aspects of organic geochemistry of nigerian coal university of ibadan

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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated firstly to Almighty Allah, the Omnipotent and Omnipresent who guided me both physically and spiritually throughout the duration of this programme and to my wife and my daughters; Aliyah and Atiyah. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are due to Almighty Allah the Creator, the Cherisher and the Protector of the entire Universe. I thank Him immensely for sparing my life and giving me sound health throughout the duration of this research work. Certainly, He is the most glorious. My gratitude goes to the Department of chemistry for the opportunity given me to have sound training in the field of Organic geochemistry. My special gratitude goes to the Head of Department, Prof. R.O. Oderinde and the entire members of staff (both academic and non-academic) for their various contributions toward the successful completion of this thesis. My profound appreciation goes to my supervisors, Prof. O. Ekundayo and Dr. O.O. Sonibare for their contributions, advice, support, prayers and thorough supervision of this project. May the Lord in His infinite mercies continue to be with them and their families. Once more, special thanks go to Dr. O.O. Sonibare for given me solid foundation in Organic geochemistry. Also your dual role as Teacher/Mentor is greatly acknowledged, may the good Lord continue to enrich you with knowledge and bless you. My appreciation also goes to the immediate past Head of Department, Prof. O.O. Osibanjo for his fatherly advice and encouragement throughout the duration of this programme. I thank Dr (Mrs.) O.O. Aiyelagbe for her motherly support towards the successful completion of this research work. This research work has benefited immensely from the Chinese Academy of Science and Third World Academy of Science (CAS-TWAS) Postgraduate Fellowship awards. This afforded me opportunity to carry out my research work with the ‘State of Art’ equipments at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Lanzhou, China between April 2007 and January 2008 under the able supervision of Prof. Jincai Tuo. I thank Prof. Jincai Tuo for the kindness and love extended to me during the period of the Fellowship. My appreciation goes to Prof. Meng, Dr (Mrs.) Yong Li (Associate Professor), all the Laboratory Technologists and some postgraduate students at the institute especially, Ma Wanyun, Li Zhoping, Zhang Mingfeng, Mr. Wang and Yu Wen Xio. I also thank Joan Q. Li and Ashley Wang for their assistance during my stay in China. The unforgettable assistance rendered to me by Dr Ehinola of Geology Department, University of Ibadan both in Nigeria and China is highly appreciated. The good Lord used him positively towards my achievement. The Almighty God will reward him abundantly. My sincere appreciation goes to Mr. Adabanija 3
Page 1: ASPECTS OF ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF
Page 5 and 6: CERTIFICATION This is to certify th
Page 7 and 8: The distribution patterns of C32-C3
Page 9 and 10: 1.6.3.2 Biomarker Analysis………
Page 11 and 12: 4.1.1.2 Mamu Formation…………
Page 13 and 14: Fig.4.3: Plots of S2 vs. TOC of Coa
Page 15 and 16: Fig.4.36: m/z 156, 170 Mass chromat
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER ONE INTROD
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.2 Coalification This is the pro
Page 21 and 22: The longer the aliphatic chains the
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 1.1 : Location of Anambra Basi
Page 25 and 26: 1.6 Petroleum Source Rock Evaluatio
Page 27 and 28: The type II kerogen has relatively
Page 29 and 30: Organic petrographers also develope
Page 31 and 32: 2.1 Biomarker Geochemistry CHAPTER
Page 33 and 34: However, the ratio is known to be a
Page 35 and 36: Generally, short chain n-fatty acid
Page 37 and 38: Their derivatives were reported onl
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 2.1 (contd.): Chemical structu
Page 41 and 42: Sponges are the only marine organis
Page 43 and 44: The use of α-and β- amyrins as te
Page 45 and 46: High abundance of C35 hopane usuall
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 2.2: Transformation of sterane
Page 49 and 50: A variety of aromatic maturity para
Page 51 and 52: more stable β-substituted isomer (
Page 53 and 54:
Also, it has been shown that n-alka
Page 55 and 56:
The distribution pattern of individ
Page 57 and 58:
2.3.3 Sulphur Isotopes Sulphur isot
Page 59 and 60:
2.4.1.1 Flash or Rapid temperature-
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S2 S1 Free hydrocarbon, FID Hydroca
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2.4.2 Gas chromatography/Mass spect
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Based on the comparison of δD valu
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Fig. 2.4 :Geological map of Benue T
Page 69 and 70:
The shale limestone sequence formed
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTAL 3.1 SAMP
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Fig. 3.2: Lithographic section of O
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3.1.5 Derivatisation of Polar fract
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3.2.5. Gas chromatography-isotope r
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4.1.1.2 Mamu Formation The C conten
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Fig. 4.1: Plot of Atomic H/C agains
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Samples Awgu Formation LB387 Lithol
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Fig. 4.2 : Plots of HI vs OI of Coa
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Fig. 4.3 : Plots of S2 vs TOC of Co
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Vitrinite reflectance values were e
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 4.6 : Plots of HI vs Tmax of C
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4.3 Biomarker Geochemistry of the N
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 4.8 (contd.): m/z 85 Mass chro
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Fig. 4.9 (contd.): m/z 85 Mass chro
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 4.10 (contd.): m/z 85 Mass chr
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 4.11: Plots of Pr/nC17 against
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4.3.1.2 Mamu Formation The n-alkane
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 4.13: m/z 74 mass chromatogram
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 4.15 (contd.): m/z 74 mass chr
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Table 4.4: Parameters calculated fr
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Various ratios of tricyclic terpane
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Fig. 4.20: m/z 191 showing the dist
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Sample Table 4.5 : Tri- and tetracy
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The ratio values (
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Fig. 4.23 : m/z 191 Mass chromatogr
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Table 4.6 : Peak identities on m/z
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Samples Awgu Formation Depth (m) Ta
Page 129 and 130:
4.3.4.2 Mamu Formation The C27 to C
Page 131 and 132:
Fig. 4.26: Mass frangmentogram and
Page 133 and 134:
Three isomers of oleanenes; olean-1
Page 135 and 136:
Fig. 4.28 : m/z 217 mass chromatogr
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Fig. 4.31 : Ternary plots of C27, C
Page 141 and 142:
Fig. 4.33 : Plots of 22S/22S+22R C3
Page 143 and 144:
The 20S/20S+20R and αββ/αββ+
Page 145 and 146:
Fig. 4.34 : m/z 156, 170 mass chrom
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Various maturity parameters calcula
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Fig. 4.38 : m/z 178, 192, 206 mass
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Fig. 4.40 :Organic matter source di
Page 159 and 160:
4.4.3.1 Awgu Formation Dibenzothiop
Page 161 and 162:
Fig. 4.41 (contd.): m/z 184,198,212
Page 163 and 164:
Fig. 4.42 : Cross plot of total Sul
Page 165 and 166:
Fig. 4.44 : Cross plot of dibenzoth
Page 167 and 168:
4.4.3.2 Mamu Formation The dibenzot
Page 169 and 170:
Table 4.14: Carbon Isotopic Composi
Page 171 and 172:
4.5.1.2 Mamu Formation The δ 13 C
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. 4.47: Carbon isotopic distribu
Page 175 and 176:
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Page 177 and 178:
REFERENCES Abubakar, M.B., Obaje, N
Page 179 and 180:
Barthlot, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler,
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oil and gas, a case study from the
Page 183 and 184:
Chemical Geology 20:205-221. Cranwe
Page 185 and 186:
Ellis, V.O., De Baroos, A.M.A., De
Page 187 and 188:
Geochimica et Cosmochimica 43:739-7
Page 189 and 190:
Kleemann, G., Poralla, K., Englert,
Page 191 and 192:
Mackenzie, A.S. 1984. Application o
Page 193 and 194:
Norgate, C. M., Boreham, C. J. and
Page 195 and 196:
Peters, S.W. 1982.Central West Afri
Page 197 and 198:
Revill, A.T., Volkman, J.K., O’Le
Page 199 and 200:
Schwark, L. Vliex, M. and Schaeffer
Page 201 and 202:
Stefanova, M., Markova, K., Marinov
Page 203 and 204:
Cosmochimica Acta 56: 1231-1246. Va
Page 205 and 206:
Wen, Z., Ruiyog, W., Radke, M., Qin
Page 207 and 208:
Fig. 4.8 : m/z 85 Mass chromatogram
Page 209 and 210:
Fig. 4.9 : m/z 85 Mass chromatogram
Page 211 and 212:
Fig. 4.10 : m/z 85 Mass chromatogra
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Fig. 4.15 (contd.): m/z 74 mass chr
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Fig. 4.19 :m/z 191 showing the dist
Page 223 and 224:
Fig. 4.21 : m/z 191 showing the dis
Page 225 and 226:
Fig. 4.23 : m/z 191 Mass chromatogr
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Fig. 4.34 (contd.): m/z 156, 170 ma
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Fig. 4.38 : m/z 178, 192, 206 mass
Page 237 and 238:
Fig. 4.41: m/z 184,198,212,226 mass
Page 239:
239
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