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Networks and Power in Gender-oriented Communication Governance Figure 1. Gender&Media, overview of thematic island in www.globalmediapolicy.net 7 [Haga click para ver la imagen completa en su navegador /Click to open the image in your browser] 11 2. DISCOURSE, NETWORKS AND POWER IN GENDER-ORIENTED COMMUNICATION GOVERNANCE As we have stated above GoC_Gov constitutes an area of the global communication governance landscape that has seldom been systematically analyzed. Moreover, the nexus 7 This specific graphic visualization, i.e., sunburst, is realized employing as a source the Protovis toolkit for visualization, see http://mbostock.github.com/protovis/. Derecho a Comunicar | Número 4 | Enero – Abril 2012 ISSN: 2007-137X
Networks and Power in Gender-oriented Communication Governance between gender and media can be examined from a critical perspective as illustrative of two emerging, and increasingly important, socio-political phenomena characterizing international relations: on the one hand, the construction of discourses on contested and variously framed issues that are concerns to diverse publics and constituencies; and, on the other, the development of networks where the construction of discourse takes place and supports (collaborative and/or conflictual) relations amongst political actors. Indeed, despite the diversity of practices that constitute the field (e.g., monitoring, advocacy, platform building etc.), all dynamics deploying in the GoC_Gov domain ultimately pertain to a problematization of the gender dimension in relation to media policies. However, gender as well as media policies can be understood very differently depending on actors’ frames and priorities; therefore also the nexus between the two becomes a matter of concern that can easily be interpreted in different (even contrasting) ways and, as a consequence, be translated into different (sometimes opposite) normative frameworks. If GoC_Gov depends first and foremost on how that nexus is conceived, thus making frames a crucial element in the deployment of political dynamics (Snow et al., 1986), in order to gain a meaningful understanding of this domain, it becomes essential to look at how different frames and conceptualizations come together to shape a multiactor discourse on the nexus between gender and media. 12 Discourse is understood here as “metaphorically extended from its original roots in interpersonal conversation to the social dialogue which takes place through and across societal institutions, among individuals as well as groups and... political institutions themselves” (Donati, 1992: 138). Political dynamics taking place in GoC_Gov can thus be approached with a focus on discourse construction, as an entry point to the analysis of how norms emerge and consolidate in this area. Indeed, recalling that discourses entail a set of “concepts, categories, ideas, that provide its adherents with a framework for making sense of situations, embodying judgments and fostering capabilities” (Dryzek, 2005: 1) it is then possible to study norms emergence looking at how, though discourses, issues are framed within communicative exchanges, how they are confronted and further articulated with reference to more consolidated issues and norms and, finally, at how they are put into the agenda and articulated into statements (Khagram, Riker & Sikkink, 2002). As we have argued elsewhere (Padovani & Pavan, 2010; Padovani, Musiani & Pavan, 2010; Pavan, 2012), the possibility to understand political dynamics and norms emergence in terms of the progressive consolidation of a political discourse is a relevant feature of the governance of global communications. The non-materiality of the resources at stake (i.e., information and communication), together with the inherent technicalities connected to media issues, entail the necessity to deal at the same time with social and technical aspects converging on the same ground; a situation that enhances the complexities associated with different understandings of controversial issues and multi-stakeholder political agendas. However, information and communication issues are more and more often being shaped as social issues thanks to the progressive deployment of a discourse wherein different perspectives, priorities and political agendas converge and clash (Pavan, 2012). When it comes to connect information and communication issues with the contested concept of gender, this peculiarity of information and communication issues is further exacerbated, as it encounters the multiplicity of ideas connected to the conceptual category of gender. Hence, the Derecho a Comunicar | Número 4 | Enero – Abril 2012 ISSN: 2007-137X
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