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terms of annual DALYs lost, mortality accounts for an estimated 60 percent, chronic bronchitis around 5percent, restricted activity days (RADs) for 7 percent, and respiratory symptoms for 25 percent.Table 6: Estimated Health Impact of Urban Air PollutionHealth end-pointsTotalCasesTotalDALYsPremature mortality adults 21,791 163,432Mortality children under 5 658 22,385Chronic bronchitis 7,825 17,215Hospital admissions 81,312 1,301Emergency room visits/Outpatient hospitalvisits 1,595,080 7,178Restricted activity days 81,541,893 24,463Lower respiratory illness in children 4,924,148 32,007Respiratory symptoms 706,808,732 53,011Estimated Cost of Health ImpactsTOTAL 320,99215. The estimated annual cost of urban air pollution health effects is presented in Table 7. Cost ofmortality is based on the human capital approach (HCA) for children and the value of statistical life(VSL) for adults. The range in cost is due to the uncertainty of monitoring data in Pakistan. For VSL weused benefit transfer from the United States and Europe with a conservative approach using marketexchange rate and income elasticity of WTP equal to one.16. A measure of the welfare cost of morbidity is often based on the willingness-to-pay (WTP) toavoid or reduce the risk of illness. This measure is often found to be several times higher than the cost ofmedical treatment and the value of time losses (Cropper and Oates 1992), and reflects the value thatindividuals place on avoiding pain and discomfort. There are however not a sufficient number of WTPstudies from Pakistan. For this reason, the cost-of-illness (COI) approach (mainly medical cost and valueof time losses) was applied as the only measure of morbidity cost (see cost of morbidity in Table 7).Table 7: Estimated Annual Cost of Health Impacts (Billion Rs.)Health categories Total Annual Cost* Percent of Total Cost*(Mean)MortalityAdults 58-61 92.5%Children under 5 0.83 1.3%Morbidity:Chronic bronchitis 0.06 0.1%Hospital admissions 0.28 0.4%Emergency room visits/Outpatient hospitalvisits 0.80 1.2%Restricted activity days (adults) 2.06 3.2%Lower respiratory illness in children 0.84 1.3%Respiratory symptoms (adults) 0.00 0.0%6
52.542.490-WRUIZ LARA, JOSÉ ANTONIORUIZ PONS, JUAN MIGUELSABARIEGO DÍAZ, JESÚSSABARIEGO GÓMEZ, ADRIÁNSABARIEGO TORIBIO, MIGUELSAEZ YÉLAMOS, GUILLERMOSÁNCHEZ CIFUENTES, GABRIELSÁNCHEZ CIFUENTES, SALVADORSÁNCHEZ LEÓN, DAVID BENITOSÁNCHEZ MENA, SEBASTIÁNSÁNCHEZ MUÑOZ, ANDRÉSSÁNCHEZ MUÑOZ, JUAN CARLOSSÁNCHEZ SERRANO, DANIELSÁNCHEZ TORRES, ENRIQUESÁNCHEZ-AGUILERA MANJÓN, EUGENIOSANSÓ MESQUIDA, Mª ANTONIASANTIAGO BARRANCO, ANTONIOSANTIAGO BARRANCO, IVÁNSARRIÓN RUIZ, MANUELSEQUERA EXPÓSITO, JUANSEQUERA GUTIÉRREZ, FERNANDOSERENA SÁNCHEZ, SILVIASERRA BARRIOS, FRANCISCOSERRANO CANO, JUAN JOSÉSERRANO GALASO, JOSÉ ANTONIOSERRANO MARTÍNEZ, JOSÉ CARLOSSERRANO PUIG, MANUELSILES RAMONS, JUAN LUISSOTO SÁNCHEZ, ANTONIO JESÚSSOTO SÁNCHEZ, IVÁNTEBAS GARCÍA, OLIVERTIJERAS VELASCO, MIGUEL ÁNGELTORIL CANTUDO, ÁNGELTORRES GARCÍA, JUAN CARLOSTORRES MONTES, VICENTETORRES ZAMORA, ANTONIOTRIGO PARRAS, CAMILOUCEDA LÓPEZ, Mª ANTONIAVALERO SÁNCHEZ, ANTONIOVALVERDE SÁNCHEZ, GABIÑOVARGAS MONTES, SALVADORVELASCO PEDRAJAS, JESSICAVERDEJO GARCÍA, ANDRÉSVERDEJO RODRÍGUEZ, JOAQUINVICARIA MOLINA, GINÉSVILLAR REDONDO, SANTIAGO78.685.764-G78.688.788-S53.590.731-H52.554.083-A75.011.281-R52.546.735-S52.548.673-K77.345.807-G78.682.962-P33.903.144-V33.893.334-M53.596.805-C53.590.762-A78.688.171-L18.219.941-P53.596.624-T53.910.035-J78.681.676-X25.981.620-S74.990.546-N78.685.126-X75.011.160H52.540.306-A52.554.226-P78.688.309-L52.542.563-Y75.098.285-L53.591.527-D53.599.491-S47.164.909-M52.553.519-Z74.989.110-W78.685.612-J52.556.742-V52.557.390-K52.542.071-C52.554.035-R52.543.967-F52.553.509-G53.593.912-W53.599.455-W52.869.860-J52.547.015-L07.523.151-N53.597.142-N
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