aspects of organic geochemistry of nigerian coal university of ibadan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Pages Title ……………………………………………….………………………………i Dedication………………………………………….……………………………...ii Acknowledgements………………………………….……………………………iii Certification………………………………………….…………………………….v Abstract……………………………………………………………………………vi Table of contents………………………………………………………………….viii List of figures……………………………………………………………………...xii List of tables……………………………………………………………………….xv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Introduction………………………………………………………….……1 1.2 Coal Formation…………………………………………………………………….2 1.2.1 Peatification……………………………………………………………………..2 1.2.2 Coalification……………………………………………………………………..3 1.3 Coal Structure……………………………………………………………………...3 1.4 Petroleum potential of Coal………………………………………………………..4 1.5 Coal Reserves in Nigeria…………………………………………………………..5 1.6 Petroleum Source Rock Evaluation………………………………………………..9 1.6.1 Quantity of Organic Matter……………………………………………………...9 1.6.2 Quality of Organic Matter……………………………………………………...10 1.6.2.1 Optical Methods……………………………………………………………...10 1.6.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods…………………………………………………..10 1.6.2.3 Chemical Methods……………………………………………………………11 1.6.2.4 Carbon Isotopic Composition………………………………………………...12 1.6.3 Maturity of Organic Matter…………………………………………………….12 1.6.3.1 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis………………………………………………………….12 8
1.6.3.2 Biomarker Analysis…………………………………………………………..13 1.7 Aims and Objectives of this Study ………………………………………………14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Biomarker Geochemistry………………………………………………………...15 2.1.1 Normal and branched Alkanes…………………………………………………15 2.1.2 Acyclic Isoprenoids…………………………………………………………….16 2.1.3 n-Alkanol, Alkanoic acids and Fatty acids……………………………………..18 2.1.4 Alkanones………………………………………………………………………19 2.1.5 Sesquiterpenoids………………………………………………………………..20 2.1.6 Diterpenoids……………………………………………………………………24 2.1.7 Triterpenoids…………………………………………………………………...25 2.1.7.1 Tricyclic and tetracyclic triterpanes………………………………………….25 2.1.7.2 Pentacyclic triterpanes (Non-Hopanoids)…………………………………... 26 2.1.7.3 Hopanoids……………………………………………………………………28 2.1.8 Steroids/Steranes……………………………………………………………….29 2.2 Non-Biomarker Compounds……………………………………………………..32 2.2.1 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)…………………………………...32 2.2.2 Aromatic Sulphur Compounds…………………………………………………33 2.3 Isotope Geochemistry…………………………………………………………….35 2.3.1 Stable Carbon Isotope………………………………………………………….36 2.3.2 Hydrogen Isotopes……………………………………………………………...39 2.3.3 Sulphur Isotopes………………………………………………………………..41 2.3.4 Oxygen Isotopes………………………………………………………………..41 2.4 Analytical Methods Employed in Geochemical Analyses……………………….42 2.4.1 Pyrolysis………………………………………………………………………..42 2.4.1.1 Flash or Rapid temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis…………………………43 9
Page 1 and 2: ASPECTS OF ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are du
Page 5 and 6: CERTIFICATION This is to certify th
Page 7: The distribution patterns of C32-C3
Page 11 and 12: 4.1.1.2 Mamu Formation…………
Page 13 and 14: Fig.4.3: Plots of S2 vs. TOC of Coa
Page 15 and 16: Fig.4.36: m/z 156, 170 Mass chromat
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER ONE INTROD
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.2 Coalification This is the pro
Page 21 and 22: The longer the aliphatic chains the
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 1.1 : Location of Anambra Basi
Page 25 and 26: 1.6 Petroleum Source Rock Evaluatio
Page 27 and 28: The type II kerogen has relatively
Page 29 and 30: Organic petrographers also develope
Page 31 and 32: 2.1 Biomarker Geochemistry CHAPTER
Page 33 and 34: However, the ratio is known to be a
Page 35 and 36: Generally, short chain n-fatty acid
Page 37 and 38: Their derivatives were reported onl
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 2.1 (contd.): Chemical structu
Page 41 and 42: Sponges are the only marine organis
Page 43 and 44: The use of α-and β- amyrins as te
Page 45 and 46: High abundance of C35 hopane usuall
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 2.2: Transformation of sterane
Page 49 and 50: A variety of aromatic maturity para
Page 51 and 52: more stable β-substituted isomer (
Page 53 and 54: Also, it has been shown that n-alka
Page 55 and 56: The distribution pattern of individ
Page 57 and 58: 2.3.3 Sulphur Isotopes Sulphur isot
Page 59 and 60:
2.4.1.1 Flash or Rapid temperature-
Page 61 and 62:
S2 S1 Free hydrocarbon, FID Hydroca
Page 63 and 64:
2.4.2 Gas chromatography/Mass spect
Page 65 and 66:
Based on the comparison of δD valu
Page 67 and 68:
Fig. 2.4 :Geological map of Benue T
Page 69 and 70:
The shale limestone sequence formed
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTAL 3.1 SAMP
Page 73 and 74:
Fig. 3.2: Lithographic section of O
Page 75 and 76:
3.1.5 Derivatisation of Polar fract
Page 77 and 78:
3.2.5. Gas chromatography-isotope r
Page 79 and 80:
4.1.1.2 Mamu Formation The C conten
Page 81 and 82:
Fig. 4.1: Plot of Atomic H/C agains
Page 83 and 84:
Samples Awgu Formation LB387 Lithol
Page 85 and 86:
Fig. 4.2 : Plots of HI vs OI of Coa
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 4.3 : Plots of S2 vs TOC of Co
Page 89 and 90:
Vitrinite reflectance values were e
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 4.6 : Plots of HI vs Tmax of C
Page 93 and 94:
4.3 Biomarker Geochemistry of the N
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 4.8 (contd.): m/z 85 Mass chro
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 4.9 (contd.): m/z 85 Mass chro
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 4.10 (contd.): m/z 85 Mass chr
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 4.11: Plots of Pr/nC17 against
Page 103 and 104:
4.3.1.2 Mamu Formation The n-alkane
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 4.13: m/z 74 mass chromatogram
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 4.15 (contd.): m/z 74 mass chr
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Table 4.4: Parameters calculated fr
Page 115 and 116:
Various ratios of tricyclic terpane
Page 117 and 118:
Fig. 4.20: m/z 191 showing the dist
Page 119 and 120:
Sample Table 4.5 : Tri- and tetracy
Page 121 and 122:
The ratio values (
Page 123 and 124:
Fig. 4.23 : m/z 191 Mass chromatogr
Page 125 and 126:
Table 4.6 : Peak identities on m/z
Page 127 and 128:
Samples Awgu Formation Depth (m) Ta
Page 129 and 130:
4.3.4.2 Mamu Formation The C27 to C
Page 131 and 132:
Fig. 4.26: Mass frangmentogram and
Page 133 and 134:
Three isomers of oleanenes; olean-1
Page 135 and 136:
Fig. 4.28 : m/z 217 mass chromatogr
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Fig. 4.31 : Ternary plots of C27, C
Page 141 and 142:
Fig. 4.33 : Plots of 22S/22S+22R C3
Page 143 and 144:
The 20S/20S+20R and αββ/αββ+
Page 145 and 146:
Fig. 4.34 : m/z 156, 170 mass chrom
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Various maturity parameters calcula
Page 153 and 154:
Fig. 4.38 : m/z 178, 192, 206 mass
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Fig. 4.40 :Organic matter source di
Page 159 and 160:
4.4.3.1 Awgu Formation Dibenzothiop
Page 161 and 162:
Fig. 4.41 (contd.): m/z 184,198,212
Page 163 and 164:
Fig. 4.42 : Cross plot of total Sul
Page 165 and 166:
Fig. 4.44 : Cross plot of dibenzoth
Page 167 and 168:
4.4.3.2 Mamu Formation The dibenzot
Page 169 and 170:
Table 4.14: Carbon Isotopic Composi
Page 171 and 172:
4.5.1.2 Mamu Formation The δ 13 C
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. 4.47: Carbon isotopic distribu
Page 175 and 176:
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Page 177 and 178:
REFERENCES Abubakar, M.B., Obaje, N
Page 179 and 180:
Barthlot, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler,
Page 181 and 182:
oil and gas, a case study from the
Page 183 and 184:
Chemical Geology 20:205-221. Cranwe
Page 185 and 186:
Ellis, V.O., De Baroos, A.M.A., De
Page 187 and 188:
Geochimica et Cosmochimica 43:739-7
Page 189 and 190:
Kleemann, G., Poralla, K., Englert,
Page 191 and 192:
Mackenzie, A.S. 1984. Application o
Page 193 and 194:
Norgate, C. M., Boreham, C. J. and
Page 195 and 196:
Peters, S.W. 1982.Central West Afri
Page 197 and 198:
Revill, A.T., Volkman, J.K., O’Le
Page 199 and 200:
Schwark, L. Vliex, M. and Schaeffer
Page 201 and 202:
Stefanova, M., Markova, K., Marinov
Page 203 and 204:
Cosmochimica Acta 56: 1231-1246. Va
Page 205 and 206:
Wen, Z., Ruiyog, W., Radke, M., Qin
Page 207 and 208:
Fig. 4.8 : m/z 85 Mass chromatogram
Page 209 and 210:
Fig. 4.9 : m/z 85 Mass chromatogram
Page 211 and 212:
Fig. 4.10 : m/z 85 Mass chromatogra
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Fig. 4.15 (contd.): m/z 74 mass chr
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Fig. 4.19 :m/z 191 showing the dist
Page 223 and 224:
Fig. 4.21 : m/z 191 showing the dis
Page 225 and 226:
Fig. 4.23 : m/z 191 Mass chromatogr
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Fig. 4.34 (contd.): m/z 156, 170 ma
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Fig. 4.38 : m/z 178, 192, 206 mass
Page 237 and 238:
Fig. 4.41: m/z 184,198,212,226 mass
Page 239:
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