />
5.4 Conclusiones y Recom<strong>en</strong>daciones <strong>de</strong>l Estudio Técnico-<br />
Financiero. 106
ANEXOS<br />
ANEXO N° 1: Estadísticas <strong>de</strong> Importación <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera <strong>en</strong> Chile<br />
Fu<strong>en</strong>te: Cámara <strong>de</strong> Comercio <strong>de</strong> Santiago - PROCHILE<br />
ANEXO N° 2: Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> Exportar Productos <strong>de</strong> Aloe a<br />
Japón (JETRO - Japan External Tra<strong>de</strong> Organization).<br />
ANEXO N° 3: Principales Antece<strong>de</strong>ntes Recopi<strong>la</strong>dos.<br />
ANEXO N° 4: Antece<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> empresa Forever Living Products<br />
ANEXO N° 5: Docum<strong>en</strong>tación recibida <strong>de</strong>l IASC -<br />
Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council<br />
Internatipnal Aloe
1<br />
1. RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES<br />
El pres<strong>en</strong>te docum<strong>en</strong>to correspon<strong>de</strong> al Informe Final <strong>de</strong>l proyecto<br />
"ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD ECONOMICA PARA EL ALOE VERA EN LA<br />
CUARTA REGION", cuyo objetivo principal es <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad<br />
<strong>de</strong> explotar cultivos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> esa zona.<br />
El proyecto financiado por <strong>la</strong> Fundación <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> Innovación Agragaria<br />
(FIA) y ejecutado por <strong>la</strong> Corporación <strong>para</strong> el Desarrollo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong><br />
Coquimbo (CORPADECO), <strong>de</strong>nominado "Investigación <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>vegetales</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>zonas</strong> áridas y semi-áridas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo",<br />
ha constituido un antece<strong>de</strong>nte importante <strong>para</strong> llevar a cabo el pres<strong>en</strong>te<br />
estudio, <strong>en</strong> el s<strong>en</strong>tido que se han estimado los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes técnicos <strong>en</strong><br />
base a los resultados <strong>de</strong> productividad allí observados, <strong>para</strong> calcu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong><br />
r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong> los difer<strong>en</strong>tes proyectos evaluados.<br />
A continuación se pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>la</strong>s principales conclusiones <strong>de</strong>l estudio,<br />
tanto <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> etapa <strong>de</strong> Análisis <strong>de</strong>l Mercado como <strong>en</strong> el Estudio Técnico<br />
Financiero <strong>de</strong> los proyectos <strong>de</strong>finidos.<br />
1.1 Análisis <strong>de</strong>l Mercado<br />
Luego <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntificar <strong>la</strong> gran diversidad <strong>de</strong> productos pres<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>en</strong> el<br />
mercado <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera y sus <strong>de</strong>rivados, se estimó conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong>focar el<br />
análisis hacia el conjunto <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados. Estos productos<br />
son consumidos por <strong>la</strong> industria cosmética, farmacéutica y alim<strong>en</strong>ticia,<br />
como Insumas <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> productos <strong>de</strong> belleza,<br />
medicam<strong>en</strong>tos y suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, el proyecto<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>ra <strong>la</strong> comercialización <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera sin e<strong>la</strong>borar y p<strong>la</strong>ntas<br />
(hijuelos), <strong>para</strong> su propagación.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región, Informe Final, Abril 1999
2<br />
Consi<strong>de</strong>rando que <strong>la</strong>s cantida<strong>de</strong>s porc<strong>en</strong>tuales <strong>de</strong> aloe vera utilizadas <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> e<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> productos cosméticos o farmacéuticos son <strong>de</strong>l or<strong>de</strong>n<br />
<strong>de</strong> ap<strong>en</strong>as un 3 % con respecto al peso total <strong>de</strong>l producto y dado que,<br />
según lo investigado, los <strong>la</strong>boratorios con producción <strong>en</strong> Chile<br />
constituy<strong>en</strong> un número muy reducido, puesto que <strong>la</strong> mayoría importa<br />
productos terminados, se <strong>de</strong>cidió ori<strong>en</strong>tar el estudio hacié! el mercado <strong>de</strong><br />
exportación <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados,<br />
<strong>de</strong>stinando so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te los hijuelos <strong>para</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>en</strong> el mercado interno.<br />
Por otra parte, dado que los volúm<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> aloe vera transados <strong>en</strong> el<br />
mundo, así como <strong>la</strong>s superficies p<strong>la</strong>ntadas, son pequeños <strong>en</strong><br />
com<strong>para</strong>clon con otros cultivos o commodities <strong>de</strong>l rubro agríco<strong>la</strong>, <strong>la</strong>s<br />
bases <strong>de</strong> datos con información estadística mundial <strong>de</strong> productos no<br />
contemp<strong>la</strong>n <strong>en</strong> forma ais<strong>la</strong>da cifras asociadas a este cultivo, lo que<br />
impidió efectuar un análisis <strong>de</strong> mercado <strong>en</strong> base a: volúm<strong>en</strong>es y<br />
t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncias <strong>de</strong> éste. Sin embargo, <strong>de</strong> los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes recopi<strong>la</strong>dos fue<br />
posible inferir que este mercado pres<strong>en</strong>tará un importante crecimi<strong>en</strong>to,<br />
<strong>de</strong>bido es<strong>en</strong>cialm<strong>en</strong>te a los resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>en</strong> investigaciones<br />
reci<strong>en</strong>tes, que han i<strong>de</strong>ntificado una amplia gama <strong>de</strong> atributos y<br />
aplicaciones <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera y por otro <strong>la</strong>do, <strong>de</strong>bido al fuerte auge que<br />
ha experim<strong>en</strong>tado el consumo <strong>de</strong> productos naturales, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong><br />
países <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>dos.<br />
Dado lo anterior, estos consultores estimaron a<strong>de</strong>cuado a los alcances<br />
<strong>de</strong>l estudio, efectuar el análisis <strong>de</strong> factibilidad técnico-económica <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
producción <strong>de</strong>:<br />
Materias Primas<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Hijuelos<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
3<br />
Productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> Acíbar<br />
Gel líquido <strong>en</strong> su conc<strong>en</strong>tración más común, que es 10X<br />
Gel <strong>en</strong> polvo, obt<strong>en</strong>ido por liofilización, <strong>en</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 200X<br />
La comercialización <strong>de</strong> hijuelos fue evaluada <strong>en</strong> forma conjunta con <strong>la</strong><br />
ejecución <strong>de</strong> otros proyectos, dado que su producción es a todo ev<strong>en</strong>to<br />
e in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l procesami<strong>en</strong>to posterior que se dé a <strong>la</strong>s· hojas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera.<br />
Para una mayor compr<strong>en</strong>sión <strong>de</strong>l esquema que se utilizó <strong>para</strong> evaluar los<br />
proyectos, se pres<strong>en</strong>ta a continuación un diagrama que indica <strong>la</strong>s<br />
principales etapas por <strong>la</strong>s que atraviesan los subproductos obt<strong>en</strong>idos a<br />
partir <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera.<br />
ETAPAS DEL PROCESO DE OBTENCION DE SUBPRODUCTOS DE ALOE VERA<br />
Materias Primas<br />
Productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
Cosecha Hojas (1) Proceso Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar (2)<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntación Gel líquido 10X (3)<br />
,<br />
<strong>de</strong> hijuelos Hijuelos ( *)<br />
Gel liofilizado 200X (4)<br />
--+<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe vera ~<br />
~ ~<br />
V<strong>en</strong>ta Mercado<br />
V<strong>en</strong>ta Mercado<br />
*. <strong>en</strong> conjunto con 1, 2, 3 y 4.<br />
ES1Udio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
4<br />
~,:,<br />
"';<br />
(~N ,)<br />
"<br />
Los rangos <strong>de</strong> precios manejados <strong>para</strong> los productos seleccionados<br />
fueron los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />
PRECIO<br />
PRODUCTO UNIDAD ALTO MEDIO BAJO<br />
(Precios Miami-USA)<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera US$/hoja 0.60 0.50 0.40<br />
Hijuelos <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera * US$/hijuelo 0.50 0.40 0.30<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> Acíbar US$/kg 14.00 12.00 10.00<br />
Gel líquido 10X US$/kg 16.00 14.00 11.00<br />
Gel liofilizado 200X US$/kg 200.00 180.00 160.00<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera * US$/hoja 0.20 0.15 0.10<br />
* V<strong>en</strong>ta solo <strong>en</strong> mercado Interno<br />
Para efectos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> evaluación financiera <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, se consi<strong>de</strong>ró que<br />
los volúm<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> producción nacional <strong>de</strong> los productos: seleccionados<br />
podrían ser colocados <strong>en</strong> el mercado internacional, dado el crecimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />
previsto <strong>para</strong> éste, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> el mercado norteamericano, que es<br />
el principal fabricante <strong>de</strong> productos re<strong>la</strong>cionados con el aloe vera.<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r que se i<strong>de</strong>ntificó el factor calidad como crítico<br />
<strong>para</strong> el éxito <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, parti<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el tratami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los cultivos<br />
y pasando por los procesos productivos, hasta llegar a <strong>la</strong> etapa <strong>de</strong><br />
;,<br />
<strong>en</strong>vasado, almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y transporte <strong>de</strong> los productos.<br />
1.2 Análisis Financiero<br />
Para efectuar el análisis financiero <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, se <strong>de</strong>finió <strong>la</strong> unidad <strong>de</strong><br />
producción, los r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos según tipo <strong>de</strong>. producto, los precios<br />
internacionales a los cuales se transarán, los costos <strong>de</strong> producción y<br />
comercialización, <strong>la</strong> tasa <strong>de</strong> costo <strong>de</strong> capital y otros costos <strong>de</strong><br />
producción asociados, Luego, a partir <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> s<strong>en</strong>sibilización <strong>de</strong> los<br />
parámetros indicados, se <strong>de</strong>terminó <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong>l negocio.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
5<br />
A continuaclon se pres<strong>en</strong>ta un resum<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> los resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong>s s<strong>en</strong>sibilizaciones <strong>de</strong>l proyecto', a partir <strong>de</strong> los cuales se e<strong>la</strong>boraron<br />
<strong>la</strong>s conclusiones que le sigu<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Producto Esc<strong>en</strong>ario Inversión Inicial VAN TIR<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera Precio alto - Aéreo -1,366,340 -2,747,866 n/d<br />
Precio alto - Marítimo -1,366,340 -700,400 n/d<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar Precio medio - Aéreo -526,451 -86,176 n/d<br />
Precio medio - Marítimo -524,626 -24,918 n/d<br />
Gel líquido 10X Precio alto - Aéreo -536,573 2,012,047 65%<br />
Precio medio - Aéreo -536,573 1,746,778 61%<br />
Precio bajo - Aéreo -536,573 1,348,874 54%<br />
Gel liofilizado 200X Precio alto - Aéreo -605,543 1,165,605 47%<br />
Precio medio - Aéreo -605,543 1,032,971 45%<br />
Precio bajo - Aéreo -605,543 900,336 42%<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera Precio alto -18,469 13,859 27%<br />
(V<strong>en</strong>ta mercado interno) Precio medio -18,469 4,648 19%<br />
Precio bajo -18,469 : -4,563 n/d<br />
E<strong>la</strong>borado por INECON.<br />
De esta manera, respecto <strong>de</strong>l análisis financiero <strong>de</strong> los difer<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
proyectos evaluados, se pue<strong>de</strong> concluir lo sigui<strong>en</strong>te:<br />
al<br />
Los proyectos que arrojan resultados positivos, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el punto <strong>de</strong> vista<br />
financiero, correspon<strong>de</strong>n a <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel líquido <strong>de</strong><br />
\<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tración 10X y gel liofilizado <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 200X. En el<br />
esc<strong>en</strong>ario medio, se obti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> un 61 % Y un 45 %,<br />
respectivam<strong>en</strong>te, lo que significa que correspon<strong>de</strong> a proyectos<br />
atractivos <strong>para</strong> un inversionista privado y que <strong>en</strong> consecu<strong>en</strong>cia, estos<br />
consultores recomi<strong>en</strong>dan bajo <strong>la</strong>s sigL1i<strong>en</strong>tes consi<strong>de</strong>raciones:<br />
• La producción <strong>de</strong> gel fresco se recomi<strong>en</strong>da que sea llevada a cabo si<br />
y sólo si se materializa <strong>en</strong> un p<strong>la</strong>zo no superior a 3 allos, ya que este<br />
mercado se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> retroceso por <strong>la</strong> aparición <strong>de</strong>l gel liofilizado.<br />
1 Valores <strong>en</strong> US$<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
6<br />
Se estima que al cabo <strong>de</strong> 5 años, el gel liofilizado se podría convertir<br />
<strong>en</strong> el más importante <strong>de</strong> los productos seleccionados.<br />
• Debido a que <strong>la</strong>s inversiones requeridas, tanto <strong>en</strong> equipami<strong>en</strong>to como<br />
<strong>en</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ciones, no son m<strong>en</strong>ores, se estima que <strong>la</strong> implem<strong>en</strong>tación<br />
<strong>de</strong> estos proyectos <strong>de</strong>be estar necesariam<strong>en</strong>te ,vincu<strong>la</strong>da con<br />
contratos <strong>de</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> mediano p<strong>la</strong>zo a objeto <strong>de</strong> disminuir los riesgos<br />
inher<strong>en</strong>tes a este tipo <strong>de</strong> negocios. Para materializar contratos <strong>de</strong><br />
este tipo, se estima necesario contactar previam<strong>en</strong>te empresas con<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> el mercado <strong>de</strong> productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera y que<br />
requieran <strong>de</strong> abastecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> terceros. Se sugiere <strong>en</strong> este s<strong>en</strong>tido,<br />
ver <strong>la</strong> posibilidad <strong>de</strong> establecer una alianza estratégica con un cli<strong>en</strong>te,<br />
<strong>de</strong> modo <strong>de</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>er <strong>de</strong> éste el know-how necesario <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
fabricación <strong>de</strong> los productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados.<br />
• Se recomi<strong>en</strong>da profundizar <strong>en</strong> los aspectos técnicos re<strong>la</strong>cionados con<br />
<strong>la</strong> estabilización <strong>de</strong>l gel y el proceso <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>shidratación <strong>de</strong>l mismo,<br />
factores consi<strong>de</strong>rados c<strong>la</strong>ves <strong>para</strong> el cumplimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s normas <strong>de</strong><br />
calidad exigidas por los cli<strong>en</strong>tes, consi<strong>de</strong>rando que el uso <strong>de</strong> dichos<br />
productos correspon<strong>de</strong> a <strong>la</strong>s áreas <strong>de</strong> cosmetología y salud, que son<br />
especialm<strong>en</strong>te exig<strong>en</strong>tes.<br />
,<br />
b) No resulta conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r<br />
producción <strong>de</strong> pasta acíbar, dados los<br />
mercados internacionales, los que son<br />
producción y comercialización.<br />
proyectos vincu<strong>la</strong>dos a<br />
bajos precios observados<br />
superados por los costos<br />
<strong>la</strong><br />
<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong><br />
cl<br />
No se recomi<strong>en</strong>da llevar a cabo proyectos <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera por <strong>la</strong> misma razón que el caso anterior, es <strong>de</strong>cir, por cuanto<br />
los precios observados <strong>en</strong> mercados internacionales no son sufici<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
<strong>para</strong> recuperar los costos <strong>de</strong> producción y comercialización,<br />
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7<br />
especialm<strong>en</strong>te el costo <strong>de</strong> transporte, así como el costo <strong>de</strong> capital<br />
asociado.<br />
dl Cabe m<strong>en</strong>cionar que, como es lógico, mayores r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
productivos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas y por hectárea, se corre<strong>la</strong>cionan<br />
positivam<strong>en</strong>te con mejores retornos <strong>para</strong> los proyectps. Lo anterior<br />
está directam<strong>en</strong>te re<strong>la</strong>cionado con <strong>la</strong> cantidad <strong>de</strong> riego recibido por los<br />
cultivos y por lo tanto, con <strong>la</strong> disponibilidad <strong>de</strong> agua <strong>en</strong> los terr<strong>en</strong>os<br />
don<strong>de</strong> se ubique finalm<strong>en</strong>te el proyecto.<br />
el<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>para</strong> el proyecto <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> una hectárea <strong>de</strong> hojas<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>la</strong>s que serían comercializadas <strong>en</strong> mercado interno, es<br />
<strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>para</strong> ser v<strong>en</strong>didas a una p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región, los<br />
resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos indican que <strong>para</strong> precios <strong>de</strong> 0,15 y 0,20<br />
US $/hoja, se obti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> resultados positivos <strong>para</strong> el agric1ultor dueño <strong>de</strong><br />
1 hectárea, con retornos que fluctúan <strong>en</strong>tre US $ 5 .000 y US $10.000<br />
anuales, dados los supuestos <strong>de</strong>l proyecto. Por lo tanto, estos datos<br />
<strong>de</strong>berán ser posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te com<strong>para</strong>dos con el costo afinado <strong>de</strong><br />
producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>en</strong> forma industrial, <strong>para</strong> un tamaño <strong>de</strong>finido <strong>de</strong><br />
hectáreas, con el fin <strong>de</strong> analizar <strong>la</strong> conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> abastecerse <strong>de</strong><br />
hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> terceros.<br />
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2. INTRODUCCION<br />
El proyecto ejecutado por CORPADECO, <strong>de</strong>nominado l/Investigación <strong>para</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> <strong>vegetales</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>zonas</strong> áridas y semi-áridas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong><br />
Coquimbol/, que tuvo una duración <strong>de</strong> 25 meses y finaliz,ó <strong>en</strong> diciembre<br />
<strong>de</strong> 1998, llegó a <strong>de</strong>terminar como resultado principal, que <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera importadas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> V<strong>en</strong>ezue<strong>la</strong> tuvieron una excel<strong>en</strong>te<br />
adaptación a los suelos y clima <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo; pres<strong>en</strong>tando<br />
un bu<strong>en</strong> comportami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los indicadores <strong>de</strong> productividad.<br />
Con estos antece<strong>de</strong>ntes, CORPADECO contrató los servicios <strong>de</strong><br />
INECON, Ing<strong>en</strong>ieros y Economistas Consultores Ltda., <strong>para</strong> realizar el<br />
estudio <strong>de</strong> factibilidad económica <strong>de</strong> explotar cultivos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
Región <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo. Para ello, se efectuaron análisis <strong>de</strong>: antece<strong>de</strong>ntes<br />
<strong>de</strong> diversas fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> información, que permitieron concluir acerca <strong>de</strong><br />
los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes aspectos:<br />
I<strong>de</strong>ntificar los productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera que ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> mayor<br />
<strong>de</strong>manda <strong>en</strong> el mercado nacional e internacional.<br />
Caracterizar <strong>la</strong> oferta nacional e internacional <strong>de</strong> productos<br />
<strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera, así comb también <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s materias primas<br />
necesarias <strong>para</strong> su e<strong>la</strong>boración.<br />
I<strong>de</strong>ntificar <strong>la</strong> materia prima<br />
necesarios <strong>para</strong> producir los<br />
anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te.<br />
o productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
productos <strong>de</strong>rivados indicados<br />
I<strong>de</strong>ntificar y caracterizar los procesos tecnológicos <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
fabricación <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados.<br />
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9<br />
~;<br />
• t.<br />
I '<br />
1......<br />
Determinar los costos <strong>de</strong> inversión y operación asociados a <strong>la</strong><br />
producción y comercialización <strong>de</strong> materia prima, <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do por<br />
tal <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y los hijuelos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas.<br />
Determinar los costos <strong>de</strong> inversión y operación asociados a <strong>la</strong><br />
producción y comercialización <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados¡<br />
<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do por tales a los compuestos que son usados como<br />
ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> e<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> productos finales o <strong>de</strong>rivados<br />
<strong>de</strong>l aloe vera.<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te¡ a partir <strong>de</strong> los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes recogidos¡ efectuar una<br />
evaluación económica <strong>de</strong>l proyecto con difer<strong>en</strong>tes indicadores¡<br />
que permitan <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong> éste.<br />
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3. ANTECEDENTES GENERALES<br />
El aloe vera, cuyo nombre ci<strong>en</strong>tífico es Aloe Barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Miller,<br />
constituye una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s 360 especies aceptadas <strong>de</strong> aloe <strong>en</strong> el mundo y es<br />
<strong>la</strong> más utilizada, por sus particu<strong>la</strong>res características cura~ivas. Todas <strong>la</strong>s<br />
especies son per<strong>en</strong>nes, sucul<strong>en</strong>tas y originarias <strong>de</strong> Africa, ahora<br />
ext<strong>en</strong>didas a otras partes <strong>de</strong>l mundo. No son cactus y no <strong>de</strong>be ser<br />
confundida con el aloe Americano, que es una especie <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s Agavas.<br />
Según su orig<strong>en</strong> geográfico, algunas especies recib<strong>en</strong> un nombre propio,<br />
con el que son conocidas por <strong>la</strong> g<strong>en</strong>te, incluso una especie pue<strong>de</strong> ser<br />
conocida por más <strong>de</strong> un nombre. De esta forma, <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera se obti<strong>en</strong>e<br />
"Aloe <strong>de</strong> Curazao" o "Aloe <strong>de</strong> Barbados", que se produce <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s Indias<br />
Ori<strong>en</strong>tales (Curazao, Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire). Del Alo~ Ferox y sus<br />
híbridos se obti<strong>en</strong>e el "Aloe <strong>de</strong>l Cabo", que se produce <strong>en</strong> Cabo <strong>de</strong><br />
Bu<strong>en</strong>a Esperanza, Sudáfrica. De otras especies se obti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> aloes <strong>de</strong><br />
m<strong>en</strong>or importancia, tal como Aloe Arboresc<strong>en</strong>s Miller, aunque esta<br />
última especie, ha t<strong>en</strong>ido un fuerte auge <strong>en</strong> el mercado japonés, don<strong>de</strong><br />
se le conoce con el nombre <strong>de</strong> Aloe Kidachi y ti<strong>en</strong>e uso principalm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
alim<strong>en</strong>ticio.<br />
Las p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera necesitan mu~ho sol, una pequeña cantidad <strong>de</strong><br />
lluvia y terr<strong>en</strong>o con bu<strong>en</strong> dr<strong>en</strong>aje. El aloe vera no necesita normalm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
mucha agua, pero si el clima es muy seco <strong>la</strong> mayor parte <strong>de</strong>l tiempo,<br />
necesitará algún tipo <strong>de</strong> riego. Las p<strong>la</strong>ntas no soportan climas fríos. Una<br />
he<strong>la</strong>da <strong>de</strong>struye completam<strong>en</strong>te una p<strong>la</strong>ntación.<br />
Las p<strong>la</strong>ntas maduras ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> una altura <strong>de</strong> 80 a 100 cm, que está dada<br />
por el tallo <strong>de</strong> su flor y pose<strong>en</strong> alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 12 a 15 hojas. La cosecha<br />
se efectúa removi<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong>s hojas exteriores <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta y <strong>de</strong>jando <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l<br />
interior <strong>para</strong> que madur<strong>en</strong> posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te.<br />
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Las hojas maduras <strong>de</strong> aloe vera ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> una altura promedio <strong>de</strong> 50 a 65<br />
cm, con un ancho <strong>de</strong> 9 a 11 cm y un espesor <strong>de</strong> 2,5 cm <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> base.<br />
Pesan <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 0,25 a 1,50 Kg. <strong>en</strong> su estado <strong>de</strong> madurez. Las hojas se<br />
cortan a mano por cosecheros, por <strong>de</strong>bajo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> línea <strong>de</strong> gel, don<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
hoja se torna <strong>de</strong> color b<strong>la</strong>nco.<br />
Según datos obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>de</strong>l estudio <strong>de</strong> cultivos australianos, realizado por<br />
el Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> Industrias Primarias <strong>de</strong> Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd, Australia 2 , los<br />
cultivos son cosechados 3 a 4 veces al año, don<strong>de</strong> se seleccionan <strong>la</strong>s<br />
hojas más maduras <strong>para</strong> ser cortadas. Los cultivos tradicionales están<br />
pre<strong>para</strong>dos <strong>para</strong> ser cosechados por primera vez a los 2 años y medio o<br />
tres años, es <strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> 1 año y medio a 2 años <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> que el<br />
campo es p<strong>la</strong>ntado. Los hijuelos hidropónicam<strong>en</strong>te cultivados comi<strong>en</strong>zan<br />
su producción al año <strong>de</strong> ser p<strong>la</strong>ntados. Una p<strong>la</strong>nta~ madura bi<strong>en</strong><br />
manejada produce alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 10 hojas al año, dando cada una<br />
aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 0,3 litro <strong>de</strong> gel natural.<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera es qUlzas uno <strong>de</strong> los remedios <strong>en</strong> base a hierbas más<br />
popu<strong>la</strong>res <strong>en</strong> el mundo. Se usa <strong>para</strong> aliviar quemaduras con fuego o <strong>de</strong><br />
sol, <strong>para</strong> mejorar el proceso <strong>de</strong> cicatrización <strong>de</strong> heridas, <strong>para</strong> humectar y<br />
suavizar <strong>la</strong> piel, <strong>en</strong>tre otras aplicaciones. Algunas investigaciones<br />
1.<br />
reci<strong>en</strong>tes sugier<strong>en</strong> que el aloe vera incluso pue<strong>de</strong> estimu<strong>la</strong>r al sistema<br />
inmunológico. No obstante, <strong>la</strong> forma <strong>en</strong> que realm<strong>en</strong>te trabaja el aloe<br />
vera aún no es <strong>de</strong>l todo <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>dida por los ci<strong>en</strong>tíficos.<br />
Actualm<strong>en</strong>te exist<strong>en</strong> dos productos básicos que se extra<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera,<br />
ellos son el gel, que se forma naturalm<strong>en</strong>te al interior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas y que<br />
es el producto conocido <strong>para</strong> aliviar quemaduras y heridas y por otra<br />
parte, el acíbar, que es un jugo amarill<strong>en</strong>to que se sitúa bajo <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>lgada<br />
epi<strong>de</strong>rmis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas y se obti<strong>en</strong>e al cortar <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> su<br />
2 Autor: G.I. Jamieson, S<strong>en</strong>ior Horticulturist, Brisbane - ISSN 0155-3054<br />
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12<br />
base y <strong>de</strong>jar<strong>la</strong>s escurrir. El acíbar es el compon<strong>en</strong>te básico <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
fabricación <strong>de</strong> medicam<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>para</strong> tratar el sistema digestivo, con efecto<br />
<strong>la</strong>xante. Si bi<strong>en</strong> ambos elem<strong>en</strong>tos compart<strong>en</strong> una serie <strong>de</strong> compon<strong>en</strong>tes,<br />
son es<strong>en</strong>cialm<strong>en</strong>te distintos y no <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser confundidos.<br />
Existe un gran número <strong>de</strong> procesos <strong>de</strong> extracción y e~tabilización <strong>de</strong>l<br />
gel, así como <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>trados, los cuales están<br />
si<strong>en</strong>do continuam<strong>en</strong>te pat<strong>en</strong>tados por <strong>la</strong>s empresas <strong>de</strong>l rubro. El gel <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> más <strong>de</strong> 75 compuestos, incluy<strong>en</strong>do polisacáridos<br />
(carbohidratos complejos), esteroi<strong>de</strong>s, ácidos orgánicos, <strong>en</strong>zimas,<br />
ag<strong>en</strong>tes antibióticos, aminoácidos y minerales.<br />
De acuerdo un estudio realizado por el Dr. Peter Atherton, investigador<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Universidad <strong>de</strong> Oxford, publicado <strong>en</strong> un artículo <strong>de</strong>nominado"Aloe<br />
Vera: ¿Mito o Medicina?", los compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>l aloe v~ra pue<strong>de</strong>n ser<br />
divididos <strong>en</strong> los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes grupos:<br />
1) Vitaminas: es rico <strong>en</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s vitaminas, excluy<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong> vitamina<br />
O, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> vitamina A (betacarot<strong>en</strong>e) que es<br />
antioxidante, e, E e incluso B12 (es una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s pocas p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>en</strong> el<br />
mundo que posee esta vitamina).<br />
2) Enzimas: muchos difer<strong>en</strong>tes' tipos <strong>de</strong> estos catalizadores<br />
bioquímicos, cuando son ingeridos, ayudan a <strong>la</strong> digestión<br />
eliminando grasas y azúcares. En particu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong> <strong>en</strong>zima Bradykinase<br />
ayuda a reducir <strong>la</strong> inf<strong>la</strong>mación excesiva cuando se aplica sobre <strong>la</strong><br />
piel y por lo tanto, reduce el dolor.<br />
3) Minerales: calcio, sodio, potasio, manganeso, cobre, ZinC, cromo y<br />
el antioxidante sel<strong>en</strong>io. Aunque los minerales son sólo necesarios<br />
<strong>en</strong> pequeñas cantida<strong>de</strong>s, son es<strong>en</strong>ciales <strong>para</strong> el propio<br />
funcionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> varios sistemas <strong>en</strong>zimáticos.<br />
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4) Azúcares: son <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> capa muci<strong>la</strong>g<strong>en</strong>osa <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta,<br />
que ro<strong>de</strong>a al gel interior y son conocidos como mucopolisacáridos,<br />
los que fortalec<strong>en</strong> el sistema inmunológico. El aloe vera conti<strong>en</strong>e<br />
mono y polisacáridos, pero los más importantes son los <strong>la</strong>rgas<br />
ca<strong>de</strong>nas <strong>de</strong> azúcares que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> glucosa y manosa o los glucomannans,<br />
los que una vez <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> sangre son capace$ <strong>de</strong> imponer su<br />
efecto inmuno-regu<strong>la</strong>torio.<br />
5) Antarquinonas: hay doce <strong>de</strong> estos compuestos f<strong>en</strong>ólicos, los<br />
cuales ayudan <strong>la</strong> absorción gastro intestinal y ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> efectos<br />
antibióticos. Las más importantes son <strong>la</strong> aloína y <strong>la</strong> emodina, <strong>la</strong>s<br />
que actúan como eliminadoras <strong>de</strong> dolor.<br />
6) Lignina: es una sustancia inerte, pero ti<strong>en</strong>e características <strong>de</strong><br />
absorción muy po<strong>de</strong>rosas, lo que da a <strong>la</strong>s pre<strong>para</strong>ciones un<br />
singu<strong>la</strong>r efecto <strong>de</strong> p<strong>en</strong>etración.<br />
7) Saponinas: constituy<strong>en</strong> un 3% <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y son capaces<br />
<strong>de</strong> limpiar, t<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do propieda<strong>de</strong>s antisépticas. Actúan<br />
po<strong>de</strong>rosam<strong>en</strong>te como antibióticos; contra bacterias, virus y<br />
hongos.<br />
8) Acidos grasos: colesterol, campesterol, ~ sisosterol y lupeol. Estos<br />
cuatro esteroi<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta 'son importantes ag<strong>en</strong>tes antiinf<strong>la</strong>matorios.<br />
9) Acido salicílico: un compuesto simi<strong>la</strong>r a <strong>la</strong> aspirina que posee<br />
propieda<strong>de</strong>s anti-inf<strong>la</strong>matorias y antibióticas.<br />
10) Aminoácidos: el cuerpo necesita 22 aminoácidos; el gel<br />
proporciona 20 <strong>de</strong> ellos. Lo más importante, proporciona 7 <strong>de</strong> los<br />
8 aminoácidos es<strong>en</strong>ciales que el cuerpo no pue<strong>de</strong> sintetizar.<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera conti<strong>en</strong>e aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te un 99,5 % <strong>de</strong> agua <strong>en</strong><br />
peso, lo que permite llegar a conc<strong>en</strong>traciones <strong>de</strong> 1: 199. Se pre<strong>para</strong><br />
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14<br />
comercialm<strong>en</strong>te a través <strong>de</strong> varios métodos; <strong>la</strong> mayoría a través <strong>de</strong><br />
presión, aunque algunos consi<strong>de</strong>ran extracción por solv<strong>en</strong>tes. Se<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>ra que el gel obt<strong>en</strong>ido mediante <strong>la</strong> acción mecánica <strong>de</strong> pr<strong>en</strong>sar<br />
<strong>la</strong>s hojas conserva mejor <strong>la</strong>s propieda<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> aloe que el gel obt<strong>en</strong>ido<br />
mediante extracción. Una vez que se extrae el gel, éste <strong>de</strong>be ser<br />
estabilizado rápidam<strong>en</strong>te, lo que implica <strong>la</strong> utilización d,e preservantes<br />
<strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s primeras 4 a 6 horas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> que se corta <strong>la</strong> hoja. De lo<br />
contrario, <strong>la</strong> probabilidad. <strong>de</strong> oxidación es alta y se pue<strong>de</strong>n per<strong>de</strong>r <strong>la</strong>s<br />
propieda<strong>de</strong>s originales <strong>de</strong>l gel.<br />
Por otra parte, el almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y manejo <strong>de</strong>l aloe es muy crítico;<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el <strong>la</strong>vado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas hasta que se ll<strong>en</strong>an <strong>la</strong>s botel<strong>la</strong>s con<br />
productos, hay numerosos lugares <strong>en</strong> los cuales se pue<strong>de</strong>n introducir<br />
bacterias al gel y pue<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>struirlo.<br />
Los productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong> aloe vera están disponibles <strong>en</strong> dos<br />
formas, líquidos y sólidos. Los líquidos son conc<strong>en</strong>trados <strong>en</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
graduaciones (gel líquido); <strong>en</strong> cambio el sólido más común es el<br />
<strong>de</strong>shidratado por spray, seguido por el obt<strong>en</strong>ido mediante conge<strong>la</strong>mi<strong>en</strong>to<br />
y posterior sublimación <strong>de</strong>l gel natural, conocido como gel liofilizado;<br />
ambos ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> polvo.<br />
Por otro <strong>la</strong>do, el acíbar,<br />
\<br />
que se obti<strong>en</strong>e al <strong>de</strong>jar escurrir <strong>la</strong>s hojas, una<br />
vez que son cortadas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> base, se somete a cal<strong>en</strong>tami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>para</strong> así<br />
evaporar el agua y el residuo pastoso <strong>de</strong> color café oscuro que queda es<br />
<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>nominada Droga Aloe o Pasta <strong>de</strong> Acíbar. La aloína comercial es <strong>la</strong><br />
pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar refinada, que conti<strong>en</strong>e altas conc<strong>en</strong>traciones <strong>de</strong><br />
barbaloína, que es el principal compon<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong>xante <strong>de</strong>l aloe.<br />
El acíbar se pue<strong>de</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>er <strong>de</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s especies <strong>de</strong> aloe m<strong>en</strong>cionadas<br />
anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te. Sin embargo, el Gel <strong>de</strong> aloe sólo es posible obt<strong>en</strong>erlo <strong>de</strong>l<br />
aloe vera.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
15<br />
4. ESTUDIO DE MERCADO<br />
El Estudio <strong>de</strong> Mercado ti<strong>en</strong>e como objetivo <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>la</strong> exist<strong>en</strong>cia<br />
actual y pot<strong>en</strong>cial <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda y oferta <strong>para</strong> el producto <strong>de</strong>finido, tanto<br />
<strong>en</strong> el mercado interno como externo, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> hacer <strong>la</strong>s proyecCIOnes<br />
<strong>para</strong> cada una <strong>de</strong> el<strong>la</strong>s.<br />
4.1 Determinación <strong>de</strong>l Producto<br />
Actualm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> el mercado <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera se comercializa una amplia<br />
gama <strong>de</strong> productos, tanto sin e<strong>la</strong>borar, semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados como productos<br />
terminados o <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera.<br />
D<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> los productos sin e<strong>la</strong>boración o materias primas y productos<br />
semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados, prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera, figuran los si$ui<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />
Materias primas:<br />
Hojas completas o fileteadas.<br />
Hijuelos, que son p<strong>la</strong>ntas pequeñas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>para</strong> propagación.<br />
Productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados:<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> hoja completa, filtrada y sin filtrar.<br />
Hoja completa conc<strong>en</strong>trada (conc<strong>en</strong>tración 2X 3 a 8X).<br />
Gel líquido natural, filtrado y sin filtrar, regu<strong>la</strong>r o <strong>de</strong>colorado.<br />
Gel líquido conc<strong>en</strong>trado (conc<strong>en</strong>tración 10X y 40X), regu<strong>la</strong>r o<br />
<strong>de</strong>colorado.<br />
Gel <strong>en</strong> polvo, <strong>de</strong>shidratado por spray (conc<strong>en</strong>tración 100X y 200X).<br />
3 Ver Cuadro N D 4. 1-1: Estándares <strong>de</strong> Conc<strong>en</strong>tración<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> FaCTibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe rinal, Abril 1999
16<br />
Gel <strong>en</strong> polvo, <strong>de</strong>shidratado conge<strong>la</strong>do (liofilizado) (conc<strong>en</strong>tración<br />
100X y 200X).<br />
Extracto, como líquido soluble <strong>en</strong> aceite.<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> Acíbar.<br />
Cuadro N°4.1-1<br />
Estándares <strong>de</strong> Conc<strong>en</strong>traciones<br />
Factor <strong>de</strong> Conc<strong>en</strong>tración Designación Alfabética Fórmu<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> Reconstitución<br />
1X Agua madre Ninguna. Conc<strong>en</strong>tración nativa<br />
2X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia doble 1 parte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 1 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
4X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia cuádruple 1 parte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 3 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
10X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia 10' 1 parte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 9 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
20X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia 20· 1 parte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 19 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
40X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia 40' 1 parte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 39 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
100X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia 100' 1 parte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 99 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
200X Pot<strong>en</strong>cia 200' 1 oarte <strong>de</strong> aloe por 199 <strong>de</strong> agua<br />
Fu<strong>en</strong>te: IASC, Internatlonal Aloe SCl<strong>en</strong>ce Counc"<br />
Notas:<br />
1 . La reconstitución trae el conc<strong>en</strong>trado <strong>de</strong> aloe a su nivel nativo <strong>de</strong> sólidos y<br />
otros constituy<strong>en</strong>tes.<br />
\<br />
2. Dado el porc<strong>en</strong>taje <strong>de</strong> agua <strong>de</strong>l gel natural (99,5 %), los productos <strong>de</strong> gel<br />
pue<strong>de</strong>n ser conc<strong>en</strong>trados hasta 200X y los productos <strong>de</strong> hoja completa sólo<br />
pue<strong>de</strong>n ser conc<strong>en</strong>trados hasta 100X. Como guía <strong>para</strong> los fabricantes, el IASC<br />
ha <strong>de</strong>finido el total <strong>de</strong> sólidos <strong>de</strong> aloe (aloe exclusivo sin aditivos ni excipi<strong>en</strong>tes)<br />
<strong>en</strong> un 0,5% <strong>en</strong> gel y<br />
1 % <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> hoja completa. Estos son valores mínimos que<br />
<strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> ser alcanzados por cualquier producto <strong>de</strong> aloe e<strong>la</strong>borado por alguna<br />
compañía miembro <strong>de</strong>l IAse.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
17<br />
~.<br />
A continuación se analiza los' principales productos i<strong>de</strong>ntificados<br />
anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te:<br />
a) Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Respecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> hoja <strong>de</strong> aloe vera completa Sin e<strong>la</strong>borar, es posible<br />
afirmar que ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> poca pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> los mercados mundiales, ya que si<br />
bi<strong>en</strong> aparec<strong>en</strong> algunos precios <strong>de</strong> transacción <strong>en</strong> mercados terminales <strong>de</strong><br />
USA (Miami, Boston, Baltimore), según lo averiguado telefónicam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
con <strong>la</strong> Srta. Holly Mozel, Market Reporter <strong>de</strong>l mercado <strong>de</strong> Baltimore, <strong>la</strong>s<br />
transacciones semanales son <strong>de</strong> aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 8 a 10 cajas <strong>de</strong><br />
hojas.<br />
No obstante lo anterior y con el fin <strong>de</strong> t<strong>en</strong>er mayor conocimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />
respecto <strong>de</strong>l manejo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, INECON romó contacto<br />
con <strong>la</strong> Fundación Chile, que <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace algún tiempo ha estado<br />
<strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndo un proyecto <strong>en</strong>cargado por una empresa alemana<br />
e<strong>la</strong>boradora <strong>de</strong> materias primas <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria farmacéutica y<br />
cosmética, cuyo nombre es confi<strong>de</strong>ncial. El proyecto consiste <strong>en</strong><br />
estudiar <strong>la</strong>s características, el comportami<strong>en</strong>to y r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong><br />
cultivos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> Chile, con el fin <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar un lugar óptimo<br />
<strong>para</strong> su explotación. El proyecto contemp<strong>la</strong> el <strong>en</strong>vío <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
~<br />
vera recién cortadas hacia Alemania, don<strong>de</strong> serían posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
e<strong>la</strong>boradas <strong>en</strong> los <strong>la</strong>boratorios <strong>de</strong> esta empresa.<br />
Fundación Chile manti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> actualidad p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones experim<strong>en</strong>tales<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes localida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Chile:<br />
Valle <strong>de</strong> L1uta (al interior <strong>de</strong> Arica - Sin mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to)<br />
Pica (al interior <strong>de</strong> Iquique - Oasis Esmeralda)<br />
Ovalle<br />
Sa<strong>la</strong>manca<br />
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18<br />
Nogales<br />
Curacaví<br />
Santo Domingo<br />
Las p<strong>la</strong>ntas fueron importadas <strong>de</strong> Texas y se está estudiando su<br />
adaptación al clima y suelo <strong>de</strong> cada una <strong>de</strong> estas localida<strong>de</strong>s. Hasta <strong>la</strong><br />
fecha <strong>de</strong> este informe, se habían hecho algunos <strong>de</strong>spachos <strong>de</strong> hojas<br />
frescas a Alemania y éstas llegaron <strong>en</strong> bu<strong>en</strong>as condiciones a su <strong>de</strong>stino,<br />
lo que abriría <strong>la</strong> posibilidad <strong>de</strong> no <strong>de</strong>scartar a priori esta. modalidad <strong>de</strong><br />
comercialización.<br />
b) Pasta <strong>de</strong> Acíbar<br />
Como se dijo <strong>en</strong> el capítulo <strong>de</strong> Antece<strong>de</strong>ntes G<strong>en</strong>erales, el acíbar, <strong>de</strong><br />
don<strong>de</strong> posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te se obt<strong>en</strong>drá <strong>la</strong> aloína, ti<strong>en</strong>e es<strong>en</strong>cia\m<strong>en</strong>te efectos<br />
<strong>la</strong>xantes. Conforme a lo anterior y con el fin <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r mejor el<br />
mercado <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l cual está inserto este subproducto <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera, es<br />
necesario revisar brevem<strong>en</strong>te el mercado <strong>de</strong> los productos <strong>la</strong>xantes.<br />
Algunos <strong>la</strong>xantes actúan increm<strong>en</strong>tando el volum<strong>en</strong> y propoíción <strong>de</strong><br />
agua <strong>de</strong>l cont<strong>en</strong>ido intestinal, mediante el aporte <strong>de</strong> fibra~ Constituy<strong>en</strong><br />
los <strong>de</strong>nominados <strong>la</strong>xantes por aum<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> volum<strong>en</strong>, o voluminosos,<br />
\<br />
como ejemplo <strong>de</strong> los cuales se pue<strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>cionar el salvado. Estos<br />
<strong>la</strong>xantes se comercializan <strong>en</strong> forma <strong>de</strong> tabletas o granulos, aunque<br />
también pue<strong>de</strong>n consumirse los propios cereales <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> dieta<br />
cotidiana y ofrec<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> solución más inocua y natural.<br />
El segundo grupo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>xantes, que no aum<strong>en</strong>tan el volum<strong>en</strong>, compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong><br />
tres tipos difer<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> medicam<strong>en</strong>tos, que actúan <strong>de</strong> distintas maneras<br />
y sólo <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> administrarse bajo prescripción médica, <strong>de</strong>bido a los<br />
efectos secundarios que ocasionan.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
19<br />
El primer tipo está constituido 'por los <strong>la</strong>xantes estimu<strong>la</strong>ntes, que<br />
compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>n ciertas sustancias <strong>vegetales</strong> como el aloe o los aceites <strong>de</strong><br />
castor y <strong>de</strong> crotón, que actúan por estimu<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mucosa intestinal,<br />
o bi<strong>en</strong> sobre los nervios <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pared intestinal, aum<strong>en</strong>tando <strong>la</strong> pot<strong>en</strong>cia y<br />
<strong>la</strong> frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> los movimi<strong>en</strong>tos peristálticos, que son <strong>la</strong>s contracciones<br />
muscu<strong>la</strong>res rítmicas producidas por <strong>la</strong>s pare<strong>de</strong>s intestinale,s.<br />
Otros ejemplos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>xantes estimu<strong>la</strong>ntes son: Podophillun s<strong>en</strong>na (el<br />
<strong>la</strong>xante natural a base <strong>de</strong> hierbas más v<strong>en</strong>dido <strong>en</strong> Estados Unidos),<br />
f<strong>en</strong>olftaleina, bisacodil, ácido <strong>de</strong>hidrocólico y cáscara sagrada.<br />
El segundo tipo lo forman los <strong>la</strong>xantes osmóticos, que actúan ret<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do<br />
líquidos <strong>en</strong> el interior <strong>de</strong>l intestino; <strong>en</strong>tre éstos se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran el fosfato y<br />
el sulfato sódico, varias sales <strong>de</strong> magnesio, como el sulfato y el<br />
hidróxido magnésico, diversas aguas minerales y <strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>ctos9'<br />
Por último, exist<strong>en</strong> los <strong>la</strong>xantes reb<strong>la</strong>n<strong>de</strong>cedores o lubricantes, como <strong>la</strong><br />
<strong>para</strong>fina, que se aplican por vía rectal <strong>en</strong> casos críticos.<br />
Convi<strong>en</strong>e hacer notar que <strong>la</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> aloína pura .es realizada<br />
exclusivam<strong>en</strong>te por <strong>la</strong>boratorios farmacéuticos reconocidos, ya que su<br />
proceso <strong>de</strong> e<strong>la</strong>boración consi<strong>de</strong>ra estrictos parámetros <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong><br />
calidad.<br />
En los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes párrafos se transcribe los principales aspectos que<br />
hac<strong>en</strong> refer<strong>en</strong>cia al acíbar <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, según <strong>la</strong> Real Farmacopea<br />
Españo<strong>la</strong>.<br />
"Los Principios Activos <strong>de</strong>l acíbar <strong>de</strong> aloe vera son: <strong>de</strong>rivados<br />
hidroxiantraquinónicos (25-40%); aloínas A y B (aloína, barbaloínaJ,<br />
aloerresinas A, B Y C (glucosilcromonasJ. El cont<strong>en</strong>ido mínimo <strong>en</strong><br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
20<br />
<strong>de</strong>rivados hidroxiantracénicos expresados <strong>en</strong> barbaloína no <strong>de</strong>biera ser<br />
inferior al 28% <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> droga <strong>de</strong>secada."<br />
"La Acción Farmacológica <strong>de</strong>l acíbar es <strong>la</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>te:<br />
A bajas dosis (10-60 mg/día), es tónico digestiv.o, co<strong>la</strong>gogo.<br />
Dosis medias (100 mg/día) produc<strong>en</strong> un efecto <strong>la</strong>xante.<br />
Dosis mayores (200 mg/día), purgante."<br />
"Los <strong>de</strong>rivados hidroxiantracénicos se transforman <strong>en</strong> el inst<strong>en</strong>tino <strong>en</strong><br />
aloe-emodín antrona, que produce una acción irritante sobre <strong>la</strong>s<br />
terminaciones nerviosas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> membrana intestinal, que comporta un<br />
increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> secreción mucosa y un aum<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l peristaltismo,<br />
junto con una inhibición <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> reabsorción <strong>de</strong> agua y electrolitos,<br />
especialm<strong>en</strong>te potasio."<br />
"De esta forma, <strong>la</strong>s principal Indicación <strong>de</strong>l acíbar es: estreñimi<strong>en</strong>to<br />
ocasional. En cambio, sus Contraindicaciones son: embarazo, <strong>la</strong>ctancia,<br />
niños m<strong>en</strong>ores <strong>de</strong> diez años, dolor abdominal <strong>de</strong> orig<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>sconocido,<br />
abdom<strong>en</strong> agudo, obstrucción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s vías biliares, hemorroi<strong>de</strong>s, cistitis,<br />
prostatitis, <strong>en</strong>fermedad <strong>de</strong> Crohn, colitis ulcerosa, colon irritable,<br />
insufici<strong>en</strong>cia cardíaca o r<strong>en</strong>al."<br />
"Tanto el acíbar como <strong>la</strong> aloína o barbaloína, a dosis extraterapéuticas,<br />
pue<strong>de</strong>n producir un int<strong>en</strong>so efecto emetocatártico, con diarreas<br />
sanguinol<strong>en</strong>tas, dolores cólicos intestinales, vómitos, hipotermia,<br />
albuminuria, convulsiones y co<strong>la</strong>pso. Sin embargo, el mayor peligro <strong>de</strong><br />
los <strong>la</strong>xantes irritantes radica <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> automedicación y <strong>en</strong> el uso (abuso)<br />
crónico: tomados <strong>de</strong> forma continuada produc<strong>en</strong> una pérdida <strong>de</strong><br />
electrolitos que altera el equilibrio sodio-potasio. La <strong>de</strong>pleción <strong>de</strong> potasio<br />
produce finalm<strong>en</strong>te una parálisis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> muscu<strong>la</strong>tura intestinal, que<br />
comporta una perdida <strong>de</strong> efectividad <strong>la</strong>xante y el estreñimi<strong>en</strong>to se<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
21<br />
perpetúa¡ lo que obliga a aum<strong>en</strong>tar' pau<strong>la</strong>tinam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> dosis¡ originando a<br />
<strong>la</strong>rgo p<strong>la</strong>zo daños irreversibles sobre <strong>la</strong> membrana y <strong>la</strong> muscu<strong>la</strong>tura<br />
intestinal. 1/<br />
En el docum<strong>en</strong>to l/Medicinal HerbFAOI/ publicado por <strong>la</strong> Universidad <strong>de</strong><br />
Carolina <strong>de</strong>l Norte¡ <strong>en</strong> Estados Unidos, <strong>en</strong> febrero <strong>de</strong> 1998¡ se afirma<br />
que l/La popu<strong>la</strong>ridad <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera se ha visto increm<strong>en</strong>tada durante los<br />
últimos años y <strong>de</strong> hecho es una hierba maravillosa <strong>para</strong> uso externo<br />
sobre <strong>la</strong> piel. Pero¡ a causa <strong>de</strong> su uso, su nombre se está haci<strong>en</strong>do cada<br />
vez más conocido y algunas personas asum<strong>en</strong> que si resulta segura <strong>para</strong><br />
un propósito, lo será <strong>para</strong> otros. i Pero no es así! 1/<br />
El mismo docum<strong>en</strong>to citado <strong>en</strong> el párrafo prece<strong>de</strong>nte establece lo<br />
sigui<strong>en</strong>te: l/Muchos herbalistas occi<strong>de</strong>ntales no recomi<strong>en</strong>dan el aloe<br />
como <strong>la</strong>xante porque es muy fuerte. Michael Castleman: <strong>en</strong> su popu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
libro l/Las Hierbas Curativasl/¡ ti<strong>en</strong>e una recom<strong>en</strong>dación bajo el título <strong>de</strong><br />
Aloe; l/Nunca como <strong>la</strong>xantel/. El dice que es el l/más drásticol/ <strong>de</strong> los<br />
<strong>la</strong>xantes catárticos y que es el m<strong>en</strong>os recom<strong>en</strong>dado porque a m<strong>en</strong>udo<br />
causa severas contracciones muscu<strong>la</strong>res <strong>de</strong>l intestino y diarrea. 1/<br />
Por último¡ cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r lo formu<strong>la</strong>do <strong>en</strong> el I/WHO Pharmaceuticals<br />
Newsletterl/ <strong>de</strong> septiembre-octubre <strong>de</strong> 1998, publicado por <strong>la</strong><br />
\<br />
Organización Mundial <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Salud, refer<strong>en</strong>te a <strong>la</strong>xantes que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
aloe¡ bisacodyl¡ cáscara sagrada y s<strong>en</strong>na: l/En el contexto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> revisión<br />
<strong>de</strong> los ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>la</strong>xantes que son v<strong>en</strong>didos sin prescripción médica¡ <strong>la</strong><br />
Food and Drug Administration ha propuesto rec<strong>la</strong>sificar los ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
<strong>la</strong>xantes estimu<strong>la</strong>ntes: aloe¡ bisacodyl, cáscara sagrada y s<strong>en</strong>na<br />
(incluy<strong>en</strong>do s<strong>en</strong>nosidas) <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Categoría I (l/g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te reconocidos<br />
como seguros y efectivos U)<br />
a Categoría "' (Use necesita más datosl/). La<br />
Ag<strong>en</strong>cia revisó los datos disponibles <strong>en</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción a estos productos y<br />
concluyó que los datos canceríg<strong>en</strong>os son insufici<strong>en</strong>tes u.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad .<strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final. Abril 1999
22<br />
De hecho, el s<strong>en</strong>na había reemp<strong>la</strong>zado hace poco, como ingredi<strong>en</strong>te<br />
<strong>la</strong>xante, a <strong>la</strong> f<strong>en</strong>olftaleina qUlmlca, a <strong>la</strong> cual se le comprobaron<br />
t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncias canceríg<strong>en</strong>as, lo cual obligó también a rec<strong>la</strong>sificar<strong>la</strong>, pero <strong>en</strong><br />
Categoría 11, es <strong>de</strong>cir, "No reconocida g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te como segura y<br />
efectiva o erróneam<strong>en</strong>te etiquetada".<br />
Por lo anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te expuesto <strong>en</strong> esta sección, es posible concluir que el<br />
acíbar, como subproducto <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera, no constituye un mercado<br />
promisorio y pres<strong>en</strong>ta una <strong>de</strong>manda <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>clinación; <strong>de</strong> hecho<br />
prácticam<strong>en</strong>te ningún v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera ofrece acíbar o<br />
aloína <strong>en</strong> su lista <strong>de</strong> productos. No obstante, <strong>en</strong> virtud que el estudio<br />
anterior "Investigación <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> <strong>vegetales</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>zonas</strong> áridas y<br />
semi-áridas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo" consi<strong>de</strong>ró <strong>en</strong> sus análisis el<br />
acíbar como un subproducto importante, se evaluará <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong><br />
su producción y comercialización, haci<strong>en</strong>do el supu;esto que los<br />
volúm<strong>en</strong>es a obt<strong>en</strong>er podrán ser efectivam<strong>en</strong>te colocados <strong>en</strong> los<br />
mercados externos.<br />
c) Gel líquido <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Respecto <strong>de</strong>l gel<br />
(líquido) <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a lo investigado, <strong>la</strong><br />
modalidad <strong>de</strong> mayor pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> el mercado es 10X, es <strong>de</strong>cir, el<br />
\<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>trado que <strong>para</strong> ser reconstituido requiere <strong>de</strong> 1 parte <strong>de</strong> gel por 9<br />
<strong>de</strong> agua. La afirmación anterior es confirmada por lo explicado por <strong>la</strong><br />
firma CAC Concetrated Aloe Corporation, qui<strong>en</strong> afirma 4 "Después <strong>de</strong><br />
años <strong>de</strong> experi<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> e<strong>la</strong>boración y manejO <strong>de</strong> líquidos<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>trados, 10X exhibe <strong>la</strong> mejor estabilidad y reti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> mayor parte<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntidad original <strong>de</strong> aloe que conc<strong>en</strong>traciones más altas. Mi<strong>en</strong>tras<br />
más tiempo permanece el aloe <strong>en</strong> el evaporacior, más se alteran sus<br />
propieda<strong>de</strong>s naturales. El producto también pue<strong>de</strong> ser filtrado más<br />
fácilm<strong>en</strong>te y purificado <strong>en</strong> forma completa que un producto con mayor<br />
a Artículo publicado <strong>en</strong> http://www.conaloe.com/newpage2.htm<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad parfl el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV RegiólI. Illforme rinal, Abril 1999
23<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tración. El resultado es un 'conc<strong>en</strong>trado que no solidifica a bajas<br />
temperaturas Y cuando es restituido aún reti<strong>en</strong>e el sabor y<br />
características <strong>de</strong>l agua madre."<br />
A continuaclon <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 10X, aparec<strong>en</strong> con mayor<br />
frecu<strong>en</strong>cia publicados el gel natural (1 X) Y el gel <strong>en</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 40X.<br />
De acuerdo a los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes recogidos <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trevistas a químicofarmacéuticos<br />
nacionales, el gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera ti<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> a oscurecerse<br />
cuando permanece almac<strong>en</strong>ado por períodos superiores a treinta días,<br />
aunque haya sido estabilizado. Esto pue<strong>de</strong> alterar el color <strong>de</strong>l producto<br />
final <strong>en</strong> cuya e<strong>la</strong>boración sea empleado el gel (shampoo, jabón, crema,<br />
etc.). Por este motivo, algunos <strong>la</strong>boratorios prefier<strong>en</strong> usar el gel <strong>en</strong><br />
polvo.<br />
d) Gel <strong>en</strong> polvo <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Otro producto semi-e<strong>la</strong>borado, como se señaló anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, lo<br />
constituye el gel con conc<strong>en</strong>traciones más altas, es <strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>en</strong> estado<br />
sólido y con pres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> polvo. Para producir el polvo <strong>de</strong> gel <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
vera se utilizan dos métodos: <strong>de</strong>shidratación por spray (aerosol) o<br />
método tradicional y liofilización.<br />
La liofilización da <strong>la</strong> oportunidad <strong>de</strong> evitar <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>snaturalización causada<br />
por el cal<strong>en</strong>tami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l producto, ya que lo manti<strong>en</strong>e conge<strong>la</strong>do durante<br />
todo el proceso <strong>de</strong> secado. Esta es <strong>la</strong> v<strong>en</strong>taja más evi<strong>de</strong>nte sobre el<br />
método <strong>de</strong> secado por evaporación. Igualm<strong>en</strong>te importante es que <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
etapa <strong>de</strong> secado por evaporación o fase líquida hay una filtración y<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tración no <strong>de</strong>seada <strong>de</strong> compon<strong>en</strong>tes activos que causan daño y<br />
se acumu<strong>la</strong>n <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> superficie <strong>de</strong>l producto, obstruy<strong>en</strong>do el proceso <strong>de</strong><br />
evaporación. Esto se elimina con el método <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>shidratación por spray,<br />
pero ti<strong>en</strong>e el inconv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te que necesita cal<strong>en</strong>tar el producto a<br />
temperaturas cercanas a los 1oooe. Lo anterior ha convertido al gel<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
24<br />
liofilizado <strong>en</strong> el producto preferido por <strong>la</strong> industria cosmética, aunque<br />
aún <strong>de</strong>be bajar sus costos <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>para</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r ingresar con mayor<br />
facilidad al mercado, puesto que es un producto más caro que el gel <strong>en</strong><br />
polvo obt<strong>en</strong>ido por spray.<br />
Según lo <strong>de</strong>fine Thomas A. J<strong>en</strong>nings, Ph. D., <strong>en</strong> :;u artículo <strong>de</strong><br />
noviembre <strong>de</strong> 1998, "Revisión <strong>de</strong>l proceso <strong>de</strong> liofilización", publicado<br />
por <strong>la</strong> empresa Phase Technologies <strong>en</strong> internet 5 , el proceso <strong>de</strong><br />
liofilización es "Un proceso <strong>de</strong> estabilización <strong>en</strong> el cual una sustancia es<br />
primero conge<strong>la</strong>da y luego se reduce <strong>la</strong> cantidad <strong>de</strong> solv<strong>en</strong>te<br />
(g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te agua), primero por sublimación (conocido como el<br />
proceso <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>shidratación primario) y luego por <strong>de</strong>sorción (conocido<br />
como el proceso <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>shidratación secundario) a valores que no<br />
permitirán actividad biológica o reacciones químicas.".<br />
Sublimación es el proceso mediante el cual una sustancia, tal como<br />
hielo, va <strong>de</strong>l estado sólido al estado gaseoso, sin pasar por <strong>la</strong> fase<br />
líquida. Para facilitar este proceso se somete el producto conge<strong>la</strong>do a<br />
vacío.<br />
Desorción consiste <strong>en</strong> sacar el agua restante, luego <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> sublimación,<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> superficie <strong>de</strong>l producto, lo cual se logra subi<strong>en</strong>do un poco <strong>la</strong><br />
,<br />
temperatura, pero mant<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do una presión baja.<br />
En g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>la</strong> liofilización <strong>de</strong>biera ser usada cuando el producto cumple<br />
con uno o más <strong>de</strong> los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes criterios: inestable, vulnerable al calor,<br />
se requiere un tamaño mínimo <strong>de</strong> partícu<strong>la</strong>s, se requiere dosificación<br />
muy precisa, se requiere una completa re-hidratación y el producto ti<strong>en</strong>e<br />
un alto valor.<br />
5 Ver dirección http://www.phase-technologies.com/html/vol. 1 no._9.html<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad parél el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. informe Final, Abril 1999
25<br />
Las principales v<strong>en</strong>tajas <strong>de</strong>l proceso <strong>de</strong> liofilización son:<br />
i) Manti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong>l producto porque éste permanece a una<br />
temperatura por <strong>de</strong>bajo <strong>de</strong>l punto <strong>de</strong> conge<strong>la</strong>mi<strong>en</strong>to durante el<br />
proceso <strong>de</strong> sublimación.<br />
ii)<br />
¡ii)<br />
iv)<br />
Los productos liofilizados g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te se pue<strong>de</strong>n almac<strong>en</strong>ar Sin<br />
refrigeración, lo cual lleva asociada una reducción significativa <strong>de</strong><br />
costos <strong>de</strong> almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y transporte.<br />
La liofilización reduce el peso <strong>en</strong> forma importante, lo cual hace<br />
que los productos sean más fáciles <strong>de</strong> transportar.<br />
Ya que los productos liofilizados son porosos, resulta muy fácil rehidratarlos.<br />
Las principales <strong>de</strong>sv<strong>en</strong>tajas <strong>de</strong>l proceso <strong>de</strong> liofilización son::<br />
i) Alto costo <strong>de</strong> los equipos (alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> tres veces más que los <strong>de</strong><br />
otros métodos).<br />
ii) Alto costo <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ergía (2 a 3 veces más que los métodos<br />
tradicionales) .<br />
¡ii) Largo tiempo <strong>de</strong>l proceso (típicam<strong>en</strong>te un proceso <strong>de</strong> secado dura<br />
24 horas).<br />
e) Productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera<br />
A continuación se pres<strong>en</strong>ta un listado con los principales productos<br />
<strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera que se comercializan <strong>en</strong> el mundo:<br />
Acondicionador <strong>para</strong> el cabello<br />
Crema <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong>s manos<br />
Crema <strong>para</strong> el cuerpo<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Iníorme Final, Abril 1999
26<br />
Desodorante<br />
Gel <strong>de</strong> baño<br />
Jabón líquido<br />
Jalea<br />
Jugo - Néctar<br />
Loción <strong>para</strong> pies<br />
Loción <strong>para</strong> <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> afeitarse<br />
Pañales<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> di<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
Protector so<strong>la</strong>r<br />
Protector <strong>la</strong>bial<br />
Shampoo<br />
Suplem<strong>en</strong>to dietético<br />
Té <strong>de</strong> flores <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Tabletas - Cápsu<strong>la</strong>s<br />
Tonificador <strong>para</strong> el cuerpo<br />
Líneas <strong>de</strong> productos veterinarios<br />
Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>en</strong> Chile se comercializan algunos productos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
industria cosmética y <strong>de</strong> cuidado personal, como son los<br />
acondicionadores <strong>para</strong> el cabello, shampoos, cremas, <strong>de</strong>sodorantes,<br />
protectores so<strong>la</strong>res, jabones, pañales y protectores <strong>la</strong>biales. En el<br />
\<br />
Cuadro N°4.1-2 se pres<strong>en</strong>ta un listado <strong>de</strong> los productos que se<br />
comercializan <strong>en</strong> los principales supermercados y farmacias <strong>de</strong> Chile, <strong>en</strong><br />
cuyo cont<strong>en</strong>ido está pres<strong>en</strong>te el aloe vera.<br />
Cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r que muchos <strong>de</strong> los productos que aparec<strong>en</strong> m<strong>en</strong>cionados<br />
<strong>en</strong> el Cuadro N D 4. 1-2 están pres<strong>en</strong>tes sólo <strong>en</strong> algunos locales <strong>de</strong>l sector<br />
ori<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> Santiago y según los <strong>en</strong>cargados <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s ti<strong>en</strong>das o sus<br />
seccIOnes correspondi<strong>en</strong>tes, no es masiva su comercialización.<br />
G<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te, los productos fabricados por <strong>la</strong> empresa Lever S.A.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
27<br />
ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> mayor pres<strong>en</strong>cia. A<strong>de</strong>más, <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> los productos <strong>en</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta<br />
es importada.<br />
Dados los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes recogidos, consi<strong>de</strong>rando los productos con<br />
mayor pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> el mercado y los alcances <strong>de</strong>l pres<strong>en</strong>te proyecto, se<br />
ha consi<strong>de</strong>rado a<strong>de</strong>cuado <strong>en</strong>focar el estudio <strong>de</strong>l aloe verq, <strong>en</strong> su calidad<br />
<strong>de</strong> materia prima y como producto semi-e<strong>la</strong>borado, es <strong>de</strong>cir:<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntas pequeñas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>para</strong> propagación (hijuelos)<br />
Gel Líquido (conc<strong>en</strong>tración a <strong>de</strong>finir)<br />
Gel <strong>en</strong> Polvo (conc<strong>en</strong>tración a <strong>de</strong>finir)<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> !V Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
Cuadro N°4.1-Z<br />
Productos comercializados <strong>en</strong> supermercados y farmacias <strong>de</strong> Santiago <strong>de</strong> Chile que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> Aloe Vera<br />
Producto Marca Nombre - Descripción Cont. Precio (1) Orig<strong>en</strong> Fabricante Importador<br />
(US)<br />
Acondicionador C<strong>la</strong>irol Herbal Ess<strong>en</strong>ces - Sabi<strong>la</strong>. Manzanil<strong>la</strong> y Jojoba 340 gr 4.00 USA C<strong>la</strong>irol, Inc. Squibb & Sons - Durandin<br />
Acondicionador Sedal Aloe Progressive 400 mi 260 Chile Lever S.A.<br />
Acondicionador Suave Herbal Care Conditioner - Aloe Vera, Honeysuckle & Vil. E 444 mi 2.40 USA Hel<strong>en</strong> Curlis SAGRA ltda.<br />
Crema Alrix Cuidado Activo Para Manos - Age Control Cream 100 mi 3.90 Chile 8eirsdorf S.A.<br />
Crema Aloe & E Snip Caps Crema <strong>en</strong> capsu<strong>la</strong>s 100 un 5.20 USA Emproquim ltda.<br />
Crema Hinds Linea Natural - Emulsión con Aloe Vera 0.00 Arg<strong>en</strong>tina n/d Smith Kline 8eecham Chile S.A<br />
Crema Jerg<strong>en</strong>s Skin Care - Enriquecida con Aloe - Crema Para Manos y Cuerpo 300 mi 4.60 Arg<strong>en</strong>tina Sintaryc SAI.C. Cosmética Davis S.A.<br />
Crema Kadus Loción Crema'- Cuerpo y Manos - Enriquecida con Aloe y Lanoline 300 mi 3.50 Chile Laboratorio Kadus S.A.<br />
Crema Revlon Nalural Honey - Loción Humectante con Gel Aloe 210 mi 3.70 Chile Laboratorio Davis S.A.<br />
Crema St. Ives Aloe Vera Therapy Lotion With Soothing Whole Leaf Aloe 532 mi 7.90 USA St. Ives Laboratories, Inc. Key Company S.A.<br />
Crema St. Ives Rehydrating Hand & Body Lotion 330 mi 3.50 USA St. Ives Laboratories, Inc. Key Company SA<br />
Desodorante Lady Speed Stlck Aloe Gel 65 gr 3.10 USA Colgate-Palmolive Colgate-Palmolive Chile SA<br />
Jabón Fami- Timotei Jabón <strong>de</strong> Glicerina (Iiq.) - Hierbas y Aloe Vera 340 mi 1.90 Chile Lever SA<br />
Laxante Laxaloe Capsu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>la</strong>xantes 40 un 4.20 USA Arama Laboratorios<br />
Pal<strong>la</strong>les Pampers Premium con Aaloe Vera 14 un 6.20 USA Procter & Gamble Procler & Gamble SA<br />
Protector Labial Banana 80al Aloe Vera Sunblock Lip Balsam 4,25 gr 1.90 USA Sun Pharmaceuticals Corp. Comercial Copari S.A.<br />
Protector Labial Chap Slick Lip Balm , 10 gr 2.60 USA A.H. Robins Company Inc. Labs. Wyeth, Inc. Chite<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Australian Gold Aloe Freeze Gel 237 mi 12.40 USA Australian Gold VMS Comercial<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Australian Gold Dark Tanning Dry Oil Spray 237 mi 10.70 USA Australian Gold VMS Comercial<br />
Prolector So<strong>la</strong>r Australian Gold Power Gel Biosine Complex 237 mi 11.60 USA Australian Gold VMS Comercial<br />
Proteclor So<strong>la</strong>r AuSlralian Gold Tan Ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r moisture Lock - Aloe & Vitamin E 237 mi 10.60 USA Australian Gold VMS Comercial<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Baby Lee Bloqueador So<strong>la</strong>r SPF-20 con Extracto <strong>de</strong> Cal<strong>en</strong>du<strong>la</strong> y Aloe Vera 180 mi 5.30 Chile Colgate-Palmolive Chile S.A.<br />
Prolector So<strong>la</strong>r Banana Boal Alter Sun Spray 236 mi 6.80 USA Sun Pharmaceuticals Corp. Comercial Copari S.A.<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Banana Boal Sunless Tanning Lotion 110ml 7.80 USA Sun Pharmaceuticals Corp. Comercial Copari SA<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Caribbean Breeze AII Day Sunblock Lotion - SPF 30 237 mi 8.40 USA Caribhean Breeze Intl. Sunrise SA<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Fami<strong>la</strong>nd Gel So<strong>la</strong>r - Zanahoria y Aloe Vera 170 mi 3.50 Chile Laboratorio Durandin SAl.<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Hawaian Tropic 30 Plus - Bloquador So<strong>la</strong>r -- 120 mi 9.10 USA Tanning Research Labs. Laboratorio Maver ltda.<br />
Protecior So<strong>la</strong>r Hawaian Tropic Cool Aloe I.C.E. Burn Relief wilh Aloe Vera 240 mi 7.60 USA Tanning Research Labs. Laboratorio Maver ltda.<br />
Proteclor So<strong>la</strong>r Johnson & Johnson Sundown Aloe Gel - 95% Aloe 115 mi 8.60 Colombia Johnson & Johnson Key Company S.A.<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Nivea Sun Tropical Milk 200 mi 7.30 España BDF Nivea (SA) Beirsdorf SA<br />
Protector So<strong>la</strong>r Rayitc <strong>de</strong> Sol Gel Alter Sun 200 mi n/d Chile Laboratorio Pelrizzio S.A.<br />
Shampoo Alberto VOS Tropical Oreams - J<strong>en</strong>jibre Hawaino, Papaya y Aloe 444 mi 2.00 USA Alberto Culver Co. Key Company S.A.<br />
~poo C<strong>la</strong>irol Herbal Ess<strong>en</strong>ces - Sabi<strong>la</strong>, Manzanil<strong>la</strong> y Flor <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Pasión 340 gr 4.00 USA C<strong>la</strong>irol, Inc. 3quibb & Sons - Durandin<br />
Shampoo Fami-Timotei Hierbas y Aloe Vera 600 mi 2.20 Chile Lever S.A.<br />
Shampoo Sedal Aloe Progressive 400 mi 2.60 Chile Lever S.A.<br />
Shampoo St. Ives Swiss Formu<strong>la</strong> - Aloe Vera 450 mi 2.60 USA St. Ives Laboratories, Inc. Key Company SA<br />
Suplem<strong>en</strong>to allm. Arama Aloe Capsu<strong>la</strong>s suplem<strong>en</strong>te alim<strong>en</strong>ticio 250 mg 2.70 USA Arama Laboratorios _.<br />
Fu<strong>en</strong>te. E<strong>la</strong>boraclon propia <strong>en</strong> base a VIsitas a supermercados Ll<strong>de</strong>r, Ekúno. Jumbo, Unlmarc, Almac y Farmacias Ahumada <strong>en</strong> Santiago.<br />
(1) Precios promedios a febrero <strong>de</strong> 1999. Tipo <strong>de</strong> Cambio utilizado: $500/1 US$
29<br />
4.2 Demanda<br />
4.2.1 Caracterización <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>mandantes<br />
Como se dijo <strong>en</strong> un principio, el mercado objeti\(o <strong>de</strong>l pres<strong>en</strong>te<br />
estudio lo constituy<strong>en</strong> los <strong>de</strong>mandantes <strong>de</strong> materias primas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera y productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados, qui<strong>en</strong>es <strong>la</strong> utilizan <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
fabricación <strong>de</strong> productos terminados pert<strong>en</strong>eci<strong>en</strong>tes a <strong>la</strong>s<br />
industrias <strong>de</strong> productos naturales <strong>de</strong>l área Cosmética y <strong>de</strong><br />
Suplem<strong>en</strong>tos Alim<strong>en</strong>ticios. Por ello, es importante revisar<br />
algunos antece<strong>de</strong>ntes re<strong>la</strong>tivos a estos sectores industriales, a<br />
nivel mundial:<br />
a) Industria cosmética<br />
Según el estudio "U.S. Cosmetics & Toiletries Market: 1998/9<br />
Edition" e<strong>la</strong>borado por <strong>la</strong> firma Market Studies, Inc., el mercado<br />
norteamericano <strong>de</strong> cosméticos y productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado personal<br />
alcanzó los USS$23.900 millones <strong>en</strong> 1998. Las proyecciones<br />
sitúan el valor <strong>de</strong> este mercado <strong>en</strong> US$29.300 <strong>para</strong> el año 2003 .<br />
..<br />
El mercado chil<strong>en</strong>o mostró, por su parte, importaciones <strong>de</strong><br />
productos cosméticos por un total <strong>de</strong> USS $97,6 millones <strong>en</strong><br />
1998, principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos (US$24,5 millones) y<br />
Arg<strong>en</strong>tina (U S $22, 3 millones). Las exportaciones chil<strong>en</strong>as fueron<br />
<strong>de</strong> US$28,9 millones, principalm<strong>en</strong>te hacia Bolivia (US$8,5<br />
millones), Perú (US $ 5,4 millones) y Arg<strong>en</strong>tina (US $4, 6<br />
millones).6<br />
6 Fu<strong>en</strong>te: Cámara <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Industria Cosmética Chil<strong>en</strong>a<br />
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30<br />
Un estudio e<strong>la</strong>borado por Euromonitor, que se refiere<br />
específicam<strong>en</strong>te a <strong>la</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> productos farmacéuticos sin<br />
receta durante el período 1994-1998 7 , <strong>de</strong>terminó que Chile es el<br />
país que ti<strong>en</strong>e el gasto más bajo por habitante. Mi<strong>en</strong>tras el<br />
consumo <strong>de</strong> productos sin prescripción <strong>en</strong> Brasil alcanza a 18,4<br />
US$/hab al año, <strong>en</strong> Chile se gastan US$4,1 por hs;¡bitante al año.<br />
Entre los productos estudiados estaban remedios digestivos,<br />
tratami<strong>en</strong>to farmacéutico <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel, vitaminas y complem<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
alim<strong>en</strong>ticios.<br />
El docum<strong>en</strong>to "Chile, un país <strong>para</strong> invertir <strong>en</strong> agroindustria",<br />
e<strong>la</strong>borado por Fundación Chile, afirma <strong>en</strong> su sección Hierbas<br />
Aromáticas y Medicinales: "Existe una t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia mundial<br />
creci<strong>en</strong>te hacia <strong>la</strong> e<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> productos farmacéuticos,<br />
cosméticos y condim<strong>en</strong>tarios a partir <strong>de</strong> elem<strong>en</strong>tos naturales <strong>de</strong><br />
orig<strong>en</strong> vegetal."<br />
Un dato que resulta <strong>de</strong> gran interés <strong>para</strong> caracterizar a los<br />
<strong>de</strong>mandantes <strong>de</strong> productos terminados y por lo tanto, <strong>de</strong><br />
materias primas, dice re<strong>la</strong>ción con un estudio <strong>de</strong> mercado<br />
realizado por BCC-USA <strong>en</strong> julio <strong>de</strong> 1997, <strong>de</strong>nominado "Drugs<br />
and Cosmetics for the Ageing Boomers". En este artículo se<br />
p<strong>la</strong>ntea que <strong>la</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eración que r'epres<strong>en</strong>ta el po<strong>de</strong>r económico <strong>en</strong><br />
los Estados Unidos, conocida como los Baby Boomers, ya está<br />
cumpli<strong>en</strong>do los 50 años, lo que abre un camino <strong>de</strong> nuevos<br />
productos a ser comercializados <strong>para</strong> este grupo objetivo que<br />
comi<strong>en</strong>za a <strong>en</strong>vejecer, pero quiere seguir mant<strong>en</strong>iéndose jov<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te se vería favorecida <strong>la</strong> industria <strong>de</strong> cosméticos y<br />
productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado personal.<br />
7 Artículo publicado <strong>en</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>to Economía y Negocios <strong>de</strong>l diario El Mercurio el 27/03/99.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
31<br />
Por otra parte, según lo' <strong>de</strong>terminó un estudio <strong>de</strong>l mercado<br />
europeo ejecutado por Financial Times Pharmaceuticals,<br />
<strong>de</strong>nominado "European Cosmetics & Toiletries: Maintaining<br />
Growth ", <strong>en</strong> 1996, el mercado europeo <strong>de</strong> cosméticos y<br />
productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado personal <strong>en</strong> 1995 era <strong>de</strong> US$37.000<br />
millones, consi<strong>de</strong>rando Bélgica, Francia, AI~mania, Italia,<br />
Ho<strong>la</strong>nda, España, Suecia y el Reino Unido y se estima seguirá<br />
creci<strong>en</strong>do.<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, otro estudio <strong>de</strong> FT Healthcare, <strong>de</strong>nominado "Global<br />
Pharma Markets", 1998, afirma que el mercado mundial <strong>de</strong><br />
productos farmacéuticos, medido <strong>en</strong> v<strong>en</strong>tas <strong>de</strong> todos los<br />
fármacos recetados, fue <strong>de</strong> más <strong>de</strong> US$250.000 millones <strong>en</strong><br />
1996. Las v<strong>en</strong>tas <strong>en</strong> farmacias <strong>en</strong> los principales mercados<br />
nacionales (Estados Unidos, Japón, Alemania, Frf3ncia, España,<br />
Reino Unido, Canadá, Bélgica, Ho<strong>la</strong>nda e Italia) fueron <strong>de</strong><br />
US$144.000 millones.<br />
b) Industria <strong>de</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios<br />
Con el fin <strong>de</strong> conocer algunas cifras que permitan dim<strong>en</strong>sionar <strong>en</strong><br />
mejor forma este sector industrial, a continuación se citan<br />
\<br />
extractos <strong>de</strong> algunos artículos publicados <strong>en</strong><br />
Nutrition Business<br />
Journal, que es una publicación especializada <strong>en</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
naturales, vitaminas, hierbas, suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios y<br />
productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado personal.<br />
Dic ,98: "Las v<strong>en</strong>tas <strong>de</strong> Nutracéuticos alcanzaron a US $ 91 .700<br />
millones <strong>en</strong> 1997 <strong>en</strong> el mundo. Se <strong>de</strong>fine Nutracéuticos como<br />
toda comida, bebida y suplem<strong>en</strong>to alim<strong>en</strong>ticio comprado<br />
principalm<strong>en</strong>te por razones <strong>de</strong> salud, incluy<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong> prev<strong>en</strong>ción y<br />
cura <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>fermeda<strong>de</strong>s. Se aprecia un continuo crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong><br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
32<br />
cada categoría y un persist<strong>en</strong>te aum<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> participación <strong>de</strong><br />
mercado <strong>de</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tos más saludables."<br />
Oct/Nov 98: "Las v<strong>en</strong>tas <strong>de</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>tos/remedios, alim<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
naturales y productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado personal naturales totalizaron<br />
US$65.000 millones <strong>en</strong> el mundo durante 1997. ,La industria <strong>de</strong><br />
alim<strong>en</strong>tos está floreci<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s economías <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>das y ti<strong>en</strong>e<br />
un <strong>en</strong>orme pot<strong>en</strong>cial <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s naciones emerg<strong>en</strong>tes."<br />
Sep 98: "La industria <strong>de</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tos y productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado<br />
personal naturales creció un 11 % <strong>en</strong> Estados Unidos, a<br />
US$23.200 millones <strong>en</strong> 1997, pero está <strong>en</strong> un proceso <strong>de</strong><br />
transición <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un negocio emerg<strong>en</strong>te a uno consolidado."<br />
Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, un estudio <strong>de</strong> EuroConsult, :Inc., empresa<br />
afiliada a <strong>la</strong> publicación Nutrition Business Journal, indicó que <strong>la</strong><br />
industria mundial <strong>de</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios registró v<strong>en</strong>tas por<br />
US$28.200 millones <strong>en</strong> 1995. De ese total, Europa t<strong>en</strong>ía<br />
US$9.500 millones, Estados Unidos US$8.200 millones, Japón<br />
US $5. 200 millones, otros países asiáticos US $3 .200 millones y<br />
Canadá US $700 millones. Sin embargo, <strong>en</strong> Europa <strong>la</strong>s v<strong>en</strong>tas<br />
fueron más altas <strong>para</strong> los productos botánicos US$6.000<br />
\<br />
millones, seguidos por <strong>la</strong>s vitaminas y minerales US $ 3.100<br />
millones y productos nutritivos <strong>para</strong> <strong>de</strong>portes con US $400<br />
millones.<br />
En Estados Unidos se v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>n alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 1500 a 1800<br />
productos botánicos como suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios. De acuerdo<br />
a una <strong>en</strong>cuesta <strong>de</strong>l mercado <strong>de</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>tos botánicos <strong>en</strong><br />
Estados Unidos, los 10 productos "Top" <strong>en</strong> v<strong>en</strong>tas eran:<br />
equinácea, ajo, sello <strong>de</strong> oro, gins<strong>en</strong>g, ginkgo, saw pa/metto,<br />
aloe, ma huang, gins<strong>en</strong>g siberiano y cranberry.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
33<br />
En g<strong>en</strong>eral, a nivel internacional¡ los <strong>de</strong>mandantes <strong>de</strong> productos<br />
semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong> aloe vera son los <strong>la</strong>boratorios cosméticos¡<br />
<strong>la</strong>boratorios farmacéuticos e industrias <strong>de</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
alim<strong>en</strong>ticios que fabrican productos que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> aloe vera. A<br />
nivel nacional¡ no se ha i<strong>de</strong>ntificado producció,n industrial <strong>de</strong><br />
suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios que cont<strong>en</strong>gan aloe vera. Sólo existe<br />
una línea <strong>de</strong> productos importados, con v<strong>en</strong>ta directa¡ que<br />
compr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> jugos bebestibles <strong>de</strong> aloe vera (Forever Living<br />
Products).<br />
4.2.2 Estimación <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda interna y externa<br />
a) Demanda Interna<br />
La <strong>de</strong>manda interna <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
pue<strong>de</strong> ser inferida a partir <strong>de</strong> los datos cont<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>en</strong> el Cuadro<br />
N°4. 1-2 pres<strong>en</strong>tado anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te. De aquí se <strong>de</strong>spr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> que <strong>de</strong><br />
los 37 productos <strong>en</strong>contrados, sólo 10 son fabricados <strong>en</strong> Chile<br />
por 7 <strong>la</strong>boratorios difer<strong>en</strong>tes. Ellos son:<br />
• Lever S.A.<br />
• Beirsdorf S.A.<br />
• Laboratorio Kadus S.A.<br />
• Laboratorio Davis S.A.<br />
• Colgate Palmolive Chile S.A.<br />
• Laboratorio Durandin S.A.!.<br />
• Laboratorio Petrizzio S.A.<br />
T<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do pres<strong>en</strong>te que <strong>en</strong> Chile no exist<strong>en</strong> productores<br />
industrializados <strong>de</strong> materia prima ni productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe vera¡ el sigui<strong>en</strong>te paso fue investigar <strong>la</strong>s estadísticas <strong>de</strong><br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril i 999
34<br />
importación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Cámara '<strong>de</strong> Comercio <strong>de</strong> Santiago, manejadas<br />
por el Servicio <strong>de</strong> Información Comercial (SIC),<br />
<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong><br />
PROCHILE, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ero <strong>de</strong> 1995 hasta diciembre <strong>de</strong> 1998, con<br />
el fin <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntificar los <strong>de</strong>mandantes nacionales y contrastar los<br />
datos obt<strong>en</strong>idos con el listado <strong>de</strong> ofer<strong>en</strong>tes nacionales <strong>de</strong><br />
productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera.<br />
En este contexto, se investigaron todas <strong>la</strong>s posibles Glosas<br />
Arance<strong>la</strong>rias <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cuales podría ubicarse el producto <strong>en</strong> estudio.<br />
Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, se hizo el seguimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s Glosas que se<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>en</strong> el Cuadro N°4.2-1 a continuación:<br />
Cuadro N°4.2-1<br />
Partidas Arance<strong>la</strong>rias Investigadas<br />
Partida<br />
Descripción<br />
1302.19.00 Jugos y extractos <strong>vegetales</strong><br />
140;4.0000 Prod. Vegetales no exp. ni compr<strong>en</strong>didos <strong>en</strong> otras partidas<br />
1404.90.00 Los <strong>de</strong>más Prod. Vegetales no exp. ni comp. <strong>en</strong> otras...<br />
2106.90.10 Polvos <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> budines, cremas, ge<strong>la</strong>tinas...<br />
3301.29.00 Los <strong>de</strong>más aceites es<strong>en</strong>ciales, excepto los <strong>de</strong> agrio<br />
3301.90.00 Los <strong>de</strong>más extractos <strong>vegetales</strong><br />
3304.00.00 Pre<strong>para</strong>ciones <strong>de</strong> belleza, <strong>de</strong> maquil<strong>la</strong>je o <strong>para</strong> el cuidado...<br />
3304.91.00 Polvos, incluidos los compactos, <strong>de</strong> belleza, maquil<strong>la</strong>je o...<br />
3304.99.00 Las <strong>de</strong>más pre<strong>para</strong>ciones <strong>de</strong> belleza, <strong>de</strong> maquil<strong>la</strong>je y <strong>para</strong>.<br />
En el Anexo N°1<br />
se pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>la</strong>s Estadísticas <strong>de</strong> Importación <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera, obt<strong>en</strong>idas <strong>para</strong> cada glosa y por cada año, <strong>de</strong> los<br />
registros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Cámara <strong>de</strong> Comercio <strong>de</strong> Santiago, procesados por<br />
PROCHILE.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
35<br />
De estas estadísticas se logró i<strong>de</strong>ntificar a los principales<br />
importadores, <strong>en</strong>tre los cuales <strong>de</strong>stacan:<br />
• Beirsdorf Chile S.A.<br />
• Laboratorios Davis S.A.<br />
• Colgate-Palmolive Chile S.A.<br />
• Proaltec S.A.<br />
• Reutter Ltda.<br />
• Laboratorio Chile S.A.<br />
• Repres<strong>en</strong>taciones <strong>de</strong> Materias Primas Industriales S.A.<br />
(MAPRIN)<br />
• Forever Living Products <strong>de</strong> Chile S.A.<br />
• Laboratorio Chile S.A. (muestras <strong>para</strong> <strong>en</strong>sayos)<br />
• Cosméticos Avon S.A.<br />
El resto correspon<strong>de</strong> a pequeñas partidas importadas por<br />
droguerías o particu<strong>la</strong>res, algunas <strong>de</strong> el<strong>la</strong>s como muestras o con<br />
carácter experim<strong>en</strong>tal a m<strong>en</strong>or esca<strong>la</strong>.<br />
De lo anterior se pue<strong>de</strong> concluir lo sigui<strong>en</strong>te:<br />
i) Los <strong>la</strong>boratorios que fabrican productos que<br />
conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> aloe vera e importan directam<strong>en</strong>te su<br />
materia prima <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> sus casas matrices son:<br />
• Beirsdorf Chile S.A.<br />
• Laboratorios Davis S.A.<br />
• Colgate-Palmolive Chile S.A.<br />
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36<br />
ii) Los <strong>la</strong>boratorios que fabrican productos que<br />
conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> aloe vera y compran su materia prima a<br />
terceros <strong>en</strong> Chile son:<br />
• Lever S.A.<br />
• Laboratorio Kadus S.A.<br />
• Laboratorio Durandin S.A./.<br />
• Laboratorio Petrizzio S.A.<br />
iii) Por lo tanto, existe un tercer tipo <strong>de</strong> actor <strong>en</strong> el<br />
mercado chil<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera, éstos son repres<strong>en</strong>tantes <strong>de</strong> firmas<br />
extranjeras <strong>de</strong> materias primas <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria<br />
farmacéutica y cosmética; <strong>en</strong>tre ellos <strong>de</strong>stacan:<br />
• Proaltec S.A.<br />
• Reutter Ltda.<br />
• Repres<strong>en</strong>taciones <strong>de</strong> Materias<br />
Industriales S.A. (MAPRIN)<br />
Primas<br />
iv) Por otra parte, aparec<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> los listados <strong>de</strong><br />
importadores dos compañías que no son v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>doras<br />
"<br />
<strong>de</strong> materias primas, productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados ni<br />
comercializan sus productos <strong>en</strong> canales <strong>de</strong> retail,<br />
ellos son:<br />
• Forever Living Products <strong>de</strong> Chile S.A.<br />
• Cosméticos Avon S.A.<br />
La firma Forever Living Products ti<strong>en</strong>e un esquema <strong>de</strong><br />
comercialización basado <strong>en</strong> el esquema <strong>de</strong> Marketing<br />
<strong>de</strong> Multi Nivel (MM N) o piramidal. Es <strong>de</strong>cir, funciona<br />
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37<br />
con personas que organizan sus propios equipos <strong>de</strong><br />
distribuidores y así sucesivam<strong>en</strong>te, hasta conformar<br />
una pirámi<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> cual cada uno gana un cierto<br />
porc<strong>en</strong>taje sobre <strong>la</strong>s v<strong>en</strong>tas <strong>de</strong> cada distribuidor que<br />
pert<strong>en</strong>ece a su rama. Es el caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conocida<br />
empresa Amway, que comercializa, productos <strong>de</strong><br />
limpieza <strong>para</strong> el hogar. Por norma, ningún producto<br />
<strong>de</strong> estas empresas <strong>de</strong> tipo "MMN" pue<strong>de</strong> ser ofrecido<br />
<strong>en</strong> ti<strong>en</strong>das ni expuesto <strong>en</strong> ninguna vitrina. Forever<br />
Living Products, el mayor productor y<br />
comercializador a nivel mundial <strong>de</strong> productos<br />
<strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera, con v<strong>en</strong>tas anuales <strong>de</strong><br />
US$1300 millones, merece una especial m<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>en</strong><br />
este estudio y sus antece<strong>de</strong>ntes se pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>en</strong> el<br />
Anexo N°4. A modo <strong>de</strong> ejemplo, <strong>la</strong> pC!sta <strong>de</strong> di<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
"Forever 8right - Sparking Aloe Vera Toothgel", <strong>en</strong><br />
su <strong>en</strong>vase <strong>de</strong> 130 gr, cuesta $4.076 (US$8,15).<br />
Forever Living Products importa los productos<br />
terminados directam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> su casa matriz <strong>en</strong><br />
USA.<br />
Un caso simi<strong>la</strong>r ocurre con <strong>la</strong> compañía AVON, que<br />
manti<strong>en</strong>e una gran 'dotación <strong>de</strong> v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>doras puerta a<br />
puerta y que <strong>en</strong> sus catálogos pres<strong>en</strong>ta una serie <strong>de</strong><br />
productos que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> aloe vera, tales como:<br />
SHEEN - crema cosmética <strong>para</strong> el cabello con<br />
Aloe Vera, 55 gr, $1.800 (US$3,60).<br />
Línea Natural, Shampoo Aloe Vera, 400 mi,<br />
$1.290 (US$2,58).<br />
Línea Natural, Acondicionador Aloe Vera, 400 mi,<br />
$1.290 (US$2,58).<br />
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38<br />
AVON, por su parte, importa <strong>la</strong> materia prima<br />
directam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> su casa matriz <strong>en</strong> USA.<br />
A partir <strong>de</strong> los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes recogidos, se tomó contacto<br />
con algunos <strong>de</strong> los repres<strong>en</strong>tantes <strong>de</strong> firfT\as extranjeras<br />
proveedoras <strong>de</strong> materias primas, con el fin <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r<br />
dim<strong>en</strong>sionar con mayor precisión el tamaño <strong>de</strong>l mercado<br />
nacional. Mediante <strong>en</strong>trevistas, don<strong>de</strong> se analizaron los<br />
datos <strong>de</strong> importaciones, se concluyó que exist<strong>en</strong> muchos<br />
errores <strong>de</strong> digitación, ya sea <strong>en</strong> el docum<strong>en</strong>to original<br />
(<strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>ración <strong>de</strong> importación), como <strong>en</strong> el traspaso <strong>de</strong> los<br />
datos a <strong>la</strong> Aduana. No es posible que un kg <strong>de</strong> polvo cueste<br />
<strong>de</strong>l or<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong> US$10 (valor CIF), si su precio promedio <strong>en</strong><br />
USA es aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 15 veces mayor. :Por otra parte,<br />
aparec<strong>en</strong> unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong> kg, don<strong>de</strong> el precio correspon<strong>de</strong> a<br />
libras, lo que fue comprobado con el propio importador, etc.<br />
En todo caso, según los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes recogidos, se<br />
concluye que el tamaño <strong>de</strong>l mercado nacional <strong>de</strong> materias<br />
primas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, fluctúa <strong>en</strong>tre 400 kg. y 600 Kg: <strong>de</strong> gel<br />
<strong>en</strong> polvo al año y por otro <strong>la</strong>do, <strong>en</strong>tre 1.000 Kg. y 1.500<br />
Kg. <strong>de</strong> gel líquido al año.<br />
\<br />
b) Demanda externa<br />
Según lo investigado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> información consultadas,<br />
específicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s bases <strong>de</strong> datos. que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> análisis <strong>de</strong><br />
mercado y precios <strong>de</strong> transacciones <strong>de</strong> commodities a nivel<br />
mundial, tales como FAO, AGRIS, CAS, USDA, FAS, UN, no<br />
exist<strong>en</strong> datos estadísticos a nivel internacional <strong>de</strong> volúm<strong>en</strong>es ni<br />
montos transados <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> el mundo, lo cual fue<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
39<br />
confirmado por el Sr. G<strong>en</strong>e Hale, Director Ejecutivo <strong>de</strong>l IASC<br />
(Ver Anexo N°5). Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> Estados Unidos, los<br />
productos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera son c<strong>la</strong>sificados <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s categorías<br />
<strong>de</strong> Alim<strong>en</strong>tos o Cosméticos, lo que hace imposible conocer sus<br />
niveles <strong>de</strong> transacción. Tampoco aparec<strong>en</strong> datos específicos<br />
sobre p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones <strong>de</strong> aloe <strong>en</strong> el último c<strong>en</strong>?o agríco<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
Estados Unidos, por el hecho que su porc<strong>en</strong>taje <strong>de</strong> participación<br />
<strong>en</strong> el total p<strong>la</strong>ntado es muy pequeño.<br />
No obstante lo anterior, po<strong>de</strong>mos consi<strong>de</strong>rar que <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda<br />
externa <strong>de</strong> materia prima estará dada por gran<strong>de</strong>s y medianos<br />
fabricantes <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados o productos<br />
terminados que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> Estados Unidos y Europa,<br />
cuyos mercados muestran t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncias <strong>de</strong> crecimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
En este s<strong>en</strong>tido, cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r, a modo <strong>de</strong> ejemplo, que <strong>la</strong><br />
empresa Carrington Laboratories, /nc., una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s más<br />
importantes empresas <strong>en</strong> el mercado <strong>de</strong> materias primas <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
vera <strong>en</strong> el mundo, seña<strong>la</strong> <strong>en</strong> su Memoria Anual <strong>de</strong> 1997 8<br />
que su<br />
filial Cara/oe, /nc. posee <strong>en</strong> Costa Rica 84 Há p<strong>la</strong>ntadas con aloe<br />
vera y que <strong>la</strong>s actuales necesida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
exce<strong>de</strong>n <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones propias,<br />
\<br />
requiri<strong>en</strong>do por lo tanto <strong>la</strong> compra <strong>de</strong> hojas a terceros.<br />
Simi<strong>la</strong>r es el caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> firma Forever Living Products<br />
International, cuyo principal producto es el Jugo (Bebida) <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
vera, que posee 2,000 Há <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, gran<br />
parte <strong>de</strong> estos cultivos están ubicados <strong>en</strong> Harling<strong>en</strong>, Texas,<br />
USA, otra parte está <strong>en</strong> República Dominicana.<br />
8 Archivos <strong>de</strong> SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos.<br />
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40<br />
También <strong>la</strong> firma CAC, Conc<strong>en</strong>trated Aloe Corporation, una <strong>de</strong><br />
los más gran<strong>de</strong>s proveedores <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos, posee p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones propias <strong>de</strong> 500<br />
Há. Ambos se han visto <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> necesidad puntual <strong>de</strong> comprar<br />
materia prima a terceros, <strong>de</strong>bido a fuertes increm<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
v<strong>en</strong>ta. No obstante, lo anterior no asegura que ~n un futuro no<br />
logr<strong>en</strong> el autoabastecimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
Cabe hacer notar que CAC, Conc<strong>en</strong>trated Aloe Corporation, <strong>en</strong><br />
sus comi<strong>en</strong>zos, sólo se <strong>de</strong>dicaba a producir y comercializar hojas<br />
y gel natural <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, 11 años <strong>de</strong>spués se inició <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
fabricación <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>trados.<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, ocurre lo mismo con <strong>la</strong> empresa CRH International,<br />
Inc., productora y comercializadora <strong>de</strong> mater:ias primas y<br />
productos terminados con aloe vera, que posee p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones <strong>en</strong><br />
Texas y México, que suman <strong>en</strong> total 150 Há.<br />
4.2.3 Estacionalidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda<br />
En g<strong>en</strong>eral, <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda mundial <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
no pres<strong>en</strong>ta estacionalidad, dada <strong>la</strong> naturaleza <strong>de</strong> los productos<br />
\<br />
<strong>de</strong>rivados (cosméticos, fármacos y suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios,<br />
fundam<strong>en</strong>talm<strong>en</strong>te). Una excepción <strong>la</strong> constituy<strong>en</strong> los<br />
protectores so<strong>la</strong>res, ricos <strong>en</strong> gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, que son altam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
<strong>de</strong>mandados <strong>en</strong> época <strong>de</strong> verano, principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> el hemisferio<br />
norte.<br />
4.2.4 Niveles <strong>de</strong> Calidad exigidos por los <strong>de</strong>mandantes<br />
P<strong>en</strong>sando <strong>en</strong> convertirse <strong>en</strong> un pot<strong>en</strong>cial abastecedor <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />
industrias cosmética, farmacéutica y alim<strong>en</strong>ticia, <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong>l<br />
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41<br />
producto y <strong>de</strong> los procesos utilizados, será una· variable c<strong>la</strong>ve<br />
<strong>para</strong> ingresar al negocio. De hecho, cuando se trata <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong>boratorios extranjeros, <strong>la</strong> materia prima, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> pasar todos<br />
los controles <strong>de</strong> calidad <strong>en</strong> Chile, tales como el Instituto <strong>de</strong> Salud<br />
Pública, <strong>de</strong>be pasar por un proceso <strong>de</strong> certificación y<br />
homologación <strong>en</strong> los <strong>la</strong>boratorios <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong>, calidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />
casas matrices. Sólo s/ se pasan estas pruebas, <strong>la</strong> casa matriz<br />
autoriza a sus subsidiarias a adquirir el producto a ese<br />
<strong>de</strong>terminado proveedor. Lo que hace incluso que el precIo pase a<br />
ser una variable <strong>de</strong> segundo or<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
En términos <strong>de</strong> lo que un consumidor pudiera esperar <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
calidad <strong>de</strong> un producto <strong>de</strong>rivado <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, se pres<strong>en</strong>tan como<br />
<strong>de</strong>seables atributos <strong>de</strong>l producto, según lo formu<strong>la</strong>do por <strong>la</strong> firma<br />
Aloe Falls, los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />
1) Confiabilidad <strong>de</strong>l cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
etiqueta <strong>de</strong>l producto: mediante<br />
publicado <strong>en</strong> .Ia<br />
exám<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong>boratorio se pue<strong>de</strong> constatar <strong>la</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong><br />
polisacáridos y glicoproteinas.<br />
2) Calidad <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera utilizado: <strong>de</strong>be haber sido<br />
cultivado sin pesticidas ni herbicidas, es <strong>de</strong>cir<br />
mediante procesos orgánicos. Se <strong>de</strong>be haber<br />
procesado <strong>la</strong>s hojas no más allá <strong>de</strong> 6 horas <strong>de</strong><br />
cosechadas.<br />
3) Pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> preservantes: sólo se <strong>de</strong>be utilizar los<br />
preservantes autorizados y' <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> mínima medida<br />
necesaria. Algunos <strong>de</strong> los preservantes comúnm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
utilizados son ácido sórbico, sorbato <strong>de</strong> potasio y<br />
b<strong>en</strong>zoato <strong>de</strong> sodio.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
42<br />
4) Pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> aloína: <strong>la</strong> aloína es un <strong>la</strong>xante po<strong>de</strong>roso.<br />
Algunas empresas no remuev<strong>en</strong> a<strong>de</strong>cuadam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong><br />
aloína <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera interfiri<strong>en</strong>do con <strong>la</strong>s<br />
propieda<strong>de</strong>s originales <strong>de</strong>l gel.<br />
De esta manera, si una empresa quiere <strong>en</strong>trar al mercado con<br />
bu<strong>en</strong>as posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> permanecer¡ lo <strong>de</strong>berá h'acer prestando<br />
at<strong>en</strong>ción al cumplimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los parámetros anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
<strong>de</strong>scritos.<br />
4.2.5 Proyección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda interna y externa<br />
Según <strong>la</strong> información recogida <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> literatura investigada¡ es<br />
posible inferir que el mercado <strong>de</strong> los productos con compon<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
naturales <strong>para</strong> tratami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> belleza y alim<strong>en</strong>ticios¡ está <strong>en</strong>·<br />
pl<strong>en</strong>o crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> países <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>dos¡ como :es el caso <strong>de</strong><br />
Estados Unidos <strong>de</strong> Norteamérica. En países <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo se<br />
<strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> su etapa <strong>de</strong> introducción¡ pero se espera una rápida<br />
expansión¡ sigui<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong> t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia observada <strong>en</strong> otros países.<br />
Para el caso particu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda por aloe vera¡ se pres<strong>en</strong>ta<br />
a continuación un extracto <strong>de</strong> un artículo publicado <strong>en</strong> The<br />
Journal of the International Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Cuncil, ¡nc.¡ <strong>en</strong> el<br />
ejemp<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong> Otoño 1994, <strong>de</strong>nominado l/Se increm<strong>en</strong>ta el uso <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Aloe <strong>en</strong> el Mundol/. El artículo completo¡ <strong>en</strong> inglés, se incluye <strong>en</strong><br />
el Anexo N°5.<br />
/lKorea es actualm<strong>en</strong>te el mayor mercado internacional <strong>para</strong> el<br />
aloe, con Japón <strong>en</strong> un cercano segundo lugar. Esta t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia se<br />
está expandi<strong>en</strong>do rápidam<strong>en</strong>te a toda el área <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ca <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Pacífico¡ particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> Singapur y Ma<strong>la</strong>sia. Las v<strong>en</strong>tas<br />
están subi<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> Australia también¡ <strong>en</strong> parte <strong>de</strong>bido a <strong>la</strong> gran<br />
pob<strong>la</strong>ción japonesa pres<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> Australia.1/<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe ver
43<br />
I~l -<br />
~ ,<br />
't.:!1I",t.<br />
"Muchos expertos industriales cre<strong>en</strong> que <strong>la</strong> c<strong>la</strong>ve <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
expansión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s v<strong>en</strong>tas <strong>en</strong> Europa es precisam<strong>en</strong>te Estados<br />
Unidos. Lo que se hace popu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>en</strong> Estados Unidos, rápidam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
es acogido por Europa, lo cual es una excel<strong>en</strong>te noticia <strong>para</strong> el<br />
aloe. La creci<strong>en</strong>te popu<strong>la</strong>ridad <strong>de</strong> los ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes, "naturales" <strong>en</strong><br />
los cosméticos norteamericanos también b<strong>en</strong>eficia al aloe. De<br />
acuerdo a Al<strong>la</strong>n Mottus, consultor <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria cosmética, los<br />
cosméticos "naturales" cu<strong>en</strong>tan ahora con un, 4% <strong>de</strong> los<br />
US $16.000 millones <strong>de</strong>l mercado norteamericano <strong>de</strong> productos<br />
cosméticos. Este segm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l mercado está creci<strong>en</strong>do a una<br />
tasa anual <strong>de</strong> 12% a 15%, alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> tres veces más rápido<br />
que <strong>la</strong> industria como un todo."<br />
"Como bebida, los jugos <strong>de</strong> aloe han sido por mUfho tiempo un<br />
producto común <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s ti<strong>en</strong>das <strong>de</strong> alim<strong>en</strong>tos naturales <strong>en</strong><br />
Estados Unidos y a través <strong>de</strong> compañías <strong>de</strong> marketing directo.<br />
Ahora están dirigiéndose a los mercados masivos."<br />
"Aunque los jugos <strong>de</strong> aloe han t<strong>en</strong>ido una limitada aceptqción <strong>en</strong><br />
Alemania y el Reino Unido, <strong>la</strong> g<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> ambos países han<br />
<strong>de</strong>mostrado una notable aceptación <strong>de</strong>l aloe <strong>en</strong> una amplia gama<br />
..<br />
<strong>de</strong> cosméticos naturales, tales como cremas limpiadoras y<br />
humectantes, productos <strong>para</strong> el cuidado <strong>de</strong>l cabello, <strong>de</strong>pi<strong>la</strong>torios<br />
y <strong>de</strong>sodorantes."<br />
"El uso <strong>de</strong>l aloe está creci<strong>en</strong>do a una tasa algo m<strong>en</strong>or <strong>en</strong> los<br />
países escandinavos, Suiza, Italia y España, pero hay un<br />
sorpr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nte mercado nuevo <strong>para</strong> los productos <strong>de</strong> cuidado<br />
personal <strong>de</strong> aloe <strong>en</strong> varias naciones Africanas, según lo afirma<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región, Informe Final, Abril 1999
44<br />
Jess C<strong>la</strong>rke, Jr. 9 , qui<strong>en</strong> 'comercializa su línea, <strong>de</strong> productos<br />
"Miracle of Aloe" <strong>en</strong> esa región."<br />
Por otra parte, existe un Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>de</strong> Exportar<br />
Productos <strong>de</strong> Aloe a Japón, <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do por Japan External<br />
Tra<strong>de</strong> Organization (JETRO) <strong>en</strong> febrero <strong>de</strong> 1996,. pres<strong>en</strong>tado <strong>en</strong><br />
el Anexo N°2, don<strong>de</strong> se afirma que los cosméticos hechos <strong>en</strong><br />
base a productos naturales han ganado mucho terr<strong>en</strong>o <strong>en</strong><br />
Estados Unidos, ya que están si<strong>en</strong>do cada vez más conocidos<br />
por el público; lo mismo está ocurri<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> Japón, don<strong>de</strong> el<br />
mercado <strong>de</strong> productos <strong>de</strong> aloe se estima <strong>en</strong> 23.500 millones <strong>de</strong><br />
y<strong>en</strong>es, es <strong>de</strong>cir, aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te US $196 millones <strong>de</strong> dó<strong>la</strong>res.<br />
Por lo anterior, es posible concluir que el ciclo <strong>de</strong>l negocio se<br />
<strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> su etapa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo o crecimi<strong>en</strong>to ';1 por lo tanto,<br />
es razonable esperar que aum<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong> los niveles <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda,<br />
tanto interna como externa.<br />
4.3 Oferta<br />
4.3.1 I<strong>de</strong>ntificación <strong>de</strong> ofer<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
\<br />
Actualm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> Chile exist<strong>en</strong> 3 proveedores <strong>de</strong> aloe vera como<br />
materia prima <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria cosmética y farmacéutica, es<br />
<strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> terminología empleada <strong>en</strong> el pres<strong>en</strong>te estudio,<br />
como productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados. Estos proveedores son<br />
repres<strong>en</strong>tantes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s marcas:<br />
• Cosmetochem (Suiza)<br />
• Dragoco (Alemania)<br />
• Terry Laboratories, Inc. (USA).<br />
9 INECON tomó contacto directo con el Sr. Jess C<strong>la</strong>rke, qui<strong>en</strong> nos hizo llegar este artículo.<br />
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45<br />
Algunos <strong>la</strong>boratorios cosméticos con fabricación nacional, como<br />
Cosméticos AVON S.A. o Laboratorios Davis S.A., coino se<br />
señaló anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, importan <strong>la</strong> materia prima directam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> sus casas matrices y están impedidos <strong>de</strong> comprar<br />
directam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> Chile, fundam<strong>en</strong>talm<strong>en</strong>te por razones <strong>de</strong><br />
asegurami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> calidad.<br />
A nivel mundial existe un número importante <strong>de</strong> proveedores <strong>de</strong><br />
productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados, <strong>la</strong> mayoría está conc<strong>en</strong>trada <strong>en</strong><br />
Estados Unidos y Europa. Algunos <strong>de</strong> los precios que se<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>tan más a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte <strong>en</strong> este informe fueron obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>de</strong><br />
ellos. Entre los principales proveedores <strong>de</strong>stacan:<br />
- Agro-Mar, Inc.<br />
- AloeCorp<br />
- Aloe Laboratories, Inc.<br />
- Aloe Vera of California<br />
- Aloe Vera Products<br />
- Aloe World<br />
- Bio-Botanica, Inc.<br />
Carrington Laboratories<br />
- Cosmetochem<br />
- CRH International<br />
Dragoco<br />
Florida Foods Products, Inc.<br />
Frutarom Meer Corp.<br />
Garuda International, Inc.<br />
International Sourcing, Inc.<br />
Lily of the Desert<br />
Madis Botanicals, Inc.<br />
Morse Chemicai, ¡nc.<br />
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- Nuskin<br />
- OBI, Inc.<br />
- R.I.T.A. Corp.<br />
- Terry Laboratories, Inc.<br />
4.3.2 Estimación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta nacional y externa<br />
En Chile no existe oferta <strong>de</strong> materia prima o productos semie<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
fabricados <strong>en</strong> el país, ya que no hay producción<br />
industrial <strong>de</strong> aloe vera. La oferta, como se dijo anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te,<br />
está repres<strong>en</strong>tada por los importadores <strong>de</strong> marcas extranjeras,<br />
qui<strong>en</strong>es están <strong>en</strong> condiciones <strong>de</strong> satisfacer completam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong>manda nacional. Ellos actúan a pedido y prácticam<strong>en</strong>te no se<br />
manti<strong>en</strong>e stock <strong>en</strong> Chile. El proceso <strong>de</strong> importación es bastante<br />
rápido, pudi<strong>en</strong>do durar aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 5 días <strong>en</strong> algunos<br />
casos.<br />
Aunque no exist<strong>en</strong> datos estadísticos <strong>de</strong> transacciones <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
vera a nivel internacional, se tuvo acceso a una estimación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
superficie p<strong>la</strong>ntada <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> el mundo, realizada por el<br />
IASC <strong>en</strong><br />
1994, <strong>la</strong> que se pres<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>en</strong> el cuadro N°4.3-1, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
sigui<strong>en</strong>te página. Esta estimación consi<strong>de</strong>ra una visión pesimista<br />
\<br />
y otra optimista <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s superficies p<strong>la</strong>ntadas a esa fecha.<br />
Según G<strong>en</strong>e Hale, director ejecutivo <strong>de</strong>l IASC, <strong>para</strong> actualizar<br />
estas estimaciones a 1999, los valores <strong>de</strong>bieran ser aum<strong>en</strong>tados<br />
<strong>en</strong> un 15% a 20%, incluy<strong>en</strong>do ev<strong>en</strong>tualm<strong>en</strong>te a algún nuevo<br />
país.<br />
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Cuadro N°4.3-1<br />
Estimación <strong>de</strong> superficie p<strong>la</strong>ntada <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> el Mundo<br />
Estimación Estimación<br />
LUGAR Baja Alta<br />
(Há) (Há)<br />
Estados Unidos 624 1,076<br />
Texas 607 1,012<br />
California 12 40<br />
Florida 4 16<br />
Ok<strong>la</strong>homa 1 8<br />
Mexico 1,214 1,295<br />
C<strong>en</strong>troamérica 405<br />
Costa Rica s/i 243<br />
El Salvador s/i 81<br />
Guatema<strong>la</strong> s/i 81<br />
Indias Ori<strong>en</strong>tales 238 1,274<br />
Rep. Dominicana 162 1,012<br />
Puerto Rico 40 162<br />
Dominica 36 40<br />
Aruba s/i 40<br />
Haiti s/i 20<br />
Sudamérica 324 809<br />
V<strong>en</strong>ezue<strong>la</strong> 162 607<br />
Brasil 162 202<br />
Resto <strong>de</strong>l Mundo ,56 585<br />
España 24 81<br />
Australia s/i 40<br />
Israel 12 101<br />
India s/i 40<br />
Tai<strong>la</strong>ndia s/i 243<br />
China 20 40<br />
Corea s/i 40<br />
Totales 2,456 5,039<br />
Fu<strong>en</strong>te. ¡ASC - 1994<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el Bloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
Gráfico N°4.3-1<br />
Distribución <strong>de</strong> superficie p<strong>la</strong>ntada <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera <strong>en</strong> el mundo<br />
Estimación alta - 1994<br />
C<strong>en</strong>troamérica<br />
7%<br />
Indias Ori<strong>en</strong>tales<br />
23%<br />
Mexico<br />
24%<br />
Sudamérica<br />
15%<br />
Estados Unidos<br />
20%<br />
Resto <strong>de</strong>l Mundo.<br />
11'%
49<br />
4.3.3 Oferta <strong>de</strong> los principales productos sustitutos<br />
Por sus particu<strong>la</strong>res características, prácticam<strong>en</strong>te no exist<strong>en</strong><br />
sustitutos <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera. Sin embargo, se ha observado que<br />
se importan otros tipos <strong>de</strong> extractos <strong>de</strong> hierbas p.ara /a industria<br />
cosmética, como Manzanil/a, Qui<strong>la</strong>ya, Hamamelis y también<br />
Aceite <strong>de</strong> Jojoba, los cuales se ocupan principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong><br />
shampoos, jabones y cremas. Algunos <strong>de</strong> estos productos<br />
podrían comportarse incluso como complem<strong>en</strong>tarios, ya que hay<br />
algunos shampoos que, a modo <strong>de</strong> ejemplo, conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong>, aloe vera<br />
y Aceite <strong>de</strong> Jojoba. No obstante, <strong>la</strong>s cantida<strong>de</strong>s observadas <strong>de</strong><br />
estos extractos <strong>de</strong> hierbas son com<strong>para</strong>tivam<strong>en</strong>te pequeñas.<br />
4.3.4 Estacionalidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta<br />
Dado <strong>la</strong> diversificación geográfica <strong>de</strong> los cultivos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y<br />
los difer<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>la</strong>boratorios que ofrec<strong>en</strong> esta materia prima, no se<br />
observan estacionalida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta. A<strong>de</strong>más, según lo<br />
informado por el IASC, los cultivos <strong>de</strong> Texas son cosechados<br />
cada 6 semanas, es <strong>de</strong>cir 9 veces a/ año. En cambio, <strong>en</strong><br />
Australia se han observado 3 a 4 cosechas al año<br />
aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te.<br />
4.3.5 Nivel <strong>de</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> los productos ofrecidos<br />
Según <strong>la</strong> información recogida, se ha g<strong>en</strong>erado un movimi<strong>en</strong>to al<br />
interior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera, a nivel internacional, con el<br />
fin <strong>de</strong> establecer un conjunto <strong>de</strong> normas y parámetros <strong>de</strong> calidad<br />
<strong>para</strong> todos los productos <strong>de</strong>rivados a partir <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera. Este<br />
iniciativa está si<strong>en</strong>do li<strong>de</strong>rada por el JASC y persigue evitar que<br />
se comercialic<strong>en</strong> productos con un cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> aloe inferior al<br />
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50<br />
indicado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> etiqueta o bi<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s materias primas utilizadas no<br />
hayan aprobado los controles <strong>de</strong> calidad correspondi<strong>en</strong>tes.<br />
Un comité técnico integrado por miembros <strong>de</strong> universida<strong>de</strong>s<br />
norteamericanas y <strong>de</strong>l IASC <strong>de</strong>finió un conjunto <strong>de</strong> parámetros<br />
que permitieran estandarizar <strong>la</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s ma~erias primas y<br />
productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera (Ver Anexo N°5, Artículo<br />
"Curr<strong>en</strong>t Status of Quality Control of Aloe Barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Extracts"<br />
<strong>de</strong> los autores R.P. Pelley, Ying-Tung Wang 10 y T.A: Waller).<br />
La obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong>l Sello <strong>de</strong> Certificación emitido por el IASC, al<br />
cual pue<strong>de</strong>n aspirar todos los fabricantes <strong>de</strong> materias primas o<br />
productos terminados <strong>de</strong> aloe <strong>de</strong> cualquier parte <strong>de</strong>l mundo,<br />
implica que <strong>la</strong> compañía se ha sometido a una inspección y<br />
auditoría <strong>para</strong> verificar:<br />
1) Que <strong>la</strong>s operaciones son llevadas a cabo <strong>en</strong><br />
condiciones sanitarias y que los productos son<br />
bacteriológicam<strong>en</strong>te limpios.<br />
2) Que <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta correspon<strong>de</strong> al volum<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> producción obt<strong>en</strong>ido.<br />
3) Que el consumo <strong>de</strong> materias primas correspon<strong>de</strong> al<br />
volum<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> producto obt<strong>en</strong>ido.<br />
4) Que los productos han sido sometidos a tests<br />
químicos <strong>para</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar que el cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
sea químicam<strong>en</strong>te consist<strong>en</strong>te con los parámetros<br />
g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te aceptados.<br />
10 INECON tomó contacto con el profesor Wang, qui<strong>en</strong> nos hizo llegar este docum<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
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Los parámetros establecidos <strong>para</strong> medir <strong>la</strong> calidad. <strong>de</strong>l cont<strong>en</strong>ido<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe <strong>de</strong>l gel líquido, son el cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> Calcio, Manganeso y<br />
Acido Málico, el % total <strong>de</strong> sólidos y el grado pH, <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a<br />
lo pres<strong>en</strong>tado por el Cuadro N°4.3-2:<br />
Cuadro N°4.3-2<br />
Especificaciones <strong>de</strong> Calidad <strong>para</strong> gel líquido <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
TEST<br />
RANGO ACEPTADO<br />
pH 3.5 a 4.7<br />
% <strong>de</strong> Sólidos 0.46 a 1.3<br />
Calcio mg/l 98.2 a 448<br />
Manganeso mg/I 23.4 a 118<br />
Acido Málico mg/I 817.8 a 3427.8<br />
Fu<strong>en</strong>te: IASC (1999)<br />
4.3.6 Proyección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta<br />
Se espera un crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oferta acor<strong>de</strong> a <strong>la</strong>s exig<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> industria <strong>de</strong>mandante, dado que está creci<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong> superficie<br />
p<strong>la</strong>ntada <strong>en</strong> el mundo, <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas van alcanzando un<br />
estado <strong>de</strong><br />
madurez tal que les permite un mayor r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to y se ha<br />
mejorado <strong>la</strong> efici<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> los procesos <strong>de</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> materia<br />
\<br />
prima y productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados.<br />
Sólo <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> medida que aum<strong>en</strong>te explosivam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>manda por<br />
productos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> una alta conc<strong>en</strong>tración <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera, como es el caso <strong>de</strong> los suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios,<br />
podría verse exigida <strong>la</strong> oferta mundial <strong>de</strong> materia prima, lo que<br />
incidiría favorablem<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> los precios internacionales. Otro caso<br />
podría darse con una he<strong>la</strong>da sobre los principales cultivos <strong>de</strong>l<br />
mundo, como ocurrió <strong>en</strong> 1985 <strong>en</strong> Texas, don<strong>de</strong> se perdieron<br />
ci<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> hectáreas <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y los<br />
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fabricantes <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados o terminados <strong>de</strong>bieron<br />
recurrir a terceros, <strong>en</strong> otros países, <strong>para</strong> abastecerse <strong>de</strong> materias<br />
primas.<br />
4.4 Comercialización<br />
4.4.1 Precio <strong>de</strong>l producto<br />
a) Precios <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Exist<strong>en</strong> mercados terminales <strong>de</strong> compra-v<strong>en</strong>ta mayorista y<br />
minorista <strong>de</strong> Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> Miami, Baltimore y Boston<br />
(USA), los cuales a <strong>la</strong> fecha pres<strong>en</strong>tan un precio promedio <strong>de</strong><br />
US $1 O,8/caja 11 <strong>de</strong> hojas maduras <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, según<br />
información proporcionada por Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> f\gricultura <strong>de</strong><br />
Estados Unidos (USDA); no existe información <strong>de</strong> cantida<strong>de</strong>s<br />
transadas <strong>en</strong> esos mercados.<br />
No obstante, fueron obt<strong>en</strong>idos los precios <strong>de</strong> transacciones<br />
locales <strong>en</strong> los mercados terminales <strong>de</strong> Miami,Baltimore y<br />
Boston. En el Cuadro 4.4-1 se muestran los precios por cajas <strong>de</strong><br />
hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe, obt<strong>en</strong>idos al día 26 <strong>de</strong> febrero <strong>de</strong> 1999.<br />
11 Una caja <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera pesa aprox. 16 lbs.<br />
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Precios <strong>de</strong> Cajas con Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe <strong>en</strong> Mercados Terminales <strong>de</strong> USA<br />
Datos al 26/02/1999<br />
MERCADO PRECIO PROMEDIO<br />
TERMINAL<br />
(US$/Caja)<br />
Miami 8.50<br />
Baltimare 12.00<br />
Bastan 12.00<br />
Fu<strong>en</strong>te: Fe<strong>de</strong>ral-State Market News Servlce, USDA<br />
b) Precios <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
Actualm<strong>en</strong>te se ti<strong>en</strong>e conocimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los precIos CIF Chile <strong>de</strong><br />
productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados importados vía aérea y marítima<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> USA y Europa principalm<strong>en</strong>te. Estos precios han sido<br />
obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s estadísticas <strong>de</strong> importación proporcionadas por<br />
<strong>la</strong> Cámara <strong>de</strong> Comercio <strong>de</strong> Santiago.<br />
Al respecto es posible observar una gran variación <strong>de</strong> precIos <strong>en</strong><br />
\<br />
productos apar<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te simi<strong>la</strong>res. A modo <strong>de</strong> ejemplo, según<br />
datos <strong>de</strong> 1998, Kg. <strong>de</strong> polvo aloe vera, importado por<br />
Seirsdorf vía aérea <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Alemania, ti<strong>en</strong>e un valor ex-fábrica <strong>de</strong><br />
US $712.36, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que 1 Kg. <strong>de</strong> polvo <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, también<br />
importado <strong>de</strong> Alemania, aparece <strong>en</strong> otra importación con un<br />
valor FüS <strong>de</strong> US$76.76. Por lo tanto, fue necesario chequear<br />
estas cifras directam<strong>en</strong>te con los importadores nacionales y con<br />
los exportadores <strong>en</strong> el extranjero.<br />
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54<br />
En virtud <strong>de</strong> lo anterior, consultados los importadores nacionales<br />
<strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados, se concluye que se pue<strong>de</strong> hab<strong>la</strong>r<br />
<strong>de</strong> un valor CIF (Santiago <strong>de</strong> Chile) <strong>de</strong> gel <strong>en</strong> polvo 200X<br />
liofilizado, <strong>de</strong> bu<strong>en</strong>a calidad, <strong>de</strong>l or<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong> US $180/Kg., aéreo,<br />
proce<strong>de</strong>~cja USA. El valor <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>en</strong> polvo <strong>en</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración <strong>de</strong><br />
100X no varía significativam<strong>en</strong>te con respecto. al 200X. La<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tración 200X es <strong>la</strong> más utilizada <strong>en</strong> polvo.<br />
El gel líquido <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 10X ti<strong>en</strong>e un valor<br />
<strong>en</strong> Chile que fluctúa <strong>en</strong>tre los US$10,OO y US$20,OO el<br />
kilogramo.<br />
Los datos anteriores resultan consist<strong>en</strong>tes con lo informado<br />
directam<strong>en</strong>te por algunos proveedores norteamericanos, que<br />
hab<strong>la</strong>n <strong>de</strong> valores <strong>en</strong>tre US$150/kg y US$200/k:g FüS Miami<br />
<strong>para</strong> el gel <strong>en</strong> polvo y <strong>en</strong>tre US $11 /kg Y US $1 6/kg <strong>para</strong> el gel<br />
líquido <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 10X.<br />
En el Cuadro N°4.4-2 se pres<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong>s cotizaciones <strong>de</strong> precios<br />
<strong>para</strong> gel líquido, <strong>en</strong> polvo y aloína, efectuadas por algunos <strong>de</strong> los<br />
principales proveedores <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong><br />
Estados Unidos.<br />
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{' 1,<br />
';.:,.~~<br />
1~'~:rc:f:"~ ~<br />
'r.·""Ji,tE
56<br />
4.4.2 Distribución<br />
La distribución <strong>de</strong>l producto <strong>en</strong> el mercado nacional ti<strong>en</strong>e<br />
básicam<strong>en</strong>te dos modalida<strong>de</strong>s: <strong>la</strong> primera consiste <strong>en</strong> que el<br />
<strong>la</strong>boratorio nacional importa directam<strong>en</strong>te el prod.ucto <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un<br />
proveedor extranjero, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> los casos lo importan<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> casa matriz, trayéndolo hasta sus propias bo<strong>de</strong>gas. La<br />
segunda vía pasa por un intermediario nacional, que es qui<strong>en</strong> lo<br />
importa y luego lo v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> al <strong>la</strong>boratorio nacional.<br />
La exportación <strong>de</strong> Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> medida que <strong>la</strong>s<br />
pruebas <strong>de</strong> estabilidad lo permitan, se efectuaría directam<strong>en</strong>te a<br />
fabricantes <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>en</strong> el extranjero.<br />
Para el caso <strong>de</strong> los productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados, por el <strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
exportación, se p<strong>la</strong>ntean dos alternativas: exportar directam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
al <strong>la</strong>boratorio consumidor <strong>de</strong> este producto <strong>en</strong> el extranjero o<br />
bi<strong>en</strong>, simi<strong>la</strong>r al caso <strong>de</strong> importación <strong>en</strong> Chile, exportar a un<br />
intermediario o distribuidor <strong>en</strong> el extranjero, qui<strong>en</strong> se <strong>en</strong>carga <strong>de</strong><br />
comercializar el producto <strong>en</strong> el país <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>stino.<br />
Para efectos <strong>de</strong><br />
ingresar a algún mercado extranjero, es recom<strong>en</strong>dable com<strong>en</strong>zar<br />
\<br />
por <strong>la</strong> segunda alternativa, aunque los márg<strong>en</strong>es sean m<strong>en</strong>ores,<br />
<strong>para</strong> conocer y darse a conocer <strong>en</strong> el sector industrial. Una vez<br />
establecido, se pue<strong>de</strong> p<strong>en</strong>sar <strong>en</strong> una comercialización directa.<br />
4.4.3 Análisis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s barreras arance<strong>la</strong>rias y no arance<strong>la</strong>rias <strong>de</strong> los<br />
mercados objetivo<br />
P<strong>en</strong>sando <strong>en</strong> el mercado <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos, no exist<strong>en</strong> aranceles<br />
especiales ni cuotas arance<strong>la</strong>rias <strong>para</strong> el ingreso <strong>de</strong> aloe vera a<br />
esa nación. Según lo establecido por el Sistema Armonizado <strong>de</strong><br />
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Tarifas Arance<strong>la</strong>rias <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos, <strong>en</strong> su Capítulo 13 <br />
Sección 1302, los productos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera que ingres<strong>en</strong> a<br />
Estados Unidos, <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> pagar un arancel que va <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 0% a<br />
1,2%, <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> c<strong>la</strong>sificación final otorgada por los<br />
organismos contralores.<br />
En todo caso, cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r que <strong>la</strong>s condiciones que <strong>en</strong>fr<strong>en</strong>ta<br />
México, que es un importante productor <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, son <strong>de</strong><br />
arancel cero, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> ello <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ero <strong>de</strong> 1998, .<strong>de</strong>bido a su<br />
incorporaclon al Tratado <strong>de</strong> Libre Comercio <strong>de</strong> Norteamérica,<br />
NAFTA. Asimismo, los países <strong>de</strong>l Caribe se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran adscritos<br />
al "Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI o Iniciativa <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Cu<strong>en</strong>ca <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Caribe)", vig<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1984 Y con término in<strong>de</strong>finido, el cual es<br />
un programa que libera <strong>de</strong> aranceles a <strong>la</strong> mercancía que ingresa a<br />
Estados Unidos, prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> 24 países <strong>de</strong>l Ca\ibe, <strong>en</strong>tre los<br />
cuales está Aruba, Barbados, Costa Rica, República Domínicana,<br />
Jamaica, Trinidad y Tobago, todos ellos productores <strong>de</strong> aloe<br />
vera.<br />
En términos <strong>de</strong> controles sanitarios el FDA - Food and Drug<br />
Administration -<br />
reconoce al aloe vera como un Jugo Vegetal,<br />
<strong>para</strong> uso externo so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> cosméticos y <strong>para</strong> el tratami<strong>en</strong>to<br />
\<br />
<strong>de</strong> quemaduras m<strong>en</strong>ores, irritaciones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel y quemaduras <strong>de</strong><br />
sol. Al mom<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> llegar embarques a los puertos o<br />
aeropuertos, éstos son revisados por inspectores <strong>de</strong>l FDA <strong>de</strong><br />
acuerdo a procedimi<strong>en</strong>tos establecidos y contro<strong>la</strong>dos por el<br />
"C<strong>en</strong>ter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition", <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l<br />
FDA. Dep<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong>l producto, se pue<strong>de</strong> requerir una muestra,<br />
<strong>la</strong> que es analizada <strong>en</strong> los <strong>la</strong>boratorios <strong>de</strong>l FDA; el resultado es<br />
comunicado a <strong>la</strong> aduana y al importador. En el Anexo N D 3 <strong>de</strong>l<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>te informe se incluye el procedimi<strong>en</strong>to completo <strong>de</strong><br />
importación establecido por el FDA.<br />
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4.4.4 Características <strong>de</strong>l <strong>en</strong>vase<br />
Según <strong>la</strong> proce<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong>l producto, se pres<strong>en</strong>tan básicam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
dos tipos <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>vases:<br />
Los productos importados <strong>de</strong> Europa vI<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eralm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong><br />
bolsas <strong>de</strong> 25 Kg. Y tambores <strong>de</strong> 200 Kg.. No obstante se pue<strong>de</strong><br />
comprar pequeñas cantida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1 Kg.<br />
Los productos importados <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos vI<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong><br />
pres<strong>en</strong>taciones <strong>de</strong> bolsas (doble pared <strong>de</strong> aluminio) y tambores,<br />
<strong>en</strong> galones o libras. Aunque también pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>en</strong>vases <strong>en</strong><br />
sistema métrico (kg).<br />
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4.5 Conclusión Del Estudio De Mercado<br />
4.5.1 Evolución <strong>de</strong>l mercado <strong>de</strong>l aloe <strong>en</strong> el mundo<br />
Dado lo expuesto anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, el mercado. <strong>de</strong> productos<br />
terminados o <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> una<br />
etapa <strong>de</strong> crecimi<strong>en</strong>to a nivel mundial,<br />
especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> países<br />
<strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>dos, don<strong>de</strong> el consumo <strong>de</strong> productos' naturales ha<br />
t<strong>en</strong>ido un fuerte auge los últimos 5 años. En países <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo,<br />
el mercado se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> una. etapa <strong>de</strong> introducción y se<br />
visualiza un rápido crecimi<strong>en</strong>to a un mediano p<strong>la</strong>zo. Lo anterior,<br />
implica que una t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia simi<strong>la</strong>r se aprecia <strong>para</strong> el mercado <strong>de</strong><br />
materias primas y productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong> aloe vera,<br />
específicam<strong>en</strong>te el mercado <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera! no así <strong>en</strong> el<br />
mercado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar y sus <strong>de</strong>rivados. No obstante que<br />
el mercado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s materias primas ha sufrido gran<strong>de</strong>s<br />
fluctuaciones <strong>de</strong> precio <strong>de</strong>bido a que ha pasado por períodos <strong>de</strong><br />
sobre-oferta. Un ejemplo <strong>de</strong> esta situación se produjo cuando<br />
Texas se convirtió <strong>en</strong> una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s principales <strong>zonas</strong> <strong>de</strong> cultivos <strong>de</strong>l<br />
mundo a comi<strong>en</strong>zos <strong>de</strong> los años och<strong>en</strong>ta, lo que hizo bajar los<br />
precios <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> materia prima <strong>de</strong> tal forma que obligó a arrancar los<br />
"<br />
cultivos <strong>en</strong> muchas partes <strong>de</strong>l mundo.<br />
4.5.2 Demanda actual y proyección futura <strong>en</strong> Chile<br />
Si bi<strong>en</strong> <strong>para</strong> Chile se espera un crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l mercado <strong>de</strong>l aloe<br />
vera, tanto <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria<br />
cosmética y alim<strong>en</strong>ticia, como también <strong>en</strong> su carácter <strong>de</strong><br />
producto terminado, incluido <strong>en</strong> otros productos e<strong>la</strong>borados por<br />
estas industrias, el tamaño <strong>de</strong>l mercado es re<strong>la</strong>tivam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
pequeño. Hay que t<strong>en</strong>er pres<strong>en</strong>te que muchos <strong>la</strong>boratorios<br />
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I~.~<br />
1,...,'<br />
• 1<br />
\<br />
importan el producto <strong>de</strong> 'consumo masIvo con. aloe vera ya<br />
terminado.<br />
4.5.3 Recom<strong>en</strong>daciones <strong>de</strong>l estudio <strong>de</strong> mercado<br />
Lo anterior indica que es el mom<strong>en</strong>to a<strong>de</strong>cuado p'ara ingresar al<br />
mercado internacional como proveedor <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> industria cosmética<br />
o <strong>de</strong> suplem<strong>en</strong>tos alim<strong>en</strong>ticios que fabrican sus productos a<br />
base <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> medida que los costos <strong>de</strong> producción y<br />
transporte sean tales que permitan llegar con un precIo<br />
competitivo a mercados externos.<br />
Por lo tanto, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>te etapa <strong>de</strong>l estudio, correspon<strong>de</strong>rá<br />
contrastar los precios internacionales obt<strong>en</strong>idos con el costo <strong>de</strong><br />
producción, transporte y comercialización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s n;aterias primas<br />
y productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados que consi<strong>de</strong>re el estudio técnico.<br />
De esta manera, será posible <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>la</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong>l<br />
negocIo.<br />
De acuerdo a lo expresado anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, se ha i<strong>de</strong>ntificado el<br />
factor calidad como crítico <strong>para</strong> el éxito <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, parti<strong>en</strong>do<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el tratami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los cultivos y pasando por el proceso<br />
"<br />
productivo <strong>de</strong> gel líquido y <strong>en</strong> polvo, hasta llegar a <strong>la</strong> etapa <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>en</strong>vasado, almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to y transporte <strong>de</strong> los productos. Por lo<br />
tanto, este factor se t<strong>en</strong>drá pres<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong>l estudio<br />
técnico y el análisis financiero <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, <strong>en</strong> términos <strong>de</strong><br />
increm<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> los costos <strong>de</strong> producción.<br />
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5 ESTUDIO TÉCNICO-FINANCIERO<br />
5.1 Procesos <strong>de</strong> Obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> Subproductos <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera y Costos<br />
Asociados<br />
Para <strong>de</strong>scribir los procesos productivos <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt~nción <strong>de</strong> los<br />
subproductos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera seleccionados, se utilizará <strong>la</strong> c<strong>la</strong>sificación<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>tada <strong>en</strong> el estudio <strong>de</strong> mercado, es <strong>de</strong>cir, materias primas y<br />
productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados.<br />
Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, se evaluará <strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes alternativas:<br />
Materias Primas<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Hijuelos<br />
Productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar<br />
Gel líquido <strong>en</strong> su conc<strong>en</strong>tración más común, que es 10X<br />
Gel <strong>en</strong> polvo, obt<strong>en</strong>ido por liofilización, <strong>en</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración 200X<br />
La comercialización <strong>de</strong> hijuelos será evaluada <strong>en</strong> forma conjunta con <strong>la</strong><br />
ejecución <strong>de</strong> otros proyectos, dado que su producción es a todo ev<strong>en</strong>to<br />
1.<br />
e in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l procesami<strong>en</strong>to posterior que se dé a <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera. De esta manera, <strong>la</strong> producción y comercialización <strong>de</strong> hijuelos<br />
g<strong>en</strong>erarán ingresos y costos marginales que serán consi<strong>de</strong>rados<br />
simultáneam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s evaluaciones.<br />
Para una mayor compr<strong>en</strong>slon <strong>de</strong>l esquema que. se utilizará <strong>para</strong> evaluar<br />
los proyectos, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>te página se pres<strong>en</strong>ta un diagrama que indica<br />
<strong>la</strong>s principales etapas por <strong>la</strong>s que atraviesan los subproductos obt<strong>en</strong>idos<br />
a partir <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera.<br />
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ETAPAS DEL PROCESO DE OBTENCION DE SUBPRODUCTOS DE ALOE VERA<br />
Materias Primas<br />
Productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
Cosecha Hojas (1) Proceso Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar (2)<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntación ~ Gel líquido 10X (3)<br />
<strong>de</strong> hijuelos Hijuelos (*) ---. Gel lio.filizado 200X (4)<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
~ ~}<br />
V<strong>en</strong>ta Mercado<br />
V<strong>en</strong>ta Mercado<br />
*: <strong>en</strong> conjunto con 1 1 2, 3 Y 4.<br />
T<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do pres<strong>en</strong>te que el estudio técnico es precisam<strong>en</strong>te don<strong>de</strong> ti<strong>en</strong>e<br />
más aceptación el uso <strong>de</strong> estándares por parte <strong>de</strong> los evaluadores <strong>de</strong><br />
proyectos, los datos a utilizar fueron obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>en</strong> base a<br />
comportami<strong>en</strong>tos previam<strong>en</strong>te estudiados sobre otros productos<br />
agríco<strong>la</strong>s que se <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>n bajo condiciones simi<strong>la</strong>res <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong><br />
Coquimbo l así como <strong>de</strong> fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> los mercados respectivos. No<br />
obstante ello, se <strong>de</strong>be t<strong>en</strong>er pres<strong>en</strong>te, que tratándose éste .<strong>de</strong> un<br />
proyecto <strong>de</strong> innovación tecnológica, <strong>la</strong>s precisiones sobre estos valores<br />
<strong>de</strong>berán afinarse una vez que se toma <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>cisión <strong>de</strong> llevarlo a cabo.<br />
Se <strong>de</strong>terminará el costo <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> cada materia prtma a ser<br />
comercializada y cada producto semi-e<strong>la</strong>borado puesto <strong>en</strong> fábrica, con lo<br />
cual se podrá <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>la</strong> competitividad <strong>de</strong> los productos <strong>en</strong> función<br />
<strong>de</strong> los precios exhibidos <strong>en</strong> los mercados internacionales.<br />
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Para obt<strong>en</strong>er lo anterior se trabajará <strong>en</strong> base a los costos directos <strong>de</strong><br />
fabricación, <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a estándares técnicos que contemp<strong>la</strong>n:<br />
• Pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelos<br />
• P<strong>la</strong>ntación<br />
• Labores <strong>de</strong> cultivo<br />
• Labores <strong>de</strong> cosecha<br />
• Insumas<br />
• Fabricación<br />
• Transporte y comercialización<br />
5.1.1 Descripción <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo y costos asociados <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
La producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera requiere principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong>s <strong>la</strong>bores propias <strong>de</strong> pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelos, <strong>para</strong> posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
llevar a cabo <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación <strong>de</strong> los hijuelos.<br />
Se consi<strong>de</strong>rará un sistema <strong>de</strong> riego tecnificado que incluirá un<br />
pozo profundo con bomba capaz <strong>de</strong> abastecer 20 hectáreas <strong>de</strong><br />
cultivos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y una insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> riego por goteo, cuya<br />
inversión se especifica <strong>en</strong> punto 5.2.<br />
Se ha estimado requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> riego cada 30 días, lo que<br />
\<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>ra el empleo <strong>de</strong> un jornal al mes, equival<strong>en</strong>te a $3.500<br />
m<strong>en</strong>suales o bi<strong>en</strong> $42.000 anuales por hectárea, por este<br />
concepto.<br />
El proyecto establece explícitam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> NO utilización <strong>de</strong><br />
insecticidas, fungicidas ni herbicidas <strong>de</strong> orig<strong>en</strong> químico. Sólo se<br />
pue<strong>de</strong>n emplear los insumas y fertilizantes autorizados <strong>para</strong><br />
cultivos orgánicos, ya que el mercado así lo exige.<br />
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Dep<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> calidad inicial <strong>de</strong>l suelo, ,se requerirán<br />
difer<strong>en</strong>tes tratami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> fertilización. Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>para</strong><br />
este caso, se ha estimado una fertilización anual <strong>de</strong> 1 tone<strong>la</strong>da<br />
<strong>de</strong> guano, con un costo <strong>de</strong> $30.000 por hectárea, <strong>en</strong> base a<br />
valores <strong>de</strong> mercado promedio. Alternativam<strong>en</strong>te, podría<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rarse una aplicación anual <strong>de</strong> ácido hÚ,mico (50It/há),<br />
roca fosfórica (300 kg/há), guano rojo (1 ton/há), sulfomag<br />
(200kg/há) o nitróg<strong>en</strong>o (1 OOkg/há).<br />
Por otra parte, se ha estimado una obt<strong>en</strong>ción promedio <strong>de</strong> 6<br />
hijuelos por p<strong>la</strong>nta al año, <strong>para</strong> lo cual se requiere <strong>la</strong> mano <strong>de</strong><br />
obra necesaria <strong>para</strong> su extracción, que se estimó <strong>en</strong> 2 minutos<br />
por p<strong>la</strong>nta, consi<strong>de</strong>rando tiempos muertos, lo que multiplicado<br />
por 15.000 p<strong>la</strong>ntas por hectárea da 30.000 minutos o bi<strong>en</strong> 500<br />
horas. Es <strong>de</strong>cir, se requerirán 60 JH al año <strong>para</strong> I~ obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong><br />
hijuelos.<br />
Para <strong>la</strong>bores <strong>de</strong> cosecha <strong>de</strong> hojas se necesitará principalm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
mano <strong>de</strong> obra <strong>para</strong> el corte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s materias primas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el tallo<br />
y <strong>para</strong> su posterior emba<strong>la</strong>je. El corte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> su base<br />
se realiza <strong>en</strong> forma manual con un cuchillo <strong>de</strong> gran tamaño. Se<br />
ha calcu<strong>la</strong>do que un trabajador pue<strong>de</strong> cortar <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> cada<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nta y disponer<strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong> el bin' correspondi<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>en</strong> un minuto,<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rando tiempos muertos. Esto significa 15.000 minutos<br />
por há, es <strong>de</strong>cir 250 hr/há, o bi<strong>en</strong> 30 jornales-hombre (JH).<br />
Entonces, <strong>para</strong> 3 cosechas al año, se requiere 90 JH <strong>de</strong> cosecha<br />
anual por hectárea.<br />
Las hojas se pon<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> bins, <strong>en</strong> una altura no superior a 70 cm,<br />
<strong>para</strong> su tras<strong>la</strong>do a <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta <strong>de</strong> procesami<strong>en</strong>to, don<strong>de</strong> se somet<strong>en</strong><br />
a una limpieza. Luego, <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong>l proceso escogido, <strong>la</strong>s<br />
hojas serán emba<strong>la</strong>das o procesadas <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> gel o<br />
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pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar. El costo anual <strong>de</strong> limpieza y selección <strong>de</strong> hojas<br />
se ha estimado <strong>en</strong> $147.000, equival<strong>en</strong>te a 42 jornales-hombre.<br />
En el caso <strong>de</strong> optar por los cultivos organlcos, se <strong>de</strong>berá incluir<br />
el costo anual <strong>de</strong> certificación otorgado por Certificadora Chile<br />
Orgánico S.A. (CCO), <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> C.orporación <strong>de</strong><br />
Investigación <strong>en</strong> Agricultura Alternativa (CIAL) o bi<strong>en</strong> por el<br />
PROA. Se estima que dicho costo fluctúa <strong>en</strong>tre los $150.000 y<br />
los $200.000 anuales por cultivo, que <strong>para</strong>· efectos <strong>de</strong>l<br />
tratami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> los flujos <strong>de</strong> caja, se consi<strong>de</strong>ró incluido <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong><br />
los gastos g<strong>en</strong>erales.<br />
Los gastos g<strong>en</strong>erales, aparte <strong>de</strong> contemp<strong>la</strong>r el ítem <strong>de</strong>scrito <strong>en</strong> el<br />
párrafo anterior, incluy<strong>en</strong> los sueldos y sa<strong>la</strong>rios <strong>de</strong>l personal<br />
administrativo, estimados <strong>en</strong> un Ger<strong>en</strong>te, qui<strong>en</strong> se: <strong>en</strong>cargaría <strong>de</strong><br />
los aspectos comerciales, administrativos, financieros, <strong>de</strong><br />
comercio exterior y <strong>de</strong> calidad <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo, <strong>en</strong>tre<br />
otras funciones, más un asist<strong>en</strong>te y los insumas <strong>de</strong> oficina<br />
necesarios <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> operaclon. El costo promedio m<strong>en</strong>sual<br />
equival<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> este ítem es <strong>de</strong> $1.200.000.<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> posterior comercialización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas se requerirá <strong>de</strong> un<br />
emba<strong>la</strong>je simple, tal como cajas " <strong>de</strong> cartón, que minimice los<br />
efectos <strong>de</strong> golpes o roces, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> preservar <strong>la</strong>s condiciones<br />
naturales <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong>l corte. El proceso <strong>de</strong> emba<strong>la</strong>je consi<strong>de</strong>ra un<br />
costo <strong>de</strong> $85 por kg, que incluye mano <strong>de</strong> obra y materiales<br />
(caja, etiquetas, cinta adhesiva, zuncho, pallet, timbres, etc.)<br />
Los gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque, estimados <strong>en</strong> $375 por kg., consi<strong>de</strong>ran<br />
estiba-<strong>de</strong>sestiba, inspecciones <strong>de</strong>l Servicio Agríco<strong>la</strong> y Gana<strong>de</strong>ro<br />
(SAG) y <strong>de</strong>l United States Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Agriculture (USDA),<br />
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certificados <strong>de</strong> orig<strong>en</strong>, inspecciones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Asociación <strong>de</strong><br />
Exportadores y comisión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ag<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> carga.<br />
El valor <strong>de</strong>l flete terrestre <strong>de</strong>l tramo La Ser<strong>en</strong>a-Santiago se<br />
estimó <strong>en</strong> $1 5/kg, el valor <strong>de</strong>l flete aéreo <strong>para</strong> el tramo Santiago<br />
Miami se estimó <strong>en</strong> US$1,25/kg y el valor <strong>de</strong>l flet~ marítimo <strong>para</strong><br />
el tramo Val<strong>para</strong>íso-Miami (incluy<strong>en</strong>do el tramo Santiago<br />
Val<strong>para</strong>íso) fue estimado <strong>en</strong> US$O,55/kg. Todas <strong>la</strong>s tarifas<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>tadas se obtuvieron <strong>de</strong>l valor promedio aplicado por <strong>la</strong>s<br />
empresas <strong>de</strong> transporte <strong>de</strong>l rubro a empresas exportadoras <strong>de</strong><br />
fruta nacionales <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> temporada 98/99. El tipo <strong>de</strong> cambio<br />
empleado fue el utilizado <strong>para</strong> este estudio, <strong>de</strong> $ 500/US $.<br />
5.1.2 Descripción <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo y costos asociados <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar <strong>en</strong> forma industrial, una<br />
vez cortadas <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>en</strong>cas, éstas son dispuestas con <strong>la</strong> parte<br />
cortada hacia abajo sobre canales <strong>de</strong> acero inoxidable que ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
cierta inclinación <strong>para</strong> facilitar el <strong>de</strong>slizami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l jugo o acíbar<br />
que será recogido <strong>en</strong> el extremo inferior <strong>de</strong>l canal <strong>en</strong> recipi<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
<strong>para</strong> su posterior transporte al sitio don<strong>de</strong> se realizará el proceso<br />
<strong>de</strong> cocción, a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> utiliz-ación <strong>de</strong> una tecnología <strong>de</strong> lecho<br />
fluido horizontal, <strong>la</strong> cual está basada <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> susp<strong>en</strong>sión <strong>de</strong><br />
material húmedo <strong>en</strong> aire cali<strong>en</strong>te, realizada mecánicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> un<br />
trayecto horizontal.<br />
Para secar el prod~cto se sitúa éste <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> cabeza <strong>de</strong> un módulo<br />
cilíndrico horizontal don<strong>de</strong> un tubo agitador manti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>en</strong><br />
c<strong>en</strong>trifugación el material. En torno al módulo, hay una cámara<br />
cilíndrica coaxial, don<strong>de</strong> se efectúa el cal<strong>en</strong>tami<strong>en</strong>to con vapor o<br />
aceite térmico. En un intercambiador se precali<strong>en</strong>ta el aire<br />
filtrado <strong>para</strong> ser <strong>en</strong>viado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma corri<strong>en</strong>te con el material<br />
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húmedo. De este modo el material <strong>en</strong> turbul<strong>en</strong>cia comi<strong>en</strong>za a<br />
liberar el vapor que es extraído forzosam<strong>en</strong>te por aspiración a<br />
través <strong>de</strong> una cavidad <strong>en</strong> el eje <strong>de</strong>l turboagitador, obt<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong><br />
este modo <strong>la</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar <strong>de</strong> aloe vera.<br />
Los costos asociados a <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong>. acíbar son, <strong>en</strong><br />
su primera etapa, los mismos que los asociados a <strong>la</strong> producción<br />
<strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera. A éstos hay que agregar todos los costos<br />
correspondi<strong>en</strong>tes al procesami<strong>en</strong>to industrial antes <strong>de</strong>scrito, los<br />
que incluy<strong>en</strong> básicam<strong>en</strong>te los ítems que a continuación se<br />
<strong>de</strong>scrib<strong>en</strong>:<br />
Se ha estimado un consumo m<strong>en</strong>sual <strong>de</strong> insumas <strong>de</strong> producción<br />
<strong>de</strong> $8.000 por hectárea, lo que da un costo anual <strong>de</strong> $96.000<br />
por Há. Este valor incluye costos <strong>de</strong> electricidad y: combustibles,<br />
materiales <strong>de</strong> aseo y seguridad.<br />
La mano <strong>de</strong> obra <strong>para</strong> el manejo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cuales se<br />
obti<strong>en</strong>e el acíbar, se ha estimado <strong>en</strong> 45 jornales-hombre al año<br />
por hectárea, a un valor unitario <strong>de</strong> $3.500, lo que da un total<br />
por este concepto <strong>de</strong> $157.500.<br />
\<br />
La mano <strong>de</strong> obra calificada <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> operaclon <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> maquinaria<br />
industrial, estimada <strong>en</strong> 45 días-hombre al año, a un valor unitario<br />
bruto <strong>de</strong> $30.000 por día, lo que da un total anual, <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong>s 20<br />
hectáreas, <strong>de</strong> $1.350.000.<br />
El proceso productivo <strong>de</strong>be estar sometido.a un control <strong>de</strong><br />
calidad interno perman<strong>en</strong>te, por lo que se consi<strong>de</strong>ra 45 díashombre<br />
<strong>de</strong> un <strong>la</strong>boratorista al año, con un costo <strong>de</strong> $15.000 por<br />
jornada. Es <strong>de</strong>cir, $675.000 anuales.<br />
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Por otro <strong>la</strong>do, aparece un ítem <strong>de</strong> mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> maquinarias,<br />
contemp<strong>la</strong>do <strong>en</strong> 30 horas al año a $14.750 por hora.<br />
El proyecto contemp<strong>la</strong> gastos administrativos, que correspon<strong>de</strong>n<br />
al prorrateo <strong>de</strong> los gastos <strong>de</strong> administración y v<strong>en</strong>tas, estimado<br />
<strong>en</strong> $14.400.000 al año, es <strong>de</strong>cir, $1.200.000 me,nsuales.<br />
Los gastos <strong>de</strong> emba<strong>la</strong>je sub<strong>en</strong> a $185 por kilogramo, <strong>de</strong>bido a<br />
que el emba<strong>la</strong>je <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar requiere <strong>de</strong> cajas sel<strong>la</strong>das,<br />
más resist<strong>en</strong>tes que <strong>en</strong> el caso <strong>de</strong> los emba<strong>la</strong>jes <strong>de</strong> hojas. Los<br />
gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque bajan a $125/kg, <strong>de</strong>bido a que disminuy<strong>en</strong><br />
los controles sanitarios a <strong>la</strong> salida <strong>de</strong>l país.<br />
A lo anterior se agrega un costo <strong>de</strong> certificación anual <strong>de</strong><br />
calidad, otorgada por el IASe, <strong>la</strong> que es otorgad~ por producto<br />
e<strong>la</strong>borado, in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cantidad <strong>de</strong> hectáreas utilizadas y<br />
ti<strong>en</strong>e un valor estimado <strong>de</strong> US $ 5 .000.<br />
5.1.3 Proceso productivo y costos asociados <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> gel<br />
líquido y liofilizado<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> gel, una vez cortadas <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>en</strong>cas, se<br />
escurr<strong>en</strong> (m<strong>en</strong>os tiempo que <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> acíbar) y se<br />
<strong>de</strong>scortezan <strong>para</strong> posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te el gel resultante ser colocado<br />
<strong>en</strong> un túnel <strong>de</strong> conge<strong>la</strong>ción rápida, el cual consta <strong>de</strong> un<br />
compresor, batería, radiador, cinta transportadora y un control<br />
<strong>de</strong> mando.<br />
El proceso se lleva a cabo <strong>la</strong>vando y <strong>de</strong>sinfectando <strong>la</strong>s hojas,<br />
<strong>para</strong> <strong>de</strong>spués realizar el cortado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ligu<strong>la</strong>, eliminando los <strong>la</strong>dos<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas, extray<strong>en</strong>do el gel, que una vez conge<strong>la</strong>do y<br />
sometido al proceso <strong>de</strong> liofilización explicado anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong><br />
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~"(<br />
r,<br />
~ I<br />
c¡".<br />
,1 ,<br />
este informe, se obti<strong>en</strong>e como resultado un polvo <strong>de</strong> gel que<br />
manti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>en</strong> mayor grado sus propieda<strong>de</strong>s originales.<br />
Este proceso evita que un conjunto <strong>de</strong> reacciones sucesivas<br />
producto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> se<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong>l vegetal madre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas que<br />
luego <strong>de</strong> ser triturados, disgregados o tratados, éll estar <strong>la</strong> pulpa<br />
expuesta al medio ambi<strong>en</strong>te, provoque acciones químicas y<br />
bioquímicas <strong>en</strong> uno o vanos compuestos susceptibles <strong>de</strong><br />
oxidaciones, formando compuestos muy activos que reaccionan<br />
con compuestos que constituy<strong>en</strong> el fruto.<br />
Simi<strong>la</strong>r al caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar, <strong>la</strong><br />
producción <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado contemp<strong>la</strong> <strong>en</strong> una primera etapa los<br />
mismos costos que <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera. A lo<br />
anterior se <strong>de</strong>be agregar por lo tanto, los costos: <strong>de</strong> producción<br />
<strong>de</strong>l gel líquido o <strong>de</strong>l gel liofilizado, según corresponda.<br />
En el caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> gel líquido, con una conc<strong>en</strong>tración<br />
<strong>de</strong> 10X, los costos <strong>de</strong> producción consi<strong>de</strong>ran mano <strong>de</strong> obra <strong>para</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> sacar <strong>la</strong> cáscara <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas, estimados <strong>en</strong> 135 jornales por<br />
hectárea al año, lo que da un valor anual <strong>de</strong> $472.500 por<br />
hectárea.<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> operaclon <strong>de</strong>l evaporador se requiere 60 días-hombre <strong>de</strong><br />
personal calificado, con un valor <strong>de</strong> $30.000 diarios, lo que da<br />
una suma anual <strong>de</strong> $1.800.000.<br />
Los Insumas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel líquido consi<strong>de</strong>ran,<br />
electricidad, combustibles, materiales <strong>de</strong> seguridad, <strong>de</strong> aseo,<br />
insumas <strong>para</strong> el control <strong>de</strong> calidad y el uso <strong>de</strong> preservantes <strong>para</strong><br />
lograr <strong>la</strong> estabilización <strong>de</strong>l gel. Todo ello estimado <strong>en</strong> un valor<br />
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'~\ ,<br />
70<br />
m<strong>en</strong>sual promedio <strong>de</strong> $10.000, lo que da un valor anual <strong>de</strong><br />
$120.000.<br />
Se consi<strong>de</strong>ra a<strong>de</strong>más los mismos valores <strong>para</strong> mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong><br />
equipos, control <strong>de</strong> calidad y gastos <strong>de</strong> administración que <strong>en</strong> el<br />
caso <strong>de</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar.<br />
Los gastos <strong>de</strong> emba<strong>la</strong>je se estimaron <strong>en</strong> $135 por kilogramo. Los<br />
gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque se consi<strong>de</strong>raron <strong>en</strong> $250/kg.<br />
Los insumas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado consi<strong>de</strong>ran,<br />
electricidad, combustibles, materiales <strong>de</strong> seguridad, <strong>de</strong> aseo,<br />
insumas <strong>para</strong> el control <strong>de</strong> calidad y el uso <strong>de</strong> preservantes <strong>para</strong><br />
lograr <strong>la</strong> estabilización <strong>de</strong>l gel. Todo ello estimado <strong>en</strong> un valor<br />
m<strong>en</strong>sual promedio <strong>de</strong> $14.000, lo que da un yalor anual <strong>de</strong><br />
$168.000 por hectárea.<br />
Para fabricar gel liofilizado se requiere introducir el gel natural al<br />
equipo liofilizador, <strong>para</strong> lo que se <strong>de</strong>be consi<strong>de</strong>rar los costos <strong>de</strong><br />
operación <strong>de</strong> este equipo, estimados <strong>en</strong> 90 días-hombre <strong>de</strong> mano<br />
<strong>de</strong> obra calificada, a una valor <strong>de</strong> $35.000 diario, da un total <strong>de</strong><br />
$3.150.000 al año.<br />
Se consi<strong>de</strong>ra a<strong>de</strong>más los mismos valores <strong>para</strong> mano <strong>de</strong> obra <strong>para</strong><br />
pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas, mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> equipos, control <strong>de</strong><br />
calidad y gastos <strong>de</strong> administración que <strong>en</strong> el caso <strong>de</strong> fabricación<br />
<strong>de</strong> gel líquido.<br />
Los gastos <strong>de</strong> emba<strong>la</strong>je se estimaron <strong>en</strong> $185 por kilogramo; los<br />
gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque se consi<strong>de</strong>raron <strong>en</strong> $1 25/kg, valores iguales<br />
al costo unitario empleado <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar.<br />
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71<br />
En el Cuadro N°S.1-1 se pres<strong>en</strong>ta un resum<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> los coefici<strong>en</strong>tes<br />
tecnológicos (transformaciones físicas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción)<br />
observados <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera, hijuelos,<br />
acíbar <strong>en</strong> polvo, gel líquido y gel liofilizado, así como<br />
estimaciones <strong>de</strong> sus r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos. Esto último es importante por<br />
cuanto permite i<strong>de</strong>ntificar v<strong>en</strong>tajas compar.ativas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
producción y por consigui<strong>en</strong>te, fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> competitividad <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
e<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
Región <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo.<br />
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Cuadro N ,0 5.1-1<br />
COEFICIENTES TECNOLÓGICOS Y RENDIMIENTOS MEDIOS POR HECTÁREA<br />
PROCESO PRODUCTIVO ALTO MEDIO BAJO<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
Número <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntas por héctarea 20,000 15,000 10,000<br />
Número <strong>de</strong> hojas por cosecha por p<strong>la</strong>nta 3 3 3<br />
Número <strong>de</strong> cosechas al año 3 3 3<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hojas (unida<strong>de</strong>s/Há) 180,000 135,000 90,000<br />
Peso promedio <strong>de</strong> una hoja madura (kg) OAOO OAOO OAOO<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> Hijuelos <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera<br />
Número <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntas por héctarea 20,000 15,000 10,000<br />
Cosechas <strong>de</strong> hijuelos por p<strong>la</strong>nta 6 6 6<br />
Número <strong>de</strong> cosechas al año 1 1 1<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s/Há) 120,000 90,000 60,000<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar<br />
R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to acíbar líquido (ce/p<strong>la</strong>nta) 14 : 14 14<br />
R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to acíbar líquido (Iitros/Há) 280 210 140<br />
Coefici<strong>en</strong>te pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar / acíbar líquido (kg/litro) 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar (kg/Há) 84 63 42<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar (kg/Há) 252 189 126<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> gel <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to gel natural por hoja (90% r<strong>en</strong>d) (kg/hoja) 0.36 0.36 0.36<br />
R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to gel natural por p<strong>la</strong>nta (kg/p<strong>la</strong>nta) 1.08 1.08 1.08<br />
R<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to gel natural por hectárea (Kg/Há) 21,600 16,200 10,800<br />
,<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel natural (kg/Há)<br />
64,800 48,600 32,400<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel líquido 10X (kg/Há) 6,480 4,860 3,240<br />
Coefici<strong>en</strong>te gel liofilizado (200X) / gel natural 0.005 0.005 0.005<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado (kg/Há) 324 243 162
73<br />
5.2 Determinación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Inversión Necesaria Para Producir los Productos<br />
. Seleccionados<br />
5.2.1 Definición <strong>de</strong>l perfil y tamaño <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> empresa<br />
Como no existe un mercado <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>do <strong>en</strong> Chile, se supondrá<br />
que el proceso se llevará a cabo vía integración vertical hacia<br />
a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte, es <strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>la</strong> empresa se hace cargo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> siembra <strong>de</strong> los hijuelos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera hasta <strong>la</strong><br />
comercialización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> materia prima y productos semle<strong>la</strong>borados<br />
<strong>para</strong> los mercados internacionales. De esta manera,<br />
se <strong>de</strong>terminará un tamaño medio <strong>de</strong>l predio, <strong>para</strong> efectos <strong>de</strong><br />
evaluar los costos <strong>de</strong> explotación y <strong>la</strong> inversión inicial.<br />
En <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo, se pres<strong>en</strong>ta g<strong>en</strong>eralm'<strong>en</strong>te un clima<br />
mediterráneo árido, caracterizado por <strong>la</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>tración <strong>en</strong><br />
InVierno <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s reducidas e irregu<strong>la</strong>res precipitaciones. La<br />
irregu<strong>la</strong>ridad es <strong>la</strong> que ha hecho indisp<strong>en</strong>sable <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong><br />
embalses <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región, <strong>para</strong> acumu<strong>la</strong>r importantes volúm<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong><br />
agua y garantizar estabilidad a una agricultura que aprovecha<br />
fundam<strong>en</strong>talm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong>s propicias condiciones climáticas locales.<br />
Se dice con razón, que el \ "Norte Chico" exporta' clima,<br />
fundam<strong>en</strong>tado <strong>en</strong> el hecho que a pesar <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pobre calidad <strong>de</strong> los<br />
suelos el disponer <strong>de</strong> un espacio climático muy b<strong>en</strong>igno y escaso<br />
<strong>en</strong> el p<strong>la</strong>neta favorece <strong>la</strong>s condiciones <strong>de</strong> competitividad, tanto<br />
<strong>en</strong> mercados externos como internos.<br />
En otro aspecto, <strong>la</strong> topografía influye <strong>en</strong> forma <strong>de</strong>terminante <strong>en</strong><br />
el clima, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> inci<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> proximidad <strong>de</strong>l litoral<br />
marino que p<strong>en</strong>etra profundam<strong>en</strong>te los valles transversales,<br />
contribuy<strong>en</strong>do a regu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong>s temperaturas y <strong>la</strong> humedad. En <strong>la</strong><br />
medida que se avanza hacia el interior <strong>de</strong> los valles disminuye <strong>la</strong><br />
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74<br />
humedad, aum<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> luminosidad y <strong>la</strong>s temperaturas medias,<br />
a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> los difer<strong>en</strong>ciales <strong>de</strong> temperatura <strong>en</strong>tre día y noche, lo<br />
que influye favorablem<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> el grado <strong>de</strong> azúcar y colorido <strong>de</strong><br />
algunos frutos.<br />
Respecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ocupaclon <strong>de</strong>l suelo, <strong>la</strong> utilización, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tierra es<br />
extremadam<strong>en</strong>te variable <strong>en</strong> función <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> disponibilidad re<strong>la</strong>tiva<br />
<strong>de</strong> agua. Para <strong>la</strong> economía agríco<strong>la</strong> regional, los cambios<br />
provocados por <strong>la</strong> car<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> agua inci<strong>de</strong> significativam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> superficie cultivada y <strong>en</strong> su productividad, introduci<strong>en</strong>do<br />
factores <strong>de</strong> inestabilidad que impi<strong>de</strong>n programar inversiones <strong>de</strong><br />
mediano p<strong>la</strong>zo que podrían increm<strong>en</strong>tar su competitividad<br />
(infraestructura, p<strong>la</strong>ntaciones, maquinaria, etc.)<br />
De acuerdo a ello es posible i<strong>de</strong>ntificar <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Regiór;' <strong>de</strong> Coquimbo<br />
cuatro tipos <strong>de</strong> productores:<br />
Empresario Mo<strong>de</strong>rno Empresario Tradicional Pequeño Productor con Pequeño Productor sin<br />
pot<strong>en</strong>cial agropecuario pot<strong>en</strong>cial agropecuario<br />
Se caracteriza por una Ori<strong>en</strong>tado básicam<strong>en</strong>te Principalm<strong>en</strong>te Minifundistas<br />
bu<strong>en</strong>a gestión técnica a cultivos tradicionales vincu<strong>la</strong>do a agricultores localizados <strong>en</strong> los<br />
<strong>de</strong> mercado y con niveles rezagados, " parceleros o secanos interiores y<br />
administrativa, altos tecnológicos <strong>de</strong> medios productores <strong>de</strong> riego y costeros agrupados<br />
niveles <strong>de</strong> a altos, con baja secano con pot<strong>en</strong>cial <strong>de</strong> principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong><br />
productividad, capacidad <strong>de</strong> gestión y recursos. Requier<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> comunida<strong>de</strong>s agríco<strong>la</strong>s<br />
flexibilidad <strong>en</strong> el uso <strong>de</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> mercados, inversiones adicionales que <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>n<br />
recursos, productor <strong>de</strong> poco flexibles <strong>en</strong> sus y apoyo tecnológico agricultura tradicional<br />
rubros más r<strong>en</strong>tables y estructuras productivas, <strong>para</strong> integrarse a rubros <strong>de</strong> subsist<strong>en</strong>cia, cuyos<br />
dinámicos, tales como tales como los más r<strong>en</strong>tables. ingresos son<br />
los productores productores <strong>de</strong> cultivos mayoritariam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong><br />
hortofrutíco<strong>la</strong>s. anuales, especialm<strong>en</strong>te orig<strong>en</strong> extrapredial.<br />
<strong>la</strong> papa.<br />
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La estratificación predial usualm<strong>en</strong>te utilizada <strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>cuestas a<br />
productores agríco<strong>la</strong>s los c<strong>la</strong>sifica <strong>en</strong> cuatro estratos <strong>de</strong> riego:<br />
C<strong>la</strong>sificación <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Productor<br />
Superficie <strong>en</strong><br />
hectáreas<br />
Rururbano<br />
Pequeño<br />
Mediano<br />
Gran<strong>de</strong><br />
M<strong>en</strong>os <strong>de</strong> 1 Há<br />
De 1 a 5 Há<br />
De 5 a 20 Há<br />
Más <strong>de</strong> 20 Há<br />
De acuerdo a <strong>la</strong> estructura anterior, y según datos<br />
proporcionados por <strong>la</strong> Dirección Regional <strong>de</strong> Riego; IV Región, el<br />
estrato más significativo <strong>en</strong> términos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> superficie que explota<br />
es el <strong>de</strong> los medianos. De esta manera <strong>para</strong> realizar <strong>la</strong>s<br />
cuantificaciones y estimaciones antes seña<strong>la</strong>das, se tomará<br />
como base <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> un productor c<strong>la</strong>sificado como<br />
mediano, suponi<strong>en</strong>do que dispone <strong>la</strong> totalidad <strong>de</strong> sus hectáreas<br />
<strong>en</strong> esta actividad, es <strong>de</strong>cir 20 hectáreas.<br />
Si bi<strong>en</strong> el objetivo <strong>de</strong>l proyecto es inducir <strong>la</strong> productividad <strong>de</strong><br />
suelos que <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> actualidad no son explotados, y que por lo tanto<br />
están ociosos, el suponer que se utilizará toda <strong>la</strong> tierra disponible<br />
no persigue otra cosa que i<strong>de</strong>ntificar el atractivo <strong>de</strong>l mercado<br />
bajo análisis y <strong>en</strong> función <strong>de</strong> esta simu<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tregar<br />
ori<strong>en</strong>taciones <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> implem<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong>finitiva <strong>de</strong> éste.<br />
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76<br />
5.2.2 Determinación <strong>de</strong> los montos <strong>de</strong> inversión <strong>en</strong> activo fijo<br />
Esto implica cuantificar los ítems necesarios <strong>para</strong> g<strong>en</strong>erar <strong>la</strong>s<br />
condiciones necesanas <strong>de</strong> producción, a saber: compra <strong>de</strong><br />
terr<strong>en</strong>os, sistema <strong>de</strong> riego, maquinaria y herrami<strong>en</strong>tas,<br />
construcción <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta <strong>de</strong> producción y bo<strong>de</strong>gas, etc.<br />
Para <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>la</strong> Inversión Inicial, se recurrirá a <strong>la</strong> estimación<br />
<strong>de</strong> lo ítems más importantes usualm<strong>en</strong>te utilizados <strong>para</strong> fines <strong>de</strong><br />
evaluación comercial. Es preciso seña<strong>la</strong>r, que aunque <strong>la</strong><br />
localización <strong>de</strong>l proyecto y sus insta<strong>la</strong>ciones no se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tre<br />
<strong>de</strong>finida, el uso <strong>de</strong> indicadores promedios permite optimizar <strong>la</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong>cisión futura <strong>de</strong> ubicación <strong>de</strong> éstas. Del mismo modo, se <strong>de</strong>be<br />
t<strong>en</strong>er pres<strong>en</strong>te que no es propósito <strong>de</strong> este estudio cuantificar<br />
estas inversiones, sino indicar magnitu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> ésta: puesto que el<br />
diseño <strong>de</strong>finitivo correspon<strong>de</strong> al análisis <strong>de</strong> especialistas <strong>en</strong> cada<br />
materia. Los ítems a consi<strong>de</strong>rar son los sigui<strong>en</strong>tes:<br />
• Construcción <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta <strong>de</strong> proceso<br />
• Mano <strong>de</strong> obra <strong>de</strong> activida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción.<br />
• Maquinarias y herrami<strong>en</strong>tas<br />
• Equipami<strong>en</strong>to y mobiliario<br />
• Equipami<strong>en</strong>to instrum<strong>en</strong>tal<br />
al<br />
Inversión necesaria <strong>para</strong> producir hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
La inversión inicial <strong>para</strong> producir y comercializar hojas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera estará dada por <strong>la</strong> pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong>l terr<strong>en</strong>o, lo que<br />
incluye es<strong>en</strong>cialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong>bores <strong>de</strong> aradura, estimada <strong>en</strong><br />
$15.000 por hectárea, rastraje, estimada <strong>en</strong> $20.000 por<br />
hectárea y aplicación <strong>de</strong> fertilizantes orgánicos, estimada <strong>en</strong><br />
10 tone<strong>la</strong>das <strong>de</strong> guano, a $30/kg, es <strong>de</strong>cir, $300.000.<br />
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Por otra parte, se <strong>de</strong>be consi<strong>de</strong>rar <strong>la</strong> adquisición <strong>de</strong> 16.500<br />
hijuelos, 10% adicional <strong>de</strong> marg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> seguridad con<br />
respecto a <strong>la</strong>s 15.000 p<strong>la</strong>ntas por hectárea que contemp<strong>la</strong><br />
el proyecto, <strong>en</strong> su r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to medio. Los hijuelos ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> un<br />
costo unitario <strong>de</strong> $200, lo que da una inversión <strong>de</strong><br />
$3.300.000 por Há.<br />
La mano <strong>de</strong> obra requerida <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación es 2 jornales<br />
<strong>para</strong> riego y 30 jornales <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación <strong>de</strong> los hijuelos.<br />
Se c'onsi<strong>de</strong>rará un sistema <strong>de</strong> riego tecnificado que incluirá<br />
un pozo profundo con bomba capaz <strong>de</strong> abastecer 20<br />
hectáreas <strong>de</strong> cultivos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera y una insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> riego<br />
por goteo. Este sistema ti<strong>en</strong>e un costo por hectárea <strong>de</strong><br />
US$1.400, lo que da un costo total <strong>para</strong> )as 20 Há <strong>de</strong><br />
$14.000.000.<br />
b) Inversión necesaria <strong>para</strong> producir pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar<br />
A<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> inversión agríco<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>finida anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te, el<br />
proyecto <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar contemp<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
insta<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> una p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora, que consi<strong>de</strong>ra <strong>la</strong><br />
\<br />
construcción <strong>de</strong> un galpón <strong>de</strong> 1000 m 2 a un valor <strong>de</strong> 5 U.F.<br />
por metro cuadrado, es <strong>de</strong>cir, $73.750.000. Esta<br />
insta<strong>la</strong>ción contemp<strong>la</strong> espacio <strong>para</strong> bo<strong>de</strong>ga <strong>de</strong> producto<br />
terminado, oficinas y un <strong>la</strong>boratorio <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong> calidad,<br />
a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora.<br />
Se consi<strong>de</strong>ra <strong>la</strong> adquisición <strong>de</strong> un evaporador <strong>de</strong> una etapa,<br />
por un valor <strong>de</strong> US$20.000, es <strong>de</strong>cir, $10.000.000.<br />
A<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> equipami<strong>en</strong>to instrum<strong>en</strong>tal por US$1 0.000.<br />
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La adquisición <strong>de</strong> equipami<strong>en</strong>to mobiliario, computacional,<br />
<strong>de</strong> comunicaciones se calculó <strong>en</strong> $2.500.000 Y <strong>la</strong><br />
habilitación <strong>de</strong> oficinas y <strong>la</strong>boratorio se estimó <strong>en</strong><br />
$1.500.000.<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminación <strong>de</strong>l tipo <strong>de</strong> maquinaria requerida se<br />
consultó con <strong>la</strong>s empresas MOLDA, TELSTAR y L~O-SAN,<br />
seleccionándose una máquina <strong>de</strong> secado por presión <strong>de</strong><br />
vacío <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar (sistema<br />
intermedio <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> liofilización y el secado por spray).<br />
c} Inversión necesaria <strong>para</strong> producir gel líquido 10X<br />
Simi<strong>la</strong>r al caso anterior, se requiere <strong>en</strong> forma adicional a <strong>la</strong><br />
inversión agríco<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong> una p<strong>la</strong>n~a procesadora<br />
y <strong>la</strong> adquisición <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> maquinaria <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong>l gel<br />
líquido, simi<strong>la</strong>r a <strong>la</strong> utilizada <strong>para</strong> producir acíbar <strong>en</strong> polvo.<br />
La inversión <strong>en</strong> infraestructura se estimó igual al caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar. De igual forma, se consi<strong>de</strong>ró un evaporador<br />
<strong>de</strong> simi<strong>la</strong>res características. Por lo tanto, el valor <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
inversión física <strong>de</strong> este proyecto es igual al obt<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
lo<br />
producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar, estimado <strong>en</strong> $92.750.000.<br />
d} Inversión necesaria <strong>para</strong> producir gel liofilizado 200X<br />
A difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> los dos casos anteriores, se <strong>de</strong>be invertir <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> adquisición <strong>de</strong> una máquina liofilizadora, que ti<strong>en</strong>e un<br />
costo aproximado <strong>de</strong> US$83.000, es <strong>de</strong>cir, $41.500.000.<br />
El resto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ción se consi<strong>de</strong>ró <strong>de</strong> iguales<br />
características que el proyecto <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel líquido.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
79<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado se escogió un liofilizador<br />
L10MEGA 400, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> firma TELSTAR, con capacidad <strong>de</strong> 800<br />
litros <strong>en</strong> ban<strong>de</strong>ja, con con<strong>de</strong>nsador con capacidad <strong>para</strong><br />
800 Kg <strong>de</strong> hielo, a temperatura <strong>de</strong> -75°C. Las<br />
especificaciones técnicas se adjuntan <strong>en</strong> el Anexo N°3.<br />
5.2.3 Determinación <strong>de</strong> los montos <strong>de</strong> inversión <strong>en</strong> capital <strong>de</strong> trabajo<br />
Se trata <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar los recursos financieros necesarios <strong>para</strong> el<br />
normal funcionami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l proceso productivo seleccionado<br />
(sueldos, materiales, inv<strong>en</strong>tarios, gastos <strong>de</strong> administración y<br />
v<strong>en</strong>ta, <strong>de</strong>sfases, imprevistos, etc.). Esta es una variable crítica,<br />
pues <strong>la</strong> cosecha <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera no se realiza sino antes <strong>de</strong><br />
transcurrido 24 meses (<strong>en</strong> promedio) <strong>de</strong> realizada <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación.<br />
Para efectos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminación <strong>de</strong>l capital <strong>de</strong> trabajo y su<br />
financiami<strong>en</strong>to, se consi<strong>de</strong>ró éste igual al monto <strong>de</strong>terminado por<br />
el total <strong>de</strong> costos <strong>de</strong> explotación y gastos g<strong>en</strong>erales <strong>de</strong> los<br />
primeros tres años <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, según lo indican los flujos <strong>de</strong><br />
caja respectivos. Cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r que recién al tercer año todos los<br />
proyectos evaluados pres<strong>en</strong>tan ingresos <strong>de</strong> explotación. Durante<br />
los dos primeros años <strong>de</strong> cada proyecto se contemp<strong>la</strong>ron<br />
so<strong>la</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te costos <strong>de</strong> producción por concepto <strong>de</strong> mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to<br />
<strong>de</strong> los cultivos.<br />
De esta manera, con todo lo anterior se cuantifica <strong>la</strong> magnitud <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
inversión necesaria <strong>para</strong> empr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r esta actividad productiva y se<br />
podrán hacer estimaciones <strong>para</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar los r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos exigibl.es al<br />
proyecto <strong>para</strong> que éste sea conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> llevarlo a cabo.<br />
En los Cuadros N°5. 2-1<br />
al N°5. 2-4 se pres<strong>en</strong>tan los costos <strong>de</strong> inversión<br />
<strong>en</strong> terr<strong>en</strong>o, insta<strong>la</strong>ciones (<strong>para</strong> el tamaño <strong>de</strong>l proyecto <strong>de</strong>finido),<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Injorme Final, Abril 1999
80<br />
inversión agríco<strong>la</strong>, producción anual <strong>para</strong> 1 hectárea y comercialización<br />
(por kg), estimados <strong>para</strong> producir:<br />
• hojas <strong>de</strong> ~Ioe vera (hijuelos)<br />
• pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar<br />
• gel líquido 10X<br />
• gel liofilizado 200X<br />
Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, el Cuadro N°5.2-5 muestra <strong>la</strong> estructura <strong>de</strong> costos <strong>de</strong><br />
producción <strong>de</strong> 1 hectárea <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera. Lo anterior, con el fin<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar el costo <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el punto <strong>de</strong> vista <strong>de</strong> un<br />
pequeño agricultor, que v<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ría sus producción a una p<strong>la</strong>nta<br />
procesadora <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región.<br />
En este caso, se consi<strong>de</strong>ró los mismos costos <strong>de</strong> prepar~clon <strong>de</strong> suelo,<br />
<strong>la</strong>bores <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación, <strong>la</strong>bores <strong>de</strong> cultivo y cosecha que <strong>en</strong> el caso <strong>de</strong>l<br />
cultivo <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>para</strong> exportación, ver Cuadro N°5. 2-1. En cambio se<br />
contemp<strong>la</strong>n gastos <strong>de</strong> administración <strong>de</strong> $20.000 m<strong>en</strong>suales y un gasto<br />
<strong>de</strong> arri<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong>l terr<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> $40.000 m<strong>en</strong>suales. El flete <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el predio a<br />
<strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora se estimó <strong>en</strong> $3/kg.<br />
A difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> los casos anteriores, don<strong>de</strong> el costo por hectárea <strong>de</strong> un<br />
sistema <strong>de</strong> riego por goteo fue avaluado <strong>en</strong> $700.000, <strong>en</strong> este caso, <strong>la</strong><br />
inversión <strong>en</strong> riego por hectárea sube a $3.000.000, <strong>de</strong>bido a que los<br />
costos <strong>de</strong> adquisición <strong>de</strong> una bomba y <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong> un pozo<br />
profundo no se prorratean por 20 hectáreas, sino que es absorbido por<br />
una hectárea.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final. Abril 1999
Cuadro N°5.2-1<br />
ESTRUCTURA DE COSTOS PARA LA PRODUCCION DE HOJAS DE ALOE VERA<br />
Labor o Actividad Item Cantidad Unida<strong>de</strong>s Costo por Unidad Costo por Hectárea Costo total 20 Há<br />
($) ($) ($)<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>os Terr<strong>en</strong>o 1 Há 800,000 800,000 16,000,000<br />
Pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelo Riego 1 JH 3,500 3,500 70,000<br />
Aradura (2 operaciones) 0.5 JTA 30,000 15,000 300,000<br />
Rastraje (3 operaciones) 0.5 JTR 40,000 20,000 400,000<br />
Aplicadón Fertilizantes 10 lon/Há 30,000 300,000 6,000,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación Riego 2 JH 3,500 7,000 140,000<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntación 30 JH 3,500 105,000 2,100,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción sistema <strong>de</strong> riego 1 sisVHá 700,000 700,000 14,000,000<br />
Hijuelos 16,500 un/Há 200 3,300,000 66,000,000<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> 4,450,500 89,010,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> cultivo Riego (cada 30 dias) 12 JH 3,500 42,000 840,000<br />
Limpieza con azadón 24 JH 3,500 84,000 1,680,000<br />
Aplicación fertilizantes 1 ton/Há 30,000 30,000 600,000<br />
Derechos <strong>de</strong> Agua 1 DA/Há 40,000 40.000 800,000<br />
Cosecha Deshijadura (1/año) (6 hij/p<strong>la</strong>) 60 JH 3,500 210,000 4,200,000<br />
Recolección hojas (3/año) 90 JH 3,500 315,000 6,300,000<br />
Limpieza y selección 42 JH 3,500 147,000 2,940,000<br />
Costo Operación 868,000 17,360,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales Gastos <strong>de</strong> administración 12 mes 1,200,000 14,400,000<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización Emba<strong>la</strong>je $/kg 85<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque $/kg 375<br />
Flete terrestre (LS-Stgo.) $/kg 15<br />
Flete aéreo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 625<br />
Flete marítimo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 263<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete aéreo $/kg 1,100<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete maritimo $/kg 738
Cuadro N°5.2-2<br />
ESTRUCTURA DE COSTOS PARA LA PRODUCCION DE PASTA DE ACIBAR<br />
Labor o Actividad Item Cantidad Unida<strong>de</strong>s Costo por Unidad Costo por Hectárea Costo total 20 Há<br />
($) ($) ($)<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>os Terr<strong>en</strong>o 1 Há 800,000 800,000 16,000,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora Construcción P<strong>la</strong>nta 1000 m 2 73,750,000 73,750,000<br />
Máquina procesadora 1 10,000,000 10,000,000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Mobiliario 2,500,000 2,500.000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Instrum<strong>en</strong>tal 5,000,000 5,000,000<br />
Oficinas y administración 1,500,000 1,500,000<br />
Inversión Insta<strong>la</strong>ciones<br />
Pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelo<br />
92,750,000<br />
Riego 1 JH 3,500 3,500 70,000<br />
Aradura (2 operaciones) 0.5 JTA 30,000 15,000 300,000<br />
Rastraje (3 operaciones) 0.5 JTR 40,000 20,000 400,000<br />
Aplicación Fertilizantes 10 ton/Há 30,000 300,000 6,000,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación Riego 2 JH 3,500 7,000 140,000<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntación 30 JH 3,500 105,000 2,100,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción sistema <strong>de</strong> riego 1 20 Há 14,000,000 700,000 14,000,000<br />
Hijuelos 16,500 un/Há 200 3,300,000 66,000,000<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> 4,450,500 89,010,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> cultivo Riego 12 JH 3,500 42,000 840,000<br />
Limpieza con azadón 24 JH 3,500 84,000 1,680,000<br />
Aplicación fertilizantes 1 lon/Há 30,000 30,000 600,000<br />
Derechos <strong>de</strong> Agua 1 D.A./Há 40,000 40,000<br />
Cosecha<br />
800,000<br />
Deshijadura (1/año) (6 hij/pta) 60 JH 3,500 210,000 4,200,000<br />
Recolección hojas (3/año) 90 JH 3,500 315,000 6,300,000<br />
Limpieza y selección 42 JH 3,500 147,000 2,940,000<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> acibar <strong>en</strong> polvo Mano <strong>de</strong> obra 45 JH 3,500 157,500 3,150,000<br />
Insumas 12 mes 8,000 96,000 1,920,000<br />
Costo Operación 1,121,500 22,430,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales Mano <strong>de</strong> obra calificada 45 OH 30,000 1,350,000<br />
Control <strong>de</strong> calidad 45 OH 15,000 675,000<br />
Mant<strong>en</strong>ción Equipos 30 HH 14,750 442,500<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> administración 12 mes 1,200,000 14,400,000<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización Emba<strong>la</strong>je<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales<br />
.-<br />
$/kg<br />
185<br />
16,867,500<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque $/kg 125<br />
Flete terrestre (LS-Stgo.) $/kg 15<br />
Flete aéreo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 625<br />
Flete maritimo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 263<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete aéreo $/kg 950<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete marítimo $/kg 588<br />
üv\ /
Cuadro N°5.2-3<br />
ESTRUCTURA DE COSTOS PARA LA PRODUCCION DE GEL LIQUIDO 10X<br />
Labor o Actividad Item Cantidad Unida<strong>de</strong>s Costo por Unidad Costo por Hectárea Costo total 20 Há<br />
($) ($) ($)<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>os Terr<strong>en</strong>o 1 Há 800.000 800,000 16,000,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora Construcción P<strong>la</strong>nta 1000 m 2 73,750,000 73.750,000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Industrial 1 10,000,000 10,000,000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Mobiliario 2,500,000 2,500,000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Instrum<strong>en</strong>tal 5,000,000 5,000,000<br />
Oficinas y administración 1 1,500,000 1,500,000<br />
Inversión Insta<strong>la</strong>ciones<br />
Pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelo 92,750,000<br />
Riego 1 JH 3,500 3,500 70,000<br />
Aradura (2 operaciones) 0.5 JTA 30,000 15,000 300,000<br />
Rastraje (3 operaciones) 0.5 JTR 40,000 20,000 400,000<br />
Aplicación Fertilizanles 10 lon/Há 30,000 300,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación<br />
6,000,000<br />
Riego 2 JH 3,500 7,000 140,000<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntación 30 JH 3,500 105,000 2,100,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción sistema <strong>de</strong> riego 1 20 Há 14,000,000 700,000 14,000,000<br />
Hijuelos 16,500 un/Há 200 3,300,000 66,000,000<br />
Inversión Agríco<strong>la</strong> 4,450,500<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> cultivo<br />
89,010,000<br />
Riego 12 JH 3,500 42,000 840,000<br />
Limpieza con azadón 24 JH 3,500 84,000 1,680,000<br />
Apticación fertilizantes 1 ton/Há 30,000 30,000 600,000<br />
Derechos <strong>de</strong> Agua 1 DA/Há 40,000 40,000<br />
Cosecha 800,000<br />
Deshijadura (1/año) (6 hij/pta) 60 JH 3,500 210,000 4,200,000<br />
Recolección hojas(3/año) 90 JH 3,500 315,000 6,300,000<br />
Limpieza y selección 42 JH 3,500 147,000 2,940,000<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> gel liquido 10X Insumas - Preservantes 12 mes 10,000 120,000 2,400,000<br />
Mano <strong>de</strong> obra 135 JH/Há 3,500 472,500 9,450,000<br />
Costo Operación 1,460,500 29,210,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales Mano <strong>de</strong> obra calificada 60 DH 30,000 1,800,000<br />
Control <strong>de</strong> Calidad 45 DH 15,000 675,000<br />
Mant<strong>en</strong>ción Equipos 30 HH 14,750 442,500<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> administración 12 mes 1,200,000 14,400,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 17,317,500<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete y comercializacíón Emba<strong>la</strong>je $/kg .. 135<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque $/kg 250<br />
Flete terrestre (LS-Stgo.) $/kg 15<br />
Flete aéreo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 625<br />
Flete maritimo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 263<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete aéreo $/kg 1,025<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete marítimo $Ikg 663
Cuadro W5.2-4<br />
ESTRUCTURA DE COSTOS PARA LA PRODUCCION DE GEL LIOFILIZADO 200X<br />
Labor o Actividad Item Cantidad Unida<strong>de</strong>s Costo por Unidad Costo por Hectárea Costo total 20 Há<br />
($) ($) ($)<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>os Terr<strong>en</strong>o 1 Há 800,000 800,000 16,000,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora Construcción P<strong>la</strong>nta 1000 m 2 73,750,000 73,750,000<br />
Máquina procesadora 1 41,500,000 41,500,000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Mobiliario 2,500,000 2,500,000<br />
Equipami<strong>en</strong>to Instrum<strong>en</strong>tal 5,000,000 5,000,000<br />
Oficinas y administración 1 1,500,000 1,500,000<br />
Inversión Insta<strong>la</strong>ciones 124,250,000<br />
Pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelo Riego 1 JH 3,500 3,500 70,000<br />
Aradura (2 operaciones) 0.5 JTA 30,000 15,000 300,000<br />
Rastraje (3 operaciones) 0.5 JTR 40,000 20,000 400,000<br />
Aplicación Fertilizantes 10 ton/Há 30,000 300,000 6,000,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación Riego 2 JH 3,500 7,000 140.000<br />
P<strong>la</strong>ntación 30 JH 3,500 105,000 2,100,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción sistema <strong>de</strong> riego 1 20 Há 14,000,000 700,000 14,000,000<br />
Hijuelos 16,500 un/Há 200 3.300,000 66,000,000<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> 4,450,500 89,010,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> cultivo Riego 12 JH 3,500 42,000 840,000<br />
Limpieza con azadón 24 JH 3,500 84,000 1,680,000<br />
Aplicación fertilizantes 1 ton/Há 30,000 30,000 600,000<br />
Derechos <strong>de</strong> Agua 1 D.A.lHá 40,000 40,000 800,000<br />
Cosecha Deshijadura (1/añ.o) (6 hij/pta) 60 JH 3,500 210,000 4,200,000<br />
Recolección hojas (3/año) 90 JH 3,500 315,000 6,300,000<br />
Limpieza y selección 42 JH 3,500 147,000 2,940,000<br />
Producción <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado Insumos 12 mes 14,000 168,000 3,360,000<br />
Mano <strong>de</strong> obra 135 JH/Há 3,500 472,500 9,450,000<br />
Costo Operación 1,508,500 30,170,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales Mano <strong>de</strong> obra calificada 90 OH 35,000 3,150.000<br />
Control <strong>de</strong> calidad 45 OH 15,000 675,000<br />
Mant<strong>en</strong>ción Equipos 30 HH 14,750 442,500<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> administración 12 mes 1,200,000 14,400,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 18,667,500<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización Emba<strong>la</strong>je $/kg .- 185<br />
Gastos <strong>de</strong> embarque $/kg 125<br />
Flete terrestre (LS-Stgo.) $/kg 15<br />
Flete aéreo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 625<br />
Flele maritimo (Stgo-Miami) $/kg 263<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete aéreo $/kg 950<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete maritimo $/kg 588
Cuadro N"5.2-5<br />
ESTRUCTURA DE COSTOS PARA PRODUCCION DE 1 HÉCTAREA HOJAS DE ALOE VERA - VENTA MERCADO INTERNO<br />
Labor o Actividad Item Cantidad Unida<strong>de</strong>s Costo por Unidad Costo por Hectárea<br />
($) ($)<br />
Pre<strong>para</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> suelo Riego 1 JH 3.500 3,500<br />
Aradura (2 operaciones) 0.5 JTA 30,000 15,000<br />
Rastraje (3 operaciones) 0.5 JTR 40,000 20,000<br />
Aplicación Fertilizantes 10 ton/Há 30 300,000<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntación Riego 2 JH 3,500 7,000<br />
P<strong>la</strong>n<strong>la</strong>ción 30 JH 3,500 105,000<br />
Insta<strong>la</strong>ción sistema <strong>de</strong> riego 1 sisUHá 3,000,000 3,000.000<br />
Hijuelos 16,500 un/Há 200 3.300.000<br />
Inversión Agríco<strong>la</strong> 6,750,500<br />
Labores <strong>de</strong> cultivo Riego 12 JH 3,500 42,000<br />
Limpieza con azadón 24 JH 3,500 84,000<br />
Aplicación fertilizantes 1 ton/Há 30 30,000<br />
Derechos <strong>de</strong> Agua 1 DA/Há 40,000 40,000<br />
Cosecha Deshijadura (1/año) (6 hij/p<strong>la</strong>) 60 JH 3,500 210,000<br />
Recolección hojas (3/año) 90 JH 3,500 315.000<br />
Limpieza y selección 42 JH 3,500 147,000<br />
Costo Operación 868,000<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales Gaslos <strong>de</strong> administración 12 mes 20,000 240,000<br />
Arri<strong>en</strong>do terr<strong>en</strong>o 12 mes 40,000 480,000<br />
... Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 720,000<br />
Costo <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización Flete a p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora $/kg 4
86<br />
De estos cuadros es posible inferir que los costos <strong>de</strong> producción<br />
y <strong>de</strong> inversión <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera e hijuelos<br />
no difier<strong>en</strong> sustancialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> los observados <strong>para</strong> otro tipo <strong>de</strong><br />
cultivos que tradicionalm<strong>en</strong>te se produc<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región <strong>de</strong><br />
Coquimbo. Sin embargo, cuando se observa los 90stos <strong>para</strong> los<br />
procesos industriales propiam<strong>en</strong>te tal <strong>de</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong><br />
acíbar, gel líquido 10X y gel liofilizado 200X, éstos se<br />
increm<strong>en</strong>tan fuertem<strong>en</strong>te, especialm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> lo re<strong>la</strong>cionado con <strong>la</strong><br />
implem<strong>en</strong>tación y construcción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> infraestructura física <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />
p<strong>la</strong>ntas procesadoras, así como <strong>la</strong> adquisición y operación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
maquinaria requerida <strong>para</strong> estos efectos.<br />
De este modo, se llevaron a cabo estimaciones <strong>de</strong> los costos <strong>de</strong><br />
explotación unitarios <strong>para</strong> los productos seleccion;ados, a modo<br />
<strong>de</strong> efectuar un primer análisis respecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong><br />
comercializarlos. Para estos efectos, se analizaron los costos<br />
<strong>para</strong> cada producto puesto <strong>en</strong> Miami, E.E.U.U., tanto vía aérea<br />
como marítima. Los resultados se pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>en</strong> los Cuadros<br />
N°5.2-6 y N°5.2-7.<br />
El Cuadro N°5.2-8 pres<strong>en</strong>ta los parámetros utilizados <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />
\<br />
evaluaciones <strong>de</strong> los proyectos. Cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r que <strong>la</strong>s tab<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />
evaluación <strong>de</strong> los proyectos están completam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
<strong>para</strong>metrizadas, <strong>de</strong> tal manera que es posible ir s<strong>en</strong>sibilizando los<br />
resultados <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a difer<strong>en</strong>tes valores que se asign<strong>en</strong> a los<br />
parámetros.<br />
ESlUdio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Inlorme Final, Abril 1999
Cuadro N°S.2-G<br />
COSTOS UNITARIOS DE EXPLOTACION SEGÚN RENDIMIENTOS 1<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
RENDIMIENTO<br />
PRODUCTO UNIDAD ALTO MEDIO BAJO<br />
(puesto <strong>en</strong> Miami, vía aérea)<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera US$/hoja 0.89 0.89 0.90<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera * US$/hoja 0.60 O.qO 0.61<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar US$/kg 10.80 13.77 19.70<br />
Gel líquido 10X US$/kg 2.50 2.65 2.95<br />
Gel liofilizado 200X US$/kg 11.21 14.32 20.52<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera - Mcdo interno US$/hoja 0.01 0.01 0.02<br />
* Costo estimado vía transporte marítimo; el resto consi<strong>de</strong>ra transporte aéreo<br />
1: No consi<strong>de</strong>ra costos <strong>de</strong> capital (inversión <strong>en</strong> activos fijos: equipami<strong>en</strong>to y terr<strong>en</strong>o)<br />
Cuadro N°S.2-7<br />
PRECIOS UNITARIOS DE MERCADO<br />
PRECIO'<br />
PRODUCTO UNIDAD ALTO MEDIO BAJO<br />
(Precios Miami-USA)<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera US$/hoja 0.60 0.50 0.40<br />
Hijuelos <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera * US$/hijuelo 0.50 0.40 0.30<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar US$/kg 14.00 12.00 10.00<br />
Gel líquido 10X US$/kg 16.00 14.00 11.00<br />
Gel liofilizado 200X US$/kg 200.00 180.00 160.00<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera * US$/hoja 0.20 0.15 0.10<br />
* V<strong>en</strong>ta solo <strong>en</strong> mercado Interno<br />
Cuadro N°S.2-8<br />
PARAMETROS DE SIMULACION<br />
ITEM UNIDAD VALOR<br />
Superiicie p<strong>la</strong>ntada há 20<br />
Valor <strong>de</strong>l terr<strong>en</strong>o $/há 800,000<br />
Vida útil p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora años 10<br />
Certificación <strong>de</strong> Calidad IASC US$ 5,000<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to % 14%<br />
Tipo <strong>de</strong> cambio $/US$ 500<br />
% v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos a partir año 6 % 50%
88<br />
Para el caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> comercialización <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong>· aloe vera, el<br />
costo <strong>de</strong> transporte es altam<strong>en</strong>te inci<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> posibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />
acce<strong>de</strong>r a mercados internacionales, ya sea vía aérea como vía<br />
marítima, al grado que no resulta factible <strong>la</strong> explotación <strong>de</strong> este<br />
subproducto <strong>para</strong> exportación. En todo caso, <strong>la</strong> factibilidad<br />
técnica <strong>de</strong> utilizar transporte marítimo <strong>de</strong>berá. evaluarse <strong>en</strong><br />
función <strong>de</strong>l tiempo involucrado <strong>en</strong> el transporte <strong>de</strong>l producto, por<br />
cuanto es sabido el mayor costo <strong>en</strong> tiempo a través dé'; <strong>la</strong> vía<br />
marítima <strong>en</strong> com<strong>para</strong>ción a <strong>la</strong> aérea y tratándose <strong>de</strong> un producto<br />
con características naturales, podría <strong>en</strong>fr<strong>en</strong>tar <strong>de</strong>terioro <strong>en</strong> su<br />
calidad si el tiempo <strong>de</strong> tras<strong>la</strong>do es excesIvo.<br />
Para el caso <strong>de</strong> los hijuelos, se ha supuesto que sólo se<br />
comercializan internam<strong>en</strong>te. Si bi<strong>en</strong> ello pudiera limitar <strong>la</strong><br />
expansión <strong>de</strong>l mercado, el atractivo marg<strong>en</strong> obs;ervado podría<br />
justificar el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> un proyecto <strong>de</strong> este tipo, sumado al<br />
hecho que comparte el proceso y <strong>la</strong>s técnicas <strong>de</strong> producción que<br />
se utilizan <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera. Esta situación<br />
permite <strong>la</strong> producción conjunta <strong>de</strong> ambos productos y con ello el<br />
aprovechami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s economías <strong>de</strong> esca<strong>la</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>tes y con<br />
ello mejorar el retorno <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> inversión que se requiera.<br />
\<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar se llega al mismo resultado negativo que<br />
<strong>para</strong> el caso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera. Por lo tanto, este<br />
subproducto también queda <strong>de</strong>scartado, <strong>en</strong> función <strong>de</strong> los<br />
resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos. Ni siquiera con los mejores r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
alcanza un nivel <strong>de</strong> costos que le permita Ingresar al<br />
con ganancias.<br />
mercado<br />
El gel líquido 10X y el gel liofilizado 200X son qUizás hoy <strong>en</strong> día<br />
los productos que han mostrado un mayor dinamismo y un gran<br />
crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> su <strong>de</strong>manda y muestran <strong>la</strong> mejor re<strong>la</strong>ción precio<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
89<br />
versus costo unitario. Sin embargo, <strong>de</strong>be t<strong>en</strong>erse .<strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta que<br />
<strong>la</strong> e<strong>la</strong>boración <strong>de</strong> estos productos se caracteriza por los altos<br />
niveles <strong>de</strong> inversión inicial, así como su <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncia a los<br />
r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos promedios <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera utilizadas <strong>en</strong><br />
estos fines. No obstante ello, los márg<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> comercialización<br />
observados se conviert<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> un atractivo interesarte <strong>de</strong> abordar,<br />
<strong>en</strong> especial a lo re<strong>la</strong>cionado a <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
90<br />
5.3 Evaluación <strong>de</strong>l Proyecto, S<strong>en</strong>sibilizaciones y Definición <strong>de</strong> Esc<strong>en</strong>arios <strong>de</strong><br />
Ocurr<strong>en</strong>cia<br />
Con los datos obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>en</strong> los puntos anteriores, se realizará una<br />
evaluación económica <strong>de</strong>l proyecto, <strong>de</strong>terminando indjcadores tales<br />
como: VAN y TIR, que permitirán establecer un pronunciami<strong>en</strong>to<br />
respecto <strong>de</strong> si <strong>de</strong>be o no llevarse a cabo un <strong>de</strong>terminado proyecto. Del<br />
mismo modo se i<strong>de</strong>ntificará <strong>la</strong>s variables más <strong>de</strong>terminantes <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong>l proyecto.<br />
Cabe seña<strong>la</strong>r que <strong>para</strong> los años 3 al 5, se estimaron r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos bajos<br />
<strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntas por há, dado <strong>la</strong> poca experi<strong>en</strong>cia que se ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>en</strong> Chile con<br />
este cultivo, lo que supone que muchas p<strong>la</strong>ntas se pue<strong>de</strong>n per<strong>de</strong>r <strong>en</strong> un<br />
principio. A partir <strong>de</strong>l año 6 hasta el año 10, se consi<strong>de</strong>ra un<br />
r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to medio.<br />
En el caso <strong>de</strong> los hijuelos, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el ano 6 <strong>en</strong> a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte, <strong>la</strong><br />
comercialización <strong>de</strong> éstos se ha bajado al 50%, consi<strong>de</strong>rando que habrá<br />
más cultivos y se produciría una sobreoferta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos.<br />
En jos casos <strong>de</strong> fabricación <strong>de</strong> productos semi-e<strong>la</strong>borados se ha<br />
\<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rado una inspección anual <strong>de</strong>l IASC, que otorga <strong>la</strong> certificación<br />
<strong>de</strong> calidad, valorada <strong>en</strong> US$5.000 anuales.<br />
Las distintas evaluaciones se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> los Cuadros N°5.3-2 al<br />
N°5.3-11, Y sus indicadores <strong>de</strong> r<strong>en</strong>tabilidad se resum<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> el Cuadro<br />
N°5. 3-1, que se pres<strong>en</strong>ta a continuación.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
91<br />
Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, los Cuadros N°5.3-12 al 5.3-14 pres<strong>en</strong>tan los<br />
resultados <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s evaluaciones <strong>de</strong>l proyecto <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong><br />
hectárea <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>para</strong> ser v<strong>en</strong>didas a una p<strong>la</strong>nta<br />
procesadora local. Se emplean esc<strong>en</strong>arios <strong>de</strong> precios bajo, medio y alto,<br />
estimados <strong>en</strong> 0,10; 0,15 Y 0,20 USS/hoja, respectivam<strong>en</strong>~e.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final. Abril 1999
Cuadro ND5.3-1<br />
Resum<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> evaluaciones <strong>de</strong> proyectos <strong>de</strong> subproductos <strong>de</strong> aloe vera<br />
(US$)<br />
Producto Esc<strong>en</strong>ario Inversión Inicial VAN TIR<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera Precio alto - Aéreo -1,366,340 -2,747,866 n/d<br />
Precio alto - Marítimo -1,366,340 -700,400 n/d<br />
Pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar Precio medio - Aéreo -526,451 -86,176 n/d<br />
Precio medio - Marítimo -524,626 -24,918 n/d<br />
Gel liquido 10X Precio alto - Aéreo -536,573 2,012,047 65%<br />
Precio medio - Aéreo -536,573 1,746,778 61%<br />
Precio bajo - Aéreo -536,573 1,348,874 54%<br />
Gel liofilizado 200X Precio alto - Aéreo -605,543 1,165,605 47%<br />
Precio medio - Aéreo -605,543 1,032,971 .45%<br />
Precio bajo - Aéreo -605,543 900,336 42%<br />
Hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera Precio alto -18,469 13,859 27%<br />
(Medo. interno) Precio medio -18,469 4,648 19%<br />
Precio bajo -18,469 -4,563 n/d<br />
E<strong>la</strong>borado por INECON.
Cuadro W5.3-2<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN HOJAS DE ALOE VERA - PRECIO ALTO - FLETE AEREO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hojas (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,800,000 1.800,000 1,800,000 2,700,000 2.700,000 2,700,000 2,700.000 2,700,000<br />
Precio por hoja<br />
060 0.60 0.60 0.60 060 060 0.60 060<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 030 0.30 030 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hojas O O 1,080,000 1,080,000 1,080,000 1,620,000 1,620,000 1,620,000 1,620,000 1,620,000<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización O O 1,584,000 1,584,000 1,584,000 2,376,000 2,376,000 2,376,000 2,376,000 2,376,000<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 7,840 7,840 1,618,720 1,618,720 1,618,720 2,410,720 2,410,720 2,410,720 2,410,720 2,410,720<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 7,200 7,200 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 28.800 28,800 28,800<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impueslo -15,046 -15,040 -87,520 -87,520 -87,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -15.040 -30,080 -117,600 -205,120 -292,640 -932,160 -1,571,680 -2,211,200 -2,850,720 -3,490.240<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -15,040 -15,040 -87,520 -87,520 -87,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32,000 32.000<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -1.677,600 -- 1,677,600<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -1,887,620 -15,040 -15,040 -87,520 -87,520 -87,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520 -639,520 1,070,080 ,<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN -2,747,866<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR)<br />
nld<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cu'adro N°5.3·3<br />
EVALUACION PROYECTO PRODUCCION HOJAS DE ALOE VERA· PRECIO ALTO· FLETE MARITIMO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hojas (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800.000 2,700,000 2,700,000 2,700,000 2.700,000 2,700.000<br />
Precio por hoja<br />
0.60 0.60 060 0.60 0.60 0.60 060 0.60<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
040 040 040 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 030<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hojas O O 1,080,000 1.080,000 1,080,000 1,620,000 1,620,000 1,620,000 1,620,000 1,620.000<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,560,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000<br />
Casios <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720 34,720 34.720 34.720 34,720<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> fiete y comercialización O O 1,062,720 1,062,720 1,062,720 1,594,080 1,594,080 1,594.080 1,594,080 1,594,080<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 7,840 7,840 1,097,440 1,097,440 1,097,440 1,628,800 1,628,800 1,628,800 1,628,800 1,628,800<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 7,200 7,200 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 28.800 28.800<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
;<br />
Utilidad anles <strong>de</strong> impuesto -15.040 ·15,040 433,760 433,760 433,760 142,400 142,400 142,400 142,400 142,400<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -15,040 -30,080 403,680 837,440 1,271,200 1,413.600 1,556,000 1,698,400 1,840.800 1.983,200<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 60,552 125,616 190.680 212,040 233,400 254,760 276,120 297,480<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto ·15,040 -15.040 373.208 308,144 243,080 ·69,640 -91,000 ·112,360 ·133,720 ·155,080<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32.000<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -1,156.320 --<br />
32.000<br />
1,156,320<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto ·1,366,340 -15,040 -15,040 373,208 308,144 243,080 ·69,640 ·91,000 ·112,360 ·133,720 1,033,240<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN ·700,400<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR)<br />
n/d<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
~.<br />
Cuadro N°5.3-4<br />
EVALUACION PROYECTO PRODUCCION DE PASTA DE ACIBAR - PRECIO MEDIO - FLETE AEREO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O AlÍo 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acibar (kg) O O 2,520 2,520 2,520 3,780 3,780 3,780 3,780 3,780<br />
Precio unitario (USS/kg)<br />
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
OAO OAO OAO 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ia <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acibar O O 30,240 30,240 30,240 45,360 45,360 45,360 45,360 45,360<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480.000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas<br />
O O 510,240 510,240 510,240 225,360 225,360 225,360 225,360 225,360<br />
Coslos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860<br />
C<strong>en</strong>ificación <strong>de</strong> calidad 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> nele y comercialización O O 4,788 4,788 4,788 7,182 7,182 7,182 7,182 7,182<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 54,648 54,648 54,648 57,042 57,042 57,042 57,042 57,042<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 8,434 8,434 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18.550 18,550 18,550<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto -34,824 -34,824 408.307 408,307 408,307 121,033 121,033 121,033 121,033 121.033<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -34.824 -69,648 338,660 746,967 1,155,274 1,276,307 1,397,340 1,518.373 1,639,406 1,760,439<br />
Impuesto (15%)<br />
O O 50,799 112,045 173,291 191,446 209,601 227,756 245,911 264,066<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -34,824 -34,824 357.508 296,262 235,016 -70,413 -88,568 -106,723 -124,878 -143,033<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32.000<br />
Inversión Fisica -185,500<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178.020 --<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capi<strong>la</strong>l <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -130,931<br />
32,000<br />
130,931<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -526,451 -16,274 -16,274 376,058 314,812 253,566 -51,863 .70,018 -88, 173 1 -106,328 38,448<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN -86,176<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR)<br />
n/d<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro N05.3-5<br />
EVALUACION PROYECTO PRODUCCION DE PASTA DE ACIBAR • PRECIO MEDIO - FLETE MARITIMO<br />
(US$)<br />
'i.-L....<br />
'~-'<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acibar (kg) O O 2,520 2,520 2,520 3,780 3,780 3,780 3,780 3,780<br />
Precio unitario (USS/kg)<br />
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> pas<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> acibar O O 30,240 30,240 30,240 45,360 45,360 45,360 45,360 45,360<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos<br />
O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180.000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 510,240 . 510,240 510,240 225,360 225,360 225,360 225,360 225,360<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44,860 44.860<br />
Certificación <strong>de</strong> calidad 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización O O 2,964 2,964 2,964 4,445 4,445 4,445 4,445 4,445<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 52,824 52,824 52,824 54,305 54,305 54,305 54,305 54,305<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 8,434 8,434 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33,735 33.735 33,735<br />
Depreciación<br />
18.550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
~.<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto -26,390 -26,390 443,866 443,866 443,866 157,505 157,505 157,505 157,505 157,505<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -26,390 -52,780 391,086 834,953 1,278,819 1,436,324 1,593,829 1,751,334 1,908,838 2,066.343<br />
Impuesto (15%)<br />
O O 58,663 125,243 191,823 215,449 239,074 262,700 286,326 309,951<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -26,390 -26,390 385.204 318,624 252,044 -57,944 -81,570 -105,195 -128,821 -152,447<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18.550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32,000<br />
Inversión Fisica -185.500<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020 ..<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -129,106<br />
32.000<br />
129.106<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -524,626 -7,840 ·7,840 403,754 337,174 270,594 -39,394 -63,020 ·86,645 ·110,271 27,209<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN -24,918<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR)<br />
n/d<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro ND5.3-6<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN DE GEL LIQUIDO 10X - PRECIO ALTO - FLETE AEREO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel fresco (kg) O O 64.800 64,800 64.800 97,200 97,200 97,200 97.200 97,200<br />
Precio unitario (US$/kg)<br />
16.00 16.00 1600 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1.200.000 1.200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijueto<br />
OAO OAO OAO 0.30 0.30 0.30 030 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> gel fresco O O 1,036.800 1,036.800 1,036.800 1,555,200 1,555,200 1,555,200 1,555.200 1,555.200<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ia <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480.000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180.000 180.000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 1,516,800 1,516,800 1,516,800 1,735,200 1,735,200 1,735,200 1,735,200 1,735,200<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7.840 58,420 58.420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58.420 58.420 58,420<br />
Cer1iftcación <strong>de</strong> calidad 5,000 5.000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> flele y comercialización O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> exptotación 12,840 12,840 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 8,659 8,659 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18.550 18,550 18,550<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto<br />
,<br />
-26,390 -26,390 1,439,830 1,439,830 1,439,830 1,658,230 1,658,230 1,658,230 1,658,230 1,658,230<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -26,390 -52.780 1,387,050 2.826,880 4,266,710 5,924,940 7,583,170 9.241,400 10,899,630 12,557,860<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 208,058 424,032 640,007 888,741 1,137,476 1,386,210 1,634,945 1,883.679<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -26,390 -26,390 1,231,773 1,015,798 799,824 769,489 520,755 272,020 23,286 -225,449<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32,000<br />
InverSión Fisica -185,500<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178.020 --<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -141,053<br />
32,000<br />
141.053<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -536,573 -7,840 -7,840 1,250,323 1,034,348 818,374 788,039 539,305 290,570 41,836 -33,846<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 2,012,047<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 65%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro N"5.3-7<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN DE GEL LIQUIDO 10X - PRECIO MEDIO - FLETE AEREO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (USS) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año li Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel fresco (kg) O O 64,800 64.800 64,800 97,200 97,200 97,200 97,200 97,200<br />
Frecio unitario (USS/kg)<br />
14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 1400 14.00<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200.000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600.000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ia <strong>de</strong> gel fresco O O 907,200 907,200 907,200 1,360,800 1,360,800 1,360,800 1,360,800 1.360,800<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 1,387,200 1,387,200 1,387,200 1,540,800 1,540,800 1,540,800 1,540,800 1,540,800<br />
Coslos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420<br />
Certificación <strong>de</strong> calidad 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> nele y comercialización O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420<br />
Gaslos G<strong>en</strong>erales 8,659 8,659 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635<br />
Depreciación 18.550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
,<br />
1<br />
Utilidad anles <strong>de</strong> impuesto -26,390 -26,390 1,310,230 1,310,230 1,310,230 1,463,830 1,463,830 1,463,830 1,463,8301 1,463.830<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -26,390 -52,780 1,257,450 2,567.680 3,877,910 5,341,740 6,805,570 8,269,400 9,733.230 11,197,060<br />
Impueslo (15%) O O 188,618 385,152 581,687 801,261 1.020,836 1,240,410 1,459,985 1,679,559<br />
Ulilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impueslo -26,390 -26.390 1,121,613 925,078 728,544 662,569 442,995 223,420 3,846 -215,729<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18.550 18,550 18.550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32,000<br />
Inversión Fisica -185,500<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020<br />
-'<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -141,053<br />
32,000<br />
141,053<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -536,573 -7,840 -7,840 1,140,163 943,628 747,094 681,119 461,545 241,970 22,396 -24,126<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 1,746,778<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 61%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro 5.3-8<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN DE GEL LIQUIDO 10X - PRECIO BAJO· FLETE AEREO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel fresco (kg) O O 64,800 64,800 64,800 97,200 97,200 97,200 97,200 97,200<br />
Precio unitario (USS/kg)<br />
11.00 1100 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ia <strong>de</strong> gel fresco O O 712,800 712,800 712,800 1,069,200 1,069,200 1,069,200 1,069,200 1,069,200<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180.000 180,000 180.000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 1,192,800 1,192,800 1,192,800 1,249,200 1,249,200 1,249,200 1,249,200 1,249,200<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420<br />
C<strong>en</strong>ificación <strong>de</strong> calidad 5.000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000<br />
Casios <strong>de</strong> nele y comercialización O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420 63,420<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 8,659 8,659 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635 34,635<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
.<br />
Ulilidad anles <strong>de</strong> impuesto -26,390 -26,390 1,115,830 1.115.830 1,115,830 1,172,230 1,172,230 1.172,230 1,172,230 1,172,230<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -26,390 -52,780 1,063,050 2,178,880 3,294,710 4,466,940 5,639,170 6,811,400 7,983.630 9,155,860<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 159,458 326,832 494,207 670,041 845,876 1,021,710 1,197,545 1.373.379<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -26,390 -26,390 956,373 788,998 621,624 502,189 326,355 150,520 -25.314 -201,149<br />
Depreciación 18,550 18,550 18,550 18.550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550 18,550<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32,000<br />
Inversión Fisica -185,500<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020 --<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -141,053<br />
32.000<br />
141,053<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -536,573 -7,840 ·7,840 974,923 807,548 640,174 520,739 344,905 169,070 -6,764 -9,546<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 1,348,874<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 54%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro N°5.3-9<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN DE GEL LIOFILIZADO 200X • PRECIO ALTO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Ilem (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado O O 3,240 3,240 3,240 4,860 4,860 4,860 4,860 4,860<br />
Precio unitario (US$/kg) 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 20000 20000<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
040 040 040 0.30 0.30 0.30 030 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado O O . 648,000 648,000 648,000 972,000 972,000 972,000 972,000 972,000<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
To<strong>la</strong>l ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>Ias O O 1,128,000 1,128,000 1,128,000 1,152,000 1,152,000 1,152,000 1,152,000 1,152,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producción 7,840 7,840 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340<br />
Cer1ificación <strong>de</strong> calidad 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5.000 5,000 5,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> fiete y comercialización O O O O O O O O O O<br />
To<strong>la</strong>l costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 9,334 9,334 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335<br />
Depreciación 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850<br />
,<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto -32,690 -32,690 1,042,810 1,042,810 1,042,810 1,066,810 1,066,810 1,066,810 1,066,810 1,066,810<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -32,690 ·65,380 977,430 2,020,240 3,063,050 4,129,860 5,196,670 6,263,480 7,330,290 8.397,100<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 146,615 303,036 459,458 619,4 79 779,501 939,522 1,099,544 1,259,565<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impueslo -32,690 -32,690 896,196 739,774 583,353 447,331 287,310 127,288 -32,733 -192,755<br />
Depll;:ciación 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32,000 32,000<br />
Inversión Fisica -248,500<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020 -.<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -147.023<br />
147,023<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Nelo -605,543 -7,840 -7,840 921,046 764,624 608,203 472,181 312,160 152,138 .7,883 11,118<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 1,165,605<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 47%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro N"5.3-10<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN DE GEL LIOFILIZADO 200X - PRECIO MEDIO<br />
(USS)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producci6n anual <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado O O 3,240 3,240 3,240 4,860 4,860 4,860 4,860 4,860<br />
Precio uni<strong>la</strong>rio (US$/kg)<br />
180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00<br />
Producci6n anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado O O 583,200 583,200 583,200 874,800 874,800 874,800 874,800 874,800<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 1,063,200 1,063,200 1,063,200 1,054,800 1,054,800 1,054,800 1,054,800 1,054,800<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producci6n 7,840 7,840 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340<br />
C<strong>en</strong>ificaci6n <strong>de</strong> calidad 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000<br />
Coslos <strong>de</strong> flete y comercializaci6n O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 9,334 9,334 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335<br />
Depreciaci6n 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24.850 24,850 24,850<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto<br />
~<br />
-32,690 -32,690 978,010 978,010 978,010 969,610 969,610 969,610 969,610<br />
969,610<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -32,690 -65,380 912,630 1,890,640 2,868,650 3,838,260 4,807,870 5,777,480 6,747,090 7,716,700<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 136,895 283,596 430,298 575,739 721,181 866,622 1,012,064 1,157,505<br />
Ulilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -32.690 -32,690 841,116 694,414 547,713 393,871 248,430 102,988 -42,454 -187,895<br />
Depreciaci6n 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o ·32,000<br />
Inversi6n Fisica -248,500<br />
Inversi6n Agrico<strong>la</strong> -178,020 -'<br />
Inversi6n <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo ·147,023<br />
32,000<br />
147,023<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -605,543 ·7,840 -7,840 865,966 719,264 572,563 418,721 273,280 127,838 .17,604 15,978<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 1,032,971<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 45%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro W5.3-11<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN DE GEL LIOFILIZADO 200X - PRECIO BAJO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 20 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7' Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producci6n anual <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado O O 3.240 3.240 3.240 4,860 4,860 4,860 4.860 4.860<br />
Precio unitario (USS/kg)<br />
160.00 16000 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00<br />
Producci6n anual <strong>de</strong> hijuelos (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 1,200.000 1,200,000 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000<br />
Precio por hijuelo<br />
040 040 040 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> gel liofilizado O O 518,400 518,400 518,400 777,600 777,600 777,600 777,600 777,600<br />
Ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos O O 480,000 480,000 480,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 998,400 998,400 998,400 957,600 957,600 957,600 957,600 957,600<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producci6n 7,840 7,840 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340 60,340<br />
C<strong>en</strong>ificaci6n <strong>de</strong> calidad 5.000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5.000 5,000 5,000<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> flete y comercializaci6n O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 12,840 12,840 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340 65,340<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 9,334 9,334 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335 37,335<br />
Depreciaci6n 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24.850 24,850 24,850<br />
,<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto -32,690 -32,690 913,210 913,210 913,210 872,410 872,410 872,410 872,410 872,410<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -32,690 -65,380 847,830 1,761,040 2,674,250 3,546,660 4,419,070 5,291,480 6,163,890 7,036,300<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 127,175 264,156 401,138 531,999 662,861 793,722 924,584 1,055,445<br />
Ulilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -32,690 -32.690 786,036 649,054 512,073 340,411 209,550 78,688 -52,173 -183,035<br />
Depreciaci6n 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24,850 24.850 24,850 24,850<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o -32.000<br />
Inversi6n Fisica -248,500 ..<br />
Inversi6n Agrico<strong>la</strong> ·178,020<br />
Inversi6n <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -147.023<br />
32.000<br />
147,023<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -605,543 -7,840 -7,840 810,886 673,904 536,923 365,261 234,400 103,538 -27,323 20,838<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 900,336<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 42%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro W5.3-12<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN 1 HECTAREA DE HOJAS DE ALOE VERA - VENTA MERCADO INTERNO - PRECIO ALTO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 1 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hojas (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 90,000 90,000 90,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000<br />
Precio por hoja 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 18,000 18,000 18,000 27,000 27,000 27,000 27,000 27,000<br />
Casios <strong>de</strong> Producción 392 392 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736<br />
Casios <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización O O 288 288 288 432 432 432 432 432<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 392 392 2,024 2,024 2,024 2,168 2,168 2,168 2,168 2,168<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 360 360 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Utilidad anles <strong>de</strong> impuesto -752 -752 14,536 14,536 14,536 23.392 23,392 23.392 23,392 23,392<br />
UIllidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -75? -1.504 13,032 27.568 42,104 65,496 88,888 112.280 135,672 159,064<br />
Impueslo (15%) O O 1,955 4,135 6,316 9,824 13,333 16,842 20,351 23,860<br />
Ulilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -752 -752 12,581 10,401 8,220 13,568 10,059 6,550 3.041 -468<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o O O<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -13,501<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -4,968 4,968<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -18,469 -752 -752 12,581 -'10,401 8,220 13,568 10,059 6,550 3,041 4,500<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 13,859<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 27%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro N°5.3-13<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN 1 HECTAREA DE HOJAS DE ALOE VERA - VENTA MERCADO INTERNO - PRECIO MEDIO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 1 há<br />
Item (US$) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hojas (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 90.000 90.000 90.000 135.000 135.000 135.000 135.000 135.000<br />
Precio por hoja 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 13,500 13,500 13,500 20,250 20,250 20,250 20,250 20,250<br />
Casios <strong>de</strong> Producción 392 392 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1.736 1.736<br />
Casios <strong>de</strong> fiele y comercialización O O 288 288 288 432 432 432 432 432<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 392 392 2,024 2,024 2,024 2,168 2,168 2,168 2,168 2,168<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 360 360 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto -752 -752 10,036 10,036 10.036 16,642 16,642 16,642 16,642 16.642\<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -75? ·1.504 8,532 18.568 28,604 45,246 61,888 78.530 95.172 111,814<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 1.280 2,785 4,291 6,787 9.283 11.780 14.276 16,772<br />
Ulilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -752 -752 8,756 7.251 5,745 9,855 7,359 4,863 2,366 -130<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o O O<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -13.501<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capi<strong>la</strong>l <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -4,968 4,968<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -18,469 -752 -752 8,756 .. 7,251 5,745 9,855 7,359 4,863 2,366 4,838<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN 4,648<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR) 19%<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
Cuadro N"5.3-14<br />
EVALUACiÓN PROYECTO PRODUCCiÓN 1 HECTAREA DE HOJAS DE ALOE VERA - VENTA MERCADO INTERNO - PRECIO BAJO<br />
(US$)<br />
Tamaño <strong>de</strong>l predio: 1 há<br />
Item (USS) Año O Año 1 Año 2 Año 3 Año 4 Año 5 Año 6 Año 7 Año 8 Año 9 Año 10<br />
Producción anual <strong>de</strong> hojas (unida<strong>de</strong>s) O O 90,000 90,000 90,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000<br />
Precio por hoja 010 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10<br />
Total ingresos por v<strong>en</strong>tas O O 9,000 9,000 9,000 13,500 13,500 13,500 13,500 13,500<br />
Costos <strong>de</strong> Producción 392 392 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736 1,736<br />
Icostos <strong>de</strong> flete y comercialización O O 288 288 288 432 432 432 432 432<br />
Total costos <strong>de</strong> explotación 392 392 2,024 2,024 2,024 2,168 2,168 2,168 2,168 2,168<br />
Gastos G<strong>en</strong>erales 360 360 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Utilidad antes <strong>de</strong> impuesto -752 -752 5,536 5,536 5,536 9,892 9,892 9,892 9,892 9,892<br />
Utilidad acumu<strong>la</strong>da -752 -1,504 4,032 9,568 15,104 24,996 34,888 44,780 54.672 64,564<br />
Impuesto (15%) O O 605 1,435 2,266 3,749 5,233 6,717 8,201 9,685<br />
Utilidad <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> impuesto -752 -752 4,931 4,101 3,270 6,143 4,659 3,175 1,691 207<br />
Depreciación O O O O O O O O O O<br />
Terr<strong>en</strong>o O O<br />
Inversión Agrico<strong>la</strong> -13,501<br />
Inversión <strong>en</strong> Capital <strong>de</strong> Trabajo -4.968 4,968<br />
Flujo <strong>de</strong> Caja Neto -18,469 -752 -752 4,931 4,101 3,270 6,143 4,659 3,175 1,691 5,175<br />
Valor Actual Neto, VAN -4,563<br />
Tasa Interna <strong>de</strong> Retorno (TIR)<br />
n/d<br />
Tasa <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scu<strong>en</strong>to 14%
106<br />
5.4 Conclusiones y Recom<strong>en</strong>daciones <strong>de</strong>l Estudio Técnico-Financiero<br />
De los resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos se pue<strong>de</strong> concluir lo sigui<strong>en</strong>te:<br />
1 . Los proyectos que arrojan resultados positivos, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el punto <strong>de</strong><br />
vista financiero, correspon<strong>de</strong>n a <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> gel. líquido 10X y<br />
gel liofilizado 200X. 12 En el esc<strong>en</strong>ario medio, se obti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong><br />
r<strong>en</strong>tabilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> un 61 % Y un 45%, respectivam<strong>en</strong>te, lo que<br />
significa que, dados los supuestos establecidos <strong>para</strong> estos<br />
proyectos, correspon<strong>de</strong> a proyectos atractivos <strong>para</strong> un inversionista<br />
privado y que <strong>en</strong> consecu<strong>en</strong>cia, estos consultores recomi<strong>en</strong>dan bajo<br />
<strong>la</strong>s sigui<strong>en</strong>tes consi<strong>de</strong>raciones:<br />
• La producción <strong>de</strong> gel fresco se recomi<strong>en</strong>da que sea llevada a cabo si<br />
y sólo si se materializa pronto, ya que este mercado se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong><br />
retroceso por <strong>la</strong> aparición <strong>de</strong>l gel liofilizado. Se estima que al cabo <strong>de</strong><br />
5 años, el gel liofilizado será el más importante <strong>de</strong> los productos<br />
seleccionados.<br />
• Debido a que <strong>la</strong>s inversiones requeridas, tanto <strong>en</strong> equipami<strong>en</strong>to<br />
como <strong>en</strong> insta<strong>la</strong>ciones, no son m<strong>en</strong>ores, se estima que <strong>la</strong><br />
implem<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> estos proyectos <strong>de</strong>be estar necesariam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
vincu<strong>la</strong>da con contratos <strong>de</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta \ <strong>de</strong> mediano p<strong>la</strong>zo a objeto <strong>de</strong><br />
disminuir los riesgos inher<strong>en</strong>tes a este tipo <strong>de</strong> negocios. Para<br />
materializar contratos <strong>de</strong> este tipo, se estima necesario contactar<br />
previam<strong>en</strong>te empresas internacionales con pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> el mercado<br />
<strong>de</strong> productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l aloe vera y que requieran <strong>de</strong><br />
abastecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> terceros.<br />
12 Complem<strong>en</strong>tados con <strong>la</strong> v<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> hijuelos.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final. Abril 1999
107<br />
• Se recomi<strong>en</strong>da profundizar <strong>en</strong> los aspectos técnicos re<strong>la</strong>cionados<br />
con <strong>la</strong> estabilización <strong>de</strong>l gel y el proceso <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>shidratación <strong>de</strong>l<br />
mismo, <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a <strong>la</strong>s normas <strong>de</strong> calidad exigidas por los cli<strong>en</strong>tes,<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rando que el uso <strong>de</strong> dichos productos correspon<strong>de</strong> a <strong>la</strong>s<br />
áreas <strong>de</strong> cosmetología y salud, que son especialm<strong>en</strong>te. exig<strong>en</strong>tes.<br />
2. No resulta conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r proyectos vincu<strong>la</strong>dos a <strong>la</strong><br />
producción <strong>de</strong> pasta <strong>de</strong> acíbar, dados los bajos precios observados<br />
<strong>en</strong> mercados internacionales, los que son superados por los costos<br />
<strong>de</strong> producción y comercialización.<br />
3. No se recomi<strong>en</strong>da llevar a cabo proyectos <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong><br />
aloe vera por <strong>la</strong> misma razón que el caso anterior, es <strong>de</strong>cir, por<br />
cuanto los precios observados <strong>en</strong> mercados internacj(;males no son<br />
sufici<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>para</strong> recuperar los costos <strong>de</strong> producción, comercialización<br />
y capital asociado. Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te el costo <strong>de</strong> transporte<br />
internacional es inci<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>en</strong> el resultado <strong>de</strong> este proyecto.<br />
4. Cabe m<strong>en</strong>cionar que como es lógico, mayores r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
productivos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas se corre<strong>la</strong>cionan positivam<strong>en</strong>te con<br />
mejores retornos <strong>para</strong> los proyectos. Lo anterior está directam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
\<br />
re<strong>la</strong>cionado con <strong>la</strong> cantidad <strong>de</strong> riego recibido por los cultivos y por lo<br />
tanto, con <strong>la</strong> disponibilidad <strong>de</strong> agua <strong>en</strong> los terr<strong>en</strong>os don<strong>de</strong> se ubique<br />
finalm<strong>en</strong>te el proyecto.<br />
5. Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>para</strong> el proyecto <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> una hectárea <strong>de</strong> hojas<br />
<strong>de</strong> aloe vera, <strong>la</strong>s que serían comercializadas <strong>en</strong> mercado interno, es<br />
<strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>para</strong> ser v<strong>en</strong>didas a una p<strong>la</strong>nta procesadora <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Región, los<br />
resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos indican que <strong>para</strong> precios <strong>de</strong> 0,15 Y 0,20<br />
US $/hoja, se obti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> resultados positivos <strong>para</strong> el agricultor dueño<br />
<strong>de</strong> 1 hectárea, con retornos que fluctúan <strong>en</strong>tre US$5.000 y<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
108<br />
US$l 0.000 anuales, dados los 'supuestos <strong>de</strong>l proyecto. Por lo tanto,<br />
estos datos <strong>de</strong>berán ser posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te com<strong>para</strong>dos con el costo<br />
afinado <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>en</strong> forma industrial, <strong>para</strong> un tamaño<br />
<strong>de</strong>finido <strong>de</strong> hectáreas, con el fin <strong>de</strong> analiZar <strong>la</strong> conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong><br />
abastecerse <strong>de</strong> hojas <strong>de</strong> aloe vera <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> terceros.<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> el aloe vera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> IV Región. Informe Final, Abril 1999
ANEXO N° 1<br />
Estadísticas <strong>de</strong> Importación <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera <strong>en</strong> Chile
PA RTI DA ARANCELARIA: 1211.90.90 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE MEDIDA: KILOS NETOS (UNIDAD EN LA CUAL SE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
FEClI\ I{lIT NO~IIIIH: 1,\II'OI{T.\I)O ~IEI)lO I'AIS 1·\()lIANA Cl...\ l 15l 11..-\ 1~II'Oln.\UO:\ \·.·\IUEIl.\() ~L\ltC:A I'HEClO C\1\T11l\ I TOTAL UF TOT.\ 1. FO 11<br />
1~ II'OI{T.\ 1)01{ Tn:. \()()lIISICION CO~1I'ln lINIT. llSS l !SS 1!SS<br />
I 3/0719~ g~077()OO 7 COSMETICOS 11 VON Sil MIIRITIMO lJSII/l'R ¡SIIN IINTONI FOil 11 LOE VEltA TRITlJRII.II[)O elRel.E TRIIDE- 98j2 22.68 2.23~ .52 2.020.63<br />
TOTAl. 22.(,R 2.2H52 2020(,3<br />
H'E:\TE: C:.\~L\It\ DE C:()~IEI{C1() DE S.·\¡\TIA(;O
PARTIDA ARANCELARIA: 1302.19.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE MEDIDA: ¡":ILOS NETOS ( UNIDAD EN LA CUAL SE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
FEl'II\ IlI,T ;'\O~llllt~: ~IEDIO 1'.\15 1,\IHI,\i\'A CLAI'SIILA 1.\lpOIHAClO;-; \' ..\ 1( lEilA Il .\1,\ltC\ I pl(EClO ¡C\i\'TIIl.\ TOTAL UF TOT,\1. FOil<br />
1,\II'()IlT.·\llOI( 1~II'ORL\I)OIl rn:. .\DQIIISICIOI'\ CO~lpIU (INIT. I'SS I'SS IISS<br />
1/03/'1:' XI ~ 10.HlO ~ IU:IITTFIlI.TllA MAHITIMC ALEMANIA SAN ANTe CIF A1.01: FN POLVO FINO CJ IFMOMF.DIC 1051 50 52590 ~ 76 4 ~<br />
11/0'/'1. X I ~ 111·/111 ., IU J ITTU{ I.TDA MAltlTIMC AI.I:t--1ANIA SAN ANTe CIF A1.01: LN POI. VO FINO CIIFMOMFDIC 1232 lOO 1.23236 1.105 K5<br />
~~/ng/9. l)032200n 7 1.,\I10ItATORIO CIIII.1: SA AEREO ALEMANIA METROPO CYF EXTRACTO .[)Io ALOE SER CI.-F 18.9 118 2.23046 I.3Rr, 1(,<br />
~107J9:, 93681 non ~ I.AIlORATOIUUS DA VIS SA MARITIMC USA/PR SAN ANTC EX-F EXTRACTO f)fe ALOE I.IQ TEC VEGETA REVI.ON-F 1986 76 15096 14461<br />
I>IIOf'):, 7lJ6l)~0(,n 2 ARAMA LABORATORIOS Y CIA I.TD/I AEREO ALEMANIA METROPO CIF JUGO VEGETAL A 1.0 SER AMIlHO 17.17 IDO 1.71773 1,30901<br />
TOTAL 3756 5.85741 4.~22()S<br />
FlIE\TE: C\,\I.-\IL\ DE CO~IEHCIO DE 5 ..\ I'\T 1.-\ (; O
PARTIDA ARANCELARIA: 1211.90.90 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE MEDIDA; KILOS NETOS (UNIDAD EN LA CUAL SE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
FEClI.\ HIT NO ;\1 11 In: i\I[I>lO 1' ..\15 ,\I>lI'\N ..\ c!..-\IlSli1.,\ 1i\II'OHTAClO:\ " ..\llIEDAD ,\ 1.\ He..\ I'HECIO C\I\TID ..\D TOTA\. ClF TOT..\ \. FO 11<br />
1\lI'OHT.\DOI{ 1i\II'OHT..\DOH rn:. ..\\)QI I151C10N CO,\II'IU 1 1 1\11'.I'SS 1155 llSS<br />
~9/(lX/C)(, X121 ll~O(l ~ RUnTER 1:11)1\ fvlARITIMO ALl~MANII\ VA\YARAIS elF AI.OE I:N I'OLve FINO DSA-F 9.16 150 1.37~00 1.32& x7<br />
22/1 1/9(, X507790(l 7 COSfvlETleos 1\ VON SA AEREO BRASIl. METRorOLl FOil I\LOE VERA COD 37640 AVON-F 10&.68 ~ 43475 405.2')<br />
23/12/% X5ll77')(lO 7 COStvll:TICOS AVON SA I\EI{EO 13RASIl. METROI'Ol.l 1'013 AI.OE VERA COD 3764 AVON·r 106.69 5 533.45 50ll 4(,<br />
TOT.\I. 159 2.34220 2.23~ 62<br />
ITlsn:: C\H\IC\ DE COi\IEHClO DE S ..\ 'TlACO
PAIlTIlI..\. AltA"CELAHIA : 1302.19.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UI\IOAO IlE ~1I::l)Il)A : "ILOS "ETOS (U"I\)AIl EN LA CUAL SE EXPIlESA EL PRECIO lINITAIUO y LA CANTlOAJ)<br />
f .:Cll \ u.IIT i\'O~II1IU: ~1[Il'O I'.~IS "DlIA~.-\ CLlliSlIl.A 1.III'OIH.IClO:\ I'.IRIf:Il.·11l ~I..\RC.\ PRECIO C.~:\T1lJ.·II TOTAL ('11' 1'01',11. FOil<br />
1~11·()ltT.\I>()1( 1;\II'OllT,\I)OIt '!TI:. .1 IlQIIISICIOt' ('0.11 "It..l 11t'IT.IISS I'SS I'SS<br />
¡rOl"',.( !'i 12111-11)11 -l RHITTUII.TI),\ ~1,IRITI~1 "I.E~l,\NI,\ Vi\I.I':\R:\1 ('11' ALOE Et' 1'01.\'0 1'1:-10 r.~RROU);I)·F tO..¡
PAHTIOA AHANCELARIA: 330-1.99.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
Ul\IDAD DE !\IWJI),\: KILOS NETOS ( Uj','fl)AD EN LA CUAL SE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITAIUO y LA CAl\TWAD)<br />
ITCII,\ Hin Nn~lI1HF 1~II'OHlAIlOH MEIlIO I'AIS ADUANA CLAUSULA l~lI'nRTAClON VAHIEI1"f) ~IARC" PRECIO IcANTIf)'\O TOTAL clr TOlAI. HIII<br />
1~11'()ln,\Il( lit TrI:. AIlI)IJlSICION CO~1PI(/\ lINIT lIS~ lIS~ IJS~<br />
I 0/0(1 '()(, 7%(,~ ¡solo HENIT I1lJ~lIl A Y COMPANIA UI1A. CAHHETERü I..r.le) IQUIQlJE elr CHEMA AI.OE VERA 8 O/.. AHlMAllC ~Ii 20 82000 7.18 'lO<br />
!..¡ '115")(, 7X';X~2012 IMI'OHlACIONES y COMEHClAI. ANiliNA I.lllA MAIUll~10 lISA!I'R VAI.I'AIU 1'011 1.0ClON CIUJ,IOS,\ IlE AI.OF CHF~lA 12X I I.ANIlFR ¡Al¡! 29.87. ~~.68'1.." '-'.8'1.127<br />
HIT..\I. 2'J.89~ ~S.50'JJ.' JH,n.17<br />
H!F'-"TE: C.\~I \1\.\ IJE ("O~IEHClO IJI': S..\NTI'\CO
PARTIDA ARANCELARIA: 1211.90.90 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE MEDIDA: KILOS NETOS (UNIDAD EN LA CUAL SE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
ITCIIA I([JI NOMIJIZE 1\1EDI0 I'AIS ¡ADUANA CLAUSULA IMI'OIUACION VAIUUJ¡\ MARCA PRECIO e ANTID"D TOTAL elF TOTAL FOil<br />
II\II'OlnM)OR IMI'OIZT¡\DOR ·nE. ADQUISICION COMPRA UNIT. US$ US$ US$<br />
IO/1l 1/97 ~5077
PAIlTlIlA ARANCELAIlIA : 1302.19.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
1I1\ lilA O DE ilIUllllA: hILOS NETOS{ UNIllAf) EN LA ClIALSE F..\PllESA EL I'REClO UNITARIO y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
1[[11,1 1011" I NOr..l1lRE ~IEOIO I'AIS ADU,IN,I rLAUSULA I~II'ORTM·ION I·ARIEDAD ~IARrA I'RErlO rAr-:TIDAI TOTAL CI~ TOTALIOI!<br />
IMI'O¡.{l·\f)OR l~lI'ORTAOOR HE ADQlJlSlrlON rO~II'RA UNIT US\ US\ 115\<br />
.:'1'0.:' "17 K'ti.¡~ 100 5 COLC.,ITF I'AL~IOI.I\'L n liLE S ·1 ~IARITI~I(" USAlI'R '·ALI'ARAIS EX·F· ,ILOE I'ER[ GEL ~I[NNEN·F 1.11 11 H n.¡.¡ 2S-l(,<br />
,Il/ln"n t
PARTIUA AI~\NCEL.-\IUA: JJ01.29.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDALJ DE I\IEDIDA: h:ILOS NI.::TOS (UNIDALJ EN LA CUALSE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITAItlO y LA CANTIDALJ)<br />
¡:ECII \ HIT<br />
I'O,\llIllE<br />
I~II'OH L\llClJ( 1~II'OHT,\IJOll<br />
~~!I0"17 )')(,'1.1')10\-' INVI'RSI()NES (óll.CO ('1111.1: l.I~lITAI<br />
~I;lJ)")) ~11(,~~lJOI' 1 1I1RI'IUA WFIIJNFR y C1A l:mA<br />
~IU)IO I',\IS I AI>lIAI'.\<br />
TTE. ..\D{)I'ISIClO:'\<br />
AUU':O lJSA:I'R IMlTROI'OI.l EX·¡:<br />
ALEMANIA IMETIWI'OI.l FOil<br />
CL.\ 1!SIIL.\ 1\lI'OIlT,\(,IOl'<br />
('O~U'IL\<br />
\'EHIU)..ID ~ L\I((,A I'IUTIO Ie\:\TI D.\ TOT,\ 1. CI E IUL\ 1. FO 11<br />
lINIT. I :SS lISS I'S~<br />
ACTITE ESENCIAL D'ALOE VER 1.I1)IJlI)O (;DO.TITNIC r-I,\YIIU.I.INE·¡:<br />
AClJTI: ESI:N('IAL DE ALOE A SOlO I.IGIJlIlO PRIMAVFRA 1.11'.<br />
roTAl. I .18.0] ].S(I~ r" ] ..1(1) 'JI<br />
¡:\q.:~TE: C.\~L\lL\ DE CO\IEHClO DE S.\NTI,\CO
PAHTlDA ARANCELARIA: JJO~.99.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE I\IEDIDA: KILOS NETOS (UNIDAD EN LA CUALSE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
11'("11.,\ HIIT NOMllRl: I\'II:DIO I',\IS ADUANA CLAUSULA IMI'OlnACION VARIEDAD MAllCA I'HECIO CANTIDAD TOlA 1. elF TOTAL FOil<br />
1Ml'l )HT/\ I)()j( IMI'OHTAI)Oll '1'1'1: 1\ I)QUISICION eOMPHA UNIT lJS~ USS; IJSS;<br />
I ~/(l')/')7
PARTlUA AIUNCELARIA : 1211.90.90 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
lJNIOAD DE I\I[OIDA: KILOS NETOS ([INIDAD EN LA CUALSE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTWADj<br />
ITClI \<br />
~X;flf}, ,)X<br />
IU 'T<br />
1.\II'()llT..\1l01l<br />
8)077'11111 7<br />
X~077C}ll1l 7<br />
711.'\1I11011fl 2<br />
"O,\11l1l E<br />
D1I'OIlT..I1l01(<br />
AIlRI ..\N..I ,\ GONi'.,\LEZ IWJ,\S<br />
('OSI'-IETI('05 .-\ VON s ..\<br />
('OS~IJ:TICIlS ..\\·ON s ..\<br />
l'UND,\('J()NClIII.I·:<br />
~IEIlIO<br />
rn:.<br />
1' ..115 ..1 1)11..1 N..I (:\..-1115111...1 DII'OIH,IClO.'\<br />
..\OQI·ISI('IO"<br />
CO~II'IU<br />
~IARITI~IO ,\I.E~IA~I.-\ \·AI.I',\IC·\l5 eJF ALOE I)EI. (,MIO<br />
~I ..\RITI~IO<br />
~1,\llITI"IO<br />
,\lJU:O<br />
USA 'PR S ..\N ,\NTONI rol! 1I0JAS DE ..\1.0E \'l\(..\<br />
115"\'1'1( S..\N J\NTONI Fon 1I0J.-\5 DE ,\1.0E VER ..\<br />
"11.:\1('0 ~IETI(()I'()I.I FOil 1I0J..\5 FR¡:SC\S DE ,\1.0E \'Ut..\<br />
\ ...\1\1 1IJ..I 1) ,\1.-\1((',\ I'I\I:UO (..I"TlI) ..11<br />
I':'\IT.I'SS<br />
PUL \,[[(IZ,\D().~IOS5EI.II ..\ ..I~llllm-F<br />
POLVO<br />
('IRCI.E TR.-\DE·F<br />
1'01.\'0.<br />
(,I[((,I.E TR,\DE·F<br />
11 :"EUC'UI ..\lJER·F<br />
(,XI'U;OIU ..\ ,\<br />
6.33 46J 1<br />
~O 6S 1:1<br />
~5.S6<br />
2J<br />
TOT..I 1. 5591<br />
TOT..II. UF TOT..II. HIIl<br />
[ISS ¡'SS<br />
1.9:10.17 1.7(,1 }(,<br />
1.0S60U<br />
1.UIH8<br />
FI't::'\IT: ('..\:\I..IIl.\ \lE ('0"1 EJ«('1 O \lE S..\NTI.\(;O
"AnTillA ARANCCL-\IUA : IJ02.19.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
Ul\llJAD Il[ ,\IElJID,\: hILOS I\'ETOS (1II\IllAO EN LA ClIALSE EXPItESA EL PRECIO lJNITARIO \' LA CANTWAD)<br />
1 EClI·\ Itlll<br />
1~11'(Jtl'l·\l)üR<br />
~"/(l7 "J>< >i1~IIl ..WO ·1<br />
1.J/1 17"'s 'Iet i~~OClO 7 1.·\lH)lt,\"IOIlI() ClIll.F S/\ A¡::I{FO 1\I.E~IAN1'\ I\IETHOPOI.I CYF<br />
~'!/ltl:'ni '11'1,(1(111 t\. BDr C1llt.l: S/\ ..\EHEO AI.I:I\IANIr\ I\IETlt()I'OI.l EX-F<br />
I ~f1 "1.i}~ l¡.;~ I .100(1 K IlI>F CI IlI.E SA ~IARITI~IO AI.E~IAN1A VAI./'AR,IIS EX·F<br />
~'/o7l(¡¡'; 8(1-l47..l0(J ,~<br />
~6,'(1;1')S (J., ~ lJtlt10 ~<br />
'JlO'I,"/li 7·/(,~.H.:ofl 7<br />
2/0-1 "Jt-; 'J"r.liIHOtl -1<br />
I()/O-l/()l'; f)lh81000 ~<br />
~ I/(¡KiCJ~ 9)(,810004<br />
17/U7/ 1 )r, ¡';-I176()()(l 7<br />
:'8 1 07/'11:' 1\-1176'100 7<br />
2-11Ú]I')~<br />
~~10-,fIl!'i<br />
%h7cHWO K<br />
%670K(lO"<br />
2!O(),I()8 %6]0800 ~ roIlE\TR I./VING PROI>UCTS CIIII.E S ,\ MARlTI~IO USA/PR S,\N ANTO" EX·F<br />
2-1/07/'lti<br />
NO~lIlHE ~IEI)IO I',\IS I,\DU/\N,\ C1.:\lJSlJl.,\ I"l'OI(l,\C10,,", \'ARIEI),ID ~1 ..\IlC" PRECIO ICA~llf).-\f) TOTAL C1f TOT,\I ¡'Oll<br />
"11'01(1 AI>O!1 TTE AI>f)UISICION CO~II'RA<br />
UNll lIS1 USS USI<br />
GlJII.I.ER~10 IIARIJING Y CI,\ UD ..\ ~IARITI~IO AI.E~IANIA VA\,PARAIS CIF<br />
IlI>F C1I1I.E SA AEREO ,\I.H1ANIA ~IETROI>OL1 1'011<br />
~U/l).JI,)~ liO PROF IIDI'·F 2') b-l IU 2CJó 42 ?K-I (JI<br />
[);TR·\CTO \'EGET.AI. DE AI.OES EN 1'01.\'0 A~IllRO·F 9 b9 O TECNICO 1.11'0·1' 2
PARTIDA ARANCELARIA: 3304.91.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE MEDIDA: KILOS NETOS (UNIDAD EN LA CUAL SE EXPRESA EL PRECIO UNITARIO Y LA CANTIDAD)<br />
ITCIIA lun NO~lIlR[ MEDIO l'AIS ADUANA CLAUSULA IMPORTACION V A RI EDA D MARCA PRECIO CANTIDAD TOTAL clr roTAl. I-'Oll<br />
l~lI'ORTAI)()R IMI'ORTAI)()I~ TTE. AI)()UISICION COMPRA UNIT. US$ US$ US$<br />
15/0(>!'1X l)(,7571170 l PROA LITe s A MARITI~10 ESI'ANA VAI.PARAIS elr ALOE Vt:RA COD.8~ 1703 PROVITA 1.·1' 12.78 13
PARTIDA ARANCELARIA : 330~.99.00 (SOLO ALOE VERA)<br />
UNIDAD DE i\lEDIDA: KILOS NETOS (UNIDAD EN LA CUALSE EXPRESA EL PRE
ANEXO N° 2<br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> Factibilidad <strong>para</strong> Exportar Productos <strong>de</strong><br />
Aloe a Japón<br />
(JETRO - Japan External, Tra<strong>de</strong> Organization).
Aloe<br />
Aloe Products<br />
(source: Fellsibility SIIIt/y for Exporling lo Jllplln 1996 February)<br />
CONTENTS<br />
\. IIisll1ry nl'aloe prodLlCIS in Japan<br />
... SI~Hislics<br />
, I'rescnl sirucHion 01' dOIllCSlic dcrnand<br />
-i. ClIrr-.:ni sitll~llion 01' Jom-,:slic prodllclion<br />
5. Prcst.:nl sill<strong>la</strong>lion 01' aloe prodllcls impons<br />
6. Sales silll:llion<br />
7. ClIslorns dllty ;.¡nd regu <strong>la</strong>lions conccrIl ing irnpons<br />
o. Conclusion<br />
9. Inlórmalion Source<br />
1. History of aloe products in Japan<br />
Many rypes ofaloe products exíst in the world, but Japan is the p<strong>la</strong>ce where lhe g<strong>en</strong>us Aloe arboresc<strong>en</strong>s grows. This is the<br />
reason why aloe has be<strong>en</strong> known in Japan from a long time ago as a medicine spread among people. However, Aloe<br />
arboresc<strong>en</strong>s is consi<strong>de</strong>red lo have started as a marketted product in 1925, bUl ín rec<strong>en</strong>l years many research sLUdies were<br />
conducled and lead to lhe publication of reportS in differ<strong>en</strong>t aca<strong>de</strong>mic fields t<strong>en</strong>ding lO prove from an aca<strong>de</strong>mic poínt of<br />
view lhe posilive effects of aloe as a chemical and as a medica! producl. Together with these sLUdies, aloe foods and<br />
cosme·lics were <strong>de</strong>velopped by companies who s<strong>la</strong>rted lO reach a wi<strong>de</strong>r audi<strong>en</strong>ce through advertisem<strong>en</strong>t effortS. Aloe<br />
producls have started to spread progressively in Japan where people affectíonate health-and-nature-fri<strong>en</strong>dly tr<strong>en</strong>ds.<br />
2. Statistics<br />
As a health food, the size of aloe products market is k-nown but no statistics are avai<strong>la</strong>ble concem ing those products.<br />
According 10 lhe Japan Health Food Association, lhe size of the market for aloe products tak<strong>en</strong> as health food is estimated<br />
lO reach approximately 23.5 billíon y<strong>en</strong>. Some basic standards have be<strong>en</strong> establíshed by this Association conceming algae<br />
g<strong>en</strong>us like chlorel<strong>la</strong>. bUl aloe belongs lO a group with no such srandards.<br />
3. Pres<strong>en</strong>t situation of domestic <strong>de</strong>mand<br />
In Japan, aloe ís used lO some eXl<strong>en</strong>l as a medical product, but <strong>de</strong>mand for aloe focusses maínly on food application<br />
(approximately 80% of domestic <strong>de</strong>mand) and on applicalions as a producl for cosmelics and bath addilives (appr. 20%).<br />
(Aloe Shokuhin KK)<br />
file:l/S:\Sallliago Zuniga\Aloe Vera\FES970412.h!ln 15/0,,/99
Aloe<br />
The following list shows the retail prices ofthe main aloe products marketed in Japan.<br />
<br />
(Retail prices)<br />
• A.arborese<strong>en</strong>s solution<br />
'!f- 3,000 (720ml)<br />
(ma<strong>de</strong> of pressed A.arborese<strong>en</strong>s only)<br />
• A.arboresc<strong>en</strong>s j uice<br />
'!f-<br />
1,000 (300ml)<br />
• Health pastille mn<strong>de</strong> of A.arboresc<strong>en</strong>s<br />
'!f- 3,000 (300pastilles)<br />
(containing 70% of aloe extraet and 30% of<br />
vitamins and caleillm)<br />
• Leaves of A.arborese<strong>en</strong>s pow<strong>de</strong>red<br />
'!f- 2,000 (SOg)<br />
• Dried leaves of A.arboresc<strong>en</strong>s<br />
'!f-<br />
1,000 (40g)<br />
(for aloe alcoholic beverages and aloe tea)<br />
<br />
• Face soap<br />
~ 2,000 ( 100g)<br />
• Cosmetic<br />
'!f- 2,OOO/'!f-2,SOO( 120ml)<br />
• Emulsifier<br />
'!f- 2,000/'!f-2,SOO( 120ml)<br />
lile://S:\Santiago ZlIñiga\Aloe Vera\FES970412.htm<br />
IS/04/99
¡'\ loe<br />
• Nourishing cream<br />
~ 2.500N2,SOO(SOml)<br />
• Beaury ess<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
'!t 3,000(30ml)<br />
• Shampoo<br />
'!t ¡.200(300ml)<br />
• Hair rinse<br />
~ 1.200(300ml)<br />
• Body shampoo<br />
~ 2,000(SOOml)<br />
(Aloe Shokuhin K.K., House 01' Rose Co., LId.)<br />
4. Cürr<strong>en</strong>t situation of domestic production<br />
Aloe Shokuhin K.K. was the first Japanese company to manufacture aloe products and is pres<strong>en</strong>tly cultivaring, processing<br />
marketing and selling aloe products in Japan. Un<strong>de</strong>r this integrated marketing process, Aloe Shokuhin K.K. boasts a range<br />
of S irems as food products and 14 items as cosmetics and bath additives products, mosrly offered through direct mail<br />
purchase. With a sound tumover situation, the company foresees a 20% increase in 1995 over previous year (according to<br />
its march 1996 ba<strong>la</strong>nce results). Running shon 01' raw materials because 01' sales increase in rec<strong>en</strong>t years, Aloe Shokuhin<br />
K.K. has 10 buy also from base material manufacrurers.<br />
Another company, Goshu Yakuhin K.K., offers 5 bath additives items containing aloe extracts, the manufacruring ofthese<br />
products being consigned lO an affiliated company. Aloe used as malerial is J domestic producl. In lhe future. Goshu<br />
Yakuhin int<strong>en</strong>ds 10 manufaclure olher original producls following lhe needs 01' consumers, such as cosmetics and health<br />
food products conraining aloe.<br />
5: Pres<strong>en</strong>t situation of aloe products imports<br />
A.arboresc<strong>en</strong>s is a domeslically grown variery, bur lhis g<strong>en</strong>us is being rec<strong>en</strong>tly cuilivated as well in Korea and Korean<br />
companies have s<strong>la</strong>ned lO sell rheir producrs onto the Japanese markel. According to Aloe Shokuhin, Korean aloes are<br />
cheaper in comparison 10 domestic production, bur the main elem<strong>en</strong>t. alo<strong>en</strong>e, repres<strong>en</strong>ts onl)' hall' 01' the IOtal composition.<br />
giving inferior products. Aloe Shokuhin has imponed Korean aloe in the past bUl does not impon [hese aloes anymore in<br />
or<strong>de</strong>r 10 avoid a drop 01' qualiry.<br />
Another aloe g<strong>en</strong>us is Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis. mainly imponed from the US and Thai<strong>la</strong>nd, but production has increased<br />
rec<strong>en</strong>rly in Okinawa as wel!. Concerning this Aloe variery as \Ve 11 , imponed producls t<strong>en</strong>d 10 be cheaper. but production<br />
from Okinawa is consi<strong>de</strong>red a higher qualiry.<br />
file:l/S:\Santiago Zuñiga\Aloe Vera\FES9704 12.hllll 15/0",/99
Aloe<br />
6. Sales situation<br />
The company House 01" Rose is curr<strong>en</strong>rly selling aloe cosmelics ma<strong>de</strong> of Aloe arboresc<strong>en</strong>s exlraCIS (domeslic cullivars)<br />
and Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis (imported cullivars). They have special conrraclS Wilh manufacturers and do nOI go lhrough<br />
wholesaling channels. Re<strong>la</strong>iling is done only lhrough House of Rose's proper re<strong>la</strong>il OUllels.<br />
(House of Rose Co., Ltd.)<br />
7. Customs duty and regu<strong>la</strong>tions concerning imports<br />
Among many aloe varie[ies, Aloe arboresc<strong>en</strong>s, Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis and Aloe ferox are lhe mosl common varielies marketed<br />
in Japan. The I"ollowing <strong>para</strong>graphs will introduce lhe <strong>la</strong>ws and regu<strong>la</strong>tions re<strong>la</strong>led lO these lhree lypes.<br />
7-1 Regu<strong>la</strong>tions according to Aloe variery<br />
• The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law of Japan <strong>de</strong>fines clearly drugs and foods. Tak<strong>en</strong> as producls lO be absorbed<br />
lhrough lhe mouth, "Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis" and "Aloe ferox" have !O receive approval as drugs (in olher words, they<br />
are nOI recognized as food producls).<br />
• "Aloe arboresc<strong>en</strong>s" is recognized as a food producl.<br />
7-2 Regu<strong>la</strong>lions according !O the rype. of product<br />
(1) Food Sunitalion Lmv<br />
The Japanese Food Sanitalion Law <strong>de</strong>fines s<strong>la</strong>ndards and crileria !O abi<strong>de</strong> with conceming rhe food and drink calegory.<br />
Import of foods and drinks which would nOI fulfill lhese reqllirem<strong>en</strong>ts is prohibited. Regll<strong>la</strong>lions concerning food<br />
aclditives are 'lIso stipu<strong>la</strong>ted in lhis Law and additives other [han those <strong>de</strong>signated by lhe Minister of Heallh and Welfare<br />
cannOI be used.<br />
AUlhority concerned (for more informal ion)<br />
file:l/S:\Santiago ZlIñiga\Aloe Vera\FES970412.htm 15/04/99
Aloe<br />
The Ministry of Heakth and Welfare<br />
Tokyo Quarantine Station, Food Inspection Division<br />
3-9-35, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108<br />
Te!. 0:)-3471-7913<br />
(2) Pharmacellfica/ Af<strong>la</strong>irs La\\'<br />
The Pharmaceulical Affairs Law exists lO <strong>en</strong>sure suitable levels of qualiry, effecliv<strong>en</strong>ess, and safery in drugs. quasi-drugs,<br />
cosmetics and medical equipm<strong>en</strong>r used in Japan by regu<strong>la</strong>ting lheir manufacture, impon and sale. Impon and sale of lhese<br />
products mean that imponers have lO obtain approval for manufacturing (imponing) and an authorization for impon and<br />
sale of the producls.<br />
The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law of Japan <strong>de</strong>fines drugs, quasi-drugs. and cosmelics as follows.<br />
Drugs<br />
1) Ilems prepared according 10 lhe Pharmacopoeia Japonica.<br />
:2) Ilems, except for mechanical equipm<strong>en</strong>r, lhat are <strong>de</strong>signed for use by humans or animals<br />
for lhe diagnosis. lrealm<strong>en</strong>l, or prev<strong>en</strong>tion of illness.<br />
3) Items, except for mechanical equipm<strong>en</strong>r, lhal are <strong>de</strong>signed 10 affect lhe structure or<br />
funclions of the bodies of humans or animals.<br />
Quasi-drugs<br />
Items. except for meci<strong>la</strong>nical equipm<strong>en</strong>t and irems p<strong>en</strong>aining 10 such equipm<strong>en</strong>t, which are recognized by lile Minisler of<br />
Heallh and Welfare as int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for the following purposes, and which ex<strong>en</strong> only a mild effecr on the human body.<br />
1) PreveIHion of nausea and olher discontilure, oral and olher body odors.<br />
~) Prev<strong>en</strong>tion of heal rush and sores.<br />
3) Prev<strong>en</strong>rion of hair 1055. <strong>en</strong>couragem<strong>en</strong>l of hair growlh, and hair removal.<br />
4) El ¡minal ion or prev<strong>en</strong>rion of anack by mice, nies, mosqu itoes and fleas againsl<br />
humans or animals.<br />
Cosmelics<br />
file://S:\Santiago Zuñiga\Aloe Vera\FES97041 :2.htm 15/04/99
Alo~<br />
Ilems inr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d ro be painted, spread, or applied in simi<strong>la</strong>r ways lO the body wirh the purpose of cleansing or beaurifying<br />
rhe human body, increasing irs attracriv<strong>en</strong>ess, changing its appearance, or keep rhe skin or hair in a healthy condirion,<br />
while ex<strong>en</strong>ing only a mild effecr on rhe body. However, items and quasi-drugs int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d for rhese purposes which are used<br />
according ro the second and rhird <strong>de</strong>finitions of'drug' aboye, are exclu<strong>de</strong>d from this caregory.<br />
For information. such products as bath additives or treatm<strong>en</strong>r hair ronic be long to the calegory 'quasi-drugs' whereas<br />
shampoo and rinse b~long lO 'cosmetics'.<br />
Concerning cosmerics, 'Japan Cosmelic Ingredi<strong>en</strong>rs Co<strong>de</strong>x' <strong>de</strong>fines a ser of srandards for composirion proponions and<br />
codifies ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts ro be used.<br />
Au[horirv con cerned (for more informarían)<br />
The Ministry of Healrh and Welfare<br />
Pharmaceurical Affairs Bureau<br />
Second Evaluarion and Registrarion Division<br />
1-2-1, kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo I00<br />
T~I.:03-3503-1711<br />
7-1 Customs dury<br />
According ro applicarion, type of producr and composirion among orher, HS refer<strong>en</strong>ce co<strong>de</strong> is differ<strong>en</strong>t. For rhis reason,<br />
imponers are advised ro contacr Japan Tariff Association in advance. Some relevanr examples are giv<strong>en</strong> below as<br />
informarion.<br />
• HS No. 111 1.90.9900 -> P<strong>la</strong>nrs and pam of p<strong>la</strong>nrs of a kind used primari Iy in perfumery, in pharmacy or for<br />
insecricidal. fungicidal or simi<strong>la</strong>r purposes, fresh or dried, n.e.s.:4.6%<br />
• HS No. 1302.19.1 10 -> Vegetable saps and extracrs, used as b¡lses for beverage, obrained from a single material of<br />
vegetable origin: 10%.<br />
For more information. con¡¡¡ct<br />
Japan Tariff Association<br />
-1-7-8, Kojirnachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102<br />
Td 03-3263-7221<br />
8. Conclusion<br />
file://S:\Santiago Zuñiga\Aloe Vera\FES970412.hLJl1 15/0-1/
In r~c<strong>en</strong>l years, aca<strong>de</strong>mic reporlS were published in Japan conccming lhe excell<strong>en</strong>l properties 01' some elem<strong>en</strong>t of aloe,<br />
together with the abs<strong>en</strong>ce of si<strong>de</strong> effect risks. resulting in a slronger interest from Japanese people for the value of aloe<br />
products. Nalural cosmetics are gaining a very strong mom<strong>en</strong>tum in lhe US, and aloe is shown as one example of natural<br />
cosmelic. At the same lime, cosmetic products are being b<strong>en</strong>er and b<strong>en</strong>er known. On the other hand, for aloe, but also for<br />
other products such as nalural heallh foods and natural cosmelics, lhere is an increase of business v<strong>en</strong>tures based on<br />
producls using nalural ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
'<br />
Cullivation and production of aloe can be easily carried out in Japan. This is the reason why Japanese companies<br />
<strong>de</strong>veloping a business in rhis field have an inlegraled range of activiry: cultivation, produclion, processing, markering and<br />
sales. but another reason stems from the purpose of garanteeing a high level of qualiry to the consumer, as a provi<strong>de</strong>r of<br />
products bound lO make people heallhy. However, many people regret a foreseeable progressive increase of cheap and<br />
low qualiry aloe imports compared lO domestically produced ones.<br />
The food and cosmetic markets in Japan have already reached lheir saturation leve!. For this reason, what interests<br />
Japanesc people in this period of accelerated ageing society is any product which is "good for the body" (for the purpose<br />
of healrh conservation or beautifying). Japanese companies who sell aloe products are pres<strong>en</strong>tly consi<strong>de</strong>ring the<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of new products and for Aloe Shokuhin "the market may expand 10 a 100 bi II ion y<strong>en</strong> market". These facts<br />
lead us to say that foreign manufacturers have quite suffici<strong>en</strong>t possibilities lO <strong>en</strong>ter aloe market. However, the product<br />
category 10 which the producr belong is an important point pertaining to regu<strong>la</strong>tions, that should not be overlooked.<br />
(Aloe Shokuhin K.K .. House ofRose Co., Ltd. Orihiro K.K.)<br />
9. Information Source<br />
* Japan Healrh Food Association<br />
I I<br />
Shokllhin-eisei C<strong>en</strong>ter BIdg.:2-6-1, Jingumae, Shibuya-ku. Tokyo<br />
150<br />
,<br />
Tel:03-54 10-8231<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I 11 I<br />
I 11 I<br />
• Minislry of Health and Welfare, Pham<strong>la</strong>ceutical Affaire Bureau Inspecrion and Guidance<br />
Division.<br />
• Ministry 01' Health and Welfare,Pharmaceutical Affaire Bureau Evaluation and Registrarion<br />
Division<br />
1-:2-1, Kasllmigaseki. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 11 Tel:03-3503-1711<br />
I<br />
fi 1e:l/S:\Sanl iago Zuñ iga\A loe Vera\F ES970-112.hlm 15/0-1/99
Aloe<br />
I 11 I<br />
I 11 I<br />
* Tokyo Metropolitan Govemm<strong>en</strong>t, Bureau of Public Health Pharmaceutical Sanitation Section I<br />
2-8-1, Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-0 I<br />
I Tel:03-5321-1111 I<br />
I 11 I<br />
I 1I ~<br />
* Aroe Shokuhin K.K.<br />
I I<br />
2208, Shimoedome, Ohikawa-mach i, Shita-gun, PrefeclUre TeI:054-622-5566 (Sales<br />
Shizuoka 421-02<br />
Administraion Div.)<br />
I 11 I<br />
I 11 I<br />
* Goshu Yakuhin K.K.<br />
I I<br />
1-1-5, Hanazono-cho, Toyama-shi, Prefecture Toyama 930 TeI:0764-24-2661 (MR<br />
Ebitani)<br />
I 11 I<br />
I 11 I<br />
* House of Rose CO.,Ltd.<br />
I I<br />
No.3 1nose BIdg.2-12-3 1, Kita-aoyama, MinalO-ku, Tokyo 107 Te1:3475-671 J (Ms<br />
Nakayama)<br />
I 11 I<br />
I 1I 1<br />
* Orihiro K.K.<br />
I I<br />
541- J, Jinnari, Tomioka-shi, Prefecture Gumma 370-24 1I Tel:0274-60-20 IO<br />
I<br />
tile://S\Sanriag.o Zuñiga\Aloe Vera\FES9704 12.htm 15/04/99
ANEXO N° 3<br />
Principales Antece<strong>de</strong>ntes Recopi<strong>la</strong>dos.<br />
Aplicaciones farmacológicas, farmodinámicas y farmacocinéticas<br />
<strong>de</strong>l Aloe Vera - Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Pejoseca, S.L. <br />
1994<br />
A Mo<strong>de</strong>rn Herbal : Aloes - Mrs. M. Grieve - 1995<br />
Overview of the Lyophilization Process - Thomas A. J<strong>en</strong>nings,<br />
Ph. D.<br />
U.S. Cosmetics & Toiletries Market: 1998/9 Edition -<br />
Resum<strong>en</strong><br />
Estudio <strong>de</strong> mercado <strong>de</strong>l Aloe Vera <strong>en</strong> Australia - PROCHILE 1990<br />
- Varios Artículos.<br />
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Import Procedures - 1996<br />
United States Import Requirem<strong>en</strong>ts - US Customs - 1997<br />
Capítulo 13 <strong>de</strong>l Sistema Armonizado <strong>de</strong> Tarifas Arance<strong>la</strong>rias -<br />
USA<br />
\<br />
Comp<strong>en</strong>dio <strong>de</strong> sitios WEB re<strong>la</strong>cionados con agricultura<br />
TELSTAR<br />
L10MEGA<br />
Características técnicas equipos <strong>de</strong> liofilización<br />
MOLDA - Descripción procesos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>shidratación: Liofilización<br />
(Freezing Drying), Secado al vacío por correa y Secado por Spray.<br />
LYOSAN<br />
liofilización.<br />
Descripción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> compañía y <strong>de</strong>l proceso <strong>de</strong>
jio <strong>de</strong>l AlOe Vera-PejOseca. S.1.<br />
hltp:l/\V\V\V .alTak is.es/.-a loverialespañoI/EsIUd io.h In<br />
Laboratorios Farmacéuticos<br />
Pejoseca, s.l.<br />
Productos Naturales<br />
English~<br />
---------<br />
APLICACIONES FARMACOLOGICAS, FARMACODINAMICAS y<br />
FARMACOCINETICAS DEL<br />
Aloe Vera<br />
Las p<strong>la</strong>ntas que pert<strong>en</strong>ec<strong>en</strong> al género áloe <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s familia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s liliáceas han sido usadas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Medicina popu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
<strong>en</strong> bastantes países durante miles <strong>de</strong> años. Muchas culturas antiguas (china, india, egipcia, romana. griega)<br />
conocieron y usaron los productos obt<strong>en</strong>idos <strong>de</strong> especies <strong>de</strong> áloes por su amplio rango <strong>de</strong> uso medicinal como<br />
<strong>la</strong>xantes, protectores <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel, contra <strong>la</strong> sinusitis, gingivitis. fiebre, convulsiones, etc.<br />
Son p<strong>la</strong>ntas per<strong>en</strong>nes, sucul<strong>en</strong>tas, con tallo leñoso y robusto.<br />
Las hojas son sésiles, carnosas <strong>de</strong> forma <strong>la</strong>nceo<strong>la</strong>da con <strong>la</strong> base <strong>en</strong>sanchada y los bor<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ntados, t<strong>en</strong>ninadas<br />
<strong>en</strong> punta recia y provistas <strong>de</strong> una fuerte cutícu<strong>la</strong>; usualm<strong>en</strong>te ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> espinas más pequeñas <strong>en</strong> los márg<strong>en</strong>es. Se<br />
reún<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> una roseta que pue<strong>de</strong> ser basal o <strong>en</strong>contrarse <strong>en</strong> el ápice <strong>de</strong> un tallo <strong>de</strong> hasta 6 m; <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta toma <strong>en</strong><br />
este último caso, porte aéreo.<br />
Los aloes'se distribuy<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> áreas cálidas y áridas <strong>de</strong> todo el mundo; Mar Mediterráneo, Ori<strong>en</strong>te Medio, Africa,<br />
China, Japón, México y Sur <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos.<br />
Varias especies <strong>de</strong> este género ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> importancia por sus propieda<strong>de</strong>s y aplicaciones medicinales: Aloe<br />
arboresc<strong>en</strong>ts MilI., Aloe Barba<strong>de</strong>nsis MilI. (Aloe Vera L), Aloe ferox MilI. Aloe Saponaria Haw., Aloe<br />
Vahombe, <strong>en</strong>tre otras. De sus hojas se obti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> básicam<strong>en</strong>te dos productos usados actualm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> terapéutica:<br />
- Acíbar: Residuo seco obt<strong>en</strong>ido por evaporación y conc<strong>en</strong>tración al vacío <strong>de</strong>l látex o savia cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />
célu<strong>la</strong>s situadas inmediatam<strong>en</strong>te por <strong>de</strong>bajo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cutícu<strong>la</strong> (célu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l periciclo <strong>de</strong> hoja). Con efecto <strong>la</strong>xante. Se<br />
obti<strong>en</strong>e principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l A. ferox y A. barba<strong>de</strong>nsis.<br />
- Gel <strong>de</strong> áloe: Sustancia c<strong>la</strong>ra y ge<strong>la</strong>tinosa <strong>de</strong> color b<strong>la</strong>nco-amarill<strong>en</strong>to que proce<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s célu<strong>la</strong>s muci<strong>la</strong>ginosas<br />
<strong>de</strong>l parénquima c<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> hoja. Con efecto tópico principalm<strong>en</strong>te como hidratante y antiinf<strong>la</strong>matorio. Se<br />
obti<strong>en</strong>e sobre todo <strong>de</strong>l A. barba<strong>de</strong>nsis (=Aloe Vera).<br />
Para <strong>la</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> áloe, <strong>la</strong>s hojas frescas una vez recolectadas. se cortan <strong>en</strong> segm<strong>en</strong>tos y se elimina <strong>la</strong><br />
corteza que conti<strong>en</strong>e los compon<strong>en</strong>tes f<strong>en</strong>óllcos amarillos, lo cual <strong>de</strong>ja libre <strong>la</strong> pulpa ge<strong>la</strong>tinosa transpar<strong>en</strong>te que<br />
conti<strong>en</strong>e el gel. .<br />
C:OVIP()SICIO'J<br />
En función <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> especie <strong>de</strong> áloe y <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ninadas condiciones como <strong>la</strong> época <strong>de</strong> recolección <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hojas, <strong>la</strong><br />
edad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mismas, el riego y su almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>to, así como <strong>la</strong> forma <strong>de</strong> obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong>l gel y el almac<strong>en</strong>ami<strong>en</strong>iO<br />
<strong>de</strong>l mismo influy<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> su composición y <strong>en</strong> sus propieda<strong>de</strong>s físico-químicas y fannacológicas.<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera conti<strong>en</strong>e alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong>l 99.4% <strong>de</strong> agua <strong>en</strong> peso. En función <strong>de</strong>l proceso al que se somet<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<br />
hojas <strong>para</strong> extraer el gel, más <strong>de</strong>l 60% <strong>de</strong> los sólidos totales son carbohidratos, principalm<strong>en</strong>te mucí<strong>la</strong>gos. Los<br />
azúcares <strong>en</strong>contrados son glucosa y manosa y cantida<strong>de</strong>s m<strong>en</strong>ores <strong>de</strong> ramnosa, xilosa, arabinosa, ga<strong>la</strong>ctosa y<br />
11/02/99528 PM
lio <strong>de</strong>l Alo~ Vaa-P~jos~ca. 5.1.<br />
h1rp:!/w\V\V. arrak¡s.es/-alov<strong>en</strong>alespano 11 CSIUU IV.II'"<br />
ácidos urónicos.<br />
El mucí<strong>la</strong>go mayoritariam<strong>en</strong>te está compuesto <strong>de</strong> polisacáridos neutros que suel<strong>en</strong> ser b-(174)-glucomananos,<br />
b-D-mananos, oa<strong>la</strong>ctanos, arabinoga<strong>la</strong>ctanos, etc. <strong>en</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eral, meti<strong>la</strong>dos y aceti<strong>la</strong>dos. Destaca el acemanano<br />
ais<strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong>l extr~cto etanólico <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera. El acemanano es un polisacárido parcialm<strong>en</strong>te aceti<strong>la</strong>do,<br />
que consiste <strong>en</strong> unida<strong>de</strong>s lineales <strong>de</strong> (1/4)-D-manoiranosil. Los azúcares neutros que se un<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> ca<strong>de</strong>na a través<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces (1/6) son ga<strong>la</strong>ctopiranosas <strong>en</strong> una proporción I por cada 20 azúcares.<br />
El mucí<strong>la</strong>go conti<strong>en</strong>e también polisacáridos ácidos con difer<strong>en</strong>tes proporciones <strong>de</strong> ácido ga<strong>la</strong>cturónico.<br />
El resto <strong>de</strong> los sólidos que compon<strong>en</strong> el gel son ácidos y sales orgánicas (ácido glutámico, málico, salicílico y<br />
cítrico y <strong>la</strong>ctato magnésico, oxa<strong>la</strong>to cálcico, etc.), <strong>en</strong>zimas (celu<strong>la</strong>sa, carboxipeptidasa, bradikininasa, cata<strong>la</strong>sa,<br />
ami <strong>la</strong>sa, oxidasa, tirosinasa), sapogénicas, taninos, heteróxidos antracénicos (impurificando el gel), esteroles,<br />
triglicéridos, aminoácidos (lisina, histidina, glutamina, arginina, ácido aspártico, as<strong>para</strong>gina, treonina, serina,<br />
ácido glutámico, glicina, a<strong>la</strong>nina, valina, metionina, isoleucina, leucina, tirosina, f<strong>en</strong>i<strong>la</strong><strong>la</strong>nina y triptófano),<br />
RNA, trazas <strong>de</strong> alcaloi<strong>de</strong>s, vitaminas (Betacarot<strong>en</strong>o, B 1, B2, B3, B6, C, E, colina, ácido fólico) y minerales (Al,<br />
S, Ba, Ca. Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, Si), variando <strong>en</strong> función <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> lluvia, el terr<strong>en</strong>o y <strong>la</strong> época <strong>de</strong><br />
recolección.<br />
ACCIONES Y USOS DEL GEL EN FAR\IACIA<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe no ti<strong>en</strong>e actividad purgante ni <strong>la</strong>xante. Las principales activida<strong>de</strong>s que pres<strong>en</strong>ta el gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe<br />
son antiinf<strong>la</strong>matoria, inmunomodu<strong>la</strong>dora e hidratante, aunque exist<strong>en</strong> muchas investigaciones farmacológicas<br />
que muestran activida<strong>de</strong>s e indicaciones re<strong>la</strong>cionadas o no con <strong>la</strong>s citadas.<br />
;... ...--.-c i'catr'izallte-----''----"'-------ailt¡-='¡rlf<strong>la</strong>matOrl'ü--'---'--' '---"re-g<strong>en</strong>era-d-ü-r·cLltaneo-··---<br />
........................----11 i'(jraúiñ-te·-------------------- '--¿¡'Líe'rafalTii·co..-----------· r--------·--'aria ig-és¡ú:i-------·------ ,<br />
:----anti-·hstamlníco anti-hemorroi<strong>de</strong>s. anti-acné<br />
anriseptÍcü----------- 'dis-iiiTect21ñ-te----·----- ¡---.-.- añ-t i-~vari-coso--- --..-.. --- :<br />
~---estiITlurador capi-I-a-r--; epitelizante . anti-ulceroso<br />
¡... --- "'anii=-asm¡}-.----.----- ¡---'-es'ti-mlllint·ecarara·co------ ¡---·nipoTip-ernúlnie------- i<br />
r----"--- nipogluce'mii:inte------- ;·--·------nem-ü-s'i-ái-ic-ü-------- :------imun-omoduJaCi-or-----¡<br />
El gel más estudiado ha sido el <strong>de</strong>l Aloe Vera que es al que nos referimos a continuación.<br />
En g<strong>en</strong>eral ti<strong>en</strong>e propieda<strong>de</strong>s humectantes e hidratantes. Ti<strong>en</strong>e capacidad <strong>de</strong> ret<strong>en</strong>er agua. El gel se usa cuando<br />
se requiere hidratación y suavidad, normalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> combinac;ión con otros hidratantes y humectantes cutáneos<br />
(glicerina, propil<strong>en</strong>glicol). En combinación con ellos se produce un efecto sinérgico.<br />
Ha <strong>de</strong>mostrndo ser litil como vehículo <strong>en</strong> pre<strong>para</strong>ciones que conti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> sustancias antiint<strong>la</strong>matorias <strong>de</strong> tipo<br />
corticoi<strong>de</strong>. Por vía tópica <strong>de</strong>rmatológica el gel es un bu<strong>en</strong> transportador <strong>de</strong> corticoidcs a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> capa córnea<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel <strong>de</strong>bido a su efecto <strong>de</strong> ret<strong>en</strong>er agua <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> zona don<strong>de</strong> se aplica. Increm<strong>en</strong>ta así <strong>la</strong> absorción <strong>de</strong>l<br />
esteroi<strong>de</strong>. A<strong>de</strong>más ti<strong>en</strong>e efecto propio por ser antiinf<strong>la</strong>matorio y actuar a nivel celu<strong>la</strong>r provocando <strong>la</strong> re<strong>para</strong>ción<br />
<strong>de</strong>l tejido, efecto no producido por los corticoi<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera p<strong>en</strong>etra <strong>en</strong> el tejido dañado reduci<strong>en</strong>do el dolor. Es anti;nf<strong>la</strong>matorio y previ<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong><br />
progresiva isquemia <strong>de</strong>nnal causada por quemaduras, conge<strong>la</strong>ción, <strong>de</strong>scargas eléctricas, radioterapias. Se utiliza<br />
<strong>para</strong> prev<strong>en</strong>ir <strong>la</strong> necrosis, pérdida progresiva <strong>de</strong>l tejido <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> herida. La aceleración <strong>de</strong>l proceso es importante<br />
porque reduce <strong>la</strong> contaminación bacteriana.<br />
A pesar <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> actividad <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>en</strong> curación <strong>de</strong> heridas superficiales, quemaduras, <strong>de</strong>rmatitis producidas por<br />
radiaciones, etc. éste no es efectivo <strong>en</strong> incisiones cortantes profundas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel (cesáreas, etc.), ni tampoco <strong>en</strong><br />
quemaduras por ácido fluorhídrico.<br />
Por otra parte, el gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera ti<strong>en</strong>e efecto anti<strong>en</strong>vejecimi<strong>en</strong>to. Las alteraciones producidas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel por <strong>la</strong><br />
edad y por <strong>la</strong>s radiaciones so<strong>la</strong>res se <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> a que los cambios <strong>de</strong>g<strong>en</strong>erativos superan a los reg<strong>en</strong>erativos,<br />
II/O~/
lio <strong>de</strong>l Aloe VerJ-PcjoseCJ. s.1.<br />
caracterizándose por <strong>la</strong> aparición <strong>de</strong> arrugas. Extractos <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera restablec<strong>en</strong> el_equilibrio <strong>en</strong>tre estos .<br />
cambios <strong>de</strong>g<strong>en</strong>erativos/reg<strong>en</strong>erativos, estimu<strong>la</strong>ndo <strong>la</strong> síntesis <strong>de</strong> colág<strong>en</strong>o y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s hbras <strong>de</strong> e<strong>la</strong>stma <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel.<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe increm<strong>en</strong>ta el cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong> colág<strong>en</strong>o soluble <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel tratada con el mismo. Por otra parte. el gel<br />
conti<strong>en</strong>e tirosinasa que <strong>en</strong> aplicación continuada sobre <strong>la</strong> piel pue<strong>de</strong> inhibir <strong>la</strong> formación <strong>de</strong> me<strong>la</strong>nina, causante<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s áreas <strong>de</strong> hiperpigm<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel.<br />
Al someter el gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera a diálisis, se han se<strong>para</strong>do sus compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>en</strong> dos tracciones, una <strong>de</strong> alto peso<br />
molecu<strong>la</strong>r y otra <strong>de</strong> bajo peso molecu<strong>la</strong>r. Ambas fracciones tI<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> parte <strong>de</strong> responsabilIdad <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> actIvidad <strong>de</strong>l<br />
gel.<br />
FRACCIONES DE ALTO PESO \IOLECLL\R<br />
Se ha estudiado <strong>la</strong> actividad <strong>de</strong>:<br />
- POLISACARIDOS. Ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> actividad inmunomodu<strong>la</strong>dora. actuando sobre el sistema inmunológico como<br />
complem<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
Uno <strong>de</strong> ellos, el acemanano es un inductor <strong>de</strong> interlukina I y postg<strong>la</strong>ndina E2 producida por los macrófagos <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> sangre humana. La interleukina influye <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> actividad y producción <strong>de</strong> linfocitos T, B, fibrobastos y célu<strong>la</strong>s<br />
<strong>en</strong>doteliales. Así. el acemanano induce <strong>la</strong> proliferación <strong>de</strong> célu<strong>la</strong>sfibroblásticas aum<strong>en</strong>tando <strong>la</strong> proporción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
actividad metabólica y replicación celu<strong>la</strong>r que son pasos fundam<strong>en</strong>tales <strong>en</strong> un proceso curativo. El acemanano<br />
increm<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> actividad fagocítica <strong>de</strong> los monocitos y linfocitos, aum<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> cantidad <strong>de</strong> anticuerpos IgM y IgG<br />
a antíg<strong>en</strong>os víricos y disminuye el tiempo requerido <strong>para</strong> su aparición <strong>en</strong> el suero sanguíneo.<br />
Estos mecanismos provocan un aum<strong>en</strong>to global <strong>de</strong> toda <strong>la</strong> respuesta inmune. Intervi<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> el aum<strong>en</strong>tar los<br />
linfocitos T4 que ayudan a <strong>la</strong> reducir los síntomas asociados a <strong>la</strong>s infecciones por HIV (SIDA) y ayudan a<br />
eliminar infecciones víricas. También son los responsables <strong>de</strong> curación <strong>de</strong> quemaduras, úlceras y otras heridas<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel y mucosas.<br />
Por otra parte, muchos autores han <strong>en</strong>contrado sustancias polisacáridas con alto cont<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>en</strong> manosa que<br />
actúan provocando proliferacíón celu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>en</strong> heridas. Esto sugiere que <strong>la</strong> manosa es el factor causante <strong>de</strong> esta<br />
actividad.<br />
- BRA.DIKINASA. Es un <strong>en</strong>zima con actividad carboxipeptidasa que rompe los aminoácidos C-terminales <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> bradikinina, angiot<strong>en</strong>sina I y otros péptidos <strong>en</strong>dóg<strong>en</strong>os.<br />
Tanto <strong>la</strong> bradikinina como <strong>la</strong> angiot<strong>en</strong>sina 1 y II juegan un papel importante <strong>en</strong> el sistema natural <strong>de</strong> regu<strong>la</strong>ción<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> presión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> sangre. La bradikinina es un monopéptido vasodi<strong>la</strong>tador y un pot<strong>en</strong>te productor <strong>de</strong> dolor. La<br />
angiot<strong>en</strong>sina 1es un <strong>de</strong>capéptido inactivo que se convierte <strong>en</strong> '¡lngiot<strong>en</strong>sina 11 por pérdida <strong>de</strong> los dos<br />
aminoácidos C-terminales. La angiot<strong>en</strong>sina II es un vasopresor. .<br />
Por acción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> bradikinasa se inactiva <strong>la</strong> bradikinina y se produce angiot<strong>en</strong>sina 11. La acción <strong>en</strong>zimática <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> bradikinasa reduce el dolor y disminuye <strong>la</strong> di<strong>la</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> los vasos sanguíneos. La activación <strong>de</strong><br />
angiot<strong>en</strong>sina 11 los contrae hasta su nivel normal. Es pues un bu<strong>en</strong> método antiinf<strong>la</strong>matorio.<br />
La angiot<strong>en</strong>sina II ti<strong>en</strong>e otras activida<strong>de</strong>s: actúa directam<strong>en</strong>te sobre <strong>la</strong>s glándu<strong>la</strong>s adr<strong>en</strong>ales liberando<br />
aldosterona. Esta hormona junto con otras regu<strong>la</strong> el metabolismo electrolítico, actúa como diurético, disminuye<br />
el e<strong>de</strong>ma por antagonización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> hormona antidiurética ADH. .<br />
FR.\CCIO"·ES DE 13,\.10 PESO .\lOLECLL\R<br />
Estos compon<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>l extracto acuoso <strong>de</strong>l gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe Vera inhib<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> liberación <strong>de</strong> radicales libres por<br />
polimorfonucleares, disminuyéndolos extracelu<strong>la</strong>m1<strong>en</strong>te. En cambio, <strong>la</strong>s conc<strong>en</strong>traciones <strong>de</strong> estos radicales a<br />
nivel intracelu<strong>la</strong>r no se alteran.<br />
Así <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong> los polimorfonucleares, <strong>de</strong> fagocitar y matar microorganismos a nivel intracelu<strong>la</strong>r se<br />
manti<strong>en</strong>e, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que se evitan los efectos citotóxicos producidos por los radicales liberados. Esto explica su<br />
eficacia terapéutica <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> curación <strong>de</strong> heridas.<br />
II/O~/99 5:28 Pi'·
iD <strong>de</strong>l f\lúc Vera-Pejoseca. 5.1.<br />
De <strong>en</strong>tre estos compon<strong>en</strong>tes se ha estudiado <strong>la</strong> actividad <strong>de</strong>l <strong>la</strong>ctato magnésico. Este compuesto inhibe el<br />
<strong>en</strong>zima histidina-<strong>de</strong>scarboxi<strong>la</strong>sa, responsable <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conversión <strong>de</strong>l aminoácido histidina a histamina que ocurre<br />
<strong>en</strong> los mastocitos. Así se inhibe <strong>la</strong> producción <strong>de</strong> histamina <strong>en</strong> los mastocitos disminuy<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong> vasodi<strong>la</strong>tación.<br />
Esto contribuye a que el gel sea efectivo <strong>en</strong> inf<strong>la</strong>mación.<br />
Por otra parte, el <strong>la</strong>ctato magnésico, al igual que muchos .azúcares <strong>de</strong>l gel influy<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s propieda<strong>de</strong>s<br />
hidratantes <strong>de</strong>l gel y pue<strong>de</strong>n reducir <strong>la</strong> proporción <strong>de</strong> pérdida <strong>de</strong> hidratación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cremas y lociones<br />
farmacéuticas ayudando así al efecto hidratante <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mismas.<br />
El gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe, principalm<strong>en</strong>te se usa <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>rmatología, y <strong>de</strong>nnofannacia por su acción favorable <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong>terminadas <strong>de</strong>nnatosis. Ti<strong>en</strong>e efectos curativos sobre quemaduras causadas por algunas radiaciones, <strong>en</strong><br />
úlceras <strong>de</strong> piel, etc.<br />
Asimismo, se incorpora como compon<strong>en</strong>te antiinf<strong>la</strong>matorio, curativo <strong>de</strong> heridas, <strong>en</strong>. pre<strong>para</strong>dos <strong>para</strong> el cuidado<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel. Normalm<strong>en</strong>te, se pue<strong>de</strong> incorporar a cremas y lociones, bronceadores, protectores so<strong>la</strong>res, jabones,<br />
sprays <strong>para</strong> quemaduras, etc. A<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s propieda<strong>de</strong>s curativas que ti<strong>en</strong>e el gel, <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong> éste <strong>para</strong><br />
ret<strong>en</strong>er agua <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> zona dañada es también básica <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> curación. .<br />
Bibliografía: Revista Acofar Diciembre/94. Laura Segura. Unidad <strong>de</strong> Investigaciones Farmacéuticas yFarmacológicas, Facultad <strong>de</strong><br />
Farmacia, Universidad <strong>de</strong> Barcelona.<br />
I 1/0:2/99 528 PM
,htlp://ww\V.bO<strong>la</strong>n ¡el! .COI11 !botan ical/mgm h/a/a locs02 7. h[m 1)<br />
Subj cct: Aloes (hUD ://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/alocs027.html)<br />
Date: Tue. 2 Mar 1999 00:32: 16 -0400<br />
From: "Santiago Zuniga" <br />
To: "Heetor Espinoza" <br />
Aloes<br />
Botanical: Aloe Perryi (J. G. BAKER), Aloe vera (LINN)<br />
Family: N.O. Liliaceae<br />
• Dc'scriplion<br />
• Constilllcnls<br />
• VariL'lics<br />
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o ---Conslilu<strong>en</strong>b<br />
• l'lis!orv<br />
• i'vkdicimll .:\ction
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but though oft<strong>en</strong> popu<strong>la</strong>rly called Aloes all of them are p<strong>la</strong>nts of lhe New World whereas the true Aloes<br />
are nalives of the Old World. From a chemical poinl of view lhere is also no analogy al all betwe<strong>en</strong><br />
Aloes and Agaves.<br />
Allhouoh the Agave is not employed medicinally, the leaves have be<strong>en</strong> used in Jamaica as a substitute<br />
for soa;, lhe expressed juice (a gallon of the juice yields aboul 1 lb. of the sof~ extract), dried in the sun,<br />
being ma<strong>de</strong> inLO balls wirh wood ash. This soap <strong>la</strong>thers wilh salr water as well as fresh. The leaveshave<br />
:1lso be<strong>en</strong> used for scouring pewter and kitch<strong>en</strong> ut<strong>en</strong>sils. The inner spongy subsrance of rhe leaves 111 a<br />
<strong>de</strong>cayed state has be<strong>en</strong> employed as lin<strong>de</strong>l' and rhe fibres may be spun into a strong, useful rhread.<br />
The tleshy leaves of the lrue Aloe contain near the epi<strong>de</strong>rmis 01' outer skin, a row of fibrovascu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
bundles. the cells ofwhich are much <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>rged and filJed Wilh a yellow juice which exu<strong>de</strong>s wh<strong>en</strong> the leaf<br />
is cut. Wh<strong>en</strong> it is <strong>de</strong>sired to collect the juice, the leaves are cut off close to the stem and so p<strong>la</strong>ced that<br />
rhe juice is drained off into tubs. This juice thus colJected is conc<strong>en</strong>trated either by spontaneous<br />
evaporatíon. or more g<strong>en</strong>erally by boiling until it becomes of the consist<strong>en</strong>cy of thick honey. On cooling,<br />
it is th<strong>en</strong> poured into gourds, boxes, 01' other conv<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>t receptacles, and solidities.<br />
Aloes require two or three years' standing before they yield their juice. In the West Indian Aloe<br />
p<strong>la</strong>ntations they are set out in rows like cabbages and cutting takes p<strong>la</strong>ce in March or April, but in Africa<br />
the drug is collected from the wild p<strong>la</strong>nts.<br />
[Top]<br />
---Constitu<strong>en</strong>ts---The most important constitu<strong>en</strong>ts of Aloes are the two Aloins, Barbaloin and<br />
¡sobarbaloin, which constitute the so-called 'cl'ystalline' Aloin, pres<strong>en</strong>t in the drug at from lOto 30 per<br />
c<strong>en</strong>l. Orher constilu<strong>en</strong>ts are amorphous Aloin, resin and Aloe-emodin. The proponion in which the<br />
Aloins are pres<strong>en</strong>l in the respective Aloes is not accurately known.<br />
The manner in which the evaporation is conducted has a marked effect on the appearance of the Aloes,<br />
slow and mo<strong>de</strong>rate conc<strong>en</strong>tration t<strong>en</strong>ding to induce cl'ystallization of the Aloin, thus causing the drug ro<br />
appear opaque. Such Aloes is termed 'livel'Y' 01' hepatic, and splinters of it exhibit minute crystals of<br />
Aloin wh<strong>en</strong> examined un<strong>de</strong>r the microscope. If, on the othel' hand, the evaporation is carried as far as<br />
possible, the Aloin does not crystalJize and small fragm<strong>en</strong>ts of the drug appear transpar<strong>en</strong>t; it is th<strong>en</strong><br />
lermed 'g<strong>la</strong>ssy,' 'vitreous,' or 'lucid' Aloes and exhibits no cl'ystals of Aloin un<strong>de</strong>r the microscope.<br />
---Varieties---The chiefvarieties of Aloes are Curacao Ol' B.arbados, Socotrine (including Zanzibar) and<br />
Cape. Other varieties of Aloes, such as b<strong>la</strong>ck 'Mocha' Aloes, occasionalJy find their way to the London<br />
market. Jojferabad Aloes, supposed to be the same as 'Mocha' Aloes, is of a b<strong>la</strong>ck, pitch-like colour and<br />
a g<strong>la</strong>ssy, somewhat porous fracture; it is the product ofA/oe Abyssinico and is imponed to Bombay from<br />
Arabia. It does not <strong>en</strong>ter into English commerce. Musombra A/oes is ma<strong>de</strong> in India from A. vu/garis.<br />
Uganda Aloes, imponed from Mossel Bay, not from Uganda, is a variety of Cape Aloes produced by<br />
careful evaporarion. NO<strong>la</strong>/ Aloes, anothel' South African variety, is no longer a commercial article in this<br />
countl'Y. The A. Purijicaro oí' rhe United States Pharmacopoeia is prepared by adding Alcohol to melted<br />
Aloes, stirring thoroughly, straining and evaporating the strained liquid. The product occurs in irregu<strong>la</strong>r,<br />
bl'itlle, dull- bro\.vn or l'eddish pieces and is almost <strong>en</strong>tirely soluble in Alcohol.<br />
Curocoa A/oes is obrained from A. chin<strong>en</strong>sis (Staud.) A. vera (Linn.) and probably other species. It was<br />
fol'merly pl'oduced on the is<strong>la</strong>nd of Barbados, whel'e it was <strong>la</strong>rgely cultivated, having be<strong>en</strong> intl'oduced at<br />
the beginning ofthe sixte<strong>en</strong>th c<strong>en</strong>tury, and is still fregu<strong>en</strong>tly, but improperly called Barbados Aloes. Il is<br />
no\.\' almost <strong>en</strong>til'ely ma<strong>de</strong> on the Dutch is<strong>la</strong>nds of Curacoa, Aruba and Bonaire by boiling the Aloe juice<br />
down and pouring the viscid residue inlo empty spirir cases, in which it is allowed to solidify. Formerly<br />
gourds of val'ious sizes were used (usual1y containing from 60 to 70 lb.) but Aloes in gourds is now<br />
seldom se<strong>en</strong>. It is usually opaque and varies in colour from bright yellowish or rich reddish brown to<br />
b<strong>la</strong>ck. Sometimes it is vitreous and smal! fragm<strong>en</strong>ts are th<strong>en</strong> of a <strong>de</strong>ep garnet-red colour and rranspar<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
It is rh<strong>en</strong> known as 'Capey Barbados' and is less valuable, bur may become opaque and more valuable by<br />
7./03/99935
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keeping. Curacoa Aloes possesses ~he nauseous and bitter taste that is characteristic of al1 Aloes and a<br />
dIsag~eeable, p<strong>en</strong>e!ratlng odour. It IS alm.ost <strong>en</strong>tirely soluble in 60 per c<strong>en</strong>t alcohol and contains not more<br />
than ~O per c<strong>en</strong>t ~t substances Insoluble In water and 12 per c<strong>en</strong>t of moisture. Ir should not yield more<br />
than -' per c<strong>en</strong>t ot ash.<br />
Comll1ercial Aloin is obtained usually from Curacba A)oes.<br />
Solutions of Curacoa and other Aloes gradually un<strong>de</strong>rgo change. and may after a month no longer react<br />
normally, and may also lose the bitterness natural to Aloes.<br />
Socolrine Aloes is prepared to a certai~ exte~t on the is<strong>la</strong>nd of Socotra, but probably more <strong>la</strong>rgely 00 the<br />
Afncan a~d posslbJy al so on the .~rab<strong>la</strong>n maIn<strong>la</strong>nd, from the Jeaves ofA. Perryi (Baker). It is usually<br />
Imponed !n kegs In a pasty condltlO.n an.d subsequ<strong>en</strong>t drying is necessary. It may be distinguished<br />
pnncIpal!y from Curacoa ~loes by Its dlffer<strong>en</strong>t odour. Much ofthe dry drug is clulracterized by the<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>ce of small ,cavltles In the fractured surface, but the variety of Socotrine Aloes distinguished as<br />
~(fri:::lb(fr Aloe.\' ott<strong>en</strong> v~ry closely ~esembles Curacoa in appearance and is usual!y imported in<br />
IIver-brown masses WhlCh break wlth a dull, waxy fracture, differing from that of Socotrine Aloes in<br />
being nearly smooth and ev<strong>en</strong>. Wh<strong>en</strong> it is prepared, it is commonly poured into goat skins, which are<br />
th<strong>en</strong> packed into cases.<br />
[Top]<br />
---Constitu<strong>en</strong>ts---The name 'Socotrine' Aloes is officially applied to both Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloes.<br />
lts chief constitll<strong>en</strong>ts are Barbaloin (formerly called Socaloin and Zanaloin) and B. Barbaloin, no<br />
Isobarbaloin being pres<strong>en</strong>t in this variety of Aloes. Resin water-soluble substances other than Aloin and<br />
Aloe-emodin are also pres<strong>en</strong>t. .<br />
Socotrine Aloes should be of a dark, reddish-brown colour, and almost <strong>en</strong>tirely soluble in alcohol. Not<br />
more than 50 per c<strong>en</strong>t should be insoluble in water and it should yield not more than 3 per c<strong>en</strong>t of ash.<br />
Garnet-coloured, transluc<strong>en</strong>t Socotrine Aloes is not now found in commerce, though fine qualities of<br />
Zanzibar AJoes are sometimes slightly transluc<strong>en</strong>t. Samples ofthe drug which are nearly b<strong>la</strong>ck are unfit<br />
for pharmacelltical purposes. The odour of Zanzibar Aloes is strong and characteristic, and its taste<br />
nauseous and bitter.<br />
Cape Aloes is prepared in Cape Colony from A. ferol! (Linn.), A. spica<strong>la</strong> (Thumb.) A. Afric:'7na, A.<br />
p<strong>la</strong>ty/epia and other species of Aloe. Ir possesses more powerfully purgative properties than any other<br />
variety of the drug and is preferred to other varieties on the Contin<strong>en</strong>t, but is chief1y employed in this<br />
country for veterinary purposes only though for this purpos~ the Curacoa Aloes is as a rule preferred.<br />
Another form of the drug used for veterinary purposes, called Caballine or Horse Aloes, usually consists<br />
of the residue from the purification of the more valuable sorts.<br />
Cape Aloes almost invariably occurs in the vitreous modification; it forms dark coloured masses which<br />
break with a clean g<strong>la</strong>ssy fracture and exhibit in their splinters a yellowish, reddish-brown or gre<strong>en</strong>ish<br />
tinge. lts translllc<strong>en</strong>t, glossy appearance and very characteristic. rcd-cllrrant like odollr suffici<strong>en</strong>tly<br />
disringuish it rrom all other varieties of Aloes.<br />
Ugal7do A loes is also obtained from A. ferox. It occurs in bricks or fragm<strong>en</strong>rs of hepatic,<br />
yello'vvish-brown colour, with a bronze gold fracture and its odour resembles that of Cape Aloes.<br />
Cape Aloes contains 9 per c<strong>en</strong>t or more of Barbaloin (formerly known as Capaloin) and B. Barbaloin.<br />
Only traces of Capalores not anno! combined with <strong>para</strong>cumaric acid. Cape Aloes should not contain<br />
more than 12 per c<strong>en</strong>t of water; it should yield at least 45 per c<strong>en</strong>t of aquoeus extract but not more than :2<br />
per c<strong>en</strong>t of ash Uganda Aloes yields about 6 per c<strong>en</strong>t of Aloin, part of which is B. Barbaloin. The leaves<br />
of the p<strong>la</strong>nts from which Cape Atoes is obtained are cut off near the stem and arranged around él hale in<br />
the ground, in which a sheepskin is spread, with smooth si<strong>de</strong> upwards. Wh<strong>en</strong> a suffici<strong>en</strong>t quantity of<br />
juice has drained from the leaves it is conc<strong>en</strong>trated by heat in iron cau!drons and sllbsequ<strong>en</strong>t!y poured<br />
into boxes 01' skins in which it solidifies on cooling. Large ql<strong>la</strong>ntities of the drug are exponed from Cape<br />
2/03/90 935
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Town and tvlossel Bay.<br />
Naral Aloe.\'. The source of this variety which is seldom imponed, is no( yet <strong>de</strong>l'initely asc<strong>en</strong>ained, but it<br />
15 probablyprepared t'ronl one or more species of Aloe, probably including ..J. ferox. Natal Aloes is<br />
prepared wlth greater care than Cape Aloes the Ieaves being cut obliquely into si ices and the juice<br />
all~wed to exu<strong>de</strong> in the hot sunshine, arter which it is boiled down in iron pots the liquid being stirred<br />
untIl It becomes thlcl\. and th<strong>en</strong> poured Into woo<strong>de</strong>n cases 10 solidifv. Natal Aloes is much weaker than<br />
any other variety, having little purgative action on human beings, appar<strong>en</strong>tly because it contains no<br />
Emodin. It is no longer of commercial imponance. It resembles Cape Aloes in odour and occurs in<br />
irregu<strong>la</strong>r pieces which are almost always opaque and have a characteristic, dull gre<strong>en</strong>ish-b<strong>la</strong>ck or brown<br />
colour. It is much less soluble than Cape Aloes. It has not a g<strong>la</strong>ssy fracture like that of Cape Aloes and<br />
wh<strong>en</strong> pow<strong>de</strong>red is of a gre<strong>en</strong>ish colour.<br />
Good Aloes should yield 40 per c<strong>en</strong>t of soluble matter to cold water.<br />
Both Curacoa and Cape Aloes in pow<strong>de</strong>r give a crimson colour with nirric acid, Socratine Aloes pow<strong>de</strong>r<br />
touched with nitric acid does nor give a crimson colour.<br />
[Top]<br />
---History---The Mahometans. especially those in Egypr. regard rhe Aloe as a religious symbol. and the<br />
Mussulman \.vho has ma<strong>de</strong> a pilgrimage !O the shrine of lhe Propher is <strong>en</strong>tirled lO hang rhe Aloe over his<br />
doorway. The Mahomerans also believe thal this holy symbol protects a householcler from any malign<br />
intlu<strong>en</strong>ce.<br />
In Cairo, lhe Jews also adopt the practice ol' hanging up the Aloe.<br />
In the neighbourhood of Mecca, at the extremity of every grave, on a spot l'acing the epitaph. Burckhardt<br />
found p<strong>la</strong>nted a low shrubby species of Aloe whose Arabic name, saber, signifies pari<strong>en</strong>ce. This pIant is<br />
evergre<strong>en</strong> and requires very litrle water. Its name refers to the waiting-time betwe<strong>en</strong> the buriaJ and the<br />
resurrection morning.<br />
AII kinds of Aloes are admirably provi<strong>de</strong>d by their succul<strong>en</strong>t leaves and stems against the drought ofthe<br />
countries where they flourish. The cuticle which covers every pan of the p<strong>la</strong>nt is, in those which contain<br />
a grear quantity of pulpy material, formed so as to imbibe moisture very easily and to evaporate it very<br />
slowly. If the leaf of an Aloe be se<strong>para</strong>ted from rhe par<strong>en</strong>t p<strong>la</strong>nt, it may be <strong>la</strong>id in the sun for several<br />
weeks without becoming <strong>en</strong>tirely shrivelled; and ev<strong>en</strong> wh<strong>en</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rably dried by long exposure to heat,<br />
it will, if plunged into water, become in a few hours plump qnd fresh.<br />
[Top]<br />
---Medicinal Action and Uses---The drug Aloes is one of the safest and best warm and stimu<strong>la</strong>ting<br />
purgatives to persons of se<strong>de</strong>ntary habits and phlegmatic constitutions. An ordinary small dose takes<br />
from 15 to 18 hours to produce an effect. Its action is ex<strong>en</strong>ed mainly on the <strong>la</strong>rge intestine, for which<br />
reason, a1so it is useful as a vermifuge. Its use, however, is said to induce Piles.<br />
From the Chemisr ond Druggisl (July 22, 1922):<br />
'Aloes, strychnine and bel<strong>la</strong>donna in pi]1 form was criticized by Dr. Bernard Fautus in a paper read<br />
before the Chicago branch of the American Pharmaceutical Society. He pointed out that wh<strong>en</strong><br />
giv<strong>en</strong> ar the same time they cannot possibly act together because of lhe differ<strong>en</strong>t speed and<br />
durarion of rhe three ag<strong>en</strong>ts. Aloin is slo\\! in oc/ion, requiring from lOto 12 hours. Strychnine and<br />
Arropine, on rhe other hand, are rapidly absorbed. and have bur a brief duration of action.'<br />
Pre<strong>para</strong>lions of Aloes are rarely prescribed alone, they require the addirion of carminatives to mo<strong>de</strong>rate<br />
lhe t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ncy lO griping. The compound pre<strong>para</strong>tions of Aloes in use g<strong>en</strong>erally conrain such correctives,<br />
but pow<strong>de</strong>red Aloes and the extracrs of Aloes repres<strong>en</strong>t rhe cru<strong>de</strong> drug.<br />
2/03/9993:
lllp::.\I· \VII. bO<strong>la</strong>n jea l.com/bO<strong>la</strong>n jca 1;111 gl11 hi
üverv¡cw 01 [he LyophlllZUlJOn Process<br />
Pagina 1 <strong>de</strong> )<br />
* * * INSIGHT * * *<br />
Overview of the Lyoph iIization Process<br />
By<br />
Thomas A. J<strong>en</strong>nings, Ph.D.<br />
There may be individuals who visit our web site who are not familiar at all with the<br />
Iyophilization process. As a consequ<strong>en</strong>ce, they may find the curr<strong>en</strong>t lssues of INSIGHT to<br />
be difficult to un<strong>de</strong>rstand and wish for a more g<strong>en</strong>eral overview of the process·and its<br />
associated instrum<strong>en</strong>tation and equipm<strong>en</strong>t. It is to those individuals that we <strong>de</strong>dicate this<br />
issue of INSIGHT.<br />
The very first thing that a person should un<strong>de</strong>rstand is the <strong>de</strong>finition of the term .<br />
Iyophilization. Such a <strong>de</strong>finition will not only give a g<strong>en</strong>eral <strong>de</strong>scription of the process in<br />
one s<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>ce but serve as a basis for expanding one's knowledge of the subject. Without the<br />
aid of a <strong>de</strong>finition, one oft<strong>en</strong> finds themselves cast adrift upon a sea of terms or technical<br />
jargon that leads to confusion rather than un<strong>de</strong>rstanding. It is surprising to this author, to<br />
see the look of pain on an individual's faee who has used the term Iyophilization a countless<br />
number of times but is lost to provi<strong>de</strong> a <strong>de</strong>finition.<br />
The Iyophilization process is <strong>de</strong>fined as " A s/abi/i::ing process in which a substanee is<br />
firstfi'oz<strong>en</strong> and th<strong>en</strong> the quantity of the solv<strong>en</strong>t (g<strong>en</strong>erally water) is reduced ,[¡rst by<br />
sublima/ion (referred to as the primary drying proeess) and th<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>sorp/ion (known as<br />
the seeondary drying proeess) to values that will no longer support biological activity or<br />
eheITÍieal reactions"[ 1]. While the actual <strong>de</strong>finition contains but 37 words - not counting<br />
those contained in the par<strong>en</strong>theses - less than one quarter of the words ( those italieized) are<br />
eonsi<strong>de</strong>red key words and are ess<strong>en</strong>tial to un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of the nature the lyophilization<br />
proeess. The following will provi<strong>de</strong> a brief diseussion of the aboye key terms. In or<strong>de</strong>r to<br />
simplify the discussion, the example used will be a solution eomprising of water as a solv<strong>en</strong>t<br />
and a nu01ber solutes (constitu<strong>en</strong>ts). .<br />
S!{[bilizing Process : The very ess<strong>en</strong>ce of the Jyophi~zation process is that it is a<br />
stabiJizing process. In simple terms, it is a process that slows down the kinetie clock. The<br />
kinetie eloek is the rate at whieh a substanee un<strong>de</strong>rgoes ehange. An example of a substance<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rgoing a sIow ehange would be rusting of iron while a material un<strong>de</strong>rgoing rapid<br />
ehange would be like the buming of gun pow<strong>de</strong>r. While Iyophilization is not used to prev<strong>en</strong>t<br />
the rusting of iron or the buming of gun pow<strong>de</strong>r, it is used in the health care industry to slow<br />
down the kinetic clock of pharmaceutical products.<br />
For exa01ple, a pharmaceutical formu<strong>la</strong>tion wi 11 retain at least 90% of its original pot<strong>en</strong>cy<br />
for two weeks wh<strong>en</strong> stored in a refrigerator where the temperature ranges from 4 C to 8 C.<br />
Afier two weeks, the pot<strong>en</strong>cy is found to be Iess than 90% and the product must be<br />
discar<strong>de</strong>d. This would th<strong>en</strong> mean that the pham1aceutical product would have to be<br />
prepared, bottled, shipped (while being maintained at 4 C to 8 C) and administered by a<br />
physician to a pati<strong>en</strong>t aJl in less than two weeks. If the pharmaeeutieal company shipped too<br />
much of the product th<strong>en</strong> it would suffer a financial loss as a result of the un-used produet<br />
being discar<strong>de</strong>d. If the company did not ship <strong>en</strong>ough product, th<strong>en</strong> there would be pati<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
who wouJd be foreed to do without the producto One can see that with a sheJf-life of onIy<br />
two weeks at 4 C to 8 C, it would be difficult to maintain a steady worId wi<strong>de</strong> supply of a<br />
pharmaceuticaI product.<br />
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Overvit:?\Y ol' [he Lyophiliza[iol1 Process Página 2 <strong>de</strong> 5<br />
Now <strong>en</strong>[ers [he lyophiJization process and the kine[ic clock is slowed down where 1 second<br />
at the refrigerated temperatures is ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d to 1 minute at room temperature. By changing<br />
[he rate of the kinetic clock, the formu<strong>la</strong>tion that was on]y stable for two weeks at 4 C to 8 C<br />
is now stable for 120 weeks 01' 2.3 years. In slowing down the kinetic clock, the<br />
pharmaceutical manufacturer now has time 10 test the product before releasing .it to the<br />
public. In addition, the product no longer requires refrigeration at 4 C to 8 C which makes<br />
distribution of product throughout the world a lot easier and safer. Further, there is less<br />
chance thar the product will not be avai<strong>la</strong>ble for a pati<strong>en</strong>t or the product being discar<strong>de</strong>d<br />
because of an expiration date.<br />
Thus the principal function ofthe Iyophilization process is to slow down the kinetic cJock<br />
that is re<strong>la</strong>ted to either biological activity or chemical reactions.<br />
FroZ:l!1 : The first step in the lyophiJization of a product is to convert it into a froz<strong>en</strong> state.<br />
In obtaining the froz<strong>en</strong> state, three criteria must be satisfied. The first is that the product will<br />
not be altered as a result of the freezing process. This would mean that the pot<strong>en</strong>cy of a<br />
pharmaceutical product would remain unchanged after being subject to a freezing process.<br />
For example, the pot<strong>en</strong>cy of a vaccine after freezing would have an acceptable value or titer.<br />
It is important that during the freezing process that the solv<strong>en</strong>t ( water) is crystallized. The<br />
formation ofice crystals results in a se<strong>para</strong>tion ofthe solutes and the solv<strong>en</strong>t. Since the<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tration of the solv<strong>en</strong>t is g<strong>en</strong>erally greater than that of the solutes, the formation of ice<br />
forces the solutes into a region betwe<strong>en</strong> the crystals known as the "interstitial". Thus the<br />
second function of the freezing process is to cause a se<strong>para</strong>tion of the solutes and the<br />
solv<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
Consi<strong>de</strong>r that the froz<strong>en</strong> product resembles a brick walJ. The bricks are the ice crystals and<br />
the salutes are the mortar. Wh<strong>en</strong> a brick wall is first formed and the mortar is still wet, it<br />
would take re<strong>la</strong>tively littJe effort to se<strong>para</strong>te the bricks from the mortar. However, once the<br />
mortar has dried, th<strong>en</strong> se<strong>para</strong>tion of the bricks from the mortal' would prove to be very<br />
difficult. In light of the aboye, the <strong>la</strong>st step in the freezing process is to lower the<br />
temperature ofthe system such that the solutes (mortar) are in a solid state. A solid state<br />
would be <strong>de</strong>fined as <strong>en</strong>e in which the mebility of the water in the interstitial region<br />
approaches zero.<br />
Sublimation: Sublimation is a process in which a substance, such as ice, goes from a<br />
solid to a gas without going through a liquid phase. Wh<strong>en</strong> sublimatíon occurs during the<br />
lyophilízation process, it is commonly referred to as the primary drying process. It is during<br />
this time that the ice bricks in our hypothetical walls are being removed and just the mortar<br />
remains or, in the case of lyophilization, the "cake".<br />
While sublimation can occur at atmospheric pressures, the process is quite slow because the<br />
gas molecuJes from the ice must find their way through the atmospheric gases that are<br />
bombarding the surface of the ice. This slow process by which the water molecules leave<br />
the ice surface is lnown as "diffusion".<br />
We can increase the rate at which the moJecuJes sublimate from the surface by <strong>de</strong>creasing<br />
the pressure aboye the ice surface. This is accompJished by p<strong>la</strong>cing the froz<strong>en</strong> material into<br />
a chamber and removing the gases to create a vacuum. As we remove more gas from the<br />
chamber, the pressure in the chamber <strong>de</strong>creases; however, there is re<strong>la</strong>tiveJy ¡ittle change in<br />
sublimation rate of the water from the ice surface. Only wh<strong>en</strong> the pressure in the chamber<br />
becomes less than the vapor pressure of the ice (<strong>de</strong>fined by the ice temperature) is there a<br />
marked increase in the sublimatíon rateo However, the sublimating water molecules not only<br />
remove mass from the surface but also <strong>en</strong>ergy and there is a <strong>de</strong>crease in the temperature of<br />
hnp://'vvw\'v. phase-technologics.com/html/vol_I_l1o._9.htm] 12103/99
Overv¡e\v of the Lyophilization hocess<br />
the ice or our hypothetical wal!. Soon the temperature of the ice will ~ause the vapor<br />
pressure of the ice to approaeh the pressure in the ehamber and there IS a <strong>de</strong>erease 111 the<br />
sublimation rateo [n or<strong>de</strong>r to maintain the rate, <strong>en</strong>ergy must be ad<strong>de</strong>d to the product to<br />
comp<strong>en</strong>sate for that lost as a result of t.he sublimation process. It will reqUlre about 675<br />
calories to sublimate just one gram of Ice.<br />
But there is a pitfall that one must avoid during the primary drying proces.s and'thal isthe<br />
temperature of lhe mOI1ar of the wall must be lo~ <strong>en</strong>ough such ~hat there IS no slgmficant<br />
mobile water or the resulting cakes may appear lJke that shown 111 r:!~lIl'c' ()() ~I 1)( hh h (tak<strong>en</strong><br />
from the L\l'l1hiliz~llil\ll Scl1lill~lr \\'lc:-;). [fmobile water is pres<strong>en</strong>t th<strong>en</strong> the mortar can sag<br />
or worse yet ~ompletely melt like that s~own in.l~i~urc':-; ~:(; d ~llllL~)h.~ . Figure.~6 d .<br />
illustrates the resultina cake wh<strong>en</strong> there IS sufficl<strong>en</strong>t mobile water lO the lOterstlt<strong>la</strong>l reglOn to<br />
cause the wall to sag :nd is as commonly referred to in lyophili~ation as,"~ol<strong>la</strong>pse" . There<br />
is still sorne resemb<strong>la</strong>nce ofthe original wall but volume occupled by the Ice bncks has be<strong>en</strong><br />
reduced. In Figure 66 e, the mobility of the water is so high that the mortar or interstitial<br />
region un<strong>de</strong>rgoes complete melting or '·m.eltback". The probl<strong>en</strong>: with cakes shov:in~ .<br />
"col<strong>la</strong>pse" or "meltback" is that wh<strong>en</strong> a dJiu<strong>en</strong>t (such as water) IS ad<strong>de</strong>d (reconstltutlOn), It<br />
may require sorne ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d period of time for the solutes to go back into solution and the<br />
product will not quickly dissolve as is typical for a lyophilized solution. Other problems<br />
associated with col<strong>la</strong>pse and meltback may be excessive moisture cont<strong>en</strong>t that could result<br />
in a <strong>la</strong>ck of stability, loss in pot<strong>en</strong>cy or ev<strong>en</strong> chemical reactions betwe<strong>en</strong> solutes which can<br />
lead to a turbid solution.<br />
Desorptio/1 : While the sublimation or primary drying process removes most of the water<br />
from froz<strong>en</strong> matrix, there still can be greater that 5% moisture wr./wr. in the cake. The<br />
rea<strong>de</strong>r should note that the perc<strong>en</strong>tage of the remaining water is with respect to the weight of<br />
the cake and not re<strong>la</strong>ted to the original quantity of water in the solution. Moisture contained<br />
within the cake is referred to as "absorbed" water while water on the surface of the cake is<br />
<strong>de</strong>fined as "adsorbed" water. In or<strong>de</strong>r to reduce the moisture cont<strong>en</strong>t of the cake "to values<br />
that \.viII no longer support biological activity or chemical reactions" it is necessary to<br />
complete the secondary process. The <strong>la</strong>tter is aceomplished by increasing the temperature<br />
while the eake is while still at low pressures (vacuum) so that water is <strong>de</strong>sorbed from the<br />
cake surface. The rea<strong>de</strong>r will note that this author prefers to talk in terms of pressure rather<br />
than vacuum. The reason being is that pressure has units (force per unit area), whereas,<br />
vacuum is usually expressed as a range of pressures. .<br />
The pressure and temperatures for the secondary drying are based on the stability of the<br />
product. Sorne products may require that the moisture coht<strong>en</strong>t not exceed 1% with no<br />
known lower limil. However, there are products, e.g., proteins and hydrates that may require<br />
nn upper and lower moisture limit in or<strong>de</strong>r to achieve product stability. While not stressed in<br />
this brief introduction, the rea<strong>de</strong>r should be aware that nature of the initial formu<strong>la</strong>tion or<br />
material is <strong>para</strong>mount in <strong>de</strong>fining the conditions necessary for conducting the lyophilization<br />
process.<br />
Redl/ced : The m~ans by which the water is reduced involves the freeze-drying equipm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
and its associated instrum<strong>en</strong>tation. The freeze-dryer performs two important funetions with<br />
respect to the Jyophilization process. The first is to provi<strong>de</strong> a safe <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t for the<br />
product. A safe <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t is one that is free of sources of product contamination, i.e.,<br />
particu<strong>la</strong>te matter (dust, lint, g<strong>la</strong>ss, metal, hair and oxi<strong>de</strong>s) ham1ful vapors (vapors from<br />
cleaning solution, sterilization liquid or fluids and gases used in the operation of the freezedryer)<br />
and microorganisms. In addition, the freeze-dryer must provi<strong>de</strong> the necessary<br />
operating <strong>para</strong>meters to conducr the drying process, e.g., pressure and shelf temperature. It<br />
is important for the rea<strong>de</strong>r to recognize rhat the freeze-dryer should p<strong>la</strong>ya passive rather<br />
than an active role in the lyophilization process. For example, rhe Iyophilization process<br />
should be <strong>de</strong>rermined from the operating <strong>para</strong>meters <strong>de</strong>fined by the operarar and not<br />
http://www.phase-technologies.eom/html/vol._l_no._9.html 12/03/99
.Ov<strong>en</strong>·iew of lhe Lyophiliz~llion Process<br />
arbitrarily set by an in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntcontrol system. The following wil! ~e a brief d~s~rip.tion of<br />
the key compon<strong>en</strong>ts of shelf freeze-dryer and the role that they p<strong>la</strong>y In the lyophdlzatlOn<br />
process.<br />
Drying Chamber: The drying chamber provi<strong>de</strong>s a thermally insu!ated vessel to house the<br />
shelves of the dyer and means (door) for loading and unload,ing product from the shel~es.<br />
The shelves of the dryer are specially constructed so thar t}¡elr temperature may be va~led by<br />
the passage a heat transfer t1uid or gas. The gas or liquid is used to refrigerate or provI<strong>de</strong><br />
heat to the product. For the lyophilization of producr in vials, the shelves can be moved so<br />
as to stopper the vials prior to op<strong>en</strong>ing the door of the dryer.<br />
Con<strong>de</strong>nser: The main function of the con<strong>de</strong>nser is to remove the water vapor that is either<br />
sublimated or <strong>de</strong>sorbed trom the product. The <strong>la</strong>tter is accomplished by directing the flow of<br />
the vapors from the product over a refrigerated surface. An "interna!" con<strong>de</strong>nser is one in<br />
which the con<strong>de</strong>nsing surfaces are located in the drying chamber while for an "external"<br />
con<strong>de</strong>nser the refrigeration surfaces are contained in a se<strong>para</strong>te insu<strong>la</strong>ted chamber. The<br />
principIe advantages of the internal con<strong>de</strong>nsers is that the dryer will occupy less floor space<br />
and reduce the cost of dryer. External con<strong>de</strong>nsers permit the con<strong>de</strong>nser to be iso<strong>la</strong>ted from<br />
the drying chamber during the backfilling ofthe chamber with a dry gas such as nitrog<strong>en</strong>.<br />
By iso<strong>la</strong>ting the con<strong>de</strong>nser during the backfilling of the drying chamber, the possibility of<br />
the transport of water vapor from the from the con<strong>de</strong>nsed ice surface back to the product is<br />
el iminated.<br />
Yacuum System: The freeze-dryer is equipped with a mechanical pumping system that<br />
removes the non-con<strong>de</strong>nsable gases. With oil sealed mechanical pumps, one must be careful<br />
to operate the dryer so that no hydrocarbon vapors from the pump can "backstream" into the<br />
drying chamber. Dry pumps or pumps that can operate without the use of an oi! seal are now<br />
avai<strong>la</strong>ble.<br />
Instrum<strong>en</strong>tation: The drying chamber should be equipped with a vacuum gauge that will<br />
accurately <strong>de</strong>termine the pressure during the drying process. In addition, the dryer should<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> temperature s<strong>en</strong>sors to measure the shelf and product temperatures throughout the<br />
lyophilization process. Most'freeze-dryers can be equipped with a computer system that will<br />
control the pre.ssure in the ch.amber and shelf temperature as a function of time. The product<br />
temperature wdl serve to v<strong>en</strong>fy that the shelf temperature and chamber pressure are within<br />
presi<strong>de</strong>d limits.<br />
The author recognizes that the aboye in a very brief <strong>de</strong>scription of the lyophilization process<br />
and its associated freeze-dryer. For that reason, the rea<strong>de</strong>r shou!d be ma<strong>de</strong> aware that the<br />
Iyophilization process is a <strong>de</strong>ceptively complex process with many pitfalls for the un-wary.<br />
Such pitfalls have be<strong>en</strong> addressed in previous issues of INSIGHT and will be consi<strong>de</strong>red in<br />
future issues.<br />
Refer<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
]. T. A. J<strong>en</strong>nings and H<strong>en</strong>ry Duan "Calorimetric Monitoring of Lyophilization", JournaJ<br />
ofPar<strong>en</strong>teral Sci<strong>en</strong>ce and Technology, Yol. 49, No. 6 pp. 272-282 (1995).<br />
Yol. I No. 9 November 1998<br />
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iV<strong>la</strong>rkct Sludies, lnc - NeVv PublicJlion Highli ... Página 1 <strong>de</strong> 1<br />
j:~~i\':~"<br />
U.S. Cosmetics & Toiletries Market: 1998/9 Edition<br />
HIGHLIGHTS<br />
The U.S. Market for Cosmetics & Toiletries is expected to reach $23.9 billion in 1998, led by color<br />
cosmetics and a rebound in fragrances. Projections p<strong>la</strong>ce the value of this market at $29.3 billion in<br />
2003. Domestic manufacturers can expect vo1ume growth of 3.1 % annually over the next 5 years ...<br />
See 0111: loh/es t.'ol'aiJl.!!. 1)):('1' .f(j )t:u!" \ u/su/e.\ L/Uh/ 011 .:O/J!"liL!UC! cr..//ego!"i.;s.<br />
Prices paid 10 manufacturers of cosmetics and toiletries rose just 1.1 % from 1993-1997, impacted<br />
by int<strong>en</strong>se competitive pressures, a price-conscious consumer, and a shift to mass market<br />
distribution. While these conditions continue, a noticeable firming in prices has occurred in 1998,<br />
particu<strong>la</strong>rly in tbe cosmetic area...<br />
Personal consumer exp<strong>en</strong>ditures for cosmetics and lOiletries advanced at a slower rate in tbe first<br />
quarter of 1998 versus the first ql<strong>la</strong>rter of 1997..""el' ()/lr {/I7UI\.li.\ I!/C()/ls/!iI!e!" ¡J/I!"cha\ing (ii.llh:nZ,\<br />
U.I<br />
)I"e// l/S jlli/J/i/ulioll jJl"o/eClili17s /() 1",:tiejiJle 1((/).;('/ 1170rl\el,\.<br />
The dOllble-digit growtb in exports that tbis industry <strong>en</strong>joyed in t<strong>en</strong> of tbe <strong>la</strong>st elev<strong>en</strong> years was<br />
subdlled in 1998 as Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore. Tbai<strong>la</strong>nd, and Ma<strong>la</strong>ysia cut back on tbeir<br />
purcbases of U.S. ma<strong>de</strong> cosmetics and toiletries. For 1998, exports will rise an estimated 7.2% to<br />
$2.9 billion, or 11.8% of domestic factory sbipm<strong>en</strong>ts... Sce 0111" l'.\!et7lil'l:: C()\·,:I"u'.!.e 1i(5(1 ()veJ".\l'U\<br />
IilLII-/:"c/sI))' ::0 jJl"()dllCl Ulh:glll"il'.I' us \l'e/I os ollrjo!"eign t!1u!"kel jJt"Oji/L'\ f() jJin/)~)iJllfiltllr('.'.'.I·(}\,."tlt<br />
fJ()le/lt iu!.<br />
The Asian curr<strong>en</strong>cy crisis and tbe resultant str<strong>en</strong>gth in tbe U.S. dol<strong>la</strong>r a1so led to a flood of imported<br />
products in 1998, particu<strong>la</strong>rly in fragrances and cosmetics. For the year, imports will soar an<br />
estimated 20%, reaching $1.9 billion and capturing an 8% share ofthe U.S. market.<br />
Employm<strong>en</strong>t in tbis industry is at an all-time high, with an estimated 2,100 factory workers ad<strong>de</strong>d lO<br />
its payrolls in 1998.<br />
Star performers in 1998 inclu<strong>de</strong> Estee Lau<strong>de</strong>r, Stephan Cpmpany, Styling Technologies, and<br />
Bristol-Myers Squibb's Beauty Care Division. Aggregate sales of 36 companies studied in tbis<br />
report rose 5.7% in 1997.... S,:e O/{!" con//lom: ¡J)"()ji/e\' Olll/llli"l' IhU/l t)(j c()\melic ul/c.lloi/e/lT<br />
c{)mputlic.l" In /i)//lill' Ih[":ir su/e.l" {¡/lo/)',I'/I {¡/Id !"l":Cl":/I/ i/n;e/ojJtl7l"."Il/s, .<br />
Tabk 01' COrlrerlrs<br />
(Co baek lO Main ¡\!Jerlll] (Nc\V PlIblicalions]<br />
(Broehllre Regllest &. Mailing, LisrJ<br />
(Conracl Informalion) (AbOlir /'VIarker Stlldies. ¡ne.)<br />
(NE'''''! Useful L.inks) (NE''';! Search lhe Nel)<br />
This \\"eb ,ile is main<strong>la</strong>ined bv Nuddy Produclions~.<br />
http://I,v\'vw.markelstudies.com/cos989fh ighl tS.h tm 16/03/99
-r-H." ;,(:.11\1.<br />
. , :~ '.:'<br />
;':11·<br />
/1;-(.e.<br />
VI [j,t." ..¿- e '-/~-'"~<br />
OF. ORD. Nro·:D780/112/90<br />
OBJ. :Remi te informar.i0n.<br />
REF. :5u fax nro. 8343<br />
Mi fax nr0.238/~O.<br />
Gel aloe.<br />
Sydney, 21 <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong><br />
1'3'30.<br />
DEL: JEFE DE LA OFICINA COMERCIAL DE CHILE EN AUSTRALIA<br />
AL SR.DIRECTOR DE PROMOCION DE EXPORTACIONES F·OA 11-'1 )<br />
! .-T<strong>en</strong>go 0;-1 agrado .:le di rigirme o Ud. con re<strong>la</strong>ción a su fax<br />
di: 1 u refer<strong>en</strong>cial por medio d~l e u el 1 ~"(> 1 i e i t" , n f o r r(¡.:J l': , (1 n<br />
re<strong>la</strong>tiva al 'Ge 1 dt: 1 a pl"anta A 1 ,,~ Perry Baher'<br />
2.-Sobre 0;-1<br />
o f i e 1 ('1, i a<br />
particu<strong>la</strong>r sirvase ~rtcf)nlrar<br />
;; .¡ ~ u ; c: n l e d ü .; lJ m,:.; n t. dci ó (, :<br />
odjunt.o al prt:::=.<strong>en</strong>le<br />
CL' f.: R r:~ -;- ~. TATi; S OF T'-j E 1\ ~ OE VErl A 1N~ U:. -; RY<br />
CHOICES ANO CHALLEN~~S (ALOE V~RAj<br />
THE ALOE vERA ALTERNAT!VE lN NORT~ QUEEN5LAND<br />
¡., LOe v Er;· .l, .! S THE RE AtJ~" 8/\ S I S Fo r< 1T:; RE PUTA·r ¡ {) n ?<br />
ALOE vERA:HAVE YOU REALLY GOT IT?<br />
AL O[ .J Er'I'. - r ,\ RM Ii oT ES .<br />
:;¡ . - e o rr." " e p u c. d e o b
''0 0, 0' ( \1 I l. ° 1<br />
(-,......) l); L:lllLC<br />
~:~,,;.. ~ 1, •.-,,;:"1 1 ".i ".':l<br />
t ~ \...: o, __ r J •••'-'<br />
AUSTRALIA<br />
5.-La fU<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> esta información es el Sr. Graham Jamiese,n,<br />
S .:: n i o r Ho r tic lj 1 t u r a °1 i ::; t - Ho r tic U1 t u r '" 8 r a n ch. F 1 o o r 5; P r i ma r y<br />
Indu~otrie5 8uildiroq, GPO 80x 45 (80 Ann St.), Brisbane- Qld<br />
4001.Tel: (07) 239.332b.Tlx: aa41520.Fax: (07)23'3.3379.<br />
b.-La única empresa importadora <strong>de</strong> este producto es una<br />
compaoñía américana l<strong>la</strong>mada: Forever Living .. 34 Prime Driv~.<br />
S e ver, H i 1 1 s, S Yd ro e y - Au s t r a 1 1 .3. Tel: 5 2 4 - 5 5 '3 '3 . Di e h a empresa<br />
c ü e n t a c
July 1986<br />
cnnREt
.2.<br />
Reliable gel qU3lity is ess<strong>en</strong>ti~l to success in establishing markets,<br />
but SOGlE" st,abilization techniquE:3 have pr'ovec to be unreliable.<br />
Northern Aloe Vera Extraetion P<strong>la</strong>nt (supplied by growers north oí'<br />
Hackay) was there[ore foreed into liquid2tion for <strong>la</strong>ck of oarkets.<br />
(Their p~oble~s were eompoun<strong>de</strong>d by h~avy embezzlerncnt by one of their<br />
principals who is nm: serving tille [or fraud in a previous v<strong>en</strong>tuI'e).<br />
Pot<strong>en</strong>tial growers have be<strong>en</strong> giv<strong>en</strong> unrealistic expectations of the<br />
industry's pot<strong>en</strong>tial and pro[itabili:y by sorne of the les~ ethieal<br />
<strong>en</strong>trepr<strong>en</strong>eurs, whose sole objective is to sell p<strong>la</strong>nts. Sorne of these<br />
. have <strong>en</strong>eouraged p<strong>la</strong>nting of the crop on unsuitable sites - especially<br />
frost prone areas.<br />
Many growers have established crops on the basis of contracts which<br />
the promoter has failed to honour. This situation is continuing and<br />
one promoter has oper'ated suceessively un<strong>de</strong>r at least five differ<strong>en</strong>'b:;;'<br />
company n2ffies. One company is inferring dishonestly to pot<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
growers that it has an arrangeme~t with a particu<strong>la</strong>r stabilizing p<strong>la</strong>nt<br />
to buy tbeir leaves.<br />
As far as can be ascertair.ed the first Aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>nts in Australia<br />
were introduced from USA by the original Victorian grower. Thus there<br />
has be<strong>en</strong> a shortage of p<strong>la</strong>nting rnaterial to rneet the heavy <strong>de</strong>rnand.<br />
The cost of pups is therefore artificially high ($~ - $16, with rnost<br />
sales al $~;:: cf 10c - SOc in USA). AltiJvugh this has rneant high<br />
profits to prornoters, it has helped to lirnit p<strong>la</strong>ntings in t-he sho/·t<br />
terrn until the growers produce their own pups. Until rec<strong>en</strong>tly, sorne<br />
.prornoters have (wittingly or ótherwise) sold p<strong>la</strong>nts of other species<br />
of aloe, c<strong>la</strong>iffiing thern to be A. vera. QDPI consequ<strong>en</strong>tly introduced a<br />
certifieation scherne with at le3st sorne success.<br />
Sorne unethical prornoters are said to regu<strong>la</strong>rly rnisrepres<strong>en</strong>t QDPI<br />
re-:::or:J.[iJ<strong>en</strong>dations, particu<strong>la</strong>rly regarding frost susceptibil:.ty. and the<br />
need for the grower to have a guaranteed (cpntract) outlet for leaf.<br />
QDPI h3S be<strong>en</strong> unable to provi<strong>de</strong> the pioneering growers with research<br />
based cultural inforrnation other than fo¡ nernato<strong>de</strong> control.<br />
AustraliaD Aloe AssociatiQQ<br />
A steerinb cornrnittee has alrnost co~pleted drawing up a constitution,<br />
rules and co<strong>de</strong> of ethics to form the Australian Aloe Association at 2<br />
public rneeting o~ 3.9.86. The Association hopes ta rid the industry of<br />
rnalpractise, set sta~da~ds for aloe vera products, prornote their<br />
cans~p:ion bring stabllity to the industry.
Ou('~ns<strong>la</strong>nd D~partm~nt 01 Primary Industries<br />
Informalion S~ries 0188026<br />
Compiled ~)( D<strong>en</strong>is L. J<strong>en</strong>kins .<br />
Marketing Services Branch '<br />
.~<br />
~'\.<br />
Deparlm<strong>en</strong>l of Primary Indu~lries<br />
Oue<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd Governm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
Brisbane 1589
32<br />
üTHER<br />
Aloe \'~ra (Aloe vera syn.. A.<br />
barba<strong>de</strong>:l.sis)<br />
Aloe vcra i~ 2 succul<strong>en</strong>l p<strong>la</strong>nl of lhe Jily<br />
famil)', nali\'c lO lhe Medilerrancan region<br />
and lhe C¡¡n;.¡ry IslJnds. Gei cXlraelC.:d frnm<br />
lhc succul<strong>en</strong>l !caves has becn ust.:d in folk<br />
medicine for lhe lrealm<strong>en</strong>l of inlernal and<br />
ex1ern3! m;.¡IJJics of animals anJ humans<br />
for over 3 000 y'::ars.<br />
Unlillhc 1960s use orlhe gel \Vas reslriclcd<br />
lO areas whcrc lhe plJnl was rro\\'n, 3S lhe<br />
g.el s[)oils rapiely afler eXlraclion. The<br />
<strong>de</strong>\'elopm<strong>en</strong>l of 3 proccss lO sl:lbili~e lhe gel<br />
crealed '2 markel for ilS use in cosmclics,<br />
101ions, oinlmcnls and hcalth drinks.<br />
Gro\Ving of alc': vera expandcd <strong>la</strong>pidly in<br />
AUSlralia durir.g lhe 1980s. POl<strong>en</strong> lid<br />
producl:::>n no\\.' [ar exceeds markCI<br />
dcm:lnd for ~!oc vua produc{s anc<br />
inl<strong>en</strong>di:1g gro\\'crs arc sl.ongly ad\'i~ed lO<br />
lhoroughly in"cslig¡¡le lhe markCl<br />
Op[)orlur.i~iest:.::!'orc p<strong>la</strong>nling aloe vcr~.<br />
De~crip(ion :lnd uses<br />
Aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>nls produce succulcnl ¡eave:;<br />
con<strong>la</strong>ining 50C;;; by weighl of gel. The gel is<br />
nüled for :IS lher¡¡rCUlic rrof'Crlies, Wilh .)<br />
hig.h "'¡¡Iuc bcing p<strong>la</strong>ced on ilS 'po¡cncy',<br />
said lO bc relJlcd lO ilS l:lineral, \'iramin ano<br />
<strong>en</strong>Lyme. COnl<strong>en</strong>l. Aloe vera gel h:l~ be<strong>en</strong><br />
approved by lhe USA Fedcr:.il DruQ<br />
Adrninislralion for firsl aid {realm<strong>en</strong>l ~f<br />
burns ¡¡nd eUlS. 11 also has olher USt.:S in<br />
cosmelics, ¡(ll¡or.s, OinlmL:nlS ami heallh<br />
drir.ks.<br />
En\'¡ronm<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>l n:quirtm<strong>en</strong>lS<br />
Aloe vcra should be grüwn in wcll·draincd<br />
soils in a frosl frt.:e <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>l and have<br />
aeeess lO a rcliable supply of irrig.:uion<br />
waler. Although Jloe vera \ViiI sun'iv~ in a<br />
harsh <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>l, il requires a high leve!<br />
of nUlricnls ilnu cons<strong>la</strong>nl
p1:lnli:l¡; 1ll:1(l:ri:J1. TIll: rllrl'h:\~C rricc nI'<br />
pbntin¡; J1l:Jleri;¡] is Iligllly \·:lriJhk.<br />
Supporlill~/liJl1iting(';¡ctors<br />
Supporring<br />
• g<strong>en</strong>erally an easy erop lO grow Jnd<br />
highly produetive:<br />
• marhls will <strong>de</strong>\'elopin compdilion wjlh<br />
l)lhcr nJlurJI mcuicincs in linc \Vitll lhe<br />
inerease in public inlercsl in lnese<br />
producls;<br />
• wilh promolion, lhcn.: is a pOl<strong>en</strong>li::l!<br />
small mJrkCl for high Cj:.J:1lily fresh ka!'.<br />
Limiring<br />
• exisling p1:lnlings are f:H abo\'e Ihe<br />
eap:Jcity of the market lO absorb lhe<br />
producl;<br />
• wilh Ihe brge numbcr of unCer<strong>la</strong>inlies,<br />
invCSlmcnt in thc induslry mUSI be<br />
consiJl:rcJ specul:ni\'e;<br />
• eon"<strong>en</strong>lior,al medicine recognises few of<br />
lhe cl:limcd lhcrapculic properlics 01'<br />
aloe ver3;<br />
.,. exr0rl markels ue vcry compelilive;<br />
• being ¡¡ hcallh producr, the gel must be<br />
of eonsislcnlly high quality, and free<br />
from chemical résicJues.<br />
FlIrlht:r inrormalion<br />
The induslry is repres<strong>en</strong>red by The<br />
Australi3n' Aloc Associ:Jlion, InciuSlrv<br />
~ () u s e, 375 W i e k h:J m Ter r a e e',<br />
BR1Sf3ANE () 40l10, (07) ~3] 16C)9.<br />
Aspar3gu5 (As<strong>para</strong>glls offiána/is)<br />
As<strong>para</strong>gus is a lemperate vegerabk crop.<br />
Commercial producrion began rec<strong>en</strong>lly i..<br />
Ouc:<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd in lhe War'.vid, Lockyer<br />
\<br />
V:llky, Gymp:e, BU:ldab~rg, CCnlr:l\<br />
l3urnclt anu Sl:lnlhur¡1C Jislric.:lS. The crop<br />
rcC]uires a cJdillitc cold pcrioJ lO St0[1<br />
growlh anJ providc l he ero\l,,,s wilh a<br />
cJorm3nl periodo In Üue¡;nsl:Jr.d it is<br />
normally h:lf\'esled ovcr a 3 monlh per;ocJ<br />
belwccn Scptcmbcr 3nJ Occ.:cmbcr.<br />
The Oue<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd industry is sm;¡1I rel3live<br />
lO olher Sl3lcS, panicul;¡riy Viclori;.l.<br />
Inere3sed <strong>de</strong>m3nd [rom bOl h lhe domcslic<br />
and expon markcls h3S raiscd slrong<br />
inlerest in as<strong>para</strong>gl,ls arounJ A uSlrali.1.<br />
Que<strong>en</strong>sl.1ncJ produces lhc e.1rlicSl rresh<br />
market as<strong>para</strong>gus in Auslralia,<br />
commallding good prices for qualilY<br />
early-season SpC:i:s. Allhough lhis cJrly<br />
market is allractive,' inlcnding growers<br />
should carefully ev:iluale (he. mJrkCl<br />
pOl<strong>en</strong>lial befare ueciding lO p/;Jnt.<br />
ueseription :lnd USt:S<br />
As<strong>para</strong>gus is a per:::nnial p!3nl lhJl<br />
produces lhid, neshy ShOOIS llf sIH.::.;rs in<br />
spring, The spc3rs ~re CUl JnJ c,)nsur:)cu<br />
fresh or preser\'ed. The main \':.jriclY grown<br />
lhroughoul lhe world is l\brv \\'a:;hin!.!.lon<br />
and jls seleclions. The pr~uuet is ~'cJl<br />
established in the calerin!.!. Jnd Jl)mestic<br />
tra<strong>de</strong>. -<br />
EO"ironm<strong>en</strong>tal requirt:~t:nls<br />
As<strong>para</strong>gus is a nalivc of lemper:Jlc regions.<br />
It requires a dormancy period inilia{c.:d by<br />
low lemperalures and <strong>de</strong>ep wcll-cJraincc..!<br />
soil, bUl will lolcralc rcb:i\'CI\' hi!.!.h S:t1l<br />
levels. Commc.:rcial p/;Jnlings' si1ll~ld be<br />
maue only in locdlil ies whcrc C\liJ winlcrs<br />
are cxperi<strong>en</strong>ceu. AsparJgus i~ gruwn in<br />
Oue<strong>en</strong>sl3nd in lhe \V3r\'.'ick. Lockvcr<br />
Valle)', BuncJaberg, Gyrnpic, Ccnl'rJJ<br />
Burnelt and S<strong>la</strong>nl horpe dislri
The<br />
In<br />
/n response to promises by<br />
<strong>en</strong>trepr<strong>en</strong>eurs of <strong>en</strong>ormous pol<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
profits, Australian farmers and olher<br />
<strong>la</strong>ndhol<strong>de</strong>rs have rec<strong>en</strong>tly p<strong>la</strong>r.ted<br />
lhe new crop, aloe vera, lor the<br />
production 01 leal gel, which is used<br />
mainly ir. alternalive medicine.<br />
Faced wiih lhe <strong>de</strong>cline 01 the sugar<br />
industry, norlh Oue<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd <strong>la</strong>rmers<br />
beca:Tle inleres:ed in alternative<br />
crops: one oi lhe crops Ihal<br />
allracled their atl<strong>en</strong>tion was aloe·<br />
vera. This artlcle ce:monstrates lhe<br />
pol<strong>en</strong>tial pit<strong>la</strong>lls associated wilh a<br />
new and unlried crop, bv oUllining<br />
the 'elopm<strong>en</strong>t of aloe vera in<br />
nort/, -.iue<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd and the role a<br />
<strong>de</strong>parlrn<strong>en</strong>tal agricultural economist<br />
can p<strong>la</strong>y.<br />
Initially, aloe vera was promoted<br />
by commercial <strong>en</strong>Lrepr<strong>en</strong>eurs. P<strong>la</strong>nts<br />
were advertised for sale in the area,<br />
bul :armers knew nolr,ing about the<br />
crop. To overcome this problem, the<br />
Oevelopm<strong>en</strong>l 6ureau of ¡he<br />
Hinchinbroek and Cardwell shires<br />
fun<strong>de</strong>d a visit by a ViClorian aloe<br />
vera 12imer. who il WéS thouohl,<br />
would be able lo provi<strong>de</strong> both<br />
lechnical advice and p<strong>la</strong>nting<br />
matelial. However, much of lhe<br />
adviee avai<strong>la</strong>ble was b2sed on<br />
lemperate clima te produetior. and<br />
did not suit tropical eondilions.<br />
Farmers had :0 rely on their existin~<br />
farming knowledge ot other crops<br />
a;¡d limited acivlee Irom the ODPI, to<br />
who"" il v/as also a ne':/ croe.<br />
E: duallya eompany, N.A.V.E.P.<br />
Pty L1C, was set up to organise and<br />
run an aloe vera proces~lng o<strong>la</strong>nl al<br />
Míssíon Beaeh near Tully. This<br />
com;::Jany sold p<strong>la</strong>nts to growers and<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rloúk lO buy produetion from no<br />
more Ihén six limes Ihe number 01<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nls that Ihe 9rower had origlnally<br />
purehased The stated objectlve of<br />
the company was to attempl 10 limit<br />
prOduetion 01 aloe vera gel lO<br />
. avai<strong>la</strong>ble markels and lo preserve<br />
the high price leve!s lhat prevailed at<br />
Ihe lime 01 initiél <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>¡<br />
Ov/ing to <strong>de</strong>lerioralion in the<br />
financial posillon 01 succar-cane<br />
<strong>la</strong>rmers, some 01 those- interesled in<br />
aloe v(:ra produellon had 10 borrow<br />
mone::y lo buy ano e:012bli~h lhe<br />
[J<strong>la</strong>nls. [Jurchased al '/ery hígh<br />
príec:::.. An aSSE~smer,1 by Ihe<br />
vera aJlernat~ve<br />
Que<strong>en</strong>s~and<br />
~ M<br />
nortn<br />
N. C. Sing. Economlc Servlces Sranch<br />
Commonwealth Developm<strong>en</strong>l Bank al<br />
the time was unfavourable, reflecllng<br />
the uncer<strong>la</strong>inlies aboul growlng and<br />
marketing the crop. Consequ<strong>en</strong>tly,<br />
the aulhor \Nas asked to carry out an<br />
economic analysis 01 lhe crop 10<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> inlormalion on which<br />
economic <strong>de</strong>clsions could be ma<strong>de</strong>.<br />
As aloe vera was a new crop,<br />
reliable lechnical and cost<br />
inlormalion to use in the economic<br />
analysis was unavaiJa::Jle. Therefore,<br />
a number 01 assumptions had to be<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> about the Ilfe 01 the p<strong>la</strong>nt,<br />
disease control and simi<strong>la</strong>r matters.<br />
This <strong>la</strong>ck of relíable data meanl Ihat<br />
lhe results had to be interpreled<br />
with caution, ag2in <strong>de</strong>monslr31ing<br />
the uncertainty assocíaled wilh 2<br />
new crop.<br />
A gross margin analysis, or gross<br />
income less vanable cosls, was<br />
carried out. Thís was an appropriate<br />
rnelhod ot analysis ror evaluating the<br />
oulcome of lhe new crop lor sugar·<br />
cane <strong>la</strong>rmers, as fixeo costs woulC1<br />
nol change with the new c'rop and<br />
litlle extra equipm<strong>en</strong>t Vlould be<br />
required for
l<br />
Can you help?<br />
It may seem unseasonably early lo be<br />
<strong>la</strong>lklng 01 CnrlSlm3S bul al CHOICE<br />
.....e're already p<strong>la</strong>nnlng eur November<br />
and December Issues. Thls year we'd<br />
Jike lo· !nclu<strong>de</strong> a report on Chns:méi~<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>ts - and lor Ihls we neec your<br />
help.<br />
You've probably hac Irme 10 use and<br />
aSSE/SS Ihe pres<strong>en</strong>lS you recelved <strong>la</strong>s:<br />
year, We wanl lO I¡no OUI wnal gitts 91ve<br />
lhe mosl pleasure er mosl <strong>la</strong>sllng sallsfaclion<br />
and whal are reaJly JUSI nlne-day<br />
(or av<strong>en</strong> nlne-nOUr) won<strong>de</strong>rs wlllch ir.<br />
relrospecl you woulon'l have wasled<br />
your rnoney on.<br />
So, while you can sliJl remember, we'd<br />
like you lO lell us ,-;nal you oet lor ChriSlmas<br />
and wnal vou lnougnlol Ihese gifls.·<br />
(We're aSKln9 tne klds Ihe same on Ihe<br />
Klds' CHOICE pages.)<br />
For your responses 10 be usetul in prepanng<br />
(ne antcle we neeo lO recelve<br />
Ihem b'l 3~ I.<strong>la</strong>rch. 1986. Mark your<br />
<strong>en</strong>velope 'Help ano s<strong>en</strong>a JI 10: ACA.<br />
57 Carnnglon Ro, Marrlckville. NSW<br />
2204.<br />
To make JI easler lor us lO col<strong>la</strong>te your<br />
answers. answer lh€m In oroer numbering<br />
your res¡)onses wllh Ine QueSllon<br />
numbers we g"'e..<br />
1 list as many 01 the 9,fts you recelveo as<br />
you can rememOer (Incl:;<strong>de</strong> lhe les5<br />
<strong>la</strong>nglOlos IIKe voucners. cash, or ser<br />
Vices r<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>red " oromise lO wasn Ihe<br />
car every week lor a monrh: elc.)<br />
2011hé:se<br />
a) whlch ones 9ave lhe mosl p/easure<br />
(aM why)?<br />
b)which gave Ih.' mosl salrsfaction<br />
(a:1d why)'?<br />
3 Dld you tire 01 an~'1hlng Ql:ICkly and is il<br />
now gau",ellng dUSI In some forgon<strong>en</strong><br />
corner? (Tell us wnv It VOU recelved<br />
more lhan one Whll~ elepnanl, lell us<br />
aboul Ihem all')<br />
4 DIO you rece,ve an~h,ng \'::>L.' no", woncer<br />
how YOU ever I"'eo wrtnoul? (Whal<br />
and wr;y.)<br />
5. Were any pres<strong>en</strong>ls trustrallng i:1 any<br />
way - <strong>la</strong>cked somelhlng neeoed 10<br />
make lhern work (ban<strong>en</strong>es, lor InSi<br />
2,"ce), or poor ,nSlrUCllons, accessones<br />
cr ever. daslgn? (G,ve <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ils.)<br />
6 Whal type 01 gl11 do you mosl like lO<br />
recelve -;<br />
7 \,','hal rlpe 01 91ft 00 vou leasl like to be<br />
g/v<strong>en</strong>? .<br />
8 Are you male or lemale?<br />
9 Whal age are you? 10 lO 20 years: 21 lO<br />
4Q year:>: 41 years ur more.<br />
1\\TIClDr1J> .' ~<br />
-n~~-rt09n<br />
V~J...l..-(~!""<br />
Is there 2Jny bas:s Íor its re~utatGOr1?<br />
In anei<strong>en</strong>t Egypt ii was known as the<br />
'p<strong>la</strong>nt 01 Irr.morta:ity: loday, many<br />
people call 11 the 'r.liraele p<strong>la</strong>nt:<br />
C<strong>en</strong>alnly lhe c<strong>la</strong>ims ma<strong>de</strong> Oy some peopie<br />
lor Ihe clear gel con<strong>la</strong>lned In aloe<br />
vera's fleshj' splky Isaves - and for !he<br />
prooucls ma<strong>de</strong> Irom il - are nolhlng<br />
short 01 mlraculous,<br />
Anything fror.l anhrtllS 10 aslhma, baldness<br />
lO boils. cancer lO consllpallon,<br />
multlple sclerOSIS 10 SlOmach ulcers<br />
... ev<strong>en</strong> Down's Synorome ... atoe vera 15<br />
sworn to cure.<br />
It":;. also recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d ior ¡Olnl and<br />
muscu<strong>la</strong>r In¡urtes ar.d ailm<strong>en</strong>lS, lor heal<br />
Ing wounjs, skln aaraslons anC "rl<strong>la</strong>tlons.<br />
As a 'Iherapeullc: aloe vera is markeled<br />
in several lorms so you can drtnk 11 or<br />
spead 11 on your ski;']. 1I IS a/so Incluoec;<br />
in a wl<strong>de</strong> range of shampC'os. na" cond'!loners.<br />
skln cleansers. mOISlurlsers.<br />
body 10110ns and Olner cosmellCS lor lIS<br />
alleged <strong>de</strong>eo p<strong>en</strong>el<strong>la</strong>tlng ar.o reo<strong>en</strong>era·<br />
ti ve proper:les. -<br />
Aloe 'leía products ar<strong>en</strong>! cheap. The<br />
IUlce.lor exarnple. sells lor a'Ound S15 lO<br />
520 for a Illre Don/e. BUI ,1 lne c<strong>la</strong>lms ler<br />
aloe vera are lIue. can we aHoro nor 10<br />
buy it?<br />
What is áloe vera?<br />
The aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>nl is a succul<strong>en</strong>l per<strong>en</strong>m:¡1.<br />
a specles 01 ¡he g<strong>en</strong>us Aloe whlcn IS<br />
a memOer 01 Ihe "Iy <strong>la</strong>rQtly (LJ"aceae)<br />
Its lhlCk lIeshy leaves prolruoe trom Ihe<br />
upper part 01 the roo1. narrowlng and<br />
<strong>la</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ng to a pOln¡ ano eogea wlln sPlnY<br />
leelh. .<br />
There are over 200 specles :JI Aloe Iyou<br />
mlghl e\'er. ha'/e one In yOur backyard)<br />
bullhe matn one grown lor liS healln glv<br />
Ing prop<strong>en</strong>,es IS aloe veré., bO<strong>la</strong>nlcally<br />
known as Aloe DarDaO<strong>en</strong>Sl5.<br />
The aloe vera leal con<strong>la</strong>ln~ f'NO OISllncl<br />
su~s<strong>la</strong>nces ex tracteo for Ihelr alIeged<br />
prop<strong>en</strong>les.<br />
Immediately b<strong>en</strong>ealh the ouli'!r skin is a<br />
yellow hQuld resln. From (hlS Otner sub·<br />
s<strong>la</strong>nce comes the 'blne, aloes' lhal<br />
pa,<strong>en</strong>ts onr:e palnlea on Chtlor<strong>en</strong>'s tlnger<br />
natls lO step nall b,ll(1g The resln a/so<br />
con<strong>la</strong>ins an:hraqutno"es lIsFld lO pro·<br />
duce Ihe drug aloe (Alo,n) .....¡"ch has a<br />
sllong purgalive acllon on Ihe oowel and<br />
Inlestlnes. liS u~,i'! In loxallves IS oectl(1<br />
tng Oecause rf!sulls are un(vco,c<strong>la</strong>b1e<br />
and oll<strong>en</strong> vIOle ni, SCmCl,mes causlng<br />
intestinal gllpln9, colic and crampl;'1~<br />
Pregnant wom<strong>en</strong> in particu<strong>la</strong>r a[,<br />
warned against l:Slng such 'Irrt<strong>la</strong>nt" <strong>la</strong>x~<br />
Ilves lor tnlS reason.<br />
Chemica/ly diHer<strong>en</strong>l trom Ihe bmer res"<br />
ano conta!ned in Ihe \1l1n-wa/led cells e<br />
lhe leal !S the gel whlCh i5 used 10 pre<br />
duce ¡: wiée ranqe 01 aloe vera prooucl~<br />
including aloe vera ¡ulCe.<br />
So far the searcr. lor the i:1gred,<strong>en</strong>i:<br />
which might aecounl lor aloe vera gel,<br />
alleged b<strong>en</strong>eflc<strong>la</strong>l Drop<strong>en</strong>les nas ara"",<br />
a b<strong>la</strong>nk.<br />
However II has be<strong>en</strong> lound 10 con<strong>la</strong>,;<br />
complex carbohyorales (fer e;La~J:,:<br />
s<strong>la</strong>rcn and cellulose), amlr.') aCQC<br />
<strong>en</strong>zymes, glycoprolelns (prelelns ."',:'<br />
carbOilydrales anac;¡ed).lnor9anIC 52!;~<br />
(el soolum and po:asslum) anG Si:1";.<br />
·amCl:r.!s o! v':aml;,]S ano mlnerals (Ir.·<br />
cluclng calcium).<br />
Thpl'S nothmg lO wT'lle ho~e a::>OL::<br />
tnciur,n. YOu'1I lino mas! of m,?m ,n er.:.<br />
anlmól or p<strong>la</strong>nt tlssue.<br />
While aloe vera is prometed as con<strong>la</strong>l"<br />
ing. ar.long other ihlngs, 484 pans Der<br />
mililon (ppm) 01 calctum ano 594 p::;m 0:<br />
po<strong>la</strong>sslu:n, you can qe1 more tr,an I'h'ce<br />
tnallrom ml!i< ... for a jracllon 01 Ine pnce.<br />
Whal aboul Ihe 're:nafKable d,scovery<br />
!hal aloe vera eon<strong>la</strong>ln5 vlI¡¡mln 8'2 ~<br />
One US manu<strong>la</strong>cture1'. Forever LI,,!no<br />
PrOduCts. vmlch OISlrttx.J¡eS 115 ¡;rOduCll~<br />
Australia, c<strong>la</strong>lms liS IUlce c::>n:alns 51)<br />
p,cograms 01 B'2 pe( rrol. Tr.al :n1~r.1<br />
soun::l Impresslve but SO plcog1ams ;;e:<br />
mL trans<strong>la</strong>les 10 G.üOOü5 mg per ir~rf::<br />
Ev<strong>en</strong>" you QuaHeo a Il1re 01 JUlce a cal'<br />
you woulo be g<strong>en</strong>mg only ab0:,.; 2°'0 01<br />
¡he recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d oally allowance 01<br />
Jl<strong>la</strong>mln 8'2' Vnamm 8'2 <strong>de</strong>llcl<strong>en</strong>c)' 15<br />
~are In Ih,:; counlry because B'2IS wlO¿-ly<br />
avai<strong>la</strong>t.le In 1000s mes! 01 US ea!. ,s<br />
:;tored for aboul tlve years in Ihe ooc~.<br />
ano e"'<strong>en</strong> Irue vege<strong>la</strong>r.ans who oor,"1 ,,;JI<br />
any anImal produClS need 10 <strong>la</strong>kE: a 8"<br />
suppJem<strong>en</strong>l only occaslona!ly.<br />
The cJalms - hüwt:-ue?<br />
Consioertng Ihe eXlraoroinary c/a:r.;~<br />
we've heard about aloe vera. Ine pC:O~,Ital<br />
lhe 10p 01 Ihe markP.1ln~ cham are 1(;'<br />
markably mo<strong>de</strong>sl aboLJI 1he" produe:<br />
They can aHord lO be, me leg
'Ünlng clon:cal ev,o<strong>en</strong>ce People wha<br />
ay Ir,ey :-<strong>la</strong>ve m"oe mlraculous re·<br />
{lverles Irom serlOus ,lInesseS by <strong>la</strong>klnuy rs Ir,e real lhlng? Thls was a Ques·<br />
¡,on aS~E-O by several reaaers specd"<br />
cally aooul ¡ne ¡U Ice. no OOuOI loliowlng<br />
medra re~orts <strong>la</strong>le In 1984 Inal one<br />
tJrand was lound lO De nOlhrng more<br />
Ihan gooo qual/ly orln~lng waler.<br />
Unlonunaltly you can', be sure<br />
The age ollhe p<strong>la</strong>nl wh<strong>en</strong> harvesled,lhe<br />
seó son wn<strong>en</strong> 11 'Nas r,arve~lt:a ano Ine<br />
eXlrilCllon ana prOCtSSlflg melnoOS<br />
UStO ,,11 alfecllhe com:.>OSllron 01 Ine raw<br />
gel. 1I IS c<strong>la</strong>rmed ¡hal unlt~S 5IaOII:~,ed<br />
wl1hrn hour~ 01 t,arvesllflg Ine wranl In\:<br />
gel (1';IE:1l0:ale5,<br />
Tht c¡p.1 '5 99 0 0 waler any',vél.,. Jnd Iner(:<br />
IS no lesllng melhod avai<strong>la</strong>ble lO veflty<br />
Ihe werc<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ge 01 aloe vera s<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
One Ihlng s lor sure, You can', beileve<br />
c<strong>la</strong>lms lhal a br3nd 01 I,,'ce 15 1oon o aloe<br />
vera. The processeo IUlce has 10 con<strong>la</strong>ln<br />
a preservallve sucn as soolum b<strong>en</strong>·<br />
zoate, and oll<strong>en</strong> con¡alns CIIIIC aCld 3nd<br />
other addilrves lO help tne s<strong>la</strong>olllsallon<br />
process, and I<strong>la</strong>vourló1gs In Ihe lLavoured<br />
verSlons,<br />
Can I'OU <strong>la</strong>ste Ihe dlNer<strong>en</strong>ce I1 !he lu/ce<br />
has oe<strong>en</strong> walereO oown? Ac:::ordlng 10<br />
Marcuso and HoW1norn, you can, Tney<br />
say Ihe un/<strong>la</strong>voured verSlon has a drslincl<br />
tasle. '11 look.s a bit Iike Olsnwate:<br />
but doesn't <strong>la</strong>Sle I/Ke 11, says Marcusolt<br />
<strong>la</strong>sles a brllik.e kava <strong>la</strong> dnnk maoe Irom<br />
Ine cruShea rOOIS 01 a' Polynes,an shruol<br />
wrlhoul Ihe Ilnollno s<strong>en</strong>sallO.. , $
AGDEX 27'2<br />
80<br />
F 41 /MAR 84.<br />
ALOE VERA<br />
(Aloe burba<strong>de</strong>nsis Mill.)<br />
by G.l. Jamieson. S<strong>en</strong>ior Horticulturist, Brisbant.<br />
For over ),000 years. gel extracted from the<br />
succul<strong>en</strong>t leav~s ot aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>nts has be<strong>en</strong><br />
used in folk m¿dicine tor the treatm<strong>en</strong>t of<br />
internal and external me<strong>la</strong>dies ot both humans<br />
ond animals. Bitter aloes has long be<strong>en</strong><br />
manufactured trom the pow<strong>de</strong>red sap ot the leav~s<br />
ot oloe vera (Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsisl and its near<br />
re<strong>la</strong>tives. Aloe oe~ and Aloe ferox.<br />
However, b<strong>en</strong>etits trom the highly acc<strong>la</strong>imed<br />
curative properties ot the leat gel have<br />
remained virtually restricted to areas where<br />
the p<strong>la</strong>nt will grow, ~s the gel spoils rapidly<br />
after extraction. lt was not un,il the 19605<br />
tha't a process was cevised in USA to inhibit the<br />
spoi<strong>la</strong>ge. and improved processes hove since<br />
be<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>veioped. These process;:s tú s,abilize<br />
aloe vera gel have op<strong>en</strong>ed up outlets in o ~i<strong>de</strong><br />
range ot products containing the gel, including<br />
cosmetics. lot:ons. ointm<strong>en</strong>ts and health drinks.<br />
Demand for t~ese products is based <strong>la</strong>rgely on<br />
the c<strong>la</strong>imed curative properties ot the gel;<br />
consequ<strong>en</strong>tlya high value is p<strong>la</strong>ced on its<br />
"pot<strong>en</strong>cy", which is said to be re<strong>la</strong>ted to its<br />
mineral. vitami~ and <strong>en</strong>zyme cont<strong>en</strong>to The <strong>de</strong>mond<br />
is highest for gel uncontaminated by extraneous<br />
chemicals.<br />
In spite of its growing popu<strong>la</strong>rity. most of aloe<br />
vera' s a lleged heal ing propert ies are nei ther<br />
acce~ted nor unoerstood by conv<strong>en</strong>ticnal medicine.<br />
~loe vera gel has be<strong>en</strong> approved by the US<br />
Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Drug Administr~tion only for first aid<br />
treatm<strong>en</strong>t ot burns and cuts.<br />
But through comn.é:rcial promotion, <strong>de</strong>mand for<br />
010'3 v&ra products continl~es to gro... in many<br />
~arts ot ~he ...orld, and incre~~ing quantiti6S<br />
are being impcrted into Australia.<br />
The first commercia! pl~nting ot aloe vera in<br />
Australia was ma<strong>de</strong><br />
in Victoria s¿veral years<br />
ago. In 19B3, several commercial companies<br />
selected p.astern Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd an~ nor:~ e~stern<br />
N.S.W. to promote the establishm<strong>en</strong>t ot an<br />
inoustry, on trie grounds thilt these areas are<br />
frost free.<br />
However, information on the best cultural and<br />
processing methods is <strong>la</strong>cking in Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd. and<br />
information is ditficu~t to abtoin trom oversea~<br />
becaus~ ot th~ highly c~petitive nature of che<br />
industry.<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
There are over ;00 species w:thi~ the g<strong>en</strong>us AI~,<br />
which belongs to the lily family. "loe p<strong>la</strong>nts<br />
ore suécul<strong>en</strong>t with fleshy, tapering. spinymargined<br />
leaves arrang6d in a rosette or soiral.<br />
Many species of aloe are grown as ornam<strong>en</strong>tals.<br />
Aloe vera (Aloe barba:i<strong>en</strong>sis). Aloe rErox and<br />
Al<strong>de</strong> perryi hove long be<strong>en</strong> grown as the<br />
principal source~ of :h~ <strong>la</strong>tex whicro is<br />
extr~cted trom the sk:n ot :he :eaf and dried<br />
to produce the bitter aloes ot co~merce. Alce<br />
baroa<strong>de</strong>nsis is now grown tor the transp~r<strong>en</strong>t<br />
pulp ~hich is eAtractéd frGm ,he tles~y leaves,<br />
stabilized. ond morketed os aloe vera gel.<br />
A.loe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Mill, :s commonly calleo aloe<br />
vera. lt is native to:> the /o'editerraneon region<br />
ond the Conary Isldnos. Note thot "t,,4il1." is<br />
the obbrev iat ion tor Mi ller. the nome ot ,he<br />
toxonomist who f:rst <strong>de</strong>scribed Aloe corboé<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
in 1768.<br />
Stems ore stout, and gro... to 30-40 cm in<br />
height in about JO yeors.<br />
QJe<strong>en</strong>slónd Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Primary Industries. G.P.O. Box 46. Bris~ne. Q. 4001
Aloe vera: Have you really got it?<br />
R. Dowllng, Botany Branch<br />
In rec<strong>en</strong>l )'C:HS considaahle inlerest hJS be<strong>en</strong> shown in lhe<br />
use 01' herbs and n~lurJI p<strong>la</strong>nl producls for curali"e and<br />
prev<strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>li\'e hc~llh us
AGDEY. 27:.<br />
20<br />
F 42 / t'tA.R 84<br />
ALOE VERA"<br />
culture in Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd<br />
ISSN 0155-3054<br />
by G.l. Jamies~n, S<strong>en</strong>ior Horticulturist. Brisba~~.<br />
This Farm Note has be<strong>en</strong> compiled to help overcome<br />
the wi<strong>de</strong> gap in information on the<br />
cOli,mercial cultivation of aloe vera in Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd.<br />
Information has be~n col<strong>la</strong>ted from the limited<br />
evai<strong>la</strong>ble literature (sorne 01 it contradictory).<br />
and some sug~estions are offered to assist<br />
growers attempting to pioneer this new industry<br />
in Que<strong>en</strong>s <strong>la</strong>nd.<br />
SITE SELECTION<br />
Aloe vera is nat~ve to a mediterranean climate,<br />
but has adapted successfully to orher areas<br />
with a frost-free climate and well drained<br />
soils. Although aloe vera will survive in a<br />
harsh <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t. it requires a high level 01<br />
nutrition and constant avai<strong>la</strong>bility of ~isture<br />
for nl~ximum growth and production 01 quality<br />
gel.<br />
Therelore the production site must have a well<br />
drained soil. be frost-Iree and have access to<br />
a reliable supply of irrigation water.<br />
SOIL PREPARATION ANO ORAINAGE<br />
The internal drainage of ev<strong>en</strong> a well drained<br />
soil can be further improved by <strong>de</strong>ep ripping<br />
down the slope. More permon<strong>en</strong>t improvem<strong>en</strong>t may<br />
be achieved by installing an un<strong>de</strong>rground<br />
drainage sysrem.<br />
A soil pH of around 6.5-7.0 is required.<br />
Dolomite is the most appropriate soil am<strong>en</strong>dm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
for correcting pH, and should be appIied early<br />
in the process of <strong>la</strong>nd pre<strong>para</strong>tion.<br />
Addition of organic matter either direc:ly or<br />
through cover cropping will do much to improve<br />
the soil's physical and chemical properties.<br />
Before p<strong>la</strong>nting. weeds ~hould be brought un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
control. Runner grasses ere a ITlójor problem in<br />
commercicl aloe vera crops.<br />
Before p<strong>la</strong>nting. the ~oil is brought to a fine<br />
tilth. and p<strong>la</strong>nting hill~ are constructed to a<br />
height of about )0 cm to further improve<br />
drainage. Spacing betwe<strong>en</strong> the c<strong>en</strong>tres of the<br />
hills should be <strong>de</strong>signed to suit<br />
that will be used, but should not be less thc~<br />
abúut 90 cm.<br />
the machin~ry<br />
LAYCXJT<br />
The ferm <strong>la</strong>yout should be <strong>de</strong>signed to maximise<br />
drainage and protection from erosioll, i:Jno<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> ready access tu the crop in 1111 weathers.<br />
Land managemcnt principIes could be effectively<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>lled on those fallowed in the pineapple<br />
industry. These <strong>en</strong>tail:-<br />
Construction 01 a diversion "bank if necesSdry<br />
above the cultivated area. This wi11 protect<br />
the p<strong>la</strong>nting from runoff water from any <strong>la</strong>r.d<br />
above the cultivation.<br />
Siting the p<strong>la</strong>nting hills and channels with<br />
suffíeí<strong>en</strong>t fall to allow runoff water in the<br />
furrows to escape r~pídly without causing<br />
erosiono<br />
Construction of a stabilized wnterwa~ to<br />
carry water from the diversion bank and the<br />
channels down the slope into a perman<strong>en</strong>t<br />
water course or a domo<br />
Siting <strong>para</strong>llel óccess roads se<strong>para</strong>ting th~<br />
e ropped I él nd S.<br />
Running the hilled rows along the l<strong>en</strong>gth of<br />
the <strong>la</strong>nds so that machinery may be used in<br />
the crop. Alternatively, hilled rows CQuId<br />
cross the <strong>la</strong>nds to allow easy walking<br />
through the crop betw&<strong>en</strong> the access r08ds.<br />
The g<strong>en</strong>~ral principIes of farm <strong>la</strong>yout" are<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed in the D.P.!. booklet. "Farm Layours<br />
Qje<strong>en</strong>sJ;)nd Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Primory Industries. G.P.O. Cox 46, BrisDcne, "O. 4001
Leaf bo~ds are ",11i ti) and clo$p the stem.<br />
They ore orr3nged oround the stem in a closo<br />
rosette.<br />
Leoves ore Ileshy. sword-lik~ ond upturned.<br />
~ture leoves are grey-gre<strong>en</strong> with a powdory<br />
bloom. Thoy are 50-65 cm long, I<strong>la</strong>t on the<br />
upper surface and roun<strong>de</strong>d on the lower<br />
surfoce. The leal base is about 9 cm wi<strong>de</strong><br />
ond 2.5 cm thick. The leaf tapers to a<br />
slightly channelled. sl<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r tip up to 6 mm<br />
thick.<br />
Leaf margins óre spiny, the spines being<br />
pale, str·ong, shnrt and curved.<br />
Juv<strong>en</strong>ile leaves may be marked with soma white<br />
dots or streaks.<br />
The flower stalk Is erecto 60~90 cm tallo<br />
ond is usuall~ branched.<br />
The tlower raceme is 30-45 cm long.<br />
Flowers are yellow, 2.5 cm long or slightly<br />
longer. tubu<strong>la</strong>r and p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nt.<br />
ALOE VERA PRXXJCTION IN AMERICA<br />
Although househol<strong>de</strong>rs in many parts ef the<br />
world have long grown aloe p<strong>la</strong>nt~ in their<br />
gar<strong>de</strong>ns for medicinal purposes. the United<br />
Sta tes has rec<strong>en</strong>tly led the world in establishing<br />
él commercial aloe vera industry. Around<br />
95$ of the US crop is grown in the Rio Gran<strong>de</strong><br />
Valley in Texas. whero p<strong>la</strong>ntings expan<strong>de</strong>d from<br />
about 84 ha in 1978 D~d about 200 ha in 1979 to<br />
about J 600 ha in 1983. Other producing areas<br />
ore in Arizona, Florida, ~~xico, certain<br />
Cari~bean is<strong>la</strong>nds and Israel. Rapid expansion<br />
of the industry led to over-supply of gel on tha<br />
world market in 1983. and soma Toxos crops were<br />
ploughed in.<br />
After harvesting, leaves are sold to processors<br />
on a weight bD;!S and the price in <strong>la</strong>t~ 1982<br />
..as around 10-15~/lb.. equival<strong>en</strong>t to about<br />
~/L of gel. Lower price,; wer6 paid during th;;!<br />
period of over-supply in 1983. Gross earnings<br />
hBve bveraged around US ~20,OOO/ha/annum.<br />
netting about US ~12.000. Growers earn extra<br />
income from tlle sale of small 1~ cm sucker~ for<br />
around 5~ and mature p<strong>la</strong>nts for S15. During<br />
1983. the price of suckers fell to lO¡ each.<br />
2 gel until ;;~out 1985. Although the over-supply<br />
situotion Inay have bu<strong>en</strong><br />
tempororily relieved.<br />
it i5 obvious that <strong>de</strong>mand must be greatly<br />
stimu13ted in the long term to occommodote<br />
increosing world production.<br />
ALOE VERA POTENTIAL IN QUEENSLANO<br />
To ~t increasing <strong>de</strong>mando American production<br />
wbS doubling annually prior to the period ot<br />
over-supply in 1983, and new p<strong>la</strong>ntings ore<br />
be i ng es tab 1i s hed in '¡a rious coun tries él ro~nd·<br />
the world. The new Australian industrv must<br />
compete with imported aloe vora products. and<br />
commarcial companies are aiready arranging<br />
export markets. As prod~ction increases,<br />
world markets will become more competitive and<br />
significant price drops may be anticipated in<br />
Que<strong>en</strong>s <strong>la</strong>nd.<br />
Consi"<strong>de</strong>rable pioneering and adaptation ot gro...,<br />
ing methods lie ahead 01 Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd growcrs.<br />
Practical <strong>de</strong>tails 01 spacing, fertili=ing and<br />
weed control must still be established. G,owars<br />
must únsure that the plonting material they<br />
purchase is the correct species; the~ must olso<br />
<strong>en</strong>sure that él local market for the gel is<br />
avai<strong>la</strong>ble. as the cost óf transporting leaves<br />
to a distant processor may' be unoltordably high.<br />
Details of the technology tor stabilizing the gel<br />
...,ill be difficult to obtain from oversees sources.<br />
A significant amount of <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>tal work ...,ill<br />
be necesóary to adapt the product to the ranga<br />
ot morket outlets.<br />
Expan<strong>de</strong>d markets must be lound tor Australi6n<br />
manufactured aloe vera products.<br />
\<br />
With the <strong>la</strong>rge number ot uncertainties and<br />
teething problem$, investm<strong>en</strong>t in the. infant<br />
Que<strong>en</strong>s<strong>la</strong>nd aloe vera industry must be consi<strong>de</strong>red<br />
to be specu<strong>la</strong>tive. G~owers other than<br />
experi<strong>en</strong>ced gamblers should not ~nvest mo"re In<br />
the industry at this stage, than they can<br />
reasonably afford to lese.<br />
ti:' ó4 / 5<br />
Severe frosts during the 1983-64 winter caused<br />
heavy crop los~es in Texas, and this will hove<br />
an effect on wor:d supply and prices of oloe vera
to prev<strong>en</strong>t the possible establishm<strong>en</strong>t of crosspollinated<br />
volun~~r<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nts.<br />
As field grown ~<strong>la</strong>nts dPprooch about 5 years of<br />
age. excessive root <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t may cause<br />
lOdging; crop vigour d~clines. and leal and<br />
gel production fallo On sorne American forms.<br />
the p<strong>la</strong>nts are pulled from the ground. and are<br />
rep<strong>la</strong>nted atter the roots ore trimmed.<br />
Alternatively. the p<strong>la</strong>nt stems are cut off aboye<br />
ground level. and the cut p<strong>la</strong>nts are rep<strong>la</strong>nted.<br />
The crop should preferably be rep<strong>la</strong>nted in<br />
rested. freshly prepared ground. Shading wi11<br />
minimise the transp<strong>la</strong>nt shock. The crop resumes<br />
ledt prOduction within 6-8 months. Rep<strong>la</strong>nting<br />
is necessary about every 18 months in hydroponic<br />
crops, but reccvery is said to be more rapid.<br />
\tE ED CX>NTROL<br />
In Amarica. weeds are usually controlled by hand<br />
chipping. which is very exp<strong>en</strong>sive in Que<strong>en</strong>sl~nd.<br />
However. mechanicói we~d control will be<br />
necessary until suitahle ch~micals are found that<br />
~ve no etfect on the p<strong>la</strong>nts or the gel quality.<br />
P<strong>la</strong>stic mulch <strong>la</strong>id over the hills would provi<strong>de</strong><br />
ettective weed control and also conserve soil<br />
moisture.<br />
PESTS AND DISEASES<br />
Root rot caused by peor drainage is a major<br />
problem in aloe vera. It is prev<strong>en</strong>ted by p<strong>la</strong>nting<br />
the crop in a well drair.ed soil. and turther<br />
improving drainage by <strong>de</strong>ep ripping. un<strong>de</strong>rground<br />
drainage. hilling and controlling surtace runott.<br />
Aloe vera is reputed to be re<strong>la</strong>tiv~ly free of<br />
other pest and disease problems. but pest attack~<br />
=y occasionally occur. Pestici<strong>de</strong>s may<br />
contamina te the gel.<br />
HARVESTING<br />
To avoid injury trom the leaf spines. protective<br />
ciothi~g is necessary wh<strong>en</strong> harvesting aloe vera.<br />
A harvesting boom simi!ar to those used by<br />
p:neapple growers would impr~ve l~bour ettici<strong>en</strong>cy.<br />
4<br />
processing toctory.<br />
C
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~''--:.-1.-' :'!:~~::-':'.'~~"'~ -· ..·........loJ.<br />
1<br />
'.<br />
AGDEX 272<br />
637<br />
F145/DEC 85<br />
- ..~~",. ,..."'.i~,...,..••..,..¡.~.:.. 4.'I':".:'!'l.~"'~ ...:~~...;?S*l:l."' .•1I':,:"' ........ .,.1.:-"'.......--:.':'"."f"f?'!"~ ...<br />
ALOE VERt\ -.c root knot nemato<strong>de</strong> ISSN 0155-3054<br />
R. Grattidge, Horticulture Branch, Townsville. and P.C. Q'Bri<strong>en</strong>, P<strong>la</strong>nt ~atho¡ogy Branch, Brisbane<br />
ALoo ve~. formerLy known a6 ALoe berba<strong>de</strong>n6i6,<br />
has rec<strong>en</strong>tly be<strong>en</strong> introduced to Oue<strong>en</strong>6L<strong>en</strong>d <strong>en</strong>d<br />
L1ttLe 1s known about the probLeme of grow ing<br />
thi6 crop. Prov1<strong>de</strong>d the crop is pl<strong>en</strong>ted into e<br />
_eLL drainod situation, it is reputed to be<br />
roLat1vely frae of pest· <strong>en</strong>d diseese pro!:lLem6.<br />
Unfortunately, this is not the cesa as recant<br />
obse rvations suggest root-knot ne'matoda<br />
(HeloidoQyne spJ i6 wi<strong>de</strong>spread and couLd ba<br />
sar10usLy affacting growth of "in ground" aloa<br />
vera. This nematodo has aLso baan i<strong>de</strong>ntifiad<br />
frOfn pLants growing in a hydroponic systam but<br />
appaar6 unLikely to be affacting pl<strong>en</strong>t growth<br />
at th1s 6tega.<br />
root rot, except the few remeining roots ere<br />
firm <strong>en</strong>d the roots and butt6 are not rottad.<br />
Sourcss of infection<br />
1. Introduction with tha pLanting material.<br />
Suckers (pups] <strong>en</strong>d mature pL<strong>en</strong>ts tekan<br />
from infested araas wiLl have infacted<br />
root systems. The nemato<strong>de</strong> is th<strong>en</strong><br />
transferred from cne orea to <strong>en</strong>other in<br />
thesa infected root6.<br />
2. Tha soiL to be pL<strong>en</strong>ted Inay eLreedy ba<br />
infestad.<br />
Sy'~tom6 of root-knot nemeto<strong>de</strong> Control<br />
Root-knot nematoda u6ually producec abnormal<br />
swal Lings, galls 01' "knots" on pLant roots.<br />
EarLy 6ymptome. on aloe vera roots era a<br />
swelling of Che roots which may 01' ",ay not be<br />
tonninaL. Thasa swellings do not davelop into<br />
obvious geLls. Thc roots darkan, sometime6<br />
bacoming b<strong>la</strong>ck, <strong>en</strong>d hava excessive cracking on<br />
tha surface.<br />
In tha Leter stagas, roots sl1cad along thei l'<br />
<strong>la</strong>ngth reveel _hite female nemeto<strong>de</strong>6 01' pink to<br />
<strong>de</strong>rk ci rcu<strong>la</strong>r erees where p<strong>la</strong>nt tis6ue around<br />
tha fomeles has ch<strong>en</strong>gad coLour. Ir the<br />
swelling is terminal, the root tip will die <strong>en</strong>d<br />
e prol iferetion of leterel roots usuelly occurs<br />
behfnd the damaged eree. It is comr.lon to find<br />
pr1mary roots which appear nOMnal but which<br />
have <strong>de</strong>vcloped short leteral roots shCM'ing<br />
bLeck 6Woll<strong>en</strong> tipa 01' tanninal galls.<br />
In edvanced stegea of nemato<strong>de</strong> d~mege, the<br />
pl<strong>en</strong>ts have very fe- roots <strong>en</strong>d these roots <strong>en</strong>d<br />
the p<strong>la</strong>nt buttc are block. lt may look like a<br />
Experi"1ll<strong>en</strong>tal<br />
wo rk<br />
improva nemeto<strong>de</strong> controL.<br />
ere aveileble, control<br />
eims to eLiminete 01'<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nting materials and soiL.<br />
1. 'Pl<strong>en</strong>ting material<br />
in progre66 which may<br />
Until· these<br />
resuLts<br />
of root-knot n~ato<strong>de</strong><br />
minimise infection fro<strong>en</strong><br />
Aloe vere is propageted from suckers (pupsJ 01'<br />
from Il\8ture p<strong>la</strong>nts. The pups removed from the<br />
per<strong>en</strong>t p<strong>la</strong>nt u6ually have 60rr.e roots of thei l'<br />
own, .. hiLe tha matura p<strong>la</strong>nt6 are cut off tlbove<br />
ground Level<br />
and rep<strong>la</strong>nted without roots.<br />
Rooted pups lnay be from infected par<strong>en</strong>t p<strong>la</strong>nts<br />
and adhering soi l could be con:'3minatad. Pups<br />
6hould be w8shed ta remove 3ll soi t, and any<br />
e.cesc butt <strong>en</strong>d ell remaining roots 6hould be<br />
pered from tha p<strong>la</strong>nto This will remove m06t, ir<br />
no t a l l , o f t h e roat-knot r~lnotodo<br />
contamination•.<br />
Hature pl<strong>en</strong>ts without root6 will cs froe of<br />
nemeto<strong>de</strong>6 providfng they ero cle<strong>en</strong>. Any eoil<br />
adharing to tha p<strong>la</strong>nts should bo washed off.<br />
Q,..eef\s<strong>la</strong>nd CepaítJrellt of Prink3ry In
.l.<br />
?ups 6nd mature pL<strong>en</strong>ts with cut ~urfoces s~ouLd<br />
not be pL<strong>en</strong>ted i~to soiL for et Least 24<br />
hours. This aL Lo"s tt:a woundll to soeL <strong>en</strong>d<br />
protacts the pl~nt6 from invesion by other soil<br />
org9nlsms: PL<strong>en</strong>ts .,ey b3 stored dry for<br />
ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d periods if nece6sery.<br />
2. Nursery Beds<br />
Ir the<br />
beds,<br />
f i eL d<br />
3. Soil<br />
pups<br />
they<br />
nellleto<strong>de</strong><br />
ere grown<br />
in wcll-fumigeted nursery<br />
c<strong>en</strong> thsn be trbnspl<strong>en</strong>teé into the<br />
w i t h their roots intect. The best<br />
controL<br />
can<br />
sulectod fumig<strong>en</strong>t if<br />
properLy seeLeO.<br />
best óoeL.<br />
PLestic<br />
be<br />
t he<br />
echieved<br />
b ed<br />
"ith<br />
surfoce<br />
the<br />
i s<br />
sheetlng prüvi<strong>de</strong>G the<br />
eithar overol treatlllont o r t" o ro"<br />
epplicetions.<br />
Setisfectory overell npplicatjc~c of EDB are<br />
obtainuJ lIIith <strong>en</strong> equa ammollie injector.<br />
Appl ication<br />
Read the chcmicol lobol to e~sur~ the<br />
correct and opt imum epplicetion of the<br />
fumigant.<br />
2. Cultivete the soi L to a fine tilth. For<br />
b e s t r e s u l t s, i t W ou l d be free f rom<br />
unducomposed org<strong>en</strong>ic metter, werm <strong>en</strong>d<br />
1Il0ist. If the sod is too lIIet, the fumigant<br />
does not :ji ffuse prope,[ y <strong>en</strong>d, i f too dry,<br />
diffusion from the soil is too rapid.<br />
SeveraL fumigor.~F'; methyl bromi<strong>de</strong>, Ditrepexo,<br />
Vepolll o , Besamido, Telcne Ir o <strong>en</strong>d ED8 (ethyL<strong>en</strong>e<br />
dibrolDi<strong>de</strong>) are ragistered 8S pre-pL<strong>en</strong>t<br />
treatr.l<strong>en</strong>ts to control n~meto<strong>de</strong>s in the soi L.<br />
TeLone 11 0 <strong>en</strong>d EDB ere registered für nemeto<strong>de</strong><br />
control, whi le t~e othar6 are registered es (,<br />
broad spectrum treetm<strong>en</strong>t for _eads, diseases<br />
and nB1ll8to<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
ED6 is the 1ll0St cost effective necnatici<strong>de</strong>. It<br />
ls avelLabLe in t_o formu<strong>la</strong>tions:-<br />
• es EDB 15 0 which conteinG 325 giL of ethyl<strong>en</strong>a<br />
di~roml<strong>de</strong><br />
in power keros<strong>en</strong>e 8nd<br />
3. Seal the surface after· injection by light<br />
roLllng or e light spray irrigation of 5 or<br />
6 mm.<br />
4. Leeve tho soi l undi:sturbed for 7 :0 14<br />
<strong>de</strong>ys aftar trf<strong>la</strong>tm<strong>en</strong>t, th<strong>en</strong> cuLtivate to<br />
ellrete the soiL. This is thc i<strong>de</strong>al time to<br />
form up hills for pl<strong>en</strong>ting the crop. Ir<br />
heevy rain or lo", temperaturas occur during<br />
~he weiting period, cultivate a couple of<br />
times to ello., the soi l to aerete more<br />
freely, and <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>y pl<strong>en</strong>til1g •<br />
Preceution<br />
The fumig<strong>en</strong>t<br />
is epplied with suiteble injection<br />
oquipm<strong>en</strong>t <strong>de</strong>livering 8 const<strong>en</strong>t strbom of<br />
liquid et e ce;Jth uf 15 to 20 cm in twc lines<br />
3D c:n apsr-t j that i s, 15 Cr.l on each of the<br />
. int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d pL<strong>en</strong>t row, or 8S an overell treetm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
ln lines ::'0 Cr.l apert througt,out the pl<strong>en</strong>ting<br />
aree.<br />
os e miscible oiL containin~<br />
ethyl<strong>en</strong>e dibromi<strong>de</strong>.<br />
930 giL 1 •<br />
2.<br />
"If using the miscible oil fonnu<strong>la</strong>tion of<br />
EDB, mix only tho qu&ntity rcquired for<br />
immediate applico:ion~ DO ~:OT allO>' the<br />
pr·epared emulsio~ to s:~~d overnight.<br />
C:·,emice l s a re ha:.'B rdoos ~r.d th., correct<br />
Eufety procedures must be adGptad •<br />
HO 85/30<br />
B~st ~ontrol is obteined _ith nverell treetm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
et the rete of 240 L/hó of EDH 15 0 (102 mLl1G "'<br />
of ro"') o: the prepared emulsion úf EU3 ot the<br />
rete of 336 L/ha. (~02 ~U10 m of rowJ.<br />
Prepered p.mulcion lE e mixture of í pbrt EDo<br />
193° ~lscible oil with 5 perts of ~3ter.<br />
The seme rete ¡ 1 02 rr{J·10 m of rowJ lS uf,cd for
~\ Departm<strong>en</strong>t of k lriculture<br />
!~¡"\ NC'w South Wél!e~,<br />
Agdcx<br />
188/00<br />
'Aloe vera'<br />
Agfact P6.2.2, firsl edition 1984<br />
F. W. Cutting, Principal Agronomist<br />
(Fibres and Oils) .<br />
Sydney<br />
Aloe vera, whieh should be known as Aloe<br />
barbaJ<strong>en</strong>sis, has <strong>de</strong>veluped a repu<strong>la</strong>lion ir. parts<br />
of lhe U.S.A. as a naiural healing ag<strong>en</strong>l for
--<br />
t .<br />
o.~ rcp0í.ed by Ihe ArJc program ·Cour.try<br />
\Vi<strong>de</strong>', authoritativc evi<strong>de</strong>nee of substan~iaJ<br />
mrtrket opportllnilit.:s for this crop is <strong>la</strong>eking.<br />
Pcrsons intere:sleJ in the production of aloe vera<br />
~hL,uld e:stablish lhe markel prospects 10 lheir<br />
s.1tisfaction before procceding.<br />
1nt<strong>en</strong>ding growers in Ncw South Wales will<br />
need lo <strong>de</strong>vdop a suitablc production te:::hnology<br />
involving operalions from p<strong>la</strong>nting and spacing<br />
tonutrition, harvesting and perhaps processing.<br />
Exranding rroduclion eould ovc:rsupply the<br />
Australian markcl, possibly resulting in<br />
unrrofi<strong>la</strong>ble pricts and or contrael <strong>de</strong>faults.<br />
In cancIusion, it appears that investmcnl in<br />
this erap is risky in the abs<strong>en</strong>ce of indcp<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nl<br />
aUll10ritative information on Aloe vera<br />
production costs, <strong>en</strong>d uses and markets.<br />
Edilorial assistance: J. Balcombe<br />
Division of Agricultur2.1 Scr.'ices<br />
ISSN 0725-7759
FOA Impon Procedures 1 L1 e<br />
UIQ 1 u\,.. -<br />
"~:...-.""".....----------------<br />
IN"e:cOf'J .. .<br />
"!¡'~U,:8:"'Food and Drug AdmIDlstratlün<br />
&.\C<strong>en</strong>ter for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition<br />
Industry Activities StaffFlyer: 1996<br />
FDAIMPORTPROCEDURES<br />
1. Importer or ag<strong>en</strong>t files <strong>en</strong>try docum<strong>en</strong>ts with U.S. Customs<br />
Service within five working days of the'date of arrival of a<br />
shipm<strong>en</strong>t at a port of <strong>en</strong>try.<br />
2" FDA is notified of an <strong>en</strong>try of a regu<strong>la</strong>ted food through:<br />
• Duplicate copies of Customs Entry Docum<strong>en</strong>ts (CF<br />
3461, CF 3461 ALT, CF 7501 or alternative),<br />
• Copy of commercial invoice, and,<br />
• Surety to cover pot<strong>en</strong>tial duties, taxes and p<strong>en</strong>alties.<br />
3. FDA reviews Importer's Entry Docum<strong>en</strong>ts to <strong>de</strong>termine if a<br />
physical examination, wharf examination, sample<br />
examination should be ma<strong>de</strong>.<br />
4A. Decision is ma<strong>de</strong> not to collect a sample. FDA s<strong>en</strong>ds a "May<br />
Proceed Notice" to U.S. Customs and the importer of record.<br />
The shipm<strong>en</strong>t is released as far as FDA is concerned.<br />
4B. Decision is ma<strong>de</strong> to collect a sample based on:<br />
• Nature of the product,<br />
• FDA priorities, and,<br />
• Past history ofthe commodity.<br />
~<br />
FDA s<strong>en</strong>ds a "Notice of Sampling" to U.S. Customs and the<br />
importer of record. The shipm<strong>en</strong>t must be held intact p<strong>en</strong>ding<br />
further notice. A sample wil! be collected from rhe shipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
The importer of record may move the shipm<strong>en</strong>t from the<br />
dock to another port or warehouse (contact U.S. Customs for<br />
<strong>de</strong>tails).<br />
5. FDA obtains a physical sample. The sample is s<strong>en</strong>t ro an<br />
FDA District Laboratory for analysis.<br />
6A. FDA analysis finds the sample to be in compliance with<br />
requirem<strong>en</strong>ts. FDA s<strong>en</strong>ds a Release Notice to U.S. Customs<br />
and the importer of record.<br />
6B. FDA analysis <strong>de</strong>termines thar the sample "appears to be in<br />
vio<strong>la</strong>rion of the FD&C Acr and orher re<strong>la</strong>red Acrs." FDA<br />
s<strong>en</strong>ds U.S. Customs and the importer of record a Notice of<br />
Der<strong>en</strong>tion and Hearing which:<br />
htlp://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/-Ird/ 24/03/99
FOA. Impon Procedures<br />
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• Specifies the nature of the vio<strong>la</strong>tion, and,<br />
• Gives the importer of record 10 working days to<br />
introduce testimony as to the admissibility ofthe<br />
shipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
The hearing is the importer's only opportunity to pres<strong>en</strong>t a<br />
<strong>de</strong>f<strong>en</strong>se of the importation and/or to pres<strong>en</strong>t evi<strong>de</strong>nce as to<br />
how the shipm<strong>en</strong>t may be ma<strong>de</strong> eligible for <strong>en</strong>try.<br />
7A. Consignee, true owner, importer of record, or a <strong>de</strong>signated<br />
repres<strong>en</strong>tative responds to the Notíce of Det<strong>en</strong>tion and<br />
Hearing. The response permits the introtluction of testimony,<br />
either orally or writt<strong>en</strong>, as to the admissibility ofthe<br />
shipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
7B. Consignee, true owner, importer of record, or a <strong>de</strong>signated<br />
repres<strong>en</strong>tative neither responds to the Notice of Det<strong>en</strong>tion<br />
and Hearing nor requests an ext<strong>en</strong>sion of the hearing periodo<br />
8A. FOA conducts a hearing concerning the admissibility of the<br />
product. The hearing is an opportunity to pres<strong>en</strong>t relevant<br />
matters and is confined to the submission of pertin<strong>en</strong>t<br />
evi<strong>de</strong>nce.<br />
8B. FDA issues a Notice ofRefusal of Admission to the importer<br />
of record. This is the same person or firro who was s<strong>en</strong>t a<br />
Notice of Sampling. All recipi<strong>en</strong>ts of the Notice of Sampling<br />
and the Notice of Oet<strong>en</strong>tion and Hearing are s<strong>en</strong>t a copy of<br />
the Notice of Refusal.<br />
9A. Iinporter of record pres<strong>en</strong>ts evi<strong>de</strong>nce indicating that the<br />
product is in compliance. Certified analytical results of<br />
samples, examined by a reliable <strong>la</strong>boratory and which are<br />
within the published gui<strong>de</strong>lines for levels of contaminants<br />
and <strong>de</strong>fects in food for human use, may be pres<strong>en</strong>ted.<br />
9B. Importer of record submits an Application for Authorization<br />
to Recondition or to Perform Other Action (FDA Form FD<br />
766). The form requests permission to try to bring a food that<br />
is adulterated or misbran<strong>de</strong>d into compliance by re<strong>la</strong>beling or<br />
other action, or by converting to a non-food use. A <strong>de</strong>tailed<br />
method to bring the food into compliance must be giv<strong>en</strong>.<br />
9C. FOA receives verificatíon of the exportation or <strong>de</strong>struction of<br />
the shipm<strong>en</strong>t from U.S. Customs. The exportation or<br />
<strong>de</strong>struction of the merchandise listed on the Notice of Refusal<br />
of Admission is carried out un<strong>de</strong>r the direction of U.S.<br />
Customs.<br />
lOA.<br />
FOA collects follow-up sample to <strong>de</strong>termine compliance with<br />
gui<strong>de</strong>lines.<br />
10B. FOA evaluates the reconditioning procedure proposed by the<br />
importer. A bond is required for paym<strong>en</strong>t of liquidated<br />
damages.<br />
hr p://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/-lrd/<br />
24/03/99
FDA Impon Procedurcs<br />
• Specifies the natme of the vio<strong>la</strong>tion, and.<br />
• Gives the importer of record 10 working days to<br />
introduce testimony as to the admissibility ofthe<br />
shipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
The hearing is the importer's only opportunity to pres<strong>en</strong>t a<br />
<strong>de</strong>f<strong>en</strong>se of the importation and/or to pres<strong>en</strong>t evi<strong>de</strong>nce as to<br />
how the shipm<strong>en</strong>t may be ma<strong>de</strong> eligible for <strong>en</strong>try.<br />
7A. Consignee, true owner, importer of record, or a <strong>de</strong>signated<br />
repres<strong>en</strong>tative responds to the Notice of Det<strong>en</strong>tion and<br />
Hearing. The response permits the introtluction oftestimony,<br />
either orally or writt<strong>en</strong>, as to the admissibility ofthe<br />
shipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
7B. Consignee, true owner, importer of record, or a <strong>de</strong>signated<br />
repres<strong>en</strong>tative neither responds to the Notice of Det<strong>en</strong>tion<br />
and Hearing nor requests an ext<strong>en</strong>sion of the hearing periodo<br />
8A. FDA conducts a hearing concerning the admissibility ofthe<br />
product. The hearing is an opportuni ty to pres<strong>en</strong>t relevant<br />
matters and is confined to the submission of pertin<strong>en</strong>t<br />
evi<strong>de</strong>nce.<br />
8B. FDA issues a Notice of Refusal of Admission to the importer<br />
of record. This is the same person or firrn who was s<strong>en</strong>t a<br />
Notice of Sampling. AIl recipi<strong>en</strong>ts of the Notice of Sampling<br />
and the Notice of Det<strong>en</strong>tion and Hearing are s<strong>en</strong>t a copy of<br />
the Notice of Refusal.<br />
9A. Importer of record pres<strong>en</strong>ts evi<strong>de</strong>nce indicating that the<br />
product is in compliance. Certified analytical results of<br />
samples, examined by a reliable <strong>la</strong>boratory and which are<br />
within the published gui<strong>de</strong>lines for levels of contaminants<br />
and <strong>de</strong>fects in food for human use, may be pres<strong>en</strong>ted.<br />
9B. Importer of record submits an Application for Authorization<br />
to Recondition or to Perform Other Action (FDA Form FD<br />
766). The form requests permission to try to bring a food that<br />
is adulterated or misbran<strong>de</strong>d into compliance by re<strong>la</strong>beling or<br />
other action, or by converting to a non-food use. A <strong>de</strong>tailed<br />
method to bring the food into compliance must be giv<strong>en</strong>.<br />
9C. FDA receives verification of the exportation or <strong>de</strong>struction of<br />
the shipm<strong>en</strong>t from U.S. Customs. The exportation or .<br />
<strong>de</strong>struction of the merchandise listed on the Notice of Refusal<br />
of Admission is carried out un<strong>de</strong>r the direction of U.S.<br />
Customs.<br />
lOA.<br />
FDA collects follow-up sample to <strong>de</strong>termine compliance with<br />
gui<strong>de</strong>lines.<br />
10B. FDA evaluates the reconditioning procedure proposed by the<br />
importer. A bond is required for paym<strong>en</strong>t of liquidated<br />
damages.<br />
hl tp://vmcfsan.fda.gov/-I rdl<br />
24103/99
FDA Imporr Procedures<br />
¡--aglIlO. .J UC ~<br />
11 A. FDA finds that the sample is "in compliance." A Release<br />
Notice with the statem<strong>en</strong>t "Origina11y Detained and Now<br />
Released" is s<strong>en</strong>t to U.S. Customs and the importer.<br />
11 B. FDA finds that the sample is not in compliance. The importer<br />
may either submit an Application for Authorization to<br />
Recondition 01' to Perfonn Other Action (see 9B), 01', FDA<br />
will issue a Notice of Refusal ofAdmission (see 8B).<br />
11 C. FDA approves importer's reconditioning procedures. The<br />
approved application contains the statem<strong>en</strong>t "Merchandise<br />
Should Be Held Intact P<strong>en</strong>ding the Receipt of FDA's Release<br />
Notice."<br />
11 D. FDA disapproves applicant's reconditioning procedure if past<br />
experi<strong>en</strong>ce shows that the prop9sed method will not succeed.<br />
A second and final request will not be consi<strong>de</strong>red unless it<br />
contains meaningful changes in the reconditioning operation<br />
to <strong>en</strong>sure a reasonable chance of success. The applicant is<br />
informed on FDA Form FD 766.<br />
12. Importer completes a11 reconditioning procedures and advises<br />
FDA that the goods are ready for inspection/sample<br />
collection. .<br />
13. FDA conducts fo11ow-up inspection/sample collection to<br />
<strong>de</strong>t<strong>en</strong>nine compliance with the t<strong>en</strong>ns of the reconditioning<br />
authorization.<br />
14A. FDA analysis finds that the sample is in compliance. A<br />
Release Notice is s<strong>en</strong>t to the importer and to U.S. Customs.<br />
The charges for FDA supervision are assessed on FDA Form<br />
FD 790. Copies are s<strong>en</strong>t to U.S. Customs which is<br />
responsible for obtaining total paym<strong>en</strong>t including.any<br />
exp<strong>en</strong>ses incurred by their personnel.<br />
14B. FDA analysis finds that the sample is still not in compliance.<br />
Charges for FDA supervision are assessed on FDA Form FD<br />
790. Copies are s<strong>en</strong>t to U.S. Customs which is responsible for<br />
obtaining total pa:,¿m<strong>en</strong>t including exp<strong>en</strong>ses incurred by their<br />
personnel.<br />
IMPORTERS CAN SPEED FOOD ENTRlES!<br />
• Determine before shipm<strong>en</strong>t that the product to be imported is legal.<br />
• Have private <strong>la</strong>boratories examine samples of foods to be imported and certify the analysis of<br />
the processor. While not conclusive, these analyses might serve as an indication ofthe<br />
processor's abiJity to produce acceptable, legal products.<br />
• Become acquainted with FDA's legal requirem<strong>en</strong>ts, before contracting for a shipm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
• Request assistance from the FDA District Office responsible for your port of <strong>en</strong>try.<br />
• Know the food importing procedures <strong>de</strong>scribed on this information sheet.<br />
hllp://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/-lrd/ 24/03/99
US IMPORT REQUIREMENTS r
US IMPORT REQU1RJ::Jvll::.N l::i 1 a::;U<strong>la</strong> .:... u,,- u<br />
4. Customs duties -are, g<strong>en</strong>erally, an ad valorem rate (a perc<strong>en</strong>tage) which is applied to the<br />
dutiable value of the imported goods. Sorne articles, however, are dutiable at a specific rate<br />
of duty (so much per piece, Iiter, kilo, etc.); others at acompound rate of duty (combination of<br />
both ad valorem and specific rates).<br />
5. The dutiable value of merchandise is <strong>de</strong>termined by Customs. Several appraisal methods are<br />
used to arrive at this value. G<strong>en</strong>erally, the transaction value of the merchandise serves as the<br />
basis of appraisem<strong>en</strong>t. Transaction value is the price the buyer actually pays the seller for the<br />
goods being imported. .<br />
6. The H~rl11onized T::lri Ir Schedule ol' lhe Uniled S<strong>la</strong>tes (I-ITSUS), issued by the International<br />
Tra<strong>de</strong> Commission, prescribes the rates of duty and c1assification of merchandise by type of<br />
product; e.g., animal and vegetable products, textile fibers and textile products.<br />
7. The tariff schedule provi<strong>de</strong>s several rates of duty for each item: "g<strong>en</strong>eral" rates for mostfavored<br />
nations; "special" rates forspecial tra<strong>de</strong> programs (free, or lower than the rates<br />
curr<strong>en</strong>tly accor<strong>de</strong>d most-favored nations); and "column 2" rates for imports not eligible for<br />
either g<strong>en</strong>eral or special rates.<br />
8. ?rocessing fees may also apply.<br />
Arrival of Goods<br />
lmported goods may not be <strong>en</strong>tered legally until the shipm<strong>en</strong>t has arrived within the limits ofthe port<br />
of <strong>en</strong>try and <strong>de</strong>livery of the merchandise has be<strong>en</strong> authorized by Customs. This is normally<br />
accomplished by filing the appropriate docum<strong>en</strong>ts, either by you as the importer or by your ag<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
Customs <strong>en</strong>try papers may usually be pres<strong>en</strong>ted, however, before the merchand\se arrives.<br />
The Customs Service does not notify you of the arrival of your shipm<strong>en</strong>t. Notification is usually<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> by the carrier of the goods. You should make your own arrangem<strong>en</strong>ts to be sure you or your<br />
ag<strong>en</strong>t is informed immediately so that the <strong>en</strong>try can be filed and <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ys in obtaining your goods<br />
avoi<strong>de</strong>d.<br />
Imported merchandise not <strong>en</strong>tered through Customs in a timely manner (up to 30 days) is s<strong>en</strong>t by<br />
Customs to a g<strong>en</strong>eral or<strong>de</strong>r warehouse to be held as unc<strong>la</strong>imed. The importer is responsible for<br />
storage charges which are incurred while unc<strong>la</strong>imed merchandise is held at the warehouse. If it<br />
remains unc<strong>la</strong>imed at the <strong>en</strong>d of six months, the merchandise is sold at auction.<br />
You must make whatever <strong>en</strong>try is required at the first port of arriva1. If you are unable to be there to<br />
prepare and file your <strong>en</strong>try, commercial brokers, known as customs brokers and lic<strong>en</strong>sed by the<br />
Customs Service, may act as your ag<strong>en</strong>t. Such brokers charge afee for their services. A list of<br />
customs brokers may be obtained from your local Customs office or c1assified telephone directory.<br />
In the case of a single noncommercial shipm<strong>en</strong>t, you may appoint a re<strong>la</strong>tive or other individual to act<br />
as your ag<strong>en</strong>t for customs purposes. This person must have knowledge of the facts pertaining to your<br />
ship'm<strong>en</strong>t and must be authorized in writing to act for you.<br />
Customs employees are prohibited by <strong>la</strong>w [rom performing these tasks for the importing publico They<br />
will advise and give information to importers about Customs requirem<strong>en</strong>ts, however.<br />
~<br />
Entry of Goods<br />
htlp://www.customs. usrreas.gov/i mp-ex p2/comm-im p/i mpreq.hrm 24/03/99
us lMPORT REQU1REMENTS<br />
To make or file a customs <strong>en</strong>try, the following docum<strong>en</strong>ts are g<strong>en</strong>erally required:<br />
l. A bill of <strong>la</strong>ding, airway bil!, or carrier's certificate (naming the consignee for CUSlOms<br />
purposes) as evi<strong>de</strong>nce ofthe consignee's right to m~e <strong>en</strong>try. . .<br />
2. A commercial invoice, obtained from the seller, whlch shows the value and <strong>de</strong>scnptlOn ofthe<br />
merchandise. .,"<br />
3. Entry manifest (Customs Form 7533) or EntrylImmed<strong>la</strong>te Dehvery (Custo~s ~omlh.)461).<br />
4. Packing lists, if appropriate, and other docum<strong>en</strong>ts necessary to <strong>de</strong>termme W let ler t e<br />
merchandise may be admitted.<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong> the <strong>en</strong>try is filed, the importer indicates the tariff c<strong>la</strong>ssification and pays an~ ~stimated d.uty<br />
and processing fee. A surety bond containing various conditions, including a provlslOn for paymg any<br />
increased duty that may be <strong>la</strong>ter found to be due, may also be required. '<br />
Other Types of Entry<br />
Imported goods may be s<strong>en</strong>t in-bond from the first port of arrival to another Customs port._<br />
Arrangem<strong>en</strong>ts for in-bond shipm<strong>en</strong>ts should be ma<strong>de</strong> before the goods leave the country oí exporto<br />
In-bond <strong>en</strong>tries postpone tinal customs formalities, including paym<strong>en</strong>t of duty and processing fee,<br />
until the goods arrive at the final port.<br />
Impo11ed merchandise may also be s<strong>en</strong>t to a bon<strong>de</strong>d warehouse un<strong>de</strong>r a warehouse <strong>en</strong>try. Duties and<br />
processing fees are not paid on warehoused merchandise until the goods are withdrawn for<br />
cons.umption. Storage fees are paid to the warehouse proprietor by the importer.<br />
Customs Examination of Goods<br />
In simple cases involving smal! shipm<strong>en</strong>ts or certain c<strong>la</strong>sses of goods such as bulk shipm<strong>en</strong>ts,<br />
examination may usually be ma<strong>de</strong> on the docks, at contaiher stations, cargo terminals, or the<br />
importer's premises. The goods are th<strong>en</strong> released to the importer. In other shipm<strong>en</strong>ts, repres<strong>en</strong>tative<br />
packages of the merchandise may be retained by Customs for appraisa! or c<strong>la</strong>ssitication purposes and<br />
the remain<strong>de</strong>r of the shipm<strong>en</strong>t released. These packages wil] also be released to the importer after<br />
examination has be<strong>en</strong> completed.<br />
Examinatíon of goods is necessary to <strong>de</strong>termine:<br />
l. The value of the goods for customs purposes and their dutiable status.<br />
2. Whether the goods must be marked with the country of their origin 01' with special marking or<br />
<strong>la</strong>belll1g. If so, whether they are r!<strong>la</strong>.rked in the manner required. G<strong>en</strong>erally, imported<br />
merchandise must be legibly marked in a conspicuous p<strong>la</strong>ce and in a manner to indicate the<br />
EngJish name of the country of origin ro the ultimate purchaser in the United States. Certain<br />
specific articles are exempt from this requirem<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
3. Whether the goods have be<strong>en</strong> correetl)' invoiced.<br />
4. Whether the shipm<strong>en</strong>t contains prohibited articles.<br />
5. Whether requirem<strong>en</strong>ts of other fe<strong>de</strong>ral ag<strong>en</strong>cies have be<strong>en</strong> met.<br />
6. Whether goods in excess of the invoiced quantities are pres<strong>en</strong>t or a shortage of goods exists.<br />
hllp ://wWw.customs.ustreas.govlimp-exp2/comm-imp/impreq.htm 24/03/99
us llvlPORT REQUIREMENTS<br />
If necessary, goods may be analyzed by a Customs <strong>la</strong>boratory to <strong>de</strong>termine proper c<strong>la</strong>ssification and<br />
appraisal.<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong> examination or appraisal 01' the goods by Customs reveals differ<strong>en</strong>ces from the <strong>en</strong>t~red<br />
<strong>de</strong>scriptions in terms of characteristics, quantity ar value, ?r wh<strong>en</strong> ~usto:ns finds that a dlffer<strong>en</strong>t rate<br />
of duty than the one indicated by the importer applles, an mcrease m dutles may be assessed.<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong> al! tbe information has be<strong>en</strong> acquired, including the report of the Customs import specialist as<br />
to the customs value of the goods, and the <strong>la</strong>boratory report, if required, a final <strong>de</strong>termination of duty<br />
is ma<strong>de</strong>. This is known as liquidarian ofthe <strong>en</strong>try. At this time, any overpaym<strong>en</strong>t of duty is<br />
returned or un<strong>de</strong>rpaym<strong>en</strong>ts billed.<br />
Protest<br />
If an importer <strong>de</strong>sires, he may, within 90 days after the date of liquidation or other <strong>de</strong>cision, protest<br />
the <strong>de</strong>cision and secure administrative review. Notice of the <strong>de</strong>nial of a protest, in whole or in part,<br />
will be mailed to the importer or to his ag<strong>en</strong>t. The importer may th<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong> whether to litigate. If an<br />
importer wishes judicial review, he wil! be required to file a summons in the Court of International<br />
Tra<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Mail Shipm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
Shipm<strong>en</strong>ts by mail which do not exceed $2000 in value, whether commercial or noncommercial<br />
importations (except for commercial shipm<strong>en</strong>ts oftextiles from a11 countries and ma<strong>de</strong>-to-measure<br />
suits from Hong Kong, regardless of value), are <strong>en</strong>tered un<strong>de</strong>r a mail <strong>en</strong>try prepared by a Customs<br />
officer after the Postal Service submits the package for customs examination. The parcel is <strong>de</strong>livered<br />
to the addressee by the post office and is released upon the paym<strong>en</strong>t of the duty, which is shown on<br />
themail <strong>en</strong>try accompanying the package. A postal handling fee in the form of postage due stamps<br />
will also be co11ected from the addressee at the time the package is <strong>de</strong>livered. This fee is not charged<br />
on packages s<strong>en</strong>t through military mail channels. (Commercial shipm<strong>en</strong>ts of textiles from a11<br />
countries and ma<strong>de</strong>-to-measure suits from Hong Kong regardless ofvalue, require a formal <strong>en</strong>try; see<br />
next <strong>para</strong>graph.)<br />
Á formal <strong>en</strong>try is required for any commercial maíl shipm<strong>en</strong>t cxceeding $2000 in value. formal <strong>en</strong>try<br />
is also required, regardless o1'value, for commercial shipm<strong>en</strong>ts 01' textiles [rom all countries and all<br />
ma<strong>de</strong>-to-measure suits from Hong Kong. The parcel is forwar<strong>de</strong>d to the Customs office nearest the<br />
addressee. Customs notifies the addressee of the parcel's arrival and the loeatíon of the Customs<br />
office where customs formalities may be arranged. Customs clearance wi11 require filing an <strong>en</strong>try in<br />
the same manner as for shipm<strong>en</strong>ts arriving by vessel or air freight.<br />
Restricted Merchandise<br />
Because our officers are stationed at all por1s 01' arnval in the United States, including Puerto Rico,<br />
hnp://wv/w.customs.ustreas.gov/imp-exp2/comm-imp/impreq.htm 24/03/99
LIS lMPORT REQUIREl'v1ENTS<br />
they are called upon ro <strong>en</strong>force <strong>la</strong>ws and regu<strong>la</strong>tions 01' other governm<strong>en</strong>t ag<strong>en</strong>cies.<br />
A lic<strong>en</strong>se or permit from the responsible ag<strong>en</strong>cy is necessary ro import:<br />
alcoholic beverages<br />
animals and animal products<br />
certain drugs<br />
firearms and ammunition<br />
fruits, nuts<br />
meat and meat products<br />
milk, dairy, and cheese products<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nts and p<strong>la</strong>nt products<br />
poultry and poultry products<br />
petroleum and petroleum products<br />
tra<strong>de</strong>marked articles<br />
vegetables<br />
Certain items in these categories may also be prohibited.<br />
Most of the above items are regu<strong>la</strong>ted, variously, by:<br />
8urcau of Alcohol, Tobacco, anu Fircarms<br />
Washington, O.e. 20226<br />
(202) 927-8110 (alcoholic beverages)<br />
(202) 927-7920 (arms and ammunition)<br />
Animal anu P<strong>la</strong>nt Health lnspection Service<br />
(animals/animal products)<br />
USOA-APHIS-YS<br />
Hyattsville, MO 20782<br />
(301) 734-7885<br />
Animal and P<strong>la</strong>nt tIe~tth.Ins.rectionScrvice<br />
(p<strong>la</strong>nts/p<strong>la</strong>nt products)<br />
USOA-APHIS-PPQ<br />
J-Iyattsville, MO 20782<br />
(301) 734-8645<br />
Ag,-¡cuItural Mark~tingServi.ce<br />
(fruits, vegetables & specialty nuts)<br />
USOA-AMS-MOAB<br />
14th & In<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nce Ave. S.W.<br />
Room 2525-South,<br />
Washington, O.e. 20250<br />
(02) 720-2491<br />
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service<br />
Office of Managem<strong>en</strong>i-A-ütho-rilY<br />
4401 N. Fairfax Orive<br />
Arlingron, VA 22203<br />
h[tp //W'IVW.CLlstoms. ustreas.govlimp-exp2/comm-imp/i mpreq. 11tm 24/03199
US l!v1PORT REQUIRE!vIENTS<br />
(703) 358-2093<br />
Food and DruO' Administration<br />
Division of Import Op-eraiions and Policy<br />
5600 Fishers Lane<br />
Rockville. !viD 20857<br />
(301) 443-6553<br />
Today, an increasing number of goods and products such as te~tiles, clothing, autom.obiles, boats,<br />
radios,television sets, and medical <strong>de</strong>vices, are subject to spec<strong>la</strong>l standards, <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>ratlOns,<br />
certification, marking or <strong>la</strong>beling requirem<strong>en</strong>ts. .<br />
Other merchandise must be examined for fitness of use, freedom from contamination, or may be<br />
subject to quotas on the quantity imported.<br />
All these requirem<strong>en</strong>ts must be met before the merchandise may be released by Customs.<br />
Foreign Assets Control<br />
The regu<strong>la</strong>tions administered by the Ofticc of Foreign Assets Control (FAC) geherally prohibit the<br />
unlic<strong>en</strong>sed importation of merchandise~-exceptinformation and informational materials--of Cuban,<br />
Iranian, Iraqi, Libyan, or North Korean origino Goods may not be imported from or through<br />
commercial <strong>en</strong>tities owned or controlled by the governm<strong>en</strong>ts of Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, ol' North<br />
Korea, or owned or controlled by any commercial <strong>en</strong>tity in those areas, regardless of the location of<br />
the <strong>en</strong>tity. Vessels or aircraft un<strong>de</strong>r the registry, ownership, or control ofthe governm<strong>en</strong>ts of, or<br />
commercial <strong>en</strong>tities in, the aboye areas may not import merchandise into the United States.<br />
Specific inquiries concerning FAC Regu<strong>la</strong>tions, including any rec<strong>en</strong>t changes, should be ma<strong>de</strong> to the<br />
Office ofForeign Assets Control, U.S. Treasury Oepartm<strong>en</strong>t, Washington, O.e. 20220. Telephone:<br />
(202) 622-2500.<br />
Publications<br />
Persons int<strong>en</strong>t on going into the importing business will find the following publications invaluable.<br />
They may be purchased f1'om the Superint<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nt of Docum<strong>en</strong>ts, Governm<strong>en</strong>t Printing Office,<br />
Washington, D.e., 20402, (202) 512-1800. Prices are subject 10 change.<br />
Information on the Customs AU19mate_º~ornn~rciaJS.ys_le!llJ6CSJ can be found in the pamphlet<br />
uVes You Can ... on ABl u and the more <strong>de</strong>tailed uABI Overview,u obtainable free ofcharge from<br />
(he Docum<strong>en</strong>tation Branch, Office of ACS Operations, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 Constitution<br />
Av<strong>en</strong>ue, NW., Washington, D.e. 20229.<br />
The Office of Rulings & Regu<strong>la</strong>tions also publishes a series of electronic brochures that are very<br />
valuable. These Informed Compliance Publicmiol1s offer very specific guidance on importing certain<br />
http://w.vvv-./.customs.ustreas.gov/imp-exp2/comm-imp/impreq.htm 24/03/99
US IMPORT REQUIREMENTS<br />
rdt;IlW I UI.. U<br />
goods and on following various procedures.<br />
Customs Reau<strong>la</strong>tions of the United States<br />
b<br />
Loose-leaf volume containing regu<strong>la</strong>tions published for the purpos.e of c~rrying o~t customs, .<br />
navioation and other <strong>la</strong>ws administered by the U.S. Customs Servlce. Pnce: $68 mclu<strong>de</strong>s revlsed<br />
page~ for s'ubscription year; $85 foreign mailing. (surface). Note: Customs reguJations are also<br />
contained in the Co<strong>de</strong> of Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Regu<strong>la</strong>tlons, Tltle 19, Chapter l.<br />
Customs Bulletin<br />
A weekly pamphlet containing regu<strong>la</strong>tions, rulings, <strong>de</strong>cisions, and notices conceming Customs and<br />
re<strong>la</strong>ted matters, <strong>de</strong>cisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Circuit and the Court<br />
of International Tra<strong>de</strong>. Price: $155 ayear, domestic mailing; $193.75 ayear, foreign mailing.<br />
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (Annotated)<br />
A technical docum<strong>en</strong>t for use in c<strong>la</strong>ssification of imported merchandise for rates of duty and<br />
statistical purposes. Price: $56 domestic, $70 foreign.<br />
Importing Into the United States<br />
A highly technical 88-page book providing ext<strong>en</strong>sive <strong>de</strong>tails on the topics covered in this pamphlet.<br />
Aimed at those contemp<strong>la</strong>ting commercial importing, it also contains sample forms and lists of<br />
quotas and other restrictions on a variety of g<strong>en</strong>eric merchandise (fibers, fabric, metals, food-stuffs,<br />
vehicles, etc.) of interest to commercial importers. For a free copy, write to the U.S. Customs Service,<br />
P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C., 20044. Additional copies can be or<strong>de</strong>red from the Governrn<strong>en</strong>t<br />
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, (202) 512-1800 for $6.50 each; $8.13 for foreign mailing.<br />
Import Quotas<br />
"Impon Quotas" (Customs publication no. 519) <strong>de</strong>scribes the merchandise subject to U.S. impon<br />
quatas, as administered by the U.S. Custams Service.<br />
The Customs electranic bulletin board (E;BB) cantains status reports and quota book teJegrams<br />
(QBTs), which i<strong>de</strong>ntify riew and revised quotas. Your ACS cli<strong>en</strong>t repres<strong>en</strong>tative can assist you in<br />
gaining access to the CEBB.<br />
North American Free Tra<strong>de</strong> Agreem<strong>en</strong>t (NAFTA): A Cui<strong>de</strong> to Customs Procedures<br />
This NArTA gui<strong>de</strong> (Customs publication No. 571) exp<strong>la</strong>ins the rules oforigin and procedural<br />
htlp://WW\-v.c LlSlOms. uslreas. govlimp-exp2/comm-imp/i mpreq. htm 24/03/99
US [l'vIPORT REQUIREl'vIENTS<br />
obligations re<strong>la</strong>ting to Customs administration ofNAFTA. It summarizes various terms of the<br />
agreem<strong>en</strong>t and gives an overview of the b<strong>en</strong>efits to and requirem<strong>en</strong>ts of importers. Price: $5<br />
dornestic, $6.25 foreign.<br />
Revised April 1997 Customs Pub. No. 517<br />
oEPARTl'vIENT OF THE TREASURY<br />
U.S. CUSTOl'vlS SERVICE<br />
WASHINGTON, OC<br />
0--<br />
U.S. CUSTOMS SERV!C;C ~<br />
AMERICA'S FRONTLlNE ~<br />
Home -- Contact Us -- Search<br />
htt p ://W\\f\v.customs.ustreas.gov/imp-exp2/comm-imp/impreq.htm<br />
24/03/99
1\lgc Back IIIOME Il'agc /\head<br />
CHAPTER 13 - LAC; CUI\1S; RESINS AND OTI-IER VECETABLE SAPS AND EXTRACTS<br />
Nnlc<br />
11<br />
13-1<br />
l. Heading 1302 applies, inler alia , lo lieoriee exlrael and extrael of pyrelhrum, exlrael of hops, exlrael of aloes and opium.<br />
The hcading does nol apply lo:<br />
(a) Lieoriee extrael eon<strong>la</strong>ining more lhan 10 pere<strong>en</strong>l by ",eighl of suerose or pUl up as eonfeelionery (heading 1704);<br />
(b) Mall exlrnCI (heading 1901);<br />
(e) EXlraels of corree, lea or maté (heauing 2101);<br />
(d) Vege<strong>la</strong>ble saps or exlraets eonsliluting aleoholic beverages (chapler 22);<br />
(e) Camphor, glycyrrhizin or olher produels of heading 2914 or 2938;<br />
(1) Medieam<strong>en</strong>ls or heiluing 3003 or 3004 or blood-grouping reag<strong>en</strong>ts (heading 3006);<br />
(g) Tanning or dyeing exlraels (heading 3201 or 3203);<br />
(h) Ess<strong>en</strong>lial oils, concretes, absolules, resinoids, exlracled oleoresins, aqueous dislil<strong>la</strong>les or aqueous solulions 01' ess<strong>en</strong>lial oils or pre<strong>para</strong>lions based on odoriferous<br />
subs<strong>la</strong>nees ofa kind used for lhe manufacture ofbeverages (chafJler 33); or<br />
(ij) Natural rubber, ba<strong>la</strong>ta, gUlln-perchn, guayule, chicle or simi<strong>la</strong>r nalural gUl11s (heading 4001).<br />
13 01<br />
1301.10.00<br />
20<br />
40<br />
Lac; natural gums, resins, gum-resins and<br />
oleoresins (for example, balsamsl:<br />
Lac .<br />
Seed <strong>la</strong>c..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Bleached shel<strong>la</strong>c.........................<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
Free<br />
hll n//ncnlllnc. red\\'orlrl.!!ov/Cl!. i-bin/lI·aisl!.ale?l\'a isdocid~2 5758 19048+0+0+0&Wnisac! ion=relricve 5/04/99
60<br />
1301.20.00<br />
1301.90<br />
1301.90.40<br />
00<br />
00<br />
Other.<br />
kg<br />
Gum Arabic.<br />
Other:<br />
Turp<strong>en</strong>tine gum .loleoresinous exudate<br />
from living trees) kg ..<br />
1.3%<br />
Free<br />
Free<br />
(A*, CA, E, IL,<br />
1301.90.90<br />
10<br />
30<br />
40<br />
90<br />
Other ..<br />
Balsams.<br />
Tragacanth .<br />
Karaya .<br />
Other .<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
Free<br />
1302<br />
1302.11.00<br />
Vegetable saps and extracts; pectic substances,<br />
pectinates and pectates; agar-agar and other<br />
muci<strong>la</strong>ges and thick<strong>en</strong>ers, whether oi not<br />
modified, <strong>de</strong>rived from vegetable products:<br />
Vegetable saps and extracts:<br />
00 Opium.<br />
anhydrous morphine<br />
eont<strong>en</strong>t ....<br />
kg<br />
Free<br />
morphin<br />
1302.12.00<br />
00 Of lieoriee ..<br />
kg.<br />
4.5%<br />
Free<br />
lA,<br />
1302.13.00<br />
00 Of hops ......<br />
kg.<br />
$1.25/kg<br />
1302.14.00<br />
00 Of pyrethrum or of the roots of p<strong>la</strong>nts<br />
eontaining rot<strong>en</strong>one ..<br />
kg.<br />
Free<br />
10%<br />
1302.19<br />
1302.19.20<br />
1302.19.40<br />
00<br />
Other:<br />
Gins<strong>en</strong>g; substanees having anesthetie,<br />
prophy<strong>la</strong>etie or therapeutie<br />
properties:<br />
Poppy straw extraet ..<br />
Other... . .<br />
x...<br />
Free<br />
. ....... 1.2%<br />
20<br />
40<br />
1302.19.90<br />
20<br />
40<br />
1302.20.00<br />
1302.31.00<br />
00<br />
00<br />
Gins<strong>en</strong>g .<br />
Other .<br />
Other. .. . .<br />
Cashew nut shell liquido<br />
Other ~ .<br />
Peetie substanees, pectinates and pectates.<br />
Muci<strong>la</strong>ges and thick<strong>en</strong>ers, whether or not<br />
modified, <strong>de</strong>rived from vegetable products:<br />
Agar-agar .<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
kg.<br />
kg.<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
Free<br />
Free<br />
1% Free lA,<br />
1302.32.00<br />
20<br />
40<br />
1302.39.00<br />
Muci<strong>la</strong>ges and thick<strong>en</strong>ers, whether or not<br />
modified, <strong>de</strong>rivedfrom locust beans,<br />
locust bean seeds or guar seeds ..<br />
Guar.· .<br />
Loeust bean ..<br />
Other .<br />
kg<br />
kg<br />
Free<br />
Free<br />
3.8% Free IA+<br />
5/0~/
10<br />
90<br />
Carage<strong>en</strong>an .<br />
Other .<br />
kg<br />
kg.<br />
&f1y3X<br />
Page Back I 110MEl Page i\head<br />
5/04/99
The World Wi<strong>de</strong> Web Vinual Library: Agriculture<br />
Página 1 <strong>de</strong> 3<br />
WWW Vinl<strong>la</strong>l I.ibran<br />
[Abolir This Site] [ Sc:arch Thi~<br />
The World Wi<strong>de</strong> Web Virtual Library<br />
AGRICULTURE<br />
Sill'] [Whar's New!] [ Meerin(! Narices] [ NewsJetters]<br />
In<strong>de</strong>x<br />
Ag Sites Around the World,clickable maps from IPMnet<br />
Commercial Sites<br />
Ag-re<strong>la</strong>ted Newslctters, periooícals, ano ele(;fronic textbooks<br />
Databases and Software<br />
Sites in the U. S.<br />
\V\V\V Virtual Librar'V Sites Relevant to i\gricultllre<br />
\V\V\V Res.ollrces ReJcvant to Agl'iculture<br />
Links and Databases<br />
Universitíes<br />
Ext<strong>en</strong>sion W\V'Y\' Cooroinators ano Servers<br />
State ano Cauntv Departm<strong>en</strong>ts af Agriculture<br />
Agricultural/Environm<strong>en</strong>tal Safetv Information<br />
U.S. Governm<strong>en</strong>t Ag-re<strong>la</strong>teo Servers<br />
Global Crop Pest Io<strong>en</strong>tificatian and Informatíon Servíces (from Cornell, un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
construction)<br />
Cornell's Mann Librar,' - USDA reports and statistics from ERS and NASS<br />
Institutes,Colleges of Agriculture,and Departm<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
SEE ALSO the National IPM Network for University-based information<br />
Information for the 'Low Input' Farmer<br />
Horticulturallnformatjon<br />
Agricultural Weather<br />
Agricultural Market News<br />
Associations ano Organizations<br />
WWW Virtual Library Sites Relevant to Agriculture<br />
Agl'icllltllr'al Econolllics<br />
BiologicaJ Control Virtual Information Ccnter<br />
Biosci<strong>en</strong>ces In<strong>de</strong>x<br />
Biotechnologv<br />
Fish, and other Aguatíc Animals<br />
Entomologv<br />
FOI'cstrv<br />
Gal'<strong>de</strong>ning<br />
Grains Specialtv Libral'v<br />
Irrigation ano Hvdrology<br />
Livcstock<br />
P<strong>la</strong>nt Biology<br />
hup://i pm\vww.ncsu.edlI/cernag/cern.hlmI 16/03/99
The Wnrld Wi<strong>de</strong> Web Virtual Library: Agriculture<br />
Página 2 <strong>de</strong> 3<br />
Popll<strong>la</strong>tian Eca<strong>la</strong>gv Home Pagc<br />
POllltrv Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Vil-tl<strong>la</strong>l Librarv<br />
SlIstainable Agriculture Virtual Librarv<br />
Veterinarv Medicine<br />
Resources Containing Lists of WWW Sites Relevant to Agriculture<br />
i\gricu!tllre Network Informatian C<strong>en</strong>tcr (AgN IC)<br />
Agricllltural Economic Rccoverv & Devclopm<strong>en</strong>t Initiative<br />
Agbiotcch Online - Information Systems for Biotechnology (NBIAP)<br />
Agricultural/Environm<strong>en</strong>tal Links - loe Walker<br />
Agriculture (Engineering & Technology frorn EINet Ga<strong>la</strong>xy)<br />
Agriculture Borne Page - Links frorn FSU<br />
C<strong>en</strong>ter for Integrated Pest IVIanagem<strong>en</strong>t an NSF IndustrylUniversitjr Cooperative<br />
Research C<strong>en</strong>ter<br />
Cvberstacks - Agrieulture<br />
Drv!and Cropping S"sterns Information Systern frorn Washington St~te University<br />
Entomologv Internet Resource List at Iowa Statc University<br />
Farrncr's Cui<strong>de</strong> to the Internet<br />
Florida AgriGator Agriculture and Re<strong>la</strong>ted Information.<br />
IN FOMINE A long listing of sites including rnany international sites.<br />
Motller of aH BBS Agriculture<br />
National Agricultura! Pest Information Svstem (NAPIS)<br />
National Biological Control Institute<br />
Nationa! Integrated Pest Managem<strong>en</strong>t Network An Expanding Network of IPM<br />
Information.<br />
National [PM Materia!s Database<br />
Not Just Cows: A gui<strong>de</strong> to Internet/Bitnet Resources in Agriculture<br />
P<strong>la</strong>nt and Insect Parasitic Nernato<strong>de</strong>s<br />
The P<strong>la</strong>nt Pathologv Internet Gui<strong>de</strong> Book, a resource gui<strong>de</strong> for phytopathology and<br />
re<strong>la</strong>ted fields<br />
Sci<strong>en</strong>cc and Agriculture from Vahoo<br />
Soil Micromorphologv<br />
Vct/Med Links from Auburn Univcrsity - College ofVeterinarv Sci<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
HorticulturalInformation<br />
For comrnercial companies, see the Commercial Gar<strong>de</strong>ning section.<br />
AGRüPüLIS. Non-technical Texas A&M information on gar<strong>de</strong>ning, agriculture,<br />
<strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t, and home and family living<br />
G ¡¡nd G WWW Pagc - A Good Resource for Botanical Gar<strong>de</strong>ns and Gar<strong>de</strong>ning<br />
Resources.<br />
American Bamboo Societv<br />
Florida P<strong>la</strong>nts ünline<br />
Glossarv of Botanical Terms<br />
Horticulture and Home Pest News from Iowa State University<br />
Horticulture in Virtual Perspective<br />
Texas A&M l/niversitv - Dept of Horticultural Sci<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
Horticulture and Molecu<strong>la</strong>r Biologv<br />
1 TüMINE Biological, Agricultural and Medical Resources<br />
Northwest Berrv & Grape InfoNet<br />
Pukeiti Rhodo<strong>de</strong>ndl-on Trust eNe\\' Zea<strong>la</strong>nd)<br />
h1tp://iprnw"'iw.ncsu.edu/cernag/cern. ht111 1 ¡ 6/03/99
·Thc World \Vi<strong>de</strong> Wcb Virtual Libro.ry: Agriculture<br />
Página 3 <strong>de</strong> 3<br />
Rhodo<strong>de</strong>ndron P:lgc<br />
Ro",al Botanic Gardcns<br />
Tyler Arboretum<br />
UKEXNET Horticultural Indcx<br />
USDA/ARS Vegetablc Lab<br />
hrtp://ipmwww.ncslI.edu/cel1<strong>la</strong>g/cern.hlml<br />
16/03/99
EQUIPOS DE LIOFILIZACION<br />
LIÜiYIEGA<br />
La estructura <strong>de</strong> TELSTAR pellTlite una gran flexibilidad y una alta capacidad <strong>de</strong> adaptación a <strong>la</strong>s necesida<strong>de</strong>s concretas<br />
<strong>de</strong>l mercado.<br />
La innovación <strong>en</strong> el diseño, <strong>la</strong> agilidad <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> fabricación y suministro, y <strong>la</strong> rapi<strong>de</strong>z y eficacia <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> asist<strong>en</strong>cia técnica, son<br />
el resultado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> voluntad <strong>de</strong> servicio <strong>de</strong> TELSTAR.<br />
Más <strong>de</strong> 30 años <strong>de</strong> experi<strong>en</strong>cia y más <strong>de</strong> ~OO liofilizadores industriales distribuidos por todo el mundo y a <strong>la</strong>s principales<br />
multinacionales <strong>de</strong>l sector farmacéutico ava<strong>la</strong>n el avanzado nivel tecnológico ofrecido por TELSTAR.<br />
TELSTAR, trabaja <strong>de</strong> acuerdo con <strong>la</strong>s más estrictas normas internacionales y <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong> los Iiofi Iizadores se<br />
realiza sigui<strong>en</strong>do <strong>la</strong>s normas y recom<strong>en</strong>daciones dictadas por <strong>la</strong> FDA, GMP YGLP.<br />
Pr%colos y docl/lIl<strong>en</strong>/Clció necesaria <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> raliJació <strong>de</strong>l siSlema DQ. IQ Y OQ.<br />
SO? y formociá <strong>de</strong>l personal <strong>de</strong> prodl/ccio y lr/anl<strong>en</strong>imielllO.<br />
Diseño compacto y fácilm<strong>en</strong>te accesible <strong>para</strong> mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>tO y revisión. Mínimo espacio ocupado <strong>en</strong> zona <strong>de</strong><br />
máquinas.<br />
• Acabado <strong>de</strong> suprficies, conexiones y válvu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> diafragma, <strong>de</strong> tipo sanitario, soldadura orbital <strong>de</strong> tubos.<br />
• Cámara pre<strong>para</strong>da <strong>para</strong> facilitar <strong>la</strong> limpieza periódica. Esquinas curvas, fondo inclinado con <strong>de</strong>sagüe, aus<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong><br />
puntos inaccesibles.<br />
• EstrictO control <strong>de</strong> estanqueidad <strong>de</strong> todos los compon<strong>en</strong>tes antes y <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong>l <strong>en</strong>samb<strong>la</strong>je. Detección <strong>de</strong> fugas<br />
con espectrómetro <strong>de</strong> masas por helio.<br />
• Duplicidad <strong>de</strong> los sistemas principales <strong>de</strong>l equipo (frío, calor, vacio) con circuitOs in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>para</strong> garantizar<br />
una máxima seguridad.<br />
• Trampa (Bafle) <strong>en</strong>friado por agua, <strong>en</strong>cima <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> bomba rotativa, <strong>para</strong> evitar <strong>la</strong> retrodifusión <strong>de</strong> los vapores <strong>de</strong><br />
¡¡ce ¡¡e<br />
Imp(/www.lelsl:Jr es/bu il/caste 11:1/1 io li Ii/l ¡omega htm ~9/03/99
• Interdisti1ncia variable <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong>s plJCJS <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> camara. muy f:icilm<strong>en</strong>te regu<strong>la</strong>ble. que permite <strong>la</strong> liofilización <strong>de</strong><br />
dive:rsos tamailos.<br />
• Dispositivo <strong>de</strong>l control <strong>de</strong>l vilcio <strong>en</strong> camilra que actliil sobre: lil valvulil <strong>de</strong> vacio a con<strong>de</strong>nsador. Posibilidad <strong>de</strong><br />
control por inyección <strong>de</strong> aire estéril (fuga contro<strong>la</strong>da)<br />
• M
8 1<br />
iVIODELO<br />
I
LIOFILIZADORES LIO!VIEGA<br />
Dim<strong>en</strong>siones G<strong>en</strong>erales (mm)<br />
r~'<br />
1:.Lt<br />
i -- ~.;: ~:r:1<br />
:.;~ -Ji ¡, nvSji r-·~~.<br />
", '~~{~~~~~~<br />
... .:, .<br />
"<br />
• Incluye disposill\'o cerrado<br />
vaai<br />
,¡;¡; :\;!CIlÚ <strong>de</strong> vacío M<strong>en</strong>ú anLcr-jor<br />
~ Volver al mcnu iniri¡¡1<br />
I:" - /1 Contacle ron nosotros<br />
h¡¡p ://www.lels¡ar.és/bu ir/cQsre I<strong>la</strong>llio ti Ii/l iomed. hrm<br />
7..9/03/99
LIOFILIZADORES LIO¡VIEGA<br />
Detalles <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cámara<br />
Dispositivo <strong>de</strong> cerrado <strong>de</strong> frascos mediante pistón hidraulico.<br />
Doble junta <strong>de</strong> cierre mecánico.<br />
Fuelle estanco; <strong>de</strong> ais<strong>la</strong>mi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l pistón, esterilizable.<br />
Puerta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cámara con cierre rapido a vo<strong>la</strong>nte c<strong>en</strong>tral.<br />
Dispositivos <strong>de</strong> seguridad y protección a<strong>de</strong>cuados a <strong>la</strong> presión y temperaturas <strong>de</strong> trabajo.<br />
Puerta auxiliar <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> carga <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s ban<strong>de</strong>jas a altura constante.<br />
~ !ylcnú <strong>de</strong> vacío<br />
M<strong>en</strong>t'1 anterior<br />
~ Volver ¡li m<strong>en</strong>ú inicial<br />
i\:::'/] Contacle con nosotros<br />
-----_._---- ---- -- _.-<br />
I1llp://w\Vw _le IS[~lr_es/bll il/c;lsleI<strong>la</strong>/\iotll j/l iobnn _111m 29/03/99
LIOFI LIZA nORES LIO~IEGA<br />
Detalles <strong>de</strong>l C.I.P. (clean in p<strong>la</strong>ce)<br />
.----------~ Unidad c.I.P. (clean in p<strong>la</strong>ce) con programa automático <strong>de</strong> limpieza.<br />
Sistema <strong>de</strong> limpieza c.I.P. <strong>de</strong>l interior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cámara y<br />
con<strong>de</strong>nsador, mediante bo<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> limpieza y chorro <strong>de</strong> agua a presión.<br />
M<strong>en</strong>ú <strong>de</strong> \':Il:ÍO<br />
, M<strong>en</strong>ú anterior<br />
~ Volver:J1 m<strong>en</strong>lJ inicial ;'\.=:;1 Con <strong>la</strong>cte con nosotros'<br />
hItp:!/www.lelsrar.es/bu il/easle II¡¡/I io fi Ii/l ioe ip. h1m<br />
?9/03/lJ9
LIOFl LIZADORES LIOrvI [CA<br />
Sistema <strong>de</strong> control<br />
I~É~Ctl CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES<br />
. ""-~l~:<br />
'1 ti~ Conexión a red Ethernet <strong>para</strong> acce<strong>de</strong>r a los datos <strong>de</strong>l liofilizador <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> otros<br />
f¡\ PC's conectados a <strong>la</strong> red (mant<strong>en</strong>imi<strong>en</strong>to, control, producción, etc .. ).<br />
. Estación auxiliar, <strong>para</strong> <strong>la</strong> visualización <strong>de</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong> una unidad <strong>de</strong> control<br />
situada <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> zona esteri 1.<br />
Posibilidad <strong>de</strong> asist<strong>en</strong>cia tecnica a distancia vía mó<strong>de</strong>m.<br />
Autómata programable. con or<strong>de</strong>nador PC compatible Monitor, ratón, tec<strong>la</strong>do<br />
e impresora Software LYOSTAR.<br />
• El programa <strong>de</strong> control, supervisión y adquisición <strong>de</strong> datos LYOSTAR,<br />
proporciona una interfase gráfica y un control c<strong>en</strong>tralizado <strong>de</strong> todos los<br />
parámetros <strong>de</strong>l sistema.<br />
• El programa <strong>de</strong>l PC supervisor no contro<strong>la</strong> directam<strong>en</strong>te el sistema sinó que<br />
funciona como interfase <strong>de</strong> operador <strong>en</strong>tre el usuario y el PLC.<br />
. Permite <strong>la</strong> programación <strong>de</strong> recetas o ciclos completos <strong>de</strong> liofilización que son<br />
<strong>en</strong>viados a/ PLC <strong>para</strong> su ejecución automática.<br />
• Registrador gráfico a 16 canales (ampliables a 32) configurables Comunicación<br />
RS 232.<br />
• Gestión <strong>de</strong> a/annas Visualización <strong>en</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> históricos <strong>de</strong> a<strong>la</strong>rmas. G<strong>en</strong>eración<br />
<strong>de</strong> ficheros.<br />
• Visualización <strong>en</strong> tiempo real <strong>de</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s variables <strong>de</strong> temperatura y presión y<br />
curvas programadas <strong>en</strong> receta.<br />
~ Mcnú <strong>de</strong> vacío " jv!cnú anterior<br />
hIIP:!/www.telst
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Process:<br />
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\¡"aie; IS .;:;ffected by :,;uDiilll-":tl,-:n<br />
Possibilities:<br />
;- ~:Gnljnuous P(Ccjuc~iI.~~n ¡It~e EiS ~'\I(?!! as ; ~ f¡jjil1f~ ~J¡:;~l¡;)ns.<br />
r~)l:'H heating ~;urfac~~. ¡ .hC() ,').:, hiQtl flf:Xlbll!ty r\:1lnjr-r.~4m lcaj ,: Oí' (d\'.,'<br />
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1\101.1)!\ r\G. V,lClIUIl1 drvil1g<br />
'Tedlnlcal Information<br />
Process:<br />
r¡-;IS dry'lJ1g ~:YSlt:n ci:)s~s ihe ~);;p<br />
c:'::t\.ve<strong>en</strong> rreE.:zl:~ (jry!;~g :~r!(J spray<br />
~lt ying as i(ir as PI"CC..?S:';.¡flG<br />
;:;n9H"1r;tnnq iS .::onCéfne'J<br />
Possibilities:<br />
SUlfat)le fOI" ··¡i~;co~J~:'<br />
2.n:-j iu!npy<br />
~! ()duct~) '.~Jl:h ¡'1I911 ·Jí'f ¡;'1i:1lter<br />
~/y~~ ~g,,~~ ¡~ ~~\\I ¡:~:; ~~~~ ~ ~~~ r~f~ :,C~ c~g;<br />
r· : !l~u~; !cYt¡ ~"t:'~: 11¡~1 st! 8!:; an ::;:..~<br />
;;rt)dUCIS<br />
R.~:::lt¡'~0:i\-.,' 1(.'\,,; ;.:; .:~it.,í:~::...";i i ":,)Srs<br />
S'./.nng re ..~aI11il ~u0t;5 \·vcr:'dn~J<br />
process<br />
;;r~'~(~J~ri:¡~;:.:¡ ~;:';'J~~~:!~II~~<strong>la</strong>,~~~~ ¿)11(!<br />
!C~v bulk ';-.:e!gt1t.<br />
l~iqpülllled ::;:,)1111,·'[ ,;; f,'~¿JJi!ard<br />
(::;ac!íons<br />
Eveli acleqL;¡:;le fúr hygroscopic goods.<br />
TiHee contrnUl)lIS r-i
••_M••• • • _<br />
'recfinT¿aTTñfo rm ati on<br />
,.1 ~,....,"~ Process:<br />
":""1· ", *J<br />
r \ il"g' )rocO~~s l.-k. '·S ,")1· ... "e\ )tl,;.;( atorr¡i?a:lün (Ji" !he Lqil:d ,ri a r~ot
l'ompall\ proli k<br />
(Olllpany<br />
Prorile<br />
Lvo-San Inc. is a familv business, foun<strong>de</strong>d in 1983 and sirualed in Lachute,<br />
Q'ucbec. Lyo-San spec(alizes in lhe freeze-drying (IYllphilizalion) of various<br />
nUlrirional producls, especially t.Iairy cultures (Iaclie ferm<strong>en</strong>rs) and probiotícs.<br />
Our d
1. \ úpil Ii iIdl ¡UIl<br />
L yo phi 1i Z d t ion<br />
+ \Vhat is IY"lphili/:lliul1')<br />
+ ¡\d\al1l:Jgcs<br />
+ l.yophili¡.
~~:~~.. :.<br />
Ind~,x + E-m~il + Profil, + Outdüür Gourmet Plein Air<br />
Ly o) phi l i ::: ~ t ion + 'y' 0:2 o u r m '" t + (l t h '" r pro d u ,~t $ ~ n d $ e r"/ i e e $<br />
••IIÍ.lliilÍllÍl•••ii'-ÍII••·III-.R'tm!!;m-~~m~~~~"'t·,<br />
hIIP:l/IV IV IV Iyo-san ,ca/<strong>en</strong>gIish/profi 1. h1m I<br />
29/03/99
LYllph iIi1.'lIJOn<br />
.:j Because [hey are r)()rou~. 1110S1 frecze-dried !úods can be ea~i Iy<br />
rehvdr:lled. Lyophiliz(l[ion does nOl sig.niticalHly reduce volul1le.<br />
Ihúefore ,valer quickly regains ilS p<strong>la</strong>ce in ¡he molecu<strong>la</strong>r Slruclure oflhe<br />
fooo.<br />
Lyophilization ap<strong>para</strong>tus<br />
The freeze-drya unil we use is 01' our own <strong>de</strong>signo Each dryer is comp9sed 01' a<br />
<strong>la</strong>rge air-tight cylindrical reservoir. equipped wiril shelves lO holel rhe trays of<br />
food lO be freeze-dried. Access is throu!!h a <strong>la</strong>r!!e door, ma<strong>de</strong> of 6 cm thick<br />
acrylic. strong <strong>en</strong>ougil to resist lhe high-pressure created wh<strong>en</strong> air is withdrawn<br />
from lhe freeze-drying unit to produce a vacuum nee<strong>de</strong>d for rhe process of<br />
sublimalion.<br />
~~!\~~~~;
ANEXO N° 4<br />
Principales antece<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> empresa<br />
Forever Living Products
L.ivin~ PrOdllClS IlllernaliLlIlJI. lile. - Hoowr's CompallY C~lpSllle<br />
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IOIN HOOVER'5<br />
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Forever Living Products<br />
International, Inc.<br />
l· COMP"NY<br />
. CAPSULE<br />
750 I E. i\.1cConnick Pkwv. 13.5 SOUlh<br />
SCClllSd8 k. Al. 8503 S .<br />
Phonc:<br />
6()~-99S-SSSS<br />
Fax:<br />
60~-90.5-845 1<br />
Although Forever Living Products International<br />
might not Iead to immortality. ilS aloe vera-based<br />
health care products could improve your overall<br />
well-being. Foun<strong>de</strong>d in 1978, the firm sells an<br />
aloe vera juice drink (its first product), as well as<br />
products such as tooth gel, shampoo, lotion,<br />
<strong>de</strong>odorant. honey, and nutritional supplem<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
Owner Rex Maughan also owns 5,000 acres of<br />
aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>ntations; Aloe Vera of America, an<br />
aloe vera processor and packager; and Forever<br />
Resorts, a string of 22 resorts located throughout<br />
the US, including Dal<strong>la</strong>s-area South Fork Ranch<br />
(of Daf/as TV show fame). Forever Living<br />
Products Intemational sells its goods through a<br />
worldwi<strong>de</strong> network of in<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nt distributors.<br />
Top Competitors: llerbalik I'~atllr~'s SlIl1shin'"<br />
I SlInridcr<br />
KEY NUMBERS<br />
Compllny Type: Privale<br />
company<br />
#~.51 in ('(ir/lcs PriV¡11C 500<br />
Fiscal Year-End: December<br />
1997 Sales (miL): $1,300.0<br />
(es!:)<br />
(-VI'. Sales Growth: 7.3% (esl<br />
1997 Employees: 1,.500<br />
(-VI'. Employee Growth:<br />
10.3%<br />
KEY PEOPLE<br />
-------<br />
Chairman, CEO and<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nt:<br />
Re,x Maughan<br />
Syp Finance:<br />
David Hall<br />
YP Human Resources:<br />
Gl<strong>en</strong> B. Banks<br />
KEY RESOURCES<br />
For Researchers:<br />
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!3l1V D&8 f3l1silll'sS Rcporrs<br />
P;\tellls<br />
For Job Seekers:<br />
HR Contacl: Gl<strong>en</strong> B. Banks<br />
L1ST OF L1STS<br />
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IlouscholJ 8: Persol1al<br />
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SEARCH THE WEB FüR FOREVER<br />
LIVING<br />
.:\ll,¡Vi.Slil¡.c\OI. \cll'il1d Il)o'2pik ¡I"cite I<br />
L~[n(1lllill-nscd; 11.\Cll:-1 \\Ir1h(TI1I.i'2llll<br />
y ,1I1\.1(1~<br />
21/01/997:'
UlICIS 'nlérn~llil)ll;lI. lile. - HuOvcr's COll1pany ClpSlIk \vys 1\vy~., .-' ~ '1)[ rp:/ I \V\V\V .11 Ul;lVCI ~.LVIIII \".u 1-"-"" ,....... . - - -<br />
FIND RELATED COMPANIES<br />
Hoovds Online me11l bers can tind more<br />
companies in this regio/1 or in this industn.<br />
Find Books About Forever Living<br />
Search Amazon.com for bUl1k~ aboLir Forever Livinu.<br />
Or, lind dI1\" hLlsincss & in\'estin" nonk at<br />
Amazon.com<br />
Downloadable Hoover's Company Capsules<br />
Dl)\Vnll)tld l-!oovcr's rompan" C3P~L1I('s covering<br />
thoLlsands of US companies. The capsules inclu<strong>de</strong><br />
location, contact information, key officers, sales,<br />
industry. and more. Create mailing lists, merge<br />
letters. or import data into software programs!<br />
Cl'P' ri~hl © 1999. Illll)\c'r's. lile<br />
Auslin, Texas<br />
:: 110 1/99 7-1:; Pi'vl
Illlp: ·.'WW\V. forever Iivln.gproduclS .CUII" 1"'" ,,~ ...<br />
COMPANY SALES HISTORY<br />
1(.....'<br />
~ Relurn lo previoLlo<br />
:: J lO I199 7>
COll1p;:¡ny<br />
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The Company<br />
Forever Living Products is a company that started out with a marketing<br />
concepl before a product was <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d upon. It all started with an i<strong>de</strong>a<br />
anda dream of providing a way for people to set themselves free<br />
financiLllly. It could be agreed that this was putting the<br />
cart-before-the-horse. but in this case it worked. The search for a product<br />
led the Company to stabilized Aloe Vera, one of nature's won<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />
Known as the "burn p<strong>la</strong>n!," this incredible miracle gel and Forever Living's marketing concept formed a<br />
perfect union. Together. the product and concept created <strong>en</strong>ough excitem<strong>en</strong>t throughout the United<br />
States, Canada and elsewhere in the World that Forever Living got off to a dramatic srart.<br />
It all began in the Del Webb Townhouse. in downtown Pho<strong>en</strong>ix. Arizona, on May 13. 1978. This was<br />
the first Certitication Meeting of the Company, and it was nn exciting time. Forty-three people art<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d.<br />
Llnd the first product or<strong>de</strong>rs were filled. Goals were clearly in focus. Growth was immediare, and success<br />
was inevitable.<br />
Since that first Certification Meeting, Forever Living Products<br />
has experi<strong>en</strong>ced ph<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>al growth. Todciy, the Intemational<br />
Headquarters are located at 7501 E. McCormick Parkway in<br />
beautiful Scottsdale, Arizona. Since April, 1983, the facility<br />
accommodates the executive team, accounting personnel,<br />
marketing, sales, programming and operations specialists and aJl<br />
the support staff un<strong>de</strong>r one roof.<br />
Once Forever Living Products was on its way to success it was<br />
quickly realized that only a limited supply of Aloe Vera existed in<br />
the country. To assure the Company and its Distributors a<br />
pl<strong>en</strong>tiful supply, we\acquired our own Aloe Vera P<strong>la</strong>ntations. In<br />
addition to providing us with all the product we nee<strong>de</strong>d, this also<br />
gave us the abilily to control the cultivation and quality of<br />
Forever Living Products Aloe Vera.<br />
The town of Harling<strong>en</strong>, Texas, sits in the lower Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> Valley. Mexico is only 15 miles away to the<br />
south. The GuJf shores are about 30 miles eas!. And jusI three miles west of I-Iarling<strong>en</strong>, on Expressway<br />
83, are the headquarters ofthe Forever Aloe P<strong>la</strong>ntations where Forever Living Products' Aloe Vera is<br />
grown, receives loving care and is harvested.<br />
Since Forever Living Products purchased its first Aloe Vera fields in 1980, we now own or control a<br />
majority of all commercial Aloe Vera cultivaled in the United States.<br />
Upon full maturity, the Aloe Vera p<strong>la</strong>nr is harvested. Millions of <strong>la</strong>rge, mature, succul<strong>en</strong>t leaves ayear<br />
are carefully removed ftom the pbnrs and, with our own transport vehicles, conveyed to !VJission, Texas<br />
for processing.<br />
21/01/99753
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Another sillni ficant step was tak<strong>en</strong> on May l. 1981, \vh<strong>en</strong> we<br />
acquired t';e assets ol' Aloe Vera of America. which inclu<strong>de</strong>d a<br />
l'ield processing facility in Mission. Texas, for Aloe Vera<br />
stabilization. and a small cosmetic manufacturing facility in<br />
Dalias. Also. at the time. we acquired two ess<strong>en</strong>tial pat<strong>en</strong>ts for<br />
(he stabilizatioh ol' Aloe Vera. The pat<strong>en</strong>ted proeess allo\vs for<br />
packaging ol' Aloe Vera eosmdics and health produets without<br />
loss ol' el'fieaey.<br />
Since th<strong>en</strong> we have ad<strong>de</strong>d manufacturing and processing facilities which have allowed us to quadruple<br />
the amount of processing to meet the needs of our ever expanding world markets.<br />
The Mission stabilization facility was completely r<strong>en</strong>ovated and tripled in size. Today it stands as a<br />
gleaming tribute to the excell<strong>en</strong>ce that Forever Living Products <strong>de</strong>mands. In or<strong>de</strong>r to be close to the<br />
harvest of the precious. health-giving leaves, Aloe Vera of America located the processing and<br />
stabilizing facility in Mission.<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong> the Aloe Vera ¡eaves are moved from the P<strong>la</strong>ntations to the processing and stabilizing facility,<br />
lhey are p<strong>la</strong>eed on specially <strong>de</strong>signed and pat<strong>en</strong>ted eonveyor belts. During their trip through lhe faeilily.<br />
the leaves are washed. the tips and bottoms are removed. and finally they are filleled .. "Fillel of Aloe"<br />
involves removal of the leafs exterior rind and the extraetion of the c1ear gel l'ound in lhe cer¡ler. In the<br />
Mission facility. there are tilleting machines eapable of sepmating 6.000 gallons of raw Aloe Vera gel in<br />
a single day.<br />
The elem gel is eollected in stainless steel vats and th<strong>en</strong> piped through hundreds of l'eet of stainless steel<br />
to lhe opposite <strong>en</strong>d of the faeility where it is p<strong>la</strong>ced in <strong>la</strong>rge mixing tanks. also m~<strong>de</strong> of stainless steel.<br />
These tanks hold as much as 6,000 gallons ol' gel. The all-important. pat<strong>en</strong>ted stabilization process<br />
prev<strong>en</strong>ts the loss of nutri<strong>en</strong>ts and other b<strong>en</strong>efieial elem<strong>en</strong>ts found in Aloe Vera. this process has be<strong>en</strong><br />
prov<strong>en</strong> so unique that at pres<strong>en</strong>t, Forever Living Products owns three United States pat<strong>en</strong>ts on Aloe Vera<br />
stabilization proeesses and has several additional pat<strong>en</strong>ts p<strong>en</strong>ding approval.<br />
After the stabilization process is completed, the gel is shipped to our manufacturing faeility in Dalias,<br />
Texas.<br />
The stop at the processing p<strong>la</strong>nt makes the differ<strong>en</strong>ee.<br />
Without it, Aloe Vera, a p<strong>la</strong>nt so rich and pot<strong>en</strong>t in nutri<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
that il can be lIsed effeelively bOlh inlernally and eXlernally,<br />
would go to wasle. With it, the b<strong>en</strong>efits are lod.ed in,<br />
s<strong>la</strong>bilized for a variely of health purposes, and kept true to its<br />
name-Aloe Vera, "True Aloe"<br />
The DalIas manufacturing facililY also un<strong>de</strong>rw<strong>en</strong>t major r<strong>en</strong>ovations since being purchased by Forever<br />
Living Produets in 1981. PIans were immediately put ¡nlO effeet to expand the operations. P<strong>la</strong>nning<br />
ll1clu<strong>de</strong>d a new p<strong>la</strong>nt and warehouse facililY along with recruitm<strong>en</strong>t of qualified personnel. The new<br />
Fncility had to have the production capabililY for immediate and future needs and to allow operations on<br />
multiple shifts as expansion would <strong>de</strong>mando<br />
Wh<strong>en</strong> the curr<strong>en</strong>l facility was op<strong>en</strong> in Dalias. in May of 1982. its total spaee wns over 100,000 square<br />
fe~l. which repres<strong>en</strong>ts an inveslm<strong>en</strong>t ol' millions of dol<strong>la</strong>rs by forever Living Produets. It is simply one<br />
01 the fines! produclion facilities of any kind and is unexeelled in compnrison with any o!her cosmetic<br />
<strong>la</strong>boratory in lhe \Vorld.<br />
:21/01/997:5
11 IIp:li\V\V\V. tOreverll V! ngprouuL".LU"" ~v.,' ..-'...•<br />
The manufacturing facility has three cosmetic bottling lines with a capacity 01' 65,000 bottles per shíft.<br />
The juice bonling line has a shift capacity 01' 40,000 bonles.<br />
The facility's staff 01' qualified microbiologisls, as well as support personneL go to work, running a series<br />
of strict <strong>la</strong>boratory lest on the producls. Only wh<strong>en</strong> each product line clears quality control is it approved<br />
for storage and ev<strong>en</strong>tually shipping. Aloe Vera 01' America's quality assurance registered by the Food<br />
and Orug Administralion as a cosmelic manufaclurer, bUl also regislered as a pharmaceutical<br />
manufacturer: This registratíon requires rigid quality control inspections.<br />
NeSlled among lhe evergre<strong>en</strong>s on the edge 01' lhe Forever Aloe P<strong>la</strong>ntations is our Aloe Vera Informatíon<br />
c<strong>en</strong>ter op<strong>en</strong>ed in February, 1983.<br />
The C<strong>en</strong>ler stands as a remin<strong>de</strong>r to everyone 01' Forever Living Products' commitm<strong>en</strong>t to tellíng the<br />
World how important Aloe Vera is in their lives. Everyone visiting the Infonnation C<strong>en</strong>ter has the<br />
opportunity LO taste lhe exolic navor of Aloe Vera Juice, Forever Bee Poll<strong>en</strong>, Forever Honey or rub 00 a<br />
little Aloe Lotion to feel its soothing and moisturizing qualities,<br />
::!1/OI/99753
FOREVER<br />
LIVING PRODUCT S<br />
1 BATH GELEE Delicada formu<strong>la</strong> bio<strong>de</strong>gradable : Elimina célu<strong>la</strong>s cutáneas<br />
muertas, estimu<strong>la</strong>, suaviza, refresca, limpia profundam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
y perfuma toda <strong>la</strong> piel <strong>de</strong>l cuerpo.<br />
15 GEL Nutri<strong>en</strong>te, coagu<strong>la</strong>nte, reg<strong>en</strong>erador celu<strong>la</strong>r, aci<strong>de</strong>z, gastritis,<br />
ulceras, vesícu<strong>la</strong>, inf<strong>la</strong>maciones, colon, alergias,<br />
estreñimi<strong>en</strong>to, mas 64 y 36, artritis, reuma y bursitis<br />
19 FOREVER LITE Programa nutricional niños y adultos, embarazadas,<br />
<strong>de</strong>bilidad operados, falta <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ergía, a<strong>de</strong>lgazar, subir ci<br />
mant<strong>en</strong>er peso; suple car<strong>en</strong>cias estructurales. Aporta <strong>la</strong><br />
totalidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s vitaminas, carbohidratos, ácidos grasos,<br />
proteínas, aminoácidos, minerales, elem<strong>en</strong>tos traza y fibras.<br />
Suple <strong>la</strong>s necesida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l organismo <strong>para</strong> funcionar<br />
equilibradam<strong>en</strong>te. El programa nutricional mas completo <strong>de</strong>l<br />
mercado mundial; sobrepasa holgadam<strong>en</strong>te el 100% ROA.<br />
22 ALOE L1PS Piel, <strong>la</strong>bios partidos, excoriaciones, ulceras, quemaduras,<br />
resequedad, picada <strong>de</strong> insectos, irritaciones, cortaduras,<br />
espinil<strong>la</strong>s, at<strong>en</strong>úa poros y arrugas, hemorroi<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
25 BEE HONEY Alim<strong>en</strong>to natural <strong>en</strong>riquecido con pol<strong>en</strong> y jalea real, sin<br />
contaminación, sin filtrar, cualida<strong>de</strong>s intactas; completa<br />
nutrición, <strong>en</strong>ergía, memoria, vista, pelo y piel.<br />
26 BEE POLLEN Todos los minerales, mejor alim<strong>en</strong>to natural, neurosis,<br />
ansiedad, <strong>de</strong>presión, estrés, insomnio, falta <strong>de</strong> ~nimo,<br />
apatía sexual, trastornos digestivos, requ<strong>la</strong> metabolismo.<br />
27 BEE PROPOLlS Antibiótico natural, pot<strong>en</strong>cia sistema inmunológico,. contro<strong>la</strong><br />
flora microbiana patóg<strong>en</strong>a, combate infecciones, acné,<br />
qripe, ¡::¡ ar¡::¡ anta, tos, qastritis, diarrea, resfrío.<br />
28 TOOTHGEL D<strong>en</strong>trifico <strong>de</strong> acción prolongada. B<strong>la</strong>nquea los di<strong>en</strong>tes,<br />
elimina p<strong>la</strong>ca bacteriana, halitosis, sangrami<strong>en</strong>to e<br />
infecciones, <strong>de</strong>sinf<strong>la</strong>ma y cicatriza <strong>en</strong>cías, refresca.<br />
34 ALOE BERRY Gel <strong>de</strong> Aloe más manzana más arándano, estimu<strong>la</strong>nte<br />
hepático y r<strong>en</strong>al, suave diurético <strong>para</strong> e<strong>de</strong>mas,<br />
inf<strong>la</strong>maciones, infecciones. Ret<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> líquidos, aum<strong>en</strong>ta<br />
<strong>de</strong>f<strong>en</strong>sas.<br />
36 ROYAL JELLY Po<strong>de</strong>roso <strong>en</strong>ergético, neurotransmisor, afrodisiaco,<br />
reg<strong>en</strong>erador celu<strong>la</strong>r, regu<strong>la</strong> metabolismo, mayor longevidad,<br />
mejora reuma, artritis, vista, pelo, piel, memoria,<br />
rejuv<strong>en</strong>ece.<br />
37 NATURE MIN Reconstituy<strong>en</strong>te g<strong>en</strong>eral, facilita y equilibra <strong>la</strong> función<br />
metabólica, hormonal, celu<strong>la</strong>r, y <strong>de</strong> intercambio ionico;<br />
car<strong>en</strong>cias g<strong>en</strong>erales y especificas, estabiliza actividad.<br />
38 L1QUIO SOAP Para manos y cara, <strong>de</strong>licado perfume, bio<strong>de</strong>gradable,<br />
antivirus, hongos, bacterias, Ph ba<strong>la</strong>nceado, antialergico<br />
limpia, suaviza, hidrata, nutre y re<strong>para</strong>.
.<br />
39 ARTIC SEA<br />
Aceites poliinstaurados, <strong>de</strong> pescados <strong>de</strong> aguas frías, y<br />
aceita <strong>de</strong> oliva, reduce nivel <strong>de</strong> colesterol, triglicérido,<br />
riesqos <strong>de</strong> coágulos, mejora <strong>la</strong> circu<strong>la</strong>ción.<br />
40 R3 FACTOR Crema antiarrugas <strong>de</strong> aloe y glicólico, eficaz <strong>de</strong>f<strong>en</strong>sa <strong>de</strong><br />
ultima g<strong>en</strong>eración, notable disminución <strong>de</strong> líneas y arrugas y<br />
signos <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>vejecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> piel.<br />
41 FLEUR DE JIOUVENCE Programa restaurador <strong>de</strong> belleza, nutre, estimu<strong>la</strong>, lubrica,<br />
protege, y elimina líneas, surcos, poros, alivia, humecta,<br />
suaviza, r<strong>en</strong>ueva, y rejuv<strong>en</strong>ece <strong>la</strong> piel.<br />
42 REHIDRATING TONER Remueve <strong>de</strong>sperdicios metabólicos, ambi<strong>en</strong>tales, estimu<strong>la</strong>,<br />
tonifica, suaviza, rehidrata, lubrica, refina, y t<strong>en</strong>sa <strong>la</strong> piel<br />
<strong>de</strong>jándo<strong>la</strong> flexible y vibrantem<strong>en</strong>te jov<strong>en</strong><br />
43 EXPOLlATING Elimina totalm<strong>en</strong>te el maquil<strong>la</strong>je, impurezas, excesos <strong>de</strong><br />
CLEANSER<br />
. grasitud, célu<strong>la</strong>s cutaneas muertas y residuos inactivos <strong>para</strong><br />
usar <strong>en</strong> alérqicos, zona <strong>de</strong> párpados y <strong>la</strong>bios.<br />
44 FUNDATION LOTION Crema <strong>de</strong> día sirve <strong>de</strong> base <strong>de</strong> maquil<strong>la</strong>je, suaviza,<br />
hume<strong>de</strong>ce y protege contra elem<strong>en</strong>tos ambi<strong>en</strong>tales<br />
agresivos como el sol, smog, vi<strong>en</strong>to, polvo y<br />
contaminación.<br />
45 FACIAL MASK POWDER Para todo tipo <strong>de</strong> cutis, es el polvo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mezc<strong>la</strong> <strong>para</strong><br />
mascara facial <strong>de</strong> Fleur <strong>de</strong> Jouv<strong>en</strong>ce : Estimu<strong>la</strong>nte<br />
tonificante, t<strong>en</strong>sor <strong>de</strong> fibras conjuntivas bajo <strong>la</strong> piel.<br />
46 RECOVERING CREME Aloe mas e<strong>la</strong>stina mas colág<strong>en</strong>o extra y·:mas Ay E II nutre,<br />
re<strong>para</strong>, induce producción <strong>de</strong> célu<strong>la</strong>s nuevas, tersura,<br />
previ<strong>en</strong>e y contrasta el <strong>en</strong>vejecimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
47 GIN CHIA Sinergismo <strong>de</strong> mil<strong>en</strong>arios reconstituy<strong>en</strong>tes naturales,<br />
estimu<strong>la</strong>ntes, curativos <strong>en</strong>ergéticos, mayor longevidad,<br />
vigor, resist<strong>en</strong>cia, bu<strong>en</strong> animo, rejuv<strong>en</strong>ece.<br />
48 ABSORVENT C Conc<strong>en</strong>trados cítricos mas av<strong>en</strong>a <strong>para</strong> máxima absorción,<br />
mayor estimu<strong>la</strong>ción, sistema inmunologico, resist<strong>en</strong>cia<br />
capi<strong>la</strong>r, integridad <strong>de</strong> los tejidos, evita efectos <strong>de</strong><br />
\<br />
contaminación.<br />
I<br />
49 ALE HERBAL TEA Te <strong>de</strong> flores <strong>de</strong> aloe vera combinadas con esquisitas hierbas<br />
escogidas, sin cafeína, tranquilizantes, dietético, re<strong>la</strong>jador,<br />
digestivo y calmante i<strong>de</strong>al <strong>para</strong> dietas y <strong>la</strong> sed.<br />
50 ALOE MPD Bio<strong>de</strong>gradable multiproposito, mayor ropa fina, tejidos<br />
<strong>de</strong>licados, <strong>la</strong>vadora, disuelve grasas, manchas rebel<strong>de</strong>s,<br />
alfombras, tapices, cortinas, pisos, cerámica, artefactos,<br />
etc.<br />
51 ALOE PROPOLlS CREME Aloe mas propoleo, <strong>para</strong> manchas quelio<strong>de</strong>s, cicatrices,<br />
psoriasis, rosácea, acné adulto y juv<strong>en</strong>il, hongos,<br />
irritaciones, prurito alérgico, infecciones, furunculosis.<br />
52 ALOE ACTIVADOR Liquido (100% puro) <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mascara facial Fleur <strong>de</strong><br />
Jouv<strong>en</strong>ce, po<strong>de</strong>roso astring<strong>en</strong>te, humectante, acondiciona y<br />
afirma <strong>la</strong> piel, mas 61 <strong>de</strong>ti<strong>en</strong>e <strong>la</strong> caída <strong>de</strong>l pelo.
-'<br />
53 ALOE SUNTAN LOTION Con finos emoli<strong>en</strong>tes y filtro so<strong>la</strong>r FPS 15, brocea lubrica,<br />
humecta y protege <strong>de</strong>l sol <strong>en</strong> exposición excesiva, refresca,<br />
alivia dolor, hidrata, y req<strong>en</strong>era piel dañada.<br />
54 A BETA CARE Fu<strong>en</strong>te natural <strong>de</strong> vitamina A (Beta Carot<strong>en</strong>o ) y vitamina E<br />
mas sel<strong>en</strong>io, antioxidantes es<strong>en</strong>ciales por anu<strong>la</strong>r radicales<br />
libres, oxidantes que provocan mas función y<br />
<strong>en</strong>vejecimi<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
55 TONING SET El mas eficaz, programa antiselulitico conocido, reduce,<br />
afirma, tonifica, activa y suaviza con resultados<br />
sorpr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntes y medibles <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> su primera aplicación.<br />
56 BODY TONER Estimu<strong>la</strong> y cali<strong>en</strong>ta profundam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong> piel y tejido conjuntivo<br />
sostén, moviliza toxinas reduci<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong>pósitos <strong>de</strong> célu<strong>la</strong>s<br />
grasas, reafirma y tonifica todo el cuerpo.<br />
57 CONDITIONING CREME Estimu<strong>la</strong>, acondiciona, refresca, activa, y suaviza <strong>la</strong> piel.<br />
Sus ag<strong>en</strong>tes activos comprim<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s célu<strong>la</strong>s grasas y<br />
reduc<strong>en</strong> notablem<strong>en</strong>te el efecto colchón. ocelulitis<br />
58 ALOE JOJOVA Gran p<strong>en</strong>etración, lubrica y nutre el cuero cabelludo,<br />
SHAMPOO<br />
folículos pilosos y pelo, elimina caspa, puntas partidas,<br />
caída <strong>de</strong> pelo, da cuerpo, brillo y sedocidad.<br />
59 CONO. RINSE Elimina cargas electrostáticas <strong>de</strong> pelo, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>en</strong>reda, fortalece,<br />
abril<strong>la</strong>nta, suaviza, protege <strong>de</strong>l secado por calor; su uso <strong>en</strong><br />
seco evita sequedad y puntas florecidas.<br />
60 ALOE SCRUB Con microesferas <strong>de</strong> aceite jojoba, elimil")a célu<strong>la</strong>s cutáneas<br />
muertas, oxig<strong>en</strong>a, nutre, lubrica profundam<strong>en</strong>te, hume<strong>de</strong>ce<br />
y activa <strong>la</strong> piel, at<strong>en</strong>úa poros y líneas<br />
61 ALOE JELLY Nutri<strong>en</strong>te y reg<strong>en</strong>erador celu<strong>la</strong>r, astring<strong>en</strong>te, humectante,<br />
rehidratante, coagu<strong>la</strong>nte, antinf<strong>la</strong>matorio~ analgésico,<br />
antialergias, virus, hongos, bacterias.<br />
.62 ALOE LOTION Aloe, e<strong>la</strong>stina hidrolizada, colág<strong>en</strong>o natural, jojoba, mas<br />
vitamina E, magistral combinacion antialergica reafirmante,<br />
<strong>de</strong>sintoxicante, antioxidante, rejuv<strong>en</strong>ece y re<strong>para</strong>.<br />
63 MOISTURIZING LOTION Aloe mas e<strong>la</strong>stina mas colág<strong>en</strong>o, ingredi<strong>en</strong>tes que <strong>la</strong><br />
transforma <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> mas fina crema humectante, e<strong>la</strong>sticidad,<br />
flexibilidad, suavidad, tersura.<br />
64 ALOE HEAT LOTION Profunda p<strong>en</strong>etración, <strong>de</strong>sinf<strong>la</strong>ma, alivia asma, dolores<br />
muscu<strong>la</strong>res, articu<strong>la</strong>res y óseos, mas 15 Y 36, reuma<br />
artritis, bursitis. Usar antes y <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>porte.<br />
65 GARUC TIME Aceite ajo sin olor equi. A 1000 mg. , expectorante, reduce<br />
presión arterial, evita putrefacción, contro<strong>la</strong> flora patóg<strong>en</strong>a<br />
intestinal, digestión antibiótico natural.<br />
68 FIELD OF GREEN Unico producto que aporta a diario los b<strong>en</strong>eficios <strong>de</strong> comer<br />
<strong>vegetales</strong> ver<strong>de</strong>s mas el nuevo quemador <strong>de</strong> grasas que no<br />
provoca perdida <strong>de</strong> masa muscu<strong>la</strong>r
Los Conquistadores #2464, Provi<strong>de</strong>ncia, Santiago.<br />
Fono: 334-4408 I Fax: 334-4405<br />
1I<br />
Lista <strong>de</strong> Precios Publico 11<br />
~I""-' o :I'.'"-""~' . :: Producto' 11<br />
Puntos I1 Precio(con ¡va) I<br />
1 Touch 2 223.246<br />
14 8ath Gelee 0,076 9.165<br />
15 Gel 0,096 11.633<br />
19 Forever ~it vainil<strong>la</strong> 0,117 14.100<br />
20 Forever Lit fresa 0,117 14.100<br />
21 Forever Lit choco<strong>la</strong>te 0,117 14.100<br />
22 Aloe Lips 0,016 .1.939<br />
25 Bee Honev 0,082 9.870<br />
26 Bee Pali<strong>en</strong> 0,064 7.755<br />
27 Bee Propolis 0,131 15.862<br />
28 Toth Gel 0,033 4.076<br />
34 Aloe berry nectar 0,096 11.633<br />
36 Roval jellv 0,134 16.215<br />
37 Nature min 0,090 10.928<br />
38 Liquid soap 0,064 7.755<br />
39 Artic - s~a 0,131 15.863<br />
40 Factor - R-3 0,129 15.540<br />
41 Aloe fleur <strong>de</strong> iouv<strong>en</strong>ce 0,392 47.236<br />
42 Rehvdratinq toner 0,064 7.755<br />
43 Exfoliatinq cleanser 0,064 7.755<br />
44 Firm foundation Itn 0,088 10.576<br />
45 Facial mask pow<strong>de</strong>r 0,082 9.870<br />
46 Recover Niqht creme 0,123 14.805<br />
47 Gin - chia 0,082 9.870<br />
48 Absorb<strong>en</strong>t - c 0,067 8.108<br />
49 Aloe herbal tea 0,067 8.108<br />
50 Mpd 0,111 13.396<br />
51 Aloe propolis creme 0,082 9.870<br />
52 Aloe activator Q,058 7.050<br />
53 Aloe suntan lotion 0,058 7.050<br />
54 A - Beta - Care 0,117 14.100<br />
55 Toninq kit 0,357 43.004<br />
56 BodV toner 0,117 14.100<br />
57 Conditioner creme 0,140 1-3.919<br />
58 Shampoo Aloe Joioba 0,067 8,108<br />
59 Conditioner rinse 0,058 7.051<br />
60 Aloe scrub 0,067 8.108<br />
61 Aloe Gelly 0,058 7.050<br />
62 Aloe Lotion 0,058 7.050<br />
63 Moisturizinq Lotion 0,058 7.050<br />
64 Aloe heat Lotion 0,058 7.050<br />
65 Garlic - tyme 0,082 9.870<br />
67 Aloe ever shield 0,035 4.229<br />
68 Field of qre<strong>en</strong>s 0,055 6.625<br />
69 Aloe first 0,088 10.574<br />
Nota: Los precios finales incluy<strong>en</strong> IVA e impuestos<br />
C<strong>la</strong> Cte. Banco <strong>de</strong> Chile N" 162-00449·04
ANEXO N° 5<br />
Docum<strong>en</strong>tación recibida <strong>de</strong>l tASC<br />
(lnternational Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council)
B2/11/1999 11:33 9722588777 rAse PAGE 01<br />
lntern;ltional Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council, Inc.<br />
1300 E. Rc;chelle Blvd., # Al047, Irving, TX 75062<br />
Tel: 972-258-8772 - Fax: 972-258.S7n<br />
e-ma11: iasc@airmail.net - www.iasc.org<br />
>/
02/11/1999 11:33 9722588777 rAse PAGE 62<br />
INTERNATI()NAL ALOE<br />
SCIENCE C()UNCIL,'INC.<br />
I, .<br />
. Thelnternational Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council is a non profit association based ¡in Irving, Texas, USA,<br />
organized in January of 1981 through::l Board of Directors afected from among its membership. Our<br />
objectiv8 is to addressthe needs ofa(jrowing Aloe vera Industry. This represerits aU segm<strong>en</strong>ts of the .<br />
industry - growers, processors, manuf2cturers, wholesale, and retailing companies around the world. .<br />
.' I .<br />
. Active membership in IASC is op<strong>en</strong>. to companies that. <strong>de</strong>al with Aloe prodú~ts. either as growers,'<br />
processors,manufacturers, wholesaleand retailíng companies who abi<strong>de</strong> by th~ IASC Co<strong>de</strong> of Ethics..<br />
Associate membership is op<strong>en</strong> to thOSl~ companies that supply goods and serviqes to members.<br />
. ,<br />
Goals were established to accomplish.the following: ¡<br />
, .<br />
. .' i' .<br />
1. . The JASC was organized to es:ablish .the highest quality standards tor Aloe vera as well as<br />
ethical standards tor the methOrJS usad to promote and market Aloe pradLcts.<br />
. . . I .<br />
: . .<br />
2.The IASC is <strong>de</strong>signed to interf
8?/11/1SSS 11:33<br />
97'22588777<br />
rAse<br />
ocalio": Low: High:<br />
'Won<strong>de</strong>r Drug"<br />
rmlimurlfrom pag.' 7<br />
naJ clínica] srudies, it seems ro have worked<br />
or those who have tried it.<br />
There ¡¡re a substancial nllmber ufother<br />
\.loe inv~stig-..ltionscUIT<strong>en</strong>Uvun<strong>de</strong>r",;¡y. On~<br />
long-cerrn (4 Yt::JIs) ¡¡n el \"~/l-tinanced sClld~<br />
le",<strong>de</strong>d b¡: Dr. B)'llng PaJ hl. Pr()fe~jor o'f<br />
'hysiology ,l( the UniVérsity ofTcxas Healm<br />
-.tí<br />
Lo~ation: Low: High:<br />
..., ....<br />
appear near the eop ofche lis~ and may t<br />
Sci(~nce C<strong>en</strong>tér. and Dr, Jerome T. Herlihy, iod(cate che perccnrage oCAloe in<br />
Principal1westig"tor and Associ:lee Professor fomu<strong>la</strong>,<br />
ofl'hysiology. aJso at U.T., has be<strong>en</strong> Iaunched<br />
:.-\.9 in bu)'ing any product, be<br />
leo<br />
a sr<br />
<strong>de</strong>termine whether die(31)' ..lJoe (in dlink<br />
conrumer: read me <strong>la</strong>bd and check ((<br />
rore']) can slow down the aging process humans!<br />
5ure rhe indusrry cerrificaeion ~eJ<br />
disp'1ayed promin<strong>en</strong>tJy, Those manufJ(<br />
Other studies. reccJ1tlv compleeed, 01'<br />
I<br />
inIe[5 !disp<strong>la</strong>ying the seal do so beo<br />
pro¡"'Tess. suggesc th~e ..lJoe: has :Jn¡jbace~riaJ.<br />
the/re proud of che producrs they o<br />
, anuvlr¡¡1 and anCltllngaJ properties, ?nd<br />
1<br />
.' .. cllntmued un pap 11<br />
HoVl; Much Aloe?<br />
amtinued jmm page 1<br />
done whieh suggests that, in or<strong>de</strong>r for A<br />
eo be th~rapeutically ef!ective in a cosml<br />
formu<strong>la</strong>!, ie muse be pres<strong>en</strong>t in a str<strong>en</strong>gtJ·<br />
20% 01'¡more, and,in sorne cases, consie<br />
ably m~re, .<br />
Of course ehere are. any ntimber<br />
reputa le manufacrurers who properly ¡.<br />
res<strong>en</strong>t me Aloe cont<strong>en</strong>t .in their produ<br />
Ofr<strong>en</strong> these companies áre L;l"SC certíti<br />
llo<strong>de</strong>r1bnd and respar their cu.:lom,<br />
needs~and know whal Aloe vera mil dI<br />
meet ose need5.<br />
T ere are, eo be sure, manufactul<br />
who clke advanrage of any [ad thar COI<br />
a1oog./Case in poine: One manufacturel<br />
naí] edre productS promin<strong>en</strong>tly disp<strong>la</strong>ys<br />
faet rllit one of its products coooins a \1<br />
kriowri ge<strong>la</strong>tin bec.ause mere Í5 a pOpt<br />
suppdsicion that che ingescion of ge<strong>la</strong>cin<br />
str<strong>en</strong>&m<strong>en</strong> nails. Ofcourse i~ does no g(<br />
whatl
'/11/1 '3'3'3 11: 33 '3722588777 TAse PAGE 84<br />
1. G<strong>en</strong>eral Information on the agricultural aspects of cultiv~tion of the aloe<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nt, soil conditlon, etc. .<br />
Aloe. gmws and th~ives ~ell in semi tr~pical areas such as Mexico, ~¡o Gran<strong>de</strong> Valley,<br />
Domlnlcan Republlc, Afrlca, and ev<strong>en</strong> In some areas of California and Florida.<br />
It needs Jots of sunlight, a fai¡: amount of rain and gmund with goo:d drajnage. Aloe<br />
~~es ~ot normally need a lot 01. water, but if jt is very dry most of the 'Üme, some type of<br />
IrrJgatlon 15 necessary. : .<br />
Aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>nts cannot stand cold weather (befow freezing). This t;pe of weather will<br />
totally <strong>de</strong>stroy the crop. Ger:Brally sandy-Ioam type of soil js be~t for growing the<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nts. The soil needs to be fc:rtilized on a scheduled basis and crop rotation is good<br />
tor maintaíning the soil if every 3 or 4 years you plow up the aloe and p<strong>la</strong>nt a differ<strong>en</strong>t<br />
crop that can be plowed un<strong>de</strong>rlo re$~Qre the SQiI with nitrog<strong>en</strong>, etc.<br />
A/oe p<strong>la</strong>nts (small or <strong>la</strong>rge) or pups which grow around the base of the mother p<strong>la</strong>nt are<br />
used to p<strong>la</strong>nt a field wh<strong>en</strong> starting up an aloe p<strong>la</strong>ntation. Basically, the p<strong>la</strong>nts are<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nted in rows that are 2 feet apart and the p<strong>la</strong>nts are spaced 4 ft. r,apart for ease of<br />
harvesting and removing from the field. The rows should be kept cl~an of grass imd<br />
other groWth to maximize the alne growth. i .<br />
Full grown p<strong>la</strong>nts will normally r;3nge in size from 2 1/2 to about 4 feet:tall .and will have<br />
around 12 to 15leayes. These ;leaves are harvested by removing the: outer leayes and<br />
letting the insi<strong>de</strong> ones growto r,naturity.<br />
Ths Isayes are wí<strong>de</strong> 4 or 5 incl1es and weigh 1/2 to over 3 lbs. at f~11 maturing, .The<br />
leaves are cut by hand byfielcl workers, below tRe gel line where th~ leaf has turned<br />
whíte.<br />
'<br />
Normally, only the outer leaves are used with 3 to 5 ¡eaves (outer) being pickad every 5<br />
to 8 weeks. .<br />
. .' l. • .<br />
2. The real chall<strong>en</strong>ge in alol~ is in the processing of the leave~ (extractlOg the<br />
insi<strong>de</strong> gel). Once this gel is· extracted jt has to be stabilized vety quíckly, which<br />
.involves heat and preservative:~, If the gel is to be sold tor food us~, th<strong>en</strong> only FDAtood<br />
approved preservatives can be used. If it is strictly to be used fdr cosmetics, th<strong>en</strong><br />
differ<strong>en</strong>t preservatives can be Usad,<br />
The storage and handling of aJ,)e is very critical. Froni the washing of the, leayes to<br />
filling ths product into bottles: there are numerous p<strong>la</strong>CQs whgr~ :bacter<strong>la</strong> can be<br />
introduced ¡nto the gel which wi!! <strong>de</strong>stroy i1.
~/111l999 11:33 97'22588777 rAse PAGE 85<br />
3., The market tor aloe prodL~ets vary and at the mom<strong>en</strong>t the ma~ket in the USA is<br />
saturated., ;'<br />
4. If you are serious about the aloe business, it would be wise to hire a<br />
, consultant to help you get sR,arted off properly. You can contact ~he IASe for sorne<br />
suggested names,<br />
.:<br />
, 5. The lnternational Alloe Seranee Council, Inc., the tra<strong>de</strong> associa,tion for aloe, has<br />
· an annual 2 day meetilng eac:h year. You may want to consi<strong>de</strong>r jdining the CounciL<br />
Membership is as follows: ' ¡,<br />
!<br />
,<br />
$300 - $500: FuI! M~mbers¡'ip - R<strong>en</strong>ewed annually, Members •are' raw materia/',<br />
suppliers, finished goOq manu1'acturers, marketers and other businesses in the Aloe<br />
Industry,<br />
$150: Associate Member - Fl<strong>en</strong>ewed annually. Associate Members are companíes<br />
• I .'<br />
indirectly associated wíth the ,A.toe Industry, such as printers, scre<strong>en</strong> !prínters, package,<br />
, supplíers, insurance companie~i and many others. '<br />
;<br />
$50: 'Subscriber - R<strong>en</strong>ewed annually, Subscribers are individuals, (not companies)<br />
'such as direct safes people and other intarested in the Aloe Industry.<br />
6. l would dwellon ge'tting él consultant to line out a p<strong>la</strong>n for you to f,ollowand<br />
th<strong>en</strong> join the Council and piar) on att<strong>en</strong>ding the annual seminar. '<br />
lf you need further assist<strong>en</strong>ce, [,Iease advisa,
. INTERNATIC)NAL ALOE<br />
SCIENCE COUNCIL, .INC.<br />
;<br />
I .<br />
¡<br />
¡.<br />
,.<br />
SUGGESTED CONSULTANTS<br />
John Butters<br />
Rt. 6, Box 745<br />
Harling<strong>en</strong>, TX· 78550<br />
. Tel: 956-423-6093<br />
.¡<br />
James Barber ¡<br />
2103 Ashwood Ln. ¡<br />
Carrollton, TX 750d6<br />
. ,<br />
Te/: 972-242-7350·<br />
300 E. Rochelle Blvd.<br />
lA 1047-75062<br />
)0 Box 141837-75014-1837<br />
rving, Texas<br />
ill.5c@airmnii.net<br />
www.iasc.or¡:;<br />
(972) 258-8772<br />
FA)( (972) 258-8777
TI1e International<br />
A!oe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Cquncil,lnc.<br />
. l'<br />
I<br />
OFFICIAL<br />
CERTIFICATION<br />
PRO'GRAM<br />
fOR ALOE VERA<br />
Compiled by tne 5ci<strong>en</strong>ce ond<br />
Technical Commit1ee<br />
of the IAse ta c1arify<br />
certification procedures. '.
Three Keys To Successl<br />
By establishing a formal<br />
certification program, the<br />
IASe has tak<strong>en</strong> ahuge step in<br />
<strong>la</strong>yingground rules tor quality.<br />
With this foundation in p<strong>la</strong>
TCE 17:12 FAX 20322d7333 _CATALOG SOLlTIONS. INe. ¡¡z¡ 001<br />
~CATAlOG<br />
~SOLUTIONS<br />
521 Riversi<strong>de</strong> Av<strong>en</strong>ue<br />
Weslpon, Connecticul 06880<br />
Telephone: (203) 454-1919<br />
Facsimile: (203) 226-7333<br />
TO:<br />
FROM:<br />
DATE:<br />
Catalog Solutlons, lnc.<br />
521 Riversl<strong>de</strong> Av<strong>en</strong>ue<br />
Westport, CT 06880<br />
(203) 4-1919, (203) 226-7333 FAX<br />
.J t<br />
MESSAGE:__§;V-¡-e:::...AM~#:::::::::-~_-<br />
Transmitting total of ( ) pages including th s cl;)ver page.<br />
Please cal! if transmission 15 Incotn plett;!.<br />
Products For Maíl Or<strong>de</strong>r Catafog5
THE<br />
C.-\T.~L(JG SOLliTI (JNS. 1\'C .<br />
•<br />
. ,~'." '.::'. . . . .':....-.. :<br />
FDA<br />
Approves<br />
Aloe..Derived<br />
Acemannan<br />
,<br />
far AIDS<br />
Treatm<strong>en</strong>t<br />
Trial<br />
In an 'accion lhal ha5 ,<strong>en</strong>l shock ",aves<br />
mrough lhe Aloe indusuy and lhe Cay communir)',<br />
the FDA has gil/<strong>en</strong> Caninglon Laboratones,<br />
of Irving. Texas, permission lO be·<br />
gin human nials on HIV ane! NDS paü<strong>en</strong>ts,<br />
Llsing lhdr lra<strong>de</strong>marked compound,<br />
acemannan, acomplex carbohydrale e!crivee!<br />
[ram Aloe vera. .<br />
The Pha5e 1 uials fol1ow on lhe hee:!s of<br />
a Canadian govemm<strong>en</strong>r-sponsored Phase J[l<br />
srudy, which used oral acemannan in their<br />
human oials. and a se<strong>para</strong>le "saIety slud)'".<br />
using injec<strong>la</strong>ble accmannan, performed al<br />
lhe Univ<strong>en</strong>ity ofTexas Healm Sci<strong>en</strong>ce C<strong>en</strong>o<br />
(:1', in HOllslOn.<br />
According lO information g-J.Íned in prc<br />
I'ious srudies, acemannan has be<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>mon<br />
Slraled -in both animal and human oi;lls - lO<br />
promote healing.<br />
HowMuch<br />
Aloe is<br />
Really<br />
in the<br />
Products<br />
You Buy?<br />
Sometimes it's<br />
hard to tell.<br />
As a rule of lhwnb. l'OU can gel sorne<br />
idc3. of me arnoun tofAloe in agil'<strong>en</strong> producl<br />
by n:ading the ingredi<strong>en</strong>l lisl. which uSlIall)'<br />
appears on the bac\:. oflhe p'ackage. IrAloe is<br />
listed pramintnur on the front of lhe <strong>la</strong>bel<br />
bUl ""ithaul an exaCl arnount ShOlI11 on me<br />
ingredj<strong>en</strong>t ¡LIt., 01' ir Aloe appea.n 3[, 01' ncar<br />
lhe botCol11 of che lisl, chances are Lhal the<br />
producl comains litue more lhan a trace<br />
amounr of Aloe. So. if me producl)'OU purchase<br />
has a bigo "con¡;¡jns Aloe vera" on me<br />
fron[ of lhe ¡abe:!, bu[ shows Aloe al lhe<br />
bOllom of the liSl, on [he back, you might be<br />
jusUfied in thinl:..ing mal me manufaclurer js<br />
b.:ing less lhan tot.ally stra.ighóorv,-;¡rd with<br />
YO\!.<br />
In loday's markcl. particul3.J·ly in lhe<br />
case of cosmeoc producLS, manufacmrers<br />
are awar.: tha( th.:ir pot<strong>en</strong>tial customers regard<br />
Aloe vera highly for its ability [O r12?isturi~e<br />
skin, so lhey add it, 50metimes plltting in<br />
cllough tojustify their c<strong>la</strong>im mac lhe producl<br />
does in<strong>de</strong>ed contain Aloe. Is chal <strong>en</strong>0ugh lO<br />
do Ule job for Ivhich AJoe is repulecl' In<br />
g<strong>en</strong>eral, lhe an~'Wer is no_<br />
In :¡ddition, injec[¡¡blc acemannan has<br />
be~n condicionall)' approvcd bl' lhe U.S. Sorne preliminar)' rescarch h
C.-\.BLOG SOLliTIOi\'S, I\C,<br />
m<br />
AMessage frOll1 f~ur<br />
_:rHEJOURNAL OFTHE INTERNATIONAL ALOE S<br />
A Note From<br />
Don Smothers<br />
Chairman of the<br />
Interriafional Aloe<br />
,;.. ,<br />
.~~ .<br />
.,.,,'" ..~;,::~::~:,:~,,:<br />
. . ..-<br />
t3 _<br />
Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council<br />
Don Smothers<br />
Chairman, LASe.<br />
The Aloe. vera indusU)'<br />
appean [Q be<br />
going through another<br />
of iLS many transition<br />
peJiods. Thosc ofuswho<br />
have be<strong>en</strong> active parricipants<br />
in this indusrryfor<br />
many years have experi<strong>en</strong>ced<br />
several of these<br />
rransitions, Through it al!, we have come lO<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rstand that we <strong>de</strong>al with a remarkablc<br />
producc that has rernarkable properties thac<br />
can work for the b<strong>en</strong>efit of rnankind,<br />
There are many factors and forces that<br />
drivc ourindustry today. While we have fewer<br />
processors and produc<strong>en</strong> than in previoU5<br />
year:s, the industry has grown consi<strong>de</strong>rably in<br />
terros of'sales dol<strong>la</strong>r volurne per year. We<br />
~<strong>la</strong>ve ernerging rnarkers shO\ving great prom·<br />
!Se, and ¡TIany welkstablished markecers in<br />
foreign counmes. AH this bo<strong>de</strong>s well for the<br />
future of Aloe vera, if we continue to work<br />
toward the furthcr introduction ofout' prod.<br />
llCts both here and abroad,<br />
Our indusrry has gone through many<br />
profitable changcs in rec<strong>en</strong>t years and it<br />
locks as though this tr<strong>en</strong>d will conónue into'<br />
the future.<br />
Those who att<strong>en</strong>d the rASC's Annual<br />
Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>tific Seminar, usLUlly held inJuly,<br />
will be able to gain sorne important insigh~<br />
!nlO.the future of this unusual and chall<strong>en</strong>glJ1g<br />
ll1dustry. The program is a]ways loa<strong>de</strong>d<br />
wim interesóng and informaóve speakers,<br />
who· offcr new and di.ffer<strong>en</strong>t approaches<br />
fr~rn the perspcctives ofboth marketing and<br />
sCl<strong>en</strong>ce.<br />
One of me mosl important aspeclS of<br />
the se minar, will be the opporlunity lO speak<br />
with peoplc in the indusrrywho make things<br />
happ<strong>en</strong>, to establish new rel3tionships, and<br />
lO continue re<strong>la</strong>tionships <strong>de</strong>veloped over<br />
the years.<br />
R<br />
Inlerna'liona]<br />
Aloe Scí<strong>en</strong>ce Cl,uncíl, Inc.<br />
910 Hous(on Strect, Suile 1111,<br />
Fort \Vonh, TX 76102<br />
Dear Aloe Colleagues:<br />
@OOJ<br />
,<br />
NCE COUNCIL,INC.<br />
• Creata a method to standJLrclli:e and i<strong>de</strong>ntify Aloe.<br />
• Previ<strong>de</strong> information on A loe I)roducts UBed in the<br />
consumer manufaeturing process.<br />
• Creata a rel1able souree of informatlon about tIle<br />
growing, processing and ¡;tablllzation of Aloe.<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
The lntarnat10nal Aloe 8ei<strong>en</strong>c:e Cmillcll, lne, is the only<br />
associat1on repres<strong>en</strong>ting all ¡·egn:.<strong>en</strong>ts of the Aloe vera<br />
indUBtry - growers, processo','s , E<strong>la</strong>nufacturers, wholesale<br />
and retalling comparues thrc ug!ll)ut the world.,<br />
The !ASC was formed in J a.n uar.'T of 1981 to address the<br />
needs of a groWiIlS Aloe verIL inCiUBtry. Goal.s were<br />
established te aceomplish thil following:<br />
• Encourage research that would provi<strong>de</strong> 1ns1ght<br />
into the compon<strong>en</strong>ts, te sepal'ate and l<strong>de</strong>ntify the<br />
active fraotlons of Aloe.<br />
It i.9 with these goalB in mind tbat 1 pres<strong>en</strong>t to you the<br />
premier issu.e of the JOURN AL of the rABC. For the flrst<br />
time you hav8 an ind.ustry;lUbllcation that t.ru1y repres<strong>en</strong>ta<br />
your industry. The JCIURlTAL will keep you abreast<br />
of the changes rapidly takiJ tg p<strong>la</strong>ce in the world of Aloe. 1<br />
hDpe the lnformation prese::l.ted in this and futures 1Bsues<br />
will be of b<strong>en</strong>efit te you.<br />
ríc&d.~f<br />
Jess F. C<strong>la</strong>rke. JI'.<br />
-------------_-._-<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nt,<br />
Intarnational 1'.108 Sel<strong>en</strong>ce (;ounell<br />
IsJan<strong>de</strong>r said t.hal he used Aloe dlrecu)' fr(<br />
Prev<strong>en</strong>tion Survey<br />
¡he p<strong>la</strong>nl on a leg thal had be<strong>en</strong> bumed<br />
continu.ed jrom page 1<br />
a hOl pipe. 1{ was the only w¡¡y lO keep I<br />
inhibitS U1e "cÓon of brand)'kinine, " pe Jo pain away," he said, "Il healed \)(:autifu<br />
o<strong>de</strong> th3( produces pa.in in injuries like bllrr 5. and left no scar."<br />
ItaJso inhibiLS the body's prodllction ofthrol tlboxanes,<br />
chemicals <strong>de</strong>trimell131 lO II'Ollr,d Aloe pb111 in the k.ilch<strong>en</strong>, te be uscd<br />
Many rea<strong>de</strong>rs reported thal they ~epl<br />
healing, •<br />
minor bums. al' Cllts and scrapes, Others,<br />
Many of those responding lO the Sllf"~y Ch3t ¡hey 100k u1eir p<strong>la</strong>nts 01'" few Ieal'es \\<br />
were quite speeific in the;!" I'cporLS. A S13[l:n<br />
conlinued 011 p(l~<br />
----~-----
C.n.-\.LOG SOUJTIONS.<br />
. THEJOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ALOE S<br />
IAse Appoints<br />
Executive<br />
Coordinator<br />
Rob<strong>en</strong> Euge:ne:<br />
(Céne:) Hale has becn<br />
appoin led Executive<br />
Coordinator for the:<br />
In ternational Aloe<br />
Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council, Inc.,<br />
reporting to the IASC<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>:n t, j ess F.<br />
C<strong>la</strong>rke,jr. and the: Board of Directors.<br />
His responsibilitie:s will inclu<strong>de</strong>: coordination<br />
ofmembership recruiting, majorev<strong>en</strong>t<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nning, publication of the lASC News1eller<br />
on a freqú<strong>en</strong>t basis, establishing liaison<br />
with Texas Health and the FDA lO pl'e:sem<br />
the IASC position and <strong>de</strong>veloping additional<br />
!ASC funding sources.<br />
On his acceptanee, MI'. Hale sLated: "1<br />
look. forward to sp<strong>en</strong>ding me years ahead<br />
serving the indusrry thal has served me so<br />
well. 1arn <strong>de</strong>dieale:d lO the cause of helping<br />
lO build a strong, mueh nee<strong>de</strong>d indusrry<br />
association mal will conLinue lO promole the<br />
sales and incrcased usage ofAloe: vera aro"und<br />
the world." .<br />
Mr. Hale. bom in Carler, OkJahoma,<br />
and now living in 1rving, Texas, is married lo<br />
Jady HaJe, and has three childr<strong>en</strong> and six<br />
grandchildr<strong>en</strong>. He is a former Kiwa.nis Club'<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nl, and a mcmber of m~ Society of<br />
Cosmetic ChemisLS.<br />
Over me pasl 25 years, Cénc has be<strong>en</strong><br />
involved with severa! ispects of Aloe vera,<br />
including sales, sales managem<strong>en</strong>t and as<br />
head of rus own Aloe vera business. Since<br />
1989 he has worked with Aloe from raw<br />
product lo finished products.<br />
In his new role as lASC Executlve Coordinator,<br />
~ne believes that he: has found the<br />
i<strong>de</strong>aJ position, in that he continue:s w work<br />
with Aloe ver-a and the people and companies<br />
he has come lO know well through the<br />
years, and with the industryorganization thal<br />
wiil, he belie:ves, help introduce the b<strong>en</strong>efiLS<br />
ofAloe vera <strong>la</strong> millions ofpeople throughOUl<br />
the world.<br />
For aH infolmarion reg:uding !ASC ae·<br />
Livitles, you may eomaCl C<strong>en</strong>e Hale al: lASC,<br />
Suile 110, 910 HouslOn SL, F(. Worm, Texas,<br />
nI' call him :1( (817) 33&1315. Fax #: (817)<br />
3?,&..l319 01', in che Dal<strong>la</strong>s Mwo Area, (817)<br />
429-4272.•<br />
l;-;C.<br />
1m<br />
@004<br />
. CE COUNCIL,INC..<br />
Sunburn Can Imp:ailr<br />
Your Immune Syste!m<br />
Bot ANew Study Suggests Alloe<br />
Can Unda The Damage.<br />
E;t;CcPI¡ram a study úy Dr. Fail/¡ St¡ick!alld<br />
Uniumity ofTex.o.s, M.D. An<strong>de</strong>rson Canm Ca: ler<br />
. In years past it was popu<strong>la</strong>d)' supposed mat a <strong>de</strong>ep suntan ma<strong>de</strong> liS look b¿tler than<br />
.(he paje look we wore during the wilHer me-nths...as though a mahog-an)' [;In meant thar<br />
we could afford lo go south for the winter, or ti) sorne sun-dr<strong>en</strong>ched is<strong>la</strong>m!. jll~(cad of<br />
haying lO work for a living like our contemForaries. It set us apan from the drlldges who<br />
worked all winter. unable lO afford the sunny di.mates. .<br />
Weil, we may have lookcd b<strong>en</strong>er (altho'lgh some would dispute the fael). btll il tums<br />
out that what we were really doing was brin png about pot<strong>en</strong>tiaJlI' serio\lS damacre LO om<br />
skin and immune systems. . o<br />
Rec<strong>en</strong>tstudies have show\1 that abad slmbum. ev<strong>en</strong> one thal \l'e might haye suifered<br />
manyyears ago, can (uro iOlo cancel' in 1a(/:r life:. Not all of these cancers tl.lnl our lO be<br />
me<strong>la</strong>noma, the reaJly serious form of skin canc'~r, and may be surgicaJly remOl·ed. BUl<br />
me<strong>la</strong>noma can metaStasi.ze , or spread though the body, and that beeomcs a serioüs<br />
problem, in<strong>de</strong>ed. .<br />
Now we have informauon thal sunbuJn can, and oücn does, ....'reak ha\'oe lIith the<br />
body's irnmune system, leaving llS vulner.tble 1:0 other diseases. The immulu" system<br />
helps keep uswell byproviding lhe body's pimaly<strong>de</strong>f<strong>en</strong>se againSl !hose germs and I'iruses<br />
that it recognizes as "foreign bodies". Wh<strong>en</strong> it is functioningwell, we may expeel lO re:main<br />
reasonably healthy. Wh<strong>en</strong> il is compromise:l, iilf.less results. in mOSl cases, since our bodies<br />
are const3Ildy being bombar<strong>de</strong>d by thing~ thal can make us iJl.<br />
Exposure lO UltrJ. Violel-B lighl, fram the sun, has be<strong>en</strong> shmlTI to impair the cellu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
immune response of the skin, which may .ead 1.0 tumor formation. But the \I'or\; of Dr.<br />
Faith StJ?c~and, ofthe M.D. An<strong>de</strong>rson Cal leer CeOler at the Uni\'ersity ofTexilS. s\lggem<br />
the pOSSlblhty thalAloe vera Call not only ;LOP l:he damage done to the imm\lne s)'Stem,<br />
but can actually reSLOre the systcm to fuU·Nork.ing or<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
Obviously this doesh't mean thal we can g
03/16:99 TVE 17:18 FAX ~03~~87333<br />
-- --,--<br />
THEjO~AL'OF THE INTE~ATIONALALOE S<br />
Aloe Use Increases Worldwi<strong>de</strong><br />
Ev<strong>en</strong> eonsi<strong>de</strong>ri'og reeem dram
OJ¡ 16/99 TVE 17:17 FAX ~OJ~~87JJJ<br />
-_.__.'--' CATALOG SOLUTIONS. I~C. @008<br />
THEJOURNAL OFTHE INTl!R.NATIONAL ALOB<br />
NCE COUNCIL:II INC.<br />
Aloe Leaf Handling<br />
and Constitu<strong>en</strong>t Variabilit;v<br />
by ¡van E. Danhoj, Ph.D., M.D.<br />
Exwptefi Jrom hi.s book.: ReTMrkablt AWe: AlrJ¿ Thraugh TJ¡¿ AglS.<br />
What it tbe best Aloe?<br />
1l1e'question, "What is the beslAloe" is<br />
ofl<strong>en</strong> askcd. 1answer the querywith anothcr<br />
quesrion, "Whal do you want the Aloe prod·<br />
uct lO do." The BEST Aloe is one which<br />
con<strong>la</strong>Íns lhe constilu<strong>en</strong>lS lhat have the acrions<br />
and b<strong>en</strong>efiLS lhe final producl should<br />
contain and does not contain matelials wi!h<br />
negative effeclS.<br />
'An Aloe leafcontains more !han 200<br />
differ<strong>en</strong>tconsritu<strong>en</strong>~ach ofthem in re<strong>la</strong>tivelysmall<br />
quantities. Thejuice contains, on<br />
average, more than ~9% waler, !hus all the<br />
Rlnd<br />
::e~~PhYIl<br />
{<br />
'-'-.u...;.-'----->"'--~---'''____..1___L.J<br />
In figure 1, is a photomicrographic sec·<br />
rion through the OUler portion of an Aloe:<br />
le:Ú. The rind consisLS of 1S-18<strong>la</strong>yers ofcel!;<br />
inlerspersed wilh chlorop<strong>la</strong>stS (small round<br />
bodies), where lhe consriru<strong>en</strong>LS are synthe·<br />
sized, and wi!h indusions containing ca!·<br />
cium ox.aJate and magnesium <strong>la</strong>ct.:He crys<strong>la</strong>l!.<br />
Just b<strong>en</strong>ealh the !hick gre<strong>en</strong> rind arl:<br />
¡ocated !he vascu<strong>la</strong>r bundles. A5 shown ill<br />
Figure 2, !he OUler support. of the vascu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
bundle is provi<strong>de</strong>d by the sheath cells. Insid ~<br />
lhe vascu<strong>la</strong>r bundles are lhree types of mbl .<br />
<strong>la</strong>r S01.lcrures: lhe xylem (tramporLS wat.er<br />
and minerals from rooLS to JeaI) the phloer 1<br />
(transportS stafches and o!her synlhesize i<br />
malerials lO the rooLS) , and the <strong>la</strong>rge peric'·<br />
dic cubuJes (containing !he yellow <strong>la</strong>lex cr<br />
sap which is very high in the <strong>la</strong>xative 3.1;.<br />
t.hraquinones, especially aloin).<br />
The ant.hraquinones absorb ultra viole;l<br />
rays of !be sun and prev<strong>en</strong>t. overheating (If<br />
lhe c<strong>en</strong>rral portion ofthc Aloe \elf, lhe Wal( r<br />
storage organ. NOle thal !he pericyclic por·<br />
óon of the vascu<strong>la</strong>r bundk is adher<strong>en</strong>[ lO the<br />
rind, while lhe remain<strong>de</strong>r of lhe vascul¡ r<br />
bundle protrudcs inlo the <strong>la</strong>cunar (<strong>la</strong>rE e<br />
spaces) par<strong>en</strong>chyma or mcsophyll. which is<br />
very thick and slimy. This proVl<strong>de</strong>s a mOV
03/lG! 99 TliE 17 ~.U 203226733.3 C:\.BLOG SOLliTIONS. I~C. [4]007<br />
THEJOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONALALOE S<br />
CE COUNCIL,INC.<br />
The terms and names so <strong>de</strong>scribed inc/u<strong>de</strong>;<br />
• AJoe vera Beverage • Aloe vera Drink<br />
• AJoe vera Oil<br />
.• AJoe USP<br />
• AJoe vera Latex<br />
• I 00% Aloe vera<br />
• AJoe vera Gel/Juice • Aloe vera Pulp<br />
• Raw AJoe vera Gel/luice<br />
• Whole Leaf Aloe vera Gel/luiee<br />
• AJoe vera Gel/luice Spray Dried<br />
• Srabilized AJoe vera Gel/Juice<br />
• AJoe vera Gel/Juice Freeze Dried<br />
~.~~.:.. • Reconsrirured Aloe vera Gel/Juice Spray Dried<br />
,_ • Recomrjruted Aloe vera Gel/Jujce Freeze Dried<br />
~~.. • Aloe vera Conc<strong>en</strong>trate and Reconscilured<br />
{t:~~~.~AJ~o~e~v~e~r~a~G~e~I/~:J~u~ic~e~.~~~~~~~~~.,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~fMJ<br />
Comm<strong>en</strong>ts On The Aloe Vera Leaf<br />
Robert H. Davis, Ph.D.<br />
leaf. The pericyclíc tubules connect the<br />
Professor Emeritus, P<strong>en</strong>nsylvania xylem and phloem ro the <strong>la</strong>rge tubules<br />
College of Podiatric Medicine running l<strong>en</strong>gthwise loward the leaí base<br />
IJ~SC Associate<br />
IVlemberships<br />
Now Avai<strong>la</strong>ble<br />
A.t .the rec<strong>en</strong>t Board of Direcw!"s meel<br />
ing.. the Internacional Aloe Sei<strong>en</strong>ce Counci<br />
vOle·d lO op<strong>en</strong> irs rolls to Associ,ne ~lember~<br />
These are those not direetly involyed in grO\\'<br />
ing, processing or che productio1\ of ra\'<br />
macerials or finished Aloe vera goods.<br />
This new membersrup eategory inclu<strong>de</strong>:<br />
¡ho!;e involved in clirect sales, re<strong>la</strong>ted organi<br />
z.ati,)nS. chemical supplíers, container com<br />
panies and any business having a ctirecl 01<br />
indireCl rc<strong>la</strong>tionship wüh the rapidh' gToy,'Ín~<br />
Ajo,: yera industry.<br />
Membership dues for this ne\\' categor:<br />
are $150.00 peryear, rather than the S2S0.0(<br />
eharge~ regu<strong>la</strong>r members. AJthough Associ·<br />
ale Members do not have voting prilileges<br />
they are <strong>en</strong>couraged to att<strong>en</strong>d local, regiona;<br />
and national meec'.ngs and seminars offered<br />
by the IASe.<br />
Beginning wich che July, 199-1 .-illnua)<br />
Seminar, o-a<strong>de</strong> boothswill be avaiJable foram<br />
Assoeiale Memb<strong>en</strong> wishing lO disp<strong>la</strong>\' thei;'<br />
produClS or seIYices at a cost of 5200.00.<br />
The:se booths will be up on both Semi.nar da}~<br />
for '.'Íewing by all an.<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>es. The regu<strong>la</strong>r reg·<br />
istr
OJ/IU/99 TVE 17:21 FAX 20J22U7JJJ<br />
..... ---<br />
CATALOG SOLUT10NS, 1. C, @008<br />
,;- "'THE JOURNAL OF 'l'tlli INTERNATIONAL ALOE S CE COUNCIL,INe.<br />
The "Wun<strong>de</strong>r Drug" Chall<strong>en</strong>ge...<br />
Is it Aspirin ur Aloe Vera?<br />
"It Aloe vera were to be disco vered today, and its remarkable<br />
healing properties ínvestigated, it would be hailed as the won<strong>de</strong>r<br />
drug o{ this c<strong>en</strong>tury, 11 Ivan E. Danhot, Ph.D., M.D.<br />
vs.<br />
Illtcrcstingl~', however, we stin have an in·<br />
By Bab Hayvvard<br />
cClmplete un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of exactl\' hOl,'<br />
in a <strong>de</strong>serr p<strong>la</strong>nt The list is ext<strong>en</strong>sive. aspirin work.s!<br />
In fact, manyreputable researchers and It is hardly surprísing, thcn, that another Ga<strong>la</strong>ctomannans (long-chain AJoe-yste m stimll<strong>la</strong>til't'<br />
aspirín in terros of its b<strong>en</strong>efits to mankind, to treat mankind's illnesses, as well as being in :llld protecti\'e effects within the human<br />
It may be said, with certaioty, that aspi. commoo use as a beauty aid. bl)dy.<br />
rin has b<strong>en</strong>efited miUioos with its ability to Since 1979, Aloe has be<strong>en</strong> the subject of Injectable acemannan (see the<br />
reduce fever, ease minor aches and pains. its increasinglyvigorous. sci<strong>en</strong>úfically-based, and Carrington Labs/AIDS story on Page 1) i,<br />
anticoagu<strong>la</strong>nt properties and irs ability to rewarding investigations. It has be<strong>en</strong> shown being liSea 5uccessfully te treat<br />
fight inf<strong>la</strong>mmacion. that this ancí<strong>en</strong>t p<strong>la</strong>nt, primarily me Aloe vera fibrosarcoma in cats and dogs and, in oral<br />
New research sllggests th:lt aspirin may barlxui<strong>en</strong>sis Millo variety, offers a wi<strong>de</strong> range forro may soon. get FDA approval as an<br />
also be usefu] in the prev<strong>en</strong>tion of hean ofcurative and cosmetic properties mat were AID$-fighcing tDOl. Acemannan is <strong>de</strong>lired<br />
attack. strokcs. high blood pressure during undreamed of by the early Egyptian healers n'om Aloe vera.<br />
pregnancy. cataracts and may lower the risk who first wrote of Aloe's powers io the 4U1 Ih a srudy published by Dr. Faim<br />
of colorectal cancer. ~W~~~ c<strong>en</strong>tu.ry, B,C., in the Ebers Saick<strong>la</strong>nd (see Sunburn miele on page 3),<br />
A.5piriri has long be<strong>en</strong>, Papyrus. il was shown that topically-applied Aloe<br />
and continues to be, an im· Never1heless, and <strong>de</strong>spite v'~ra gel wi.ll not onIy speed the healing of<br />
porunt medicaJ tool. As a c<strong>en</strong>turies of testimonial evi· sunburn, but wil! help reslOre the imm\lne·<br />
result, its use is wi<strong>de</strong>spre3od, <strong>de</strong>nce conceming the cura· s\'Stem lO nonnal functioning wh<strong>en</strong> it has<br />
panicu<strong>la</strong>rly in the Uniled tive powers of Aloe, main- be<strong>en</strong> compromi.sed by mnbum.<br />
States, where sorne 80 bil· stream medicine has long In a paper publlihed in me Joumal of<br />
lion tablets are consumed viewed Aloe with \'ery litue l'hywlMraPY Rt:search, it was reponed thal<br />
each year. <strong>en</strong>thusiasm. This issureJy due, in pan, 10 me )Joe helps reduce the glucose 1C"cls 01<br />
Originally <strong>de</strong>rived from 3. natural oft<strong>en</strong> oucrageous e<strong>la</strong>ims ma<strong>de</strong> for Aloe by diabe tic pati<strong>en</strong>~ to the fasting leve!. In stil!<br />
source, a substanct'Íound in the bark of the some who were anxious lO sel! it, or who were another trial , conducted at Fujita Healm<br />
Willow tree, aspirin is now produced ~yn' misled by the bad ~i<strong>en</strong>ce of early times, University, in Japan, it was reponed mal<br />
thetically throughoul lhe world, and is no Because of the new research on Aloe, it is pati<strong>en</strong>rs' fasting levels w<strong>en</strong>t down, and thal<br />
longer regar<strong>de</strong>d as a natural producL rapidly taking iL';' righúul p<strong>la</strong>ce in the Aloe produced simi<strong>la</strong>r effects on<br />
Aloe vera, on U1e omer hand, has always pharmacopoeia of mo<strong>de</strong>ro medical practice, h)'poglycemia pati<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
be<strong>en</strong> a narural product· in whalever forro il with its use increasing as new discoveries are The repon stated: 'These effects are<br />
has be<strong>en</strong> used. Derived directJy froro !.he ma<strong>de</strong>. ¡¡¡críbuted lO me stimu<strong>la</strong>tion of insulir<br />
p<strong>la</strong>nt'sleaves, Aloe is so effecrive in its natu· Ev<strong>en</strong> though much AJoe ~~=~=,,,,,,*.,,.-.,.,...,=~t>:-.., secretloT1s from resldua<br />
ralstate mat !.here has be<strong>en</strong> found no com- research is of com<strong>para</strong>évely pancrearic beta-
03/16/99 TVE 17:~~ FAX ~03~~6¡333<br />
-_.--"<br />
~ THEJOURNAL O~THE INTERNATIONAL ALOE se<br />
Garrington Aids<br />
wntinued Jrom pagr 1<br />
Deparon<strong>en</strong>t o[ Agriculture.as an aíd in the<br />
lrealm<strong>en</strong>l o[ fibrosarcoma in cats' and dogs.<br />
As the JOURNAL un<strong>de</strong>rs<strong>la</strong>nds !he ac<br />
¡jon oE acemannan, it is nOl a "cure" [or<br />
Acquired lmmune Defici<strong>en</strong>cy Syndrome<br />
(AIDS). Ra.ther, it arrests the syndrome's progression,<br />
<strong>en</strong>abling the pati<strong>en</strong>l to ¡ive out 3.<br />
more or less' normal lifespan, wh<strong>en</strong> used in<br />
conjunction wi!h AIr, the most-used medicaúon<br />
for AIDS.<br />
As mighl be imagined, the reIease of this<br />
information has, according to a CarringlOn<br />
spokesman, broughi 'on a sttady strCarrt o[<br />
calls from <strong>de</strong>sperale AIDS sufferers and doclors<br />
from alI over !he nation, The company<br />
has begun a rreaanem program [or an as yet<br />
undisclo.scd number oE AlDS pati<strong>en</strong>ts and,<br />
rightly so, <strong>de</strong>clines lO comm<strong>en</strong>t fur!her on<br />
the aiili until they have be<strong>en</strong> compleLed, lhe<br />
results certified by !he FDA, and permission<br />
lO market !he product has be<strong>en</strong> granted.<br />
Acemannan was i<strong>de</strong>ntified by Carrington<br />
sci<strong>en</strong>tisLS in 1984 as one oE thetherapeutic¡Uly<br />
active ingredi<strong>en</strong>t in Aloe vera gel; and <strong>de</strong>vised<br />
a me!hod oE <strong>en</strong>suring its stability and purÍly.<br />
.'\ patem was applied Eor in 1986 and "'';\5<br />
issued in 1988.<br />
lnitial studies revealed thal this active<br />
ingredi<strong>en</strong>t of Aloe vera gel was a complex<br />
carbohydrale. No longer eonsi<strong>de</strong>red mcrely<br />
MACROPHAGE<br />
NO TNFa<br />
'~1<br />
Acemannan Mechanisms of Aetion<br />
CATALOG SOLUTIONS, INe. lill Don<br />
OJ/16/99 TUE -11...,)') F.n 2OJ 2267J J J CATALOG SOLUTIONS, INe. @010<br />
. THEJOURNAL OFTHE INT~ATIONALALUH seI<br />
The P<strong>la</strong>nt Kept in the Kitch<strong>en</strong><br />
M'ilIyufu.s l<strong>la</strong>ve fUlIJ 11 le,"'"<br />
ies of a par<strong>en</strong>t or perhaps a<br />
randpar<strong>en</strong>t who kept an Aloe<br />
era p<strong>la</strong>nt in the kitch<strong>en</strong> ~ usu·<br />
.lly on' the windowsill or<br />
ountertop ~ in or<strong>de</strong>r to have it<br />
,andy wh<strong>en</strong> small acci<strong>de</strong>nts oc<br />
.urred.:.the everyday burns,<br />
erapes and bruises common te<br />
·ooks and childr<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Applied with soothingwords<br />
.nd sorne t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>rloving care, thc<br />
\.loe seerned to "make it h<strong>en</strong>er"..<br />
,.¡ygrandmotherwould cut offa<br />
mall piece of the living p<strong>la</strong>nt<br />
'nd rub me juice it exu<strong>de</strong>d on<br />
he hurt, promising that the pain<br />
¡ould soon be gone and the<br />
<strong>la</strong>mage healed, as if by magie.<br />
\nd it workedl<br />
In those days, nobody really<br />
J1ew why Aloe vera helped with<br />
he healing 'process, relieved the pain, less<br />
:ned inf<strong>la</strong>rnmation and reduced scaning. It<br />
U5t worked, and that wa.s al! thar mattered.<br />
Millions of people all over me world<br />
<strong>la</strong>ve be<strong>en</strong> using AJoe as ahorne remedy fo!<br />
~hi\t histonans tell m has becn well óveT<br />
hree thousand yem. And for jUst about me<br />
;ame l<strong>en</strong>gth of time, wom<strong>en</strong> were using<br />
\loe gel lo improve el' mainrain the appearmee<br />
of their skin and hair.<br />
EMly medical writers promised thatAloe<br />
:ould cure aH rnanner of problems,<br />
Many 01 US have lond memorias 01 iJ par<strong>en</strong>! or<br />
grandpar<strong>en</strong>l w!Jo kept an Aloe vera p<strong>la</strong>nt in lhe ki.'ch<strong>en</strong><br />
including dog bites, falling hair, coms and<br />
calluses. cat.:l1Th, failing eyesigh t, male-pattcm<br />
baldness, impot<strong>en</strong>ce and snakebite,<br />
among many ethers.<br />
Today wc scoff at many of those old<br />
c1aims, of course. And, not inei<strong>de</strong>ntally, the<br />
medical profession. by and <strong>la</strong>rge, has scoffed<br />
at rnany of the aneedota! c1aims ma<strong>de</strong> by<br />
Aloe <strong>en</strong>thusiasts, Theywanred, and still want,<br />
'proof <strong>de</strong>rived from c1inical trials and<br />
experim<strong>en</strong>ta! data not th<strong>en</strong> avai<strong>la</strong>ble.<br />
Now, happily, ~ good<strong>de</strong>al of proof is<br />
Medical Applications of Aloe Vera from Antiqui~<br />
continu.ed from pagt 4<br />
OJoe in Southem Asia and me areas bor<strong>de</strong>r- "proor wa.s all aneedotal, and therefore,<br />
ing the Mediterranean Sea.<br />
greatly suspeet<br />
C1osertohorne, the Indians oftheAmeri- Ev<strong>en</strong> inrec<strong>en</strong>tyears, the r<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>neyamong<br />
cas used Aloe ext<strong>en</strong>sively to [reat their skin sorne doctors has be<strong>en</strong> to dOl¡bt any "natu·<br />
disor<strong>de</strong>rs. calling Aloe "the wand ofheav<strong>en</strong> ", ral" therapeutic ¡¡g<strong>en</strong>t unless it has be<strong>en</strong><br />
and believing mar anyone touchedby r:::::~======== ~=~'=~<br />
!he' gel of the p<strong>la</strong>nr would be healed.<br />
Did ir work? These same tribes 5till use<br />
il roday-you <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>.<br />
DIese rnany applications of Aloe<br />
wt:re tried, o[ eourse, without any hard<br />
sci<strong>en</strong>tific evi<strong>de</strong>nce to prove Aloc's healing<br />
powers. It was all tria] and tITOr. If<br />
>ornething worked, peopIe kepl 01\ using ir.<br />
Many in the sócntifie comrnunity had sai<br />
OllS reservations about Aloe's abililY lO heal<br />
:\l1)'lhing at al!. In [htir vie\\'. [he so-
Ó- .THEJOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONALALOE se<br />
C.-\T:\LOG SOLlITIOri3, I:iC. Q¡ 011<br />
I<br />
CE COtJNCIL, INC.~<br />
How Much Aloa?<br />
amlinueiijrom page 1<br />
don,~ which suggesLS chal, in or<strong>de</strong>r for Aloe<br />
to l>~ cherapeutically dfecdve in a cosmetic<br />
fomlu<strong>la</strong>. it must be prescnt in a str<strong>en</strong>gm .of<br />
20% or more, and, in some cases, consi<strong>de</strong>rably<br />
more.<br />
Of course chere are any numher of<br />
replltable manufacnlrers who properly repres<strong>en</strong>t<br />
'the Aloe cont<strong>en</strong>t in their products,<br />
Ort<strong>en</strong> mese companies are lASC certified,<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rstand and respect cheir customers'<br />
needs, and kno\\' what Aloe vera will do to<br />
mec:t thcise needs.<br />
Thae are, to be sure, manufactur<strong>en</strong><br />
who t3ke advant.age of any fad that comes<br />
along. Case in point: One manufacturer of<br />
nail care products prominemly disp<strong>la</strong>r-; the<br />
facl that one of its products cont.ains a well·<br />
kn(lIV!'l ge<strong>la</strong>tin becausr: there is a popu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
supposition tha l the ingestion of ge<strong>la</strong>tin will<br />
str<strong>en</strong>gth<strong>en</strong> nails. Of course it dDes no good<br />
whatever [Q rub il on che nails and, in Jact,<br />
res,~arch has shown chal ev<strong>en</strong> eating or<br />
drinking ge<strong>la</strong>tin won't str<strong>en</strong>gth<strong>en</strong> nails.<br />
This is not to say thal, in years past,<br />
"contains Aloe vera" has not he<strong>en</strong> used in<br />
mu.ch lhe sarne 'manncr, and for the samc<br />
<strong>en</strong>ds. Forrunately consumers can nowre1yon<br />
th
__.. [).) / 11),' 9 9 TliE 1i : 27 F:\.X 2OJ 2 26 i J J J . C:l.BLOG SOLlITIONS, INe. 14)012<br />
.;. THEJOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ALOE S<br />
"Won<strong>de</strong>r Drug"<br />
ICl7llinllrd fi'O/II pagc 10<br />
"ppears te be dfectivc against a broad spec<br />
{mm 01' gc:nm, inhibiting the reproduction<br />
of herpe:; and measlcs in viu·o.<br />
Can control itching by inhibiting histamine<br />
re;¡cDol15 produced by insect bites and<br />
stings, as ,,'ell as the body's reaction lo poison<br />
Oak and pOI son Ivy.<br />
Is b<strong>en</strong>eficial in r.he rreaun<strong>en</strong>l of various<br />
gastroin lestina! disor<strong>de</strong>rs, incJuding<br />
diverticuli OS, g-asuic, peptic and duo<strong>de</strong>nal<br />
ulcers and colon:cw eolios.<br />
In addition to r.he above, Sludies are<br />
being conducled mat suggesl, at least in the<br />
early stages. tl<strong>la</strong>l Aloe vera may provi<strong>de</strong> the<br />
",orld "ith soll other rreaun<strong>en</strong>ts and cures for<br />
omer ill, that p<strong>la</strong>gue mankind. lllis simple<br />
"medicine p<strong>la</strong>nt" may yet be shown to hold<br />
amwers lO many ol' the perplexing medicaJ<br />
problem; ,,'e l'ace. .<br />
In me great "Won<strong>de</strong>r Drug" Chall<strong>en</strong>ge.<br />
which is lhe new chainpion...Aspirio or Aloe<br />
vera? YOH be me judge.<br />
Our money's on Aloe vera. •<br />
r-; - - - - - - -.-- - - - _.-- - - - - - - - - - - --,<br />
JASe Go<strong>de</strong> of Ethics 1 International Aloe Sci¡<strong>en</strong>Jce Council, Inc. I<br />
The LntemationalAloeSci<strong>en</strong>ceCouncil ',MEMBERSHIP APPlIC;Al'ION "<br />
has <strong>de</strong>"eloped an indusrry co<strong>de</strong> oE ethics to<br />
llndcrscore its commitm<strong>en</strong>t to <strong>en</strong>gage in no I Endosed is my lASC. Dues payrnem in l:he arnounl of $250.00, (Associate I<br />
unfair tr.I<strong>de</strong> practices, and lO make no c<strong>la</strong>ims I Membership $150.00) repres<strong>en</strong>ting our cOlopany's commian<strong>en</strong>t to me InttrriationaJ I<br />
abour Aloe I'era's heaJth and beauty b<strong>en</strong>efits I Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council and confi<strong>de</strong>ncein m,: funlfe of lhe Aloe vera indusrry. I<br />
wilhout$-Ci<strong>en</strong>tificresearch and lechnical data '~y signature reprcs<strong>en</strong>ts.,a pledge to ¡¡dher: to ibe lASC. Codc oí Ethics. I<br />
to suppon stlch c<strong>la</strong>ims. I Signalure Date: I<br />
Deeeptive or Un<strong>la</strong>wful Coosumer Prac· 1 I<br />
tices: t\o member of lhe: council shaJl <strong>en</strong>. ,Please fU! in lhe following infonnation: (P tease Print) I<br />
gage' in a <strong>de</strong>ctptive 01' un<strong>la</strong>wful consumer I Company I<br />
practice. I Address I<br />
ProductsorServices: Theolferofprod· I City S''ate Zip Co<strong>de</strong>: I<br />
llCLS or f.ef\;ces for sale by member compa- I Telephone Fax I<br />
nies of lhe Council shall be accurate and<br />
tJl.Jthf\ll abolir price. gra<strong>de</strong>. quaJity, value, I Chief Ex.,cutive Officer I<br />
pe rfOITDi\nce. quantiry, curr<strong>en</strong>cyofthe prod- I Executive Contact ro IASC I<br />
lIcr and a\
03/111/99 TVE 17:29 FAX 2032267333 CATALOG SOLVTIONS. INe.<br />
!illliiiüill....IiiiIl..WilíliIMIiI....íililililii6Milliiiiiii6iíl...':I<br />
COUNCn.~ INq. .<br />
Ase Certification Program A:S!iUreS<br />
~uality and Quantity of Aloe in' Products<br />
eallndicates Gompliance with Quality and Purity Standards<br />
Prior te ¡98l, no organiu1tion exim:d<br />
a¡ could certify raw Aloe's guaJiry or puriry<br />
the AliJe COnlént and puory o[ manLúac·<br />
red products conraining iL C<strong>la</strong>ims on conn¡<br />
and purity were ma<strong>de</strong> ma¡ bore no<br />
<strong>la</strong>tionship to the truth, so it became clear<br />
,
1810303 O<br />
1. Aprilheft<br />
1993<br />
5<br />
· .<br />
•.·•• ~réations·Arom~tzqucJ<br />
".·Créatzb~·Ar¿mdtiques<br />
CnJati01zs Aromatzqucs<br />
.. CréationJAromeittques<br />
,;~ C¡réat~9'!§;.~qrtff!I;f1Ufl{ ...j<br />
"f.¡:~,~ -~;;,;!:;,i cF'¡'~;J1f""":.'g· .~ ;~1'$'k¡"''';:- .\:l~~~~it:j<br />
Creations Aromatiques<br />
C/O/M/P/O/S!I/T/ElUlR' D'/ E/M/O/T/I/O/N/S<br />
GE EVE PARIS MILANO LOt'J')ON KOLN NEW YO;(K SAO PAULO
R. P. Pelley. Y.·T. Wang. T. A. Waller'<br />
Curr<strong>en</strong>t Status of Quality Control of Aloe<br />
barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Extracts<br />
Summary<br />
For over 11 yea~ now the International<br />
Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council (JASC) has be<strong>en</strong><br />
striving to <strong>en</strong>sure that Aloe produets<br />
are undiluted, unadulterated, and 01<br />
good quality. For the <strong>la</strong>st three yea~,<br />
sci<strong>en</strong>tiru, supported by the Aloe Re·<br />
search Foundation (ARFl. have be<strong>en</strong> at<br />
work perle
' : .. • ~,.~ ..•.•: ••••• 1 .. ~. -.', ~'•• ' -,,-- •• -,.- ~<br />
~4JQ.e_~~~.[.~:~~,....,_....>'.;. _.' :.,_~.~._.,<br />
.. . '-<br />
l.<br />
v<br />
'. 'Test Average Range<br />
Solids (10S'C Nonvo<strong>la</strong>tiles) 0.92 9 per di 0.75 to 1.50<br />
Calcium 33 mg per di 23.3 to 52.3<br />
Magnesium 3.9 mg per di 3.2 to 4.7<br />
HPLC Profile' 67% of freshly prepared leaf 51 to 110%<br />
• As originally rtated, the peaks to be examined in this test were unspecified as<br />
was the standard 'sample 01 Aloe to which the analyte was compared. For certi·<br />
fications conducted in 1991-1992, the peak analysed was )lE Peak« and the<br />
standard sample was Aloe Research Foundation Standard 5ample ARF'91A Process<br />
A (Cru<strong>de</strong> Gel), Froz<strong>en</strong>.<br />
.Table 1I Chemical Laboratory Tests lor IASC Certification of Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Gel<br />
(1982-83 Database)<br />
,_, __''0<br />
-·1·~¡¡¡1~~'~¡1--<br />
l'<br />
, f<br />
el<br />
Fig. 2. P(e<strong>para</strong>tion 01 Aloe Research<br />
Foundation (ARF) Standard Samples.<br />
sponsors an annual Sci<strong>en</strong>tilic Seminar at<br />
which aca<strong>de</strong>micians summarize rec<strong>en</strong>t<br />
sci<strong>en</strong>tific studies 01 Aloe materials. By<br />
and <strong>la</strong>rge the IASC does not sponsor<br />
sci<strong>en</strong>tilic work although aca<strong>de</strong>mic sci<strong>en</strong>·<br />
tisu (RPP) have col<strong>la</strong>borated in the certi·<br />
lication pro
,Aloe'·EXtracts ."'" ::..:: ~ ,,' ".<br />
.. :.. ,".. :":'1 : ~..: :" _. . • ..•.:<br />
The Chemistry<br />
of Aloe<br />
AII the chemical tests are based upon<br />
our knowledge of the chemical composition<br />
of Aloe and its re<strong>la</strong>tiomhip to the<br />
biological aClivities of Aloe. Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>mis<br />
gel extraru are 99.5 % water - aJl<br />
of the biological aClivities specific to<br />
Aloe thus resi<strong>de</strong> in the 0.5 % non<br />
aqueous molecules that comprise the<br />
solids cont<strong>en</strong>t of Aloe. In g<strong>en</strong>eral (6,7),<br />
Aloe is composed of molecules such as<br />
the quinones aloin and aloe-emodin (B).<br />
polyx¡ccharid~ of various chemical linkages<br />
and varying molecu<strong>la</strong>r weight<br />
(9-13). reducing sugars. a mixture of<br />
proteins (15-17). and molecules of lower<br />
molecu<strong>la</strong>r weight such as salu. fau,<br />
amino acids and other mole
Alo'· Extrads .' .<br />
the caku<strong>la</strong>ted ionic str<strong>en</strong>gth for the<br />
Texas A & M distribution of the four<br />
major cations is 3.70 :: 1.38 mMHO<br />
(mean:!: Standard Deviation) based on<br />
a solution of the four catjons. with (l' as<br />
the anion. Direet <strong>de</strong>termination of Aloe<br />
barba<strong>de</strong>nsis gel extraet ionic str<strong>en</strong>gth<br />
yeilds a value of 1. 7 :: 0.49 mMHO. This<br />
indicates that only 50 % of all ions exist<br />
in solution in the freely ionized formo<br />
Therefore <strong>de</strong>termination 01 individual<br />
ion conc<strong>en</strong>trations by a method such as<br />
ion seleetive eleetro<strong>de</strong>s is fraught with<br />
danger. Ion seleetive eleetro<strong>de</strong>s (or <strong>de</strong>terminati'::>n<br />
of ionic str<strong>en</strong>gth) can be<br />
very useful in a re<strong>la</strong>tive s<strong>en</strong>se wh<strong>en</strong> appropriate<br />
standards (such as ARF Standard<br />
Samples) are employed. However.<br />
this was the reason that a primary refer·<br />
<strong>en</strong>ce method (atomic absorbance) was<br />
employed in the Texas A & M study.<br />
Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of<br />
the 4 cations in the four p<strong>la</strong>ntations<br />
sampled. There are two significant<br />
sources of variability in the distributions.<br />
Fim there is sample to sample<br />
variability over time at a single farm (for<br />
t '"<br />
E ,.<br />
E<br />
;¡ "<br />
~<br />
example. at Farm '. Ca-- versus Mgversus<br />
K' and Na'). The second source of<br />
variability is farm to <strong>la</strong>rm varibility (for<br />
example Farm 1 versus Farm 4). Realiz·<br />
ing that there are multiple source·s of<br />
variability in the data base. we can ex·<br />
aminethe distribution 01 ion cont<strong>en</strong>t<br />
values (Figure S). With the exception<br />
of Na' (skewed by the low values 01<br />
Farm 4). the values are normally distributed.<br />
We can state with high confi<strong>de</strong>nce<br />
that there is a threshold 01 como<br />
bined cation cont<strong>en</strong>t that ess<strong>en</strong>tially all<br />
Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis gel extraets contain. If<br />
we take twice the standard <strong>de</strong>viation as<br />
our confi<strong>de</strong>nce limit (Figure S, arrows)<br />
, the probability of falsely rejeeting an<br />
Aloe sample is very low. This is because<br />
wh<strong>en</strong> the values for one analyte are low<br />
(for example. Figure 4; Farm 4. Na';<br />
Farm 3. K-). the value lor other analytes<br />
comp<strong>en</strong>sate.<br />
Atomic absorbtion analysis has serious<br />
<strong>de</strong>lici<strong>en</strong>cies as a routine quality contrul<br />
tesu. The equipm<strong>en</strong>t is exp<strong>en</strong>sive. diHi·<br />
cult to maintain. and requires skill to<br />
opera te. If condueted commercially. the<br />
cost of analysing a single sample 01 Aloe<br />
for aH lour catíons g<strong>en</strong>erally exceeds S<br />
100. In this case ionic str<strong>en</strong>gth (<strong>de</strong>ter·<br />
mined by conduetívity) can be used as a<br />
scre<strong>en</strong>ing test be
·Aloe Extráets : .<br />
, .<br />
lor the lour cations only on those ma·<br />
terials with conductivity below 0.44<br />
mMHO at a solids cont<strong>en</strong>t 01 0.59 g/dI.<br />
This sort 01 scre<strong>en</strong>ing results in a great<br />
savings 01 money and time.<br />
It is theoretically possible to adulterate<br />
Aloe by addition 01 salts and organic so·<br />
lids with the aim 01 disguising dilution.<br />
o<br />
i<br />
E<br />
2.6<br />
2.'<br />
2.2<br />
2<br />
1.8<br />
1 6<br />
1.'<br />
~ 12<br />
><br />
t; 1<br />
~ .8<br />
~ .6<br />
u<br />
.'<br />
.2<br />
o<br />
Fig. 6. Conductivity of Aloe Research<br />
Foundation (ARF) Standard 5amples.<br />
Proc~s A. The lev<strong>en</strong> Standard Samples<br />
01 Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis gel extracto Process<br />
A (Cru<strong>de</strong> gel. Iyophilized directly Irom<br />
1: 1 gel without processing) were sus·<br />
p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d at a conc<strong>en</strong>tration 01 0.59 gl100<br />
mi in' <strong>de</strong>ionized water and conductivity<br />
<strong>de</strong>termined witr. a Radiometer Conduc·<br />
tivity Meter (Cop<strong>en</strong>hag<strong>en</strong>. D<strong>en</strong>mark).<br />
Va lue's expreSled are mean conductivity<br />
in re
I<br />
tration o( commercial Aloe materials re·<br />
sults In conc<strong>en</strong>tratlOn 01 this material in<br />
fractions of molecu<strong>la</strong>r weight less than<br />
500 but it is <strong>la</strong>rger than the inorganic<br />
anions and cations abundant in Aloe.<br />
Studies 01 these gel filtration fractions<br />
by Dr. W. O. Winre0 at the Universlty of<br />
Texas Health Sci<strong>en</strong>ces C<strong>en</strong>ter in San An·<br />
tonio suggelt that thls material is neith·<br />
er an in vitro growth factor nor is it par·<br />
ticu<strong>la</strong>rly taxic to cells in culture.<br />
Over the <strong>la</strong>l\ year we have be<strong>en</strong> purity.<br />
ing .. E peak .. (rom a number 01 ARF<br />
Standard Samples by c1assical organic<br />
chemical means. The lower panel 01 Figure<br />
8 illustrates the purity 01 the ma·<br />
terial we have iso<strong>la</strong>ted. Curr<strong>en</strong>tly, we<br />
and others are <strong>en</strong>gaged in <strong>de</strong>termining<br />
the structure of .. E peak... The techo<br />
niques ',Ve are using inclu<strong>de</strong> measu(ing<br />
the absorbtion of light in the ultraviolet<br />
and inlrared regions (which telJs US<br />
about the bonds connecting the atoms),<br />
mass spectroscopy (which measures the<br />
size of the molecule and tell us how it<br />
breaks ;¡oart) and nuclear magnetic re·<br />
~onance specHoscopy (which measures<br />
the vibrat,on of the atoms in a magnetic<br />
field ane tells US which a toms a~e<br />
hooked lO each olher). These studies<br />
will allow us to draw a pic¡ure of the<br />
chemical structure of .. E Peak ...<br />
Bon<strong>de</strong>d Amino Column (Allte
.Aloe Extracts .<br />
. .... . . ~ .<br />
Studies. at the University of Texal, in<br />
col<strong>la</strong>boration with Dr. 1. Heggers, and in<br />
the <strong>la</strong>boratory ot Dr. L. Sheffield at the<br />
Universiry of Wilconlin, have shówn<br />
that Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis extraC1s are bac·<br />
teriostatic for a wi<strong>de</strong> variety 01 organilml.<br />
However. there are some baC1eria.<br />
particu<strong>la</strong>rly thole organilms allo
Aloe Extracts .<br />
I o.-- l<br />
, o..-w _<br />
2'.)0 .. 1 s.,....," '- 1_<br />
IlO-_<br />
)0_<br />
'..<br />
Fig. 11. Assay lor Total Polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
The rest 01 lhe mass comists 01 poorly<br />
alcohol soluble complexes 01 organic<br />
acids and dival<strong>en</strong>l calions. The polysacchari<strong>de</strong><br />
ir. lhe precipitale is lh<strong>en</strong> mea·<br />
~ured wilh the Dubois as~y lor total<br />
hexose (25). A5 Figure 12 illustrales.<br />
tree sugars such as mannose have mini·<br />
mal activity in this tesl while approxi.<br />
mately one hall 01 the mass 01 commer·<br />
cial malto<strong>de</strong>xtrin is alcohol precipitable<br />
hexose. ARF S<strong>la</strong>ndard Sample Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis<br />
gel extract (ARF·93A. Precess E)<br />
contains about 6 % polysacchari<strong>de</strong> as alcohpl<br />
precipi<strong>la</strong>ble hexose - a value in<br />
keeping with those in the sci<strong>en</strong>tilic literature.<br />
Commercial »Aloe« pow<strong>de</strong>rs containing<br />
amountl 01 alcohol precipitable<br />
hexose simi<strong>la</strong>r to malto<strong>de</strong>xtrin are like<br />
Iy. in <strong>la</strong>ct, to be malto<strong>de</strong>xtrin. Conlirma·<br />
tion that this is so requires hydrolysis 01<br />
the polysacchari<strong>de</strong>, sugar analysis, and<br />
~<br />
1<br />
100<br />
Polysacchari<strong>de</strong> Cont<strong>en</strong>t<br />
01 500 mg Pow<strong>de</strong>r<br />
0--"-----<br />
Manno~ Maho- ARF"9JA<br />
<strong>de</strong> Xlnn<br />
Fig. 12. Poly~acchari<strong>de</strong> cont<strong>en</strong>t of SOO<br />
mg pow<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
analysis 01 the likages involved. Such<br />
confirmatory studies are obviously more<br />
the task 01 aca<strong>de</strong>m;c <strong>la</strong>boratories lhan<br />
industrial quallty conlrol <strong>la</strong>boralories.<br />
However, the tesl lor total polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s<br />
outlined above oHers a quick.<br />
cheap and easy method lor init<strong>la</strong>l<br />
scre<strong>en</strong>ing 01 pow<strong>de</strong>rs.<br />
Obiously. our tests lor polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s<br />
muS! un<strong>de</strong>rgo the same sorts 01 analytical<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t, data base accumu<strong>la</strong>tlon,<br />
and industrial conlirmation as the<br />
tests lor ions and HPLC have un<strong>de</strong>r·<br />
gone. However. this is the tirst assay<br />
that tests the macromolecules 01 Aloe.<br />
Hopelully with time assays lor Aloe macromolecules<br />
will. probably in some<br />
modilied tormo become accepted by the<br />
IASe. .<br />
Conclusions<br />
What we have achieved to date is this.<br />
There are at pres<strong>en</strong>t several testl lor <strong>de</strong>·<br />
termining the quality 01 Aloe leed·<br />
SlOCKs. The authors do nol regard any<br />
single test as <strong>de</strong>finitive but we believe<br />
lhat they are best run in or<strong>de</strong>red sequ<strong>en</strong>ce.<br />
The best stralegy is to buy a<br />
IASC Certitied leedsteck. In the case 01<br />
materials such as Aloe pow<strong>de</strong>rs where<br />
no IASC Certified feedstocks are avai<strong>la</strong>·<br />
ble. it is best lO buy material from an<br />
¡ASC Certified producer. Common s<strong>en</strong>se<br />
dictates lhal producers who have something<br />
lO hi<strong>de</strong>. avoid certilication. If tests<br />
are nee<strong>de</strong>d. lhe first test lo be run can<br />
be ion;, str<strong>en</strong>gth using A'RF Standard<br />
Samples as controls. ti ion;c str<strong>en</strong>gth is<br />
more than 75 % lower than ARF Stan·<br />
dard Sample th<strong>en</strong> the individual ions<br />
should be measured by alomic absorblion<br />
spectroscopy. If HPLC equipm<strong>en</strong>t is<br />
avai<strong>la</strong>ble. a prolile should be g<strong>en</strong>erated<br />
using a Spherisorb Amino packing un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
fASC conditions. The lingerprint<br />
should be compared !O ARF Standard<br />
Sample Aloe. The <strong>de</strong>gree 01 testing employed<br />
should be a lunction 01 lhe capabilities<br />
ot the qua/ity control <strong>la</strong>b and<br />
lhe suspection with which the leedstock<br />
's viewed.<br />
'vVe are continuously adding new analytes<br />
to the OC armam<strong>en</strong>tarium. In the<br />
IUlure, the avai<strong>la</strong>bility 01 purilied )lE<br />
peak« will mean that we can quantitate<br />
the Ireshness of Aloe with a precision<br />
and reproducibility we never belore hado<br />
'Nhether or not )lE peak« will be truely<br />
uselul in i<strong>de</strong>ntiling a product as Aloe<br />
will <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>d upon how wi<strong>de</strong>ly dinributed<br />
)lE peak« is in nature. itl structural<br />
,<strong>de</strong>ntity and iu biological activity. Nexl,<br />
will be the <strong>de</strong>ploym<strong>en</strong>t of assays lor po<br />
Iysacchari<strong>de</strong>s. In the <strong>la</strong>r luture, as the<br />
ARF i<strong>de</strong>ntdies the active ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts in<br />
Aloe, we wdl be able lO <strong>de</strong>velope chemical<br />
tells based on biologlcal activity.<br />
Bibliography<br />
(1) Sci<strong>en</strong>ce and Technical Comminee<br />
01 the IASe. 1991. OHicial C<strong>en</strong>ilication<br />
Program For Aloe Vera. International<br />
Aloe Sci<strong>en</strong>ce Council.<br />
Inc. 1-22.<br />
(2) Pelle'y, R. P. 1991. Perspectives on<br />
Aloe: The search lor standard<br />
testing procedures. Aloe Today.<br />
5pring 1992: 19.22.<br />
(3) Pelley. R. P. 1992. Aloe quality<br />
conlrol: Curr<strong>en</strong>t status 01 high<br />
pressure liquid chromatography<br />
in the quality control of Aloe<br />
barba<strong>de</strong>nsis extracu. Aloe Today.<br />
Autumn 1992: 19-26.<br />
(4) Pe/Jey. R. P. 1993. Aloe quality<br />
control: Certilication of Nam<br />
Yang Aloe CO. producu. An outsi<strong>de</strong>r<br />
takes a look insi<strong>de</strong> the in·<br />
dustry. Aloe Today. Winter 1993:<br />
18-26.<br />
(5) Wang. Yin- rung. 1993. Bases of<br />
Aloe c<strong>en</strong>ification. Aloe Today.<br />
Winter 1993: 27-29.<br />
(6) Wa//er. G. R., S. Mangiofieo and<br />
C. R. Rirehey. 1978. A chemical in·<br />
vestigation of Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis<br />
Miller. Proc. Ok<strong>la</strong>_ Acad. Sei. 58:<br />
69-76.<br />
(7) Bouehey. G. D. and G. Gjersrad.<br />
1969. Chemical studies of Aloe<br />
Vera (barba<strong>de</strong>nsis) juice. 11. inorganic<br />
ingredi<strong>en</strong>ts. Quan. J. Cru<strong>de</strong><br />
Drug Res. 9: 1445-1453.<br />
(8) Mapp. R. K. and T. J. MeCarrhy.<br />
1970. The assessm<strong>en</strong>t of purga·<br />
ti ve principies in Aloes. P<strong>la</strong>nta<br />
Med. 18: 361-365.<br />
(9) Manda/. G. and A. Das. 1980.<br />
Structure 01 the D-ga/actan iso<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
Irom Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Mili·<br />
ero Carb. Res. 86.247-257.<br />
(10) Manda/, G. and A. Das. 1980.<br />
Structure of the glucomanan ;so<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
from the leaves 01 Aloe<br />
barba<strong>de</strong>nsis Miller. Carb. Res. 87:<br />
249-256.<br />
(1 1) Manda/. G.. R. Ghosh a nd A. Das.<br />
1983. Characterization of polysacchari<strong>de</strong>s<br />
of Aloe barba<strong>de</strong>nsis<br />
Miller: Part 111 - structure 01 an<br />
acidicoligosacchari<strong>de</strong>. Indian J.<br />
Chem. 22B: 890-893.<br />
(12) Pa u/s <strong>en</strong>. 8. S.. E. Fagerheim and<br />
E. Overbye. 1978,. Structural Hudies<br />
01 lhe polysacchari<strong>de</strong> Irom<br />
~hF'N-I(),¡rn
Aloe Extracts .<br />
Aloe plieatilis Miller. Carb. Res. ( 17) Winrers, W. D., R. 8<strong>en</strong>avi<strong>de</strong>s and<br />
60: 345-351. W. J. OouJe. 1981. EHeeu of Aloe<br />
extraets on human normal and<br />
(13) Gowa. D. c.. 8. Neelisiddaiah and<br />
tumor eells in vitro. Econ. Bot.<br />
Y. V. Anjaneyalu. 1979. 5truclUral<br />
35: 89-95.<br />
studies of polysaeehan<strong>de</strong>s from<br />
Aloe Vera. Carb. Res. 72' 201- (18) Robson. M. c., l P Heggers and<br />
205 W. l Hagscrom. 1982. Myth, magie,<br />
witeheraft, or fact. Aloe Vera<br />
(14) McAnaIley, 8. H 1988. U. 5. Pa-<br />
revisited. J. Burn Care Rehab. 3:<br />
t<strong>en</strong>t 4, 735, 935 (se e also U. S.<br />
157-163.<br />
Pat<strong>en</strong>ts 4,851,224, 4,959,214 and<br />
4,966,B92). ( 19) Da vis, R. H, l M. Kabbani and<br />
N. P. Maro. 1987. Aloe Vera and<br />
( 15) Fu/ira, K., 1. Suzukl. l Ochiai, K.<br />
wound healing. J. Am. Podo Med.<br />
Shinpo, S. Inuoe and H Saito.<br />
Assoe. 77: 165-169.<br />
1978. 5pe