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Spots Electorales. El espectáculo de la democracia - Soymenos.net

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portada.fh11 1/6/08 19:36 Pgina 1C M Y CM MY CY CMY KEL ESPECTÁCULO DE LADEMOCRACIAEN LA TV MUNDIAL DESDE 1989ELECTORALTV SPOTSWORLD SELECTIONSINCE 1989Incluye4 DVD con losmejoresSPOTSINCLUDES ENGLISH VERSION


Un proyecto <strong>de</strong>/A project byJORGE LUIS MARZO & ARTURO “FITO” RODRÍGUEZ


Instituto <strong>de</strong> Cultura <strong>de</strong>l Ayuntamiento <strong>de</strong> BarcelonaConsejo <strong>de</strong> AdministraciónPresi<strong>de</strong>nte/Presi<strong>de</strong>ntCarles MartíVicepresi<strong>de</strong>nta/Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>ntMontserrat Bal<strong>la</strong>rínVocales/VowelsJaume Ciurana, Ángeles Esteller, Ricard Gomà,Jordi Martí, Carles Guerra, David Albet,Josep Ma. Montaner, Carlota Subirós,Mara Dierssen, Iñaki Lacuesta, Pius Alibek,Carmen Cazal<strong>la</strong>, Josep SánchezDelegado <strong>de</strong> Cultura/Delegate of CultureJordi MartíGerente/ManagerMarta C<strong>la</strong>riSecretaria/SecretaryLluïsa PedrosaDirectora <strong>de</strong> Programas/Program DirectorRosa MachDirector <strong>de</strong> La Virreina Centre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ImatgeIván <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> NuezEXPOSICIÓN/EXHIBITIONSEspai 2. Pa<strong>la</strong>u <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Virreina. Barcelona.Del 4 <strong>de</strong> julio al 28 <strong>de</strong> septiembre <strong>de</strong> 2008I<strong>de</strong>a original y dirección <strong>de</strong>l proyecto/Original I<strong>de</strong>a and project managementJorge Luis Marzo y Arturo “Fito” RodríguezCoordinación/CoordinationMontserrat Casanovas, Anna JiménezDocumentalistas/DocumentalistasEster G. Bustos, Tessa Smit, Marta So<strong>la</strong>noMiquel Àngel FumanalEdición audiovisual/Audio and Vi<strong>de</strong>o EditingCristina Arrazo<strong>la</strong>-OñateDiseño gráfico/Graphic DesignLour<strong>de</strong>s SotoDiseño <strong>de</strong> montaje/Design assemblyTAT – Espais per a <strong>la</strong> culturaProducción ICUB/Production ICUBMiriam SomsProducción interactivos/Interactive ProductionIñaki AmurrioTraducción y subtitu<strong>la</strong>ción espots/Trans<strong>la</strong>tion and subtitling espotsBenecé Produccions, SLComunicación/CommunicationAna ÁlvarezPrensa/PressÁlvaro López, Rosa Mª Ang<strong>la</strong>da, Verònica Miquel,Bel Alicia JaumePUBLICACIÓN / ADVERTISEEdición/FinnishInstituto <strong>de</strong> Cultura <strong>de</strong> Barcelona, Ayuntamiento<strong>de</strong> Barcelona, TurnerConsejo <strong>de</strong> ediciones/Council editionsCarles Martí, Enric Casas, Eduard Vicente,Jordi Martí, Jordi Campillo, Glòria Figuero<strong>la</strong>,Víctor Gimeno, Màrius Rubert, Joan A. Dalmau,Carme Gibert, José Pérez Freijowww.bcn.cat/publicacionsDirección y textos/Direction and textsJorge Luis Marzo y Arturo “Fito” RodríguezCoordinación/CoordinationAna Álvarez, Montserrat CasanovasTraducción y correcciones/Trans<strong>la</strong>tion and correctionsNIGtrans<strong>la</strong>tionsDiseño y maquetación/Layout DesignLour<strong>de</strong>s SotoImpressión y distribución/Impression and distributionTurnerISBNDepósito legal© <strong>de</strong> esta edición: Ayuntamiento <strong>de</strong> Barcelona/Instituto <strong>de</strong> Cultura <strong>de</strong> Barcelona© <strong>de</strong> los textos: los autores© <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s imágenes: Partidos políticos, J. L. Marzo<strong>Spots</strong><strong><strong>El</strong>ectorales</strong>.comJordi Hereu / Jordi Martí 4Prólogo Iván <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nuez 5Presentación Lucio Ca<strong>net</strong>ti 6Introducción Jorge Luis Marzo y Arturo “Fito” Rodríguez 8Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa Comentarios J. L. Marzo y A.F. RodríguezA 10 días <strong>de</strong>l inicio <strong>de</strong> campaña 9 ComentariosA 9 días 10 Abrupta ruptura con el audiovisual <strong>de</strong> raíz políticaA 8 días 12 Inter<strong>net</strong>, spots y políticaA 6 días 13 Del lenguaje <strong>de</strong> campaña como profundo agujero negroA 5 días 14 Eslogan y capacidad adhesivaA 3 días 15 Eslogan y capacidad adhesiva (bis)A 2 días 16 Tos seca o no productiva/tos políticaDía 0 17 Imágenes que tapan imágenesDía 1 18 Campañas electoralesDía 2 19 <strong>El</strong> ja<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>l marketing políticoDía 3 20 Carisma, li<strong>de</strong>razgo y selección naturalDía 4 21 CurrículoDía 5 23 La campaña como circo ritual y estrategia <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sorientaciónDía 6 25 <strong>El</strong> marco <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as es más importante que el spotDía 7 27 Debates televisivos y <strong>la</strong> caída <strong>de</strong> un bolígrafoDía 8 29 Debates televisualesDía 9 30 Políticos/actoresDía 10 31 Por tierra, mar y aireDía 11 32 SubtítulosDía 12 33 TV y marketing políticoDía 13 34Día 14 36Día 15 36 RumorDía 16 37 Un inserto certero en <strong>la</strong> cultura <strong>de</strong> masasDía <strong>de</strong> elecciones 38 La máquina <strong>de</strong>l triunfo: <strong>la</strong> consultoría como una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s bel<strong>la</strong>s artesDía <strong>de</strong>spués 39English version. In<strong>de</strong>x 40Agra<strong>de</strong>cimientos 76Índice <strong>de</strong> contenido <strong>de</strong> los DVD/DVD content 79


SPOTS ELECTORALES: O EL INFIERNO SON LOS OTROSLas elecciones son <strong>la</strong> fi esta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia. Comunicación y política encuentran su territorio <strong>de</strong> confl uencia enel marco <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s campañas electorales y, muy especialmente, en sus spots. Es este un fenómeno contemporáneo,<strong>de</strong>l cual ahora se valora <strong>la</strong> dimensión comunicativa y visual, a partir <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> frontera histórica <strong>de</strong> 1989 y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> teóricauniversalización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia.A menudo, el auténtico trabajo <strong>de</strong>mocrático se caracteriza por <strong>la</strong> discreción y <strong>la</strong> sencillez <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cotidianidad, másque por el gesto singu<strong>la</strong>r y excepcional. <strong>El</strong> spot electoral es, en cambio, un referente visual e i<strong>de</strong>ológico que haceque <strong>la</strong> exhibición comulgue con <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia. En este sentido, resulta enriquecedor que <strong>la</strong> Virreina Centre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>Imatge abor<strong>de</strong> el cruce <strong>de</strong> estas dos dimensiones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> vida social.Los diferentes apartados <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> exposición <strong>Spots</strong> electorales. <strong>El</strong> espectáculo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia evi<strong>de</strong>ncian <strong>la</strong> complejidad<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política y sirven para conocer mejor el funcionamiento <strong>de</strong> un sistema que, como <strong>de</strong>cía W. Churchill, “esel peor <strong>de</strong> los sistemas <strong>de</strong> gobierno, si exceptuamos todos los <strong>de</strong>más”.Jordi HereuAlcal<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> BarcelonaLa guerra es <strong>la</strong> continuación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política por otros medios. Esto pensaba C<strong>la</strong>usewitz. Y así iba <strong>la</strong> historia, seguramente,en sus tiempos. Hoy, sin embargo, <strong>la</strong> política es el medio. Nunca un fin, sino el canal a<strong>de</strong>cuado para alcanzartodo lo <strong>de</strong>más: <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> una posición económica hasta una estrategia artística. Algo <strong>de</strong> esta mutación pue<strong>de</strong> servirnospara enten<strong>de</strong>r los spots electorales; esa fábu<strong>la</strong> en imágenes que persigue, al mismo tiempo, <strong>la</strong> infantilización y <strong>la</strong>moraleja <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> vida ciudadana. La más evi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s prosas con <strong>la</strong> que hoy po<strong>de</strong>mos leer <strong>la</strong> política.Los spots son, hoy, una zona <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s artes visuales. De alguna manera significan para <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia lo mismo queaquel<strong>la</strong> pintura social para el realismo soviético o <strong>la</strong>s pelícu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Leni Riefenstahl para el fascismo: un modo visualy acrítico <strong>de</strong> ensalzar<strong>la</strong>. No porque un spot sea incapaz <strong>de</strong> alojar una crítica, sino porque esta siempre va dirigidaa los otros. Se trata <strong>de</strong> un arte, en fin, que sólo muestra el caos en <strong>la</strong> otra parte, re<strong>la</strong>mido como está en el viejoconsuelo <strong>de</strong> Sartre: el infierno son los otros.Algunas <strong>de</strong> estas i<strong>de</strong>as obsesionaron al profesor Roberto Alfa, un autor que leí en mis inicios como ensayista enCuba y al que reencuentro ahora <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mano <strong>de</strong> Fito Rodríguez y Jorge Luis Marzo en esta exposición que hanproyectado para La Virreina Centre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Imatge. Cuando Alfa hizo su entrada en <strong>la</strong> escena teórica, el pensamiento<strong>la</strong>tinoamericano lidiaba con <strong>la</strong> posmo<strong>de</strong>rnidad y hacía un esfuerzo, muy fértil en algunos casos, por rep<strong>la</strong>ntearse sutradición. De ese <strong>de</strong>bate surgieron ensayos <strong>de</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rable importancia, como los <strong>de</strong> Roger Bartra en México (Lajau<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> me<strong>la</strong>ncolía), Antonio Benítez Rojo en el Caribe (La is<strong>la</strong> que se repite) o Norbert Lechner en el Cono Sur(<strong>El</strong> presente continuo).Son esos tiempos en los que, recién <strong>de</strong>rribado el Muro <strong>de</strong> Berlín, Roberto Alfa nos hab<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pertinencia <strong>de</strong> volvera Marx, dado que se nos venía encima un mundo bajo <strong>la</strong> apoteosis <strong>de</strong>l mercado. No es su única incursión a contracorrienteen aquellos tiempos. Así pues, frente a <strong>la</strong> tesis <strong>de</strong> Octavio Paz sobre América Latina como un extremo<strong>de</strong> Occi<strong>de</strong>nte, él nos propone leer<strong>la</strong> como un Occi<strong>de</strong>nte in extremis. De modo que ya sólo nos quedaría hab<strong>la</strong>r, conpropiedad, exclusivamente como occi<strong>de</strong>ntales en el límite <strong>de</strong> nuestras posibilida<strong>de</strong>s.Acto seguido, Alfa se <strong>de</strong>slumbra por eso que l<strong>la</strong>ma “<strong>la</strong> política vacía”. Es cuando se <strong>de</strong>dica a los procesos electorales,pero cada vez menos en <strong>la</strong> teoría y más en <strong>la</strong> práctica, hasta el punto <strong>de</strong> convertirse en un exitoso director<strong>de</strong> campañas políticas. En esa etapa parafrasea a Foucault y nos rega<strong>la</strong> uno <strong>de</strong> sus últimos, y muy <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>ntes,ensayos: <strong>El</strong> nacimiento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cínica. Allí, invierte a Marx, al que conoce mejor que muchos marxistas, y lo utilizasin contemp<strong>la</strong>ciones. Si Marx nos dijo: “sigue <strong>la</strong> mercancía”, para enten<strong>de</strong>r el capitalismo, Alfa nos receta: “sigueel spot”, para compren<strong>de</strong>r <strong>la</strong> verdad pueril <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política, “que es toda puerilidad”, nos precisa. Algo <strong>de</strong> razón hayen todo esto. Y si un spot publicitario miente <strong>de</strong> antemano porque su producto, cualquiera que sea, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un Rolexhasta un Merce<strong>de</strong>s, se construye <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> una mentira económica, un spot electoral miente <strong>de</strong> antemano porque <strong>la</strong>política no se propone <strong>la</strong> verdad; lo máximo que llega a construir es cierto tipo <strong>de</strong> realidad.Lo que pasa es que, mientras que <strong>la</strong>s realida<strong>de</strong>s casi siempre hacen per<strong>de</strong>r elecciones, en muy pocas ocasiones <strong>la</strong>verdad consigue ganar<strong>la</strong>s.Iván <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nuez


PRESENTACIÓNCuando en febrero <strong>de</strong> 2008 <strong>la</strong> viuda <strong>de</strong> Roberto Alfa, <strong>El</strong>vira Dámaso, se puso en contacto con el Departamento <strong>de</strong>Ciencias Políticas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Universidad Internacional Ramón Díaz Sonseca, todavía guardábamos el reciente recuerdo<strong>de</strong> su paso por nuestras au<strong>la</strong>s en el marco <strong>de</strong>l máster posgrado <strong>de</strong> marketing político. Roberto participaba comoprofesor invitado <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hacía tres años. Su impronta entre los alumnos fue siempre muy importante y su profesionalida<strong>de</strong>n un ámbito aparentemente tan frío como el <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> gestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s campañas políticas más importantes <strong>de</strong>los últimos años en Europa y América Latina no era óbice para un trato directo y cordial con todos los trabajadores<strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>partamento. La noticia <strong>de</strong> su trágica muerte sacudió nuestras au<strong>la</strong>s y pronto nos dimos cuenta <strong>de</strong> que <strong>la</strong>profesión perdía un referente capital, alguien que había sabido a<strong>de</strong>cuar el lenguaje y <strong>la</strong>s inquietu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> calle a<strong>la</strong> comunicación política y que había tratado siempre <strong>de</strong> acercar los lí<strong>de</strong>res políticos a <strong>la</strong>s personas <strong>de</strong> a pie. Proce<strong>de</strong>nte<strong>de</strong>l mundo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> comunicación audiovisual, el trabajo <strong>de</strong> Roberto Alfa se caracterizó por un <strong>de</strong>cidido abordajemediático en el terreno electoral, algo que <strong>la</strong>s características <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> sociedad actual y <strong>la</strong>s nuevas tecnologías se hanencargado <strong>de</strong> confi rmar con rotundidad en los últimos años.<strong>El</strong> legado <strong>de</strong> su Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña, que nos brindaba su mujer para su estudio y catalogación, suponía para nosotrostoda una responsabilidad <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el punto <strong>de</strong> vista ético. No era fácil tras<strong>la</strong>dar a argumentos académicos o didácticoslo que eran apuntes personales y meras disquisiciones profesionales, cuando no críticas, al propio sistemai<strong>de</strong>ológico con el que trabajaba codo con codo. No hemos <strong>de</strong> ocultar en este punto que <strong>de</strong>scubrir algunas facetaspersonales <strong>de</strong> nuestro compañero Roberto supuso también para nosotros una sorpresa, toda vez que lo íntimo y lo<strong>la</strong>boral se mezc<strong>la</strong>n en estas hojas <strong>de</strong> forma indisociable, como cabe compren<strong>de</strong>r en una persona tan vocacional y a<strong>la</strong> vez tan libre. Pero el ejercicio <strong>de</strong> sincera profesionalidad que encontrábamos a cada paso y en cada página <strong>de</strong> sudiario nos ofrecía un retrato veraz, único, aunque arriesgado, eso sí, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> circunstancia actual <strong>de</strong>l marketing <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>si<strong>de</strong>as, <strong>de</strong> su aplicación “en tiempo real” así como <strong>de</strong> sus quiebros, tropiezos y anhelos.No fue fácil encarar una investigación como esta: distinta, atípica, en los márgenes <strong>de</strong> lo que se espera <strong>de</strong> unainvestigación académica. Precisamente por ello, el proceso <strong>de</strong> trabajo que <strong>de</strong>cidimos fue también especial, muycentrado en <strong>la</strong> experimentación <strong>de</strong> nuevos formatos y en el marco <strong>de</strong> una nueva línea <strong>de</strong> proyectos <strong>de</strong> investigaciónuniversitarios que en un futuro inmediato tendrá el amparo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> co<strong>la</strong>boración con diversas fundaciones y centros<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imagen a través <strong>de</strong> una red <strong>de</strong> nueva creación. Intentaremos explicar brevemente cuál ha sido este procesoDe <strong>la</strong> mano <strong>de</strong>l prestigio <strong>de</strong> dos <strong>de</strong> nuestros profesores titu<strong>la</strong>res, Jorge Luis Marzo y Arturo “Fito” Rodríguez,directores asimismo <strong>de</strong>l <strong>la</strong>boratorio editorial “Comunicación y política”, el equipo abordó este estudio <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> unatotal libertad creativa, pero también <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el rigor en el son<strong>de</strong>o, <strong>la</strong> observación y el perfeccionamiento. De estemodo, el resultado, que es también nuestro particu<strong>la</strong>r homenaje a Roberto Alfa, conjuga una propuesta teóricahipertextual con <strong>la</strong> hipertextualidad <strong>de</strong> una muestra audiovisual <strong>de</strong> gran impacto. En el texto, los apuntes surgen ycomplementan <strong>la</strong>s notas <strong>de</strong>l diario, proporcionándole <strong>de</strong>sarrollos múltiples y variados; en ocasiones especializados,en ocasiones prosaicos, a veces como refuerzo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as vertidas, a veces como contrapunto. A modo <strong>de</strong> rizoma,el texto nos arrastra hasta los ejemplos prácticos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> muestra.Es momento, pues, <strong>de</strong> presentar esta experiencia como algo que exce<strong>de</strong> el mero ejercicio académico y que sobrepasaencasil<strong>la</strong>mientos <strong>de</strong> or<strong>de</strong>n categórico. Es momento <strong>de</strong> hacer ver <strong>la</strong>s mil y una posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> abordaje <strong>de</strong>l fenómenoelectoral, <strong>de</strong> valorar <strong>la</strong> dimensión comunicativa <strong>de</strong>l spot como verda<strong>de</strong>ro núcleo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s nuevas estrategiaselectorales y <strong>de</strong> proporcionar un acceso razonado a sus múltiples representaciones. Es momento <strong>de</strong> compren<strong>de</strong>r<strong>la</strong> riqueza y a <strong>la</strong> vez <strong>la</strong> complejidad <strong>de</strong> los sistemas <strong>de</strong>mocráticos en todo el mundo, pero también <strong>de</strong> establecercríticas al sistema y <strong>de</strong> propiciar el espacio para que estas se hagan patentes.Y, sobre todo, es momento <strong>de</strong> agra<strong>de</strong>cer al equipo <strong>de</strong> investigación su <strong>de</strong>dicación incansable a este proyecto, conjornadas interminables <strong>de</strong> trabajo en <strong>la</strong>s que <strong>la</strong> convivencia ha sido capaz <strong>de</strong> redimensionar el proyecto emocionalmentehasta don<strong>de</strong> nunca hubiéramos imaginado. Des<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> institución que dirijo <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace diez años quierodar <strong>la</strong>s gracias muy especialmente a <strong>El</strong>vira, <strong>la</strong> compañera <strong>de</strong> Roberto, por <strong>la</strong> sensibilidad que <strong>de</strong>mostró al apreciaren <strong>la</strong>s notas <strong>de</strong> su marido un material capaz <strong>de</strong> transmitir conocimiento <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> perspectiva más humana.Sea esta nuestra pequeña aportación a <strong>la</strong> libertad creativa <strong>de</strong> un hombre, fundamentalmente bueno.Lucio Ca<strong>net</strong>tiRector <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Universidad Internacional Ramón Díaz SonsecaPara <strong>la</strong> puesta en marcha <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> catalogación y el análisis <strong>de</strong> este documento <strong>de</strong> trabajo que es el Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña<strong>de</strong> Roberto Alfa, precisábamos <strong>de</strong> un equipo <strong>de</strong> investigación audaz, capaz <strong>de</strong> inventar una nueva fórmu<strong>la</strong>, unalectura renovada <strong>de</strong>l fenómeno actual <strong>de</strong>l marketing político que, por efecto <strong>de</strong> su dinamismo intrínseco, tien<strong>de</strong> aprecisar <strong>de</strong> continuas actualizaciones <strong>de</strong> su cuerpo teórico. Des<strong>de</strong> el inicio supimos que era momento <strong>de</strong> aplicar aeste estudio algunas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s c<strong>la</strong>ves <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong>bor docente <strong>de</strong>l propio Roberto.


IntroducciónDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa8 9Roberto AlfaHace unos meses, Roberto Alfa (1964-2008), conocido comunicólogo y creativo publicitario,murió asesinado en Guatema<strong>la</strong> durante un intento <strong>de</strong> robo. La policía encontróen el hotel don<strong>de</strong> se hospedaba un diario <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s activida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> última campañaelectoral en <strong>la</strong> que había trabajado. Tras varios avatares, no exentos <strong>de</strong> polémicapolítica, <strong>la</strong> esposa <strong>de</strong>cidió hacer público el documento.<strong>El</strong> texto que sigue a continuación es <strong>la</strong> transcripción íntegra <strong>de</strong>l diario, por primera vezen castel<strong>la</strong>no. Sus refl exiones, sus insinuaciones, <strong>la</strong> perspectiva distante, nihilista,acerada <strong>de</strong> una dinámica mediática y política que conocía a <strong>la</strong> perfección convierteneste documento en una rendija por <strong>la</strong> que mirar el interior <strong>de</strong>l reloj electoral y losa<strong>de</strong>ntros <strong>de</strong> un hombre que le da cuerda.En coherencia con el método <strong>de</strong> trabajo <strong>de</strong> Roberto Alfa, e intentando ser fi eles a suvisión poliédrica <strong>de</strong>l fenómeno electoral, ofrecemos una interpretación cruzada <strong>de</strong>algunos <strong>de</strong> los aspectos tratados en el diario mediante el recurso <strong>de</strong> textos, citas ycomentarios que preten<strong>de</strong>n facilitar <strong>la</strong> comprensión a los lectores menos habituadosa este tipo <strong>de</strong> literatura profesional.Jorge Luis Marzo y Arturo “Fito” RodríguezA 10 días <strong>de</strong>l inicio <strong>de</strong> campañaFaltan diez días para el inicio <strong>de</strong> campaña.Voy a empezar este diario. Es <strong>la</strong> primera vezque lo hago. No sé por qué, ni para quién, nitampoco me imagino con c<strong>la</strong>ridad qué voy acontar. Sólo sé que ha sido un pronto, unaespecie <strong>de</strong> muelle que no he podido reprimir.Es como si, <strong>de</strong> repente, tuviera <strong>la</strong> necesidad<strong>de</strong> escribirlo todo para mantener el equilibrio.Tengo <strong>la</strong> misma vibra <strong>de</strong> siempre en elecciones:el sabor metálico <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> adrenalina y <strong>de</strong>l dormirpoco; el p<strong>la</strong>cer <strong>de</strong> dominar los nervios, <strong>de</strong>domarlos, <strong>de</strong> convertirlos en tus amigos y enlos enemigos <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>más; <strong>la</strong> íntima satisfacción<strong>de</strong> ver a alguien, en quien todo el mundotiene los ojos puestos, caminar por el caminoque tú le has marcado; <strong>la</strong> tranquilidad que daescuchar al jefe <strong>de</strong>cir que el camino siempre lomarca él (mis manos siempre están limpias); elpo<strong>de</strong>roso sentimiento <strong>de</strong>l mago ante <strong>la</strong> expectación<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> audiencia; contar algo sin quese vea el truco. Sí, sensaciones que conozcobien. Sin embargo, hay algo, no sé qué es,que me hace dudar, que me <strong>de</strong>ja ausentedurante un instante. No me había pasadoantes. Es tan incipiente que no puedo nisiquiera escribirlo aquí.ComentariosLa primera cosa que sorpren<strong>de</strong> a un investigador alenfrentarse al diario <strong>de</strong> Roberto Alfa es que su autor<strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>re que nunca antes había escrito un diario parecido.Según numerosos testimonios, tanto familiarescomo profesionales, Alfa no era muy proclive a <strong>de</strong>jarnotas escritas sobre su trabajo y siempre había <strong>de</strong>fendido<strong>la</strong> discreción profesional en un ámbito, comoel político, habitualmente sujeto a manipu<strong>la</strong>cionesinteresadas. Choca, pues, que un profesional <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tal<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong> Roberto Alfa <strong>de</strong>cidiera romper su propia filosofíapara pintar sin tapujos el entorno en que se movía.Roberto Alfa participó en innumerables campañas publicitariasy políticas: en Estados Unidos, Guatema<strong>la</strong>,Argentina, España, Israel, Alemania, Rusia, Filipinasy México. Sus servicios fueron contratados tanto porgran<strong>de</strong>s empresas transnacionales como por históricospartidos políticos <strong>de</strong> diferente signo i<strong>de</strong>ológico.<strong>El</strong> hecho <strong>de</strong> que compaginara <strong>la</strong>bores publicitarias concampañas políticas nunca representó un problema <strong>de</strong>“compatibilida<strong>de</strong>s”, así como —para sorpresa <strong>de</strong> algunos—tampoco fue un problema moverse entre partidos<strong>de</strong> tan distinto horizonte político. A <strong>la</strong> acusación <strong>de</strong> serun “mercenario”, Roberto Alfa respondió en una ocasión:“<strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> caída <strong>de</strong>l Muro, toda <strong>la</strong> política esmeramente comercial. Se acabaron <strong>la</strong>s campañas endon<strong>de</strong> haya gran<strong>de</strong>s verda<strong>de</strong>s que ven<strong>de</strong>r”.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa10 11A 9 díasEsta mañana hemos empezado un rodaje.Me gustan los publicistas, los cámaras, losdirectores <strong>de</strong> arte: ellos entien<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong> qué vaesto. Y lo sé cuando nos encontramos en elbaño. Pocas pa<strong>la</strong>bras y <strong>la</strong>s líneas medidasy mecánicas. Gente profesional, que no se<strong>de</strong>ja llevar por veleida<strong>de</strong>s o dudas. <strong>El</strong> jefeha aparecido puntual en el p<strong>la</strong>tó. Mientraslo maquil<strong>la</strong>ban, hemos estado repasando eltexto y el tono. No es fácil convencer a estepersonaje tan pagado <strong>de</strong> sí mismo. Ha puestoen duda, una y otra vez, algunas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>sexpresiones, calificándo<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> poco coloquiales.Él se encuentra a gusto en <strong>la</strong> distanciacorta, cuando pellizca y palmea con cariño <strong>la</strong>smejil<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> gente, en un gesto que a mí measquea, pero que él consi<strong>de</strong>ra entrañable. Hayque reconocerle cierto valor. Al César, lo que essuyo. Sí, su sonrisa será un <strong>de</strong>sastre, pero ese<strong>de</strong>sparpajo pillín que tiene nos va muy bien.Cuando dice lo que realmente piensa, lo querara vez ocurre, es diáfanamente meridiano.Le he visto convencer a sus asesores <strong>de</strong> cosaspor <strong>la</strong>s que media hora antes ninguno <strong>de</strong>ellos hubiera dado un céntimo. Me recuerda<strong>la</strong> historia <strong>de</strong> un general <strong>de</strong>sesperado que fuea <strong>de</strong>cirle a Hitler que ya no quedaba gasolinay que difícilmente podían ya luchar. Tras mediahora con el dictador, salió entusiasmado<strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>spacho exc<strong>la</strong>mando a viva voz: “¡Vamosa ganar <strong>la</strong> guerra, no necesitamos gasolina!”.Esos momentos son electrizantes, pero nuncase verán. Está estrictamente prohibido dar luza esas actitu<strong>de</strong>s. Miguel no podría aspirar amejor munición. Tras un par <strong>de</strong> horas <strong>de</strong> tira yafloja, hemos conseguido que se ciña al guión,pero no hemos podido evitar que use indiscriminadamenteel <strong>de</strong>do apuntando a <strong>la</strong> cámara yque se levante <strong>de</strong>l taburete. Finalmente, hemostenido que tirar <strong>de</strong> steadycam, lo que le da unaire <strong>de</strong> ficción que me molesta un poco.Abrupta ruptura con el audiovisual<strong>de</strong> raíz políticaSiendo compleja <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>fi nición <strong>de</strong> cine militante, no <strong>de</strong>beríaequipararse al cine documental o <strong>de</strong> no ficción, nitampoco única y exclusivamente al que se hace fuera<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s estructuras comerciales habituales. Se trataría <strong>de</strong>un cine no alienante, que no <strong>de</strong>sea limitarse a contar fábu<strong>la</strong>s<strong>de</strong>sligadas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> realidad <strong>de</strong> los seres humanos,sino a indagar en <strong>la</strong>s condiciones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma y, en <strong>la</strong>medida <strong>de</strong> sus fuerzas, contribuir a cambiar<strong>la</strong>s. Estosmovimientos <strong>de</strong> cine político o <strong>de</strong> agitación, uno <strong>de</strong>cuyos principales referentes históricos es el movimiento<strong>de</strong> cine épico <strong>de</strong> carácter político y dialéctico,llevado a cabo por los gran<strong>de</strong>s cineastas rusos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>época muda, se <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>rán en una serie <strong>de</strong> corrientescuyo objetivo será <strong>la</strong> transmisión <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ología ycobrará forma e importancia en distintos contextoshistóricos y sociales.Con el paso <strong>de</strong>l tiempo encontraremos, en paralelo a<strong>la</strong> evolución técnica <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imagen, un <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>sestrategias <strong>de</strong> comunicación, tanto en cine como entelevisión, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mano <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s nuevas tecnologías. Perotoda esta genealogía, rica históricamente tanto enproducción teórica como en obras cinematográfi cas,quedaría en cierta medida cercenada <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> perspectiva<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> actual “vi<strong>de</strong>opolítica”, toda vez que <strong>la</strong>efi cacia <strong>de</strong>l marketing o <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> publicidad ha evacuadoprogresivamente el argumento i<strong>de</strong>ológico. Se pue<strong>de</strong><strong>de</strong>cir que lo que vendría a ser el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo natural<strong>de</strong> una concepción militante <strong>de</strong>l medio audiovisual secorta abruptamente en esta rama que son los spotselectorales a favor <strong>de</strong> una banalización <strong>de</strong>l mensaje,extensible también a <strong>la</strong> “comercialización” <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>campaña política. <strong>El</strong> <strong>de</strong>finitivo so<strong>la</strong>pamiento entrepublicidad y propaganda (si bien esta división diomucho juego <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> el acercamiento aca<strong>de</strong>micistaal fenómeno), se impone <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> concepción hasta <strong>la</strong>formalización <strong>de</strong>l producto electoral y activa así un po<strong>de</strong>rosomecanismo <strong>de</strong> cambio <strong>de</strong>l espacio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política.Sin embargo, esta aproximación podría llevar a pensarque <strong>la</strong>s prácticas cinematográficas clásicas se distinguirían<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s vi<strong>de</strong>ográficas actuales por no respon<strong>de</strong>ra criterios <strong>de</strong> banalidad, lo que ciertamente sería cuestionablea <strong>la</strong> luz <strong>de</strong> muchos productos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>i<strong>de</strong>ologías fascistas y comunistas.Sobre <strong>la</strong> estetización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política como estrategia propia<strong>de</strong>l fascismo es algo sobre lo que ya escribió WalterBenjamin en su día y que <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> perspectiva actualcabría analizar con renovado interés. En todas <strong>la</strong>s campañaselectorales recientes vemos cómo <strong>la</strong> propaganda<strong>de</strong> muy distintas facciones políticas se pliega cada vezcon más fuerza a <strong>de</strong>terminados criterios estéticos, conprofusión <strong>de</strong> recursos plásticos proce<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> muy diversosreferentes y aplicados a los diferentes discursospolitico-partidistas. Si, como el propio Benjamin <strong>de</strong>cía,estas estrategias fascistas contribuyen a <strong>la</strong> conversión<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> humanidad en espectáculo <strong>de</strong> sí misma, bien podríamoscomenzar a seña<strong>la</strong>r en qué punto <strong>de</strong>l camino nosencontramos, a riesgo <strong>de</strong> ser aso<strong>la</strong>dos por <strong>la</strong> evi<strong>de</strong>ncia<strong>de</strong> una c<strong>la</strong>udicación. Si <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>valuación <strong>de</strong>l sistema <strong>de</strong>mocráticoha <strong>de</strong>venido estetización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política, no es<strong>de</strong> extrañar que el propio Alfa <strong>de</strong>tecte el creciente procesohacia una <strong>de</strong>mocratización <strong>de</strong>l fascismo.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa12 13A 8 díasInter<strong>net</strong>, spots y políticaA 6 díasDel lenguaje <strong>de</strong> campaña como profundoagujero negro<strong>El</strong> tren marcha a toda máquina. Con losaudios que hemos editado hoy, los spots <strong>de</strong>televisión están listos. A falta <strong>de</strong> ocho días, losveo como torpedos <strong>de</strong> vaselina y pus ansiosospor salir <strong>de</strong>l tubo, incapaces <strong>de</strong> esperar ya. Losspots para Inter<strong>net</strong> están funcionando <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong>hace dos meses y muy bien. Es genial lo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>Red: con tal <strong>de</strong> no firmarlos o <strong>de</strong> que vayana nombre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s juventu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l partido,pue<strong>de</strong>s colgar vi<strong>de</strong>os saltándote <strong>la</strong> normativaelectoral. De hecho, según un estimadocolega, Inter<strong>net</strong> nos va a hacer aún másmillonarios, porque <strong>la</strong>s campañas en <strong>la</strong> Red sonya permanentes, duran todo el año, como <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>Navidad.Los posters, <strong>la</strong>s ban<strong>de</strong>ro<strong>la</strong>s, <strong>la</strong>s insercionesen prensa, <strong>la</strong>s cuñas <strong>de</strong> radio, los blogs <strong>de</strong>periodistas, <strong>la</strong>s webs, los artistas <strong>de</strong> apoyo, losequipos <strong>de</strong> rodaje, <strong>de</strong> edición, <strong>de</strong> producción,los figurantes, el estudio, en fin, todo está ensu apogeo. Y no hablo <strong>de</strong> los encen<strong>de</strong>dores,bolígrafos, gorras, programas electorales,camisetas, motoristas, autocares, catering <strong>de</strong>masas, que todo eso no es cosa mía. En <strong>la</strong>scampañas electorales aún se juega como en<strong>la</strong>s guerras <strong>de</strong> antes: no hay bombar<strong>de</strong>os <strong>de</strong>precisión, sino simples ataques <strong>de</strong> saturación,sobre todo al principio. <strong>El</strong> partido lleva mesesmachacando prensa y congreso. Ahora se trata<strong>de</strong> ponerle una cara a todo ello. Con el riesgoque esto conlleva, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> luego.Quizá haya que distinguir <strong>la</strong> irrupción <strong>de</strong> Inter<strong>net</strong> en eldiscurso político <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> irrupción <strong>de</strong>l discurso político enInter<strong>net</strong>. Pero lo que aquí ahora nos importa es distinguir<strong>la</strong> aparición <strong>de</strong> Inter<strong>net</strong> como medio <strong>de</strong> divulgaciónelectoral. Por un <strong>la</strong>do, tendríamos todo un nuevo horizonte<strong>de</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ciones en <strong>la</strong>s que el efecto rizomático <strong>de</strong>lmedio ha facilitado <strong>la</strong> producción “horizontal” <strong>de</strong> pensamientocrítico, mientras que, por otro <strong>la</strong>do, y <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong>cierta izquierda, auto<strong>de</strong>nominada como “nueva”, se haoptado por <strong>la</strong> distribución <strong>de</strong> un mensaje fosilizado quese ha <strong>de</strong>sprendido pau<strong>la</strong>tinamente <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> nueva circunstanciacomunicativa.<strong>El</strong> uso emancipador <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s tecnologías abiertas,el establecimiento <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>taformas cooperativas y unaconcepción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política cada vez más alejada <strong>de</strong>l espectáculo<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia han venido <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndonuevas nociones <strong>de</strong> “espacio público comunicativo”, quese oponen precisamente a <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>a clásica <strong>de</strong> “órgano<strong>de</strong> expresión”.Por otro <strong>la</strong>do, <strong>la</strong> referencia que Alfa hace <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> importancia<strong>de</strong>l rostro en el mensaje electoral podríaproce<strong>de</strong>r directamente <strong>de</strong> sus apuntes para sus c<strong>la</strong>sesuniversitarias: “No copie fotos famosas. Algunas fotos<strong>de</strong> campaña correspon<strong>de</strong>n a situaciones históricasirrepetibles. La foto <strong>de</strong> François Mitterrand mirando alhorizonte con el eslogan ‘La France unie’ funcionó parael Sr. Mitterrand. Si usted ha sido presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> Franciadurante siete años, quiere completar catorce años <strong>de</strong>gobierno y es here<strong>de</strong>ro simbólico (ya que no político) <strong>de</strong>De Gaulle y <strong>de</strong> los reyes <strong>de</strong> Francia, entonces ese tipo<strong>de</strong> fotos le funcionará bien, si no, no”.Oigo a los políticos y me digo: ¡cómo megustaría que <strong>la</strong> esencia política se transmitieseen el lenguaje y no a través <strong>de</strong>l lenguaje!Hab<strong>la</strong>n con un lenguaje que lo abarca todo.<strong>El</strong> verda<strong>de</strong>ro daño <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política, como <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> publicidad, es dar nombre a todo. Eso,a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> matar al político que todo hombrelleva <strong>de</strong>ntro, con<strong>de</strong>na a <strong>la</strong> política a <strong>la</strong>perversión <strong>de</strong>l lenguaje, a <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>saparición <strong>de</strong>lsilencio, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> distancia que hay entre dos huel<strong>la</strong>sconsecutivas en <strong>la</strong> arena. Sin vacío <strong>de</strong> pormedio, dos huel<strong>la</strong>s seguidas no son nada. Lapa<strong>la</strong>bra solo está pensada para <strong>la</strong> actualidady, por lo tanto, para el olvido. ¡Bah! A<strong>de</strong>más,una victoria lo borra todo, lo renombra todo.En toda campaña existen juegos <strong>de</strong> lenguaje. Des<strong>de</strong> eleslogan como gran catalizador <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> actitud <strong>de</strong>l candidato/partidohasta <strong>la</strong>s “i<strong>de</strong>as fuerza” <strong>de</strong> una campaña,que se <strong>de</strong>spren<strong>de</strong>n como un racimo en frases suministradashomeopáticamente, existe toda una pon<strong>de</strong>radarecreación literaria compuesta con sumo cuidado y conuna corrección que finalmente se ha dado en <strong>de</strong>nominar“política”.La corrección política, o lo políticamente correcto, seutiliza como un preciado barniz en <strong>la</strong>s campañas electorales;es una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s aportaciones <strong>de</strong>l marketingpolítico a <strong>la</strong> progresiva estulticia <strong>de</strong> nuestras re<strong>la</strong>cionessociopolíticas. Normalmente se hace preciso un lenguajeque <strong>de</strong>scriba <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as, <strong>la</strong>s políticas o los comportamientosen el intento <strong>de</strong> minimizar <strong>la</strong>s posibles ofensasa grupos étnicos, culturales o religiosos. Un lenguajeque en ocasiones tiene el cometido <strong>de</strong> camuf<strong>la</strong>r ofuscacionesy actitu<strong>de</strong>s o <strong>de</strong> edulcorar discursos que en algúnmomento se “extraviaron”. Tanto el término “correcciónpolítica” como su uso han sido siempre polémicos, peroes precisamente en esta polémica en don<strong>de</strong> se <strong>de</strong>svía <strong>la</strong>atención y se propicia un nuevo espacio <strong>de</strong> confrontación,el <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mentira, el reproche o <strong>la</strong> bronca.<strong>El</strong> spot electoral que hemos conocido en los últimosaños, salvo excepciones fl agrantes que han hecho <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> dureza o <strong>la</strong> discordia su sello distintivo, ha eludidohace bastante tiempo el cuestionamiento sobresu corrección política, dado que subvierte el signifi -cado real <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras, con<strong>de</strong>nando a <strong>la</strong> políticaa <strong>la</strong> perversión <strong>de</strong>l lenguaje, tal y como lo p<strong>la</strong>nteaAlfa. Su p<strong>la</strong>nteamiento “universal” <strong>de</strong>spoja <strong>de</strong> significancia real al lenguaje: es mejor sortear cualquierreacción negativa y procurar a toda costa <strong>la</strong> captación<strong>de</strong> público a través <strong>de</strong>l género estilístico audiovisual.Lo audiovisual como negación <strong>de</strong>l lenguaje. <strong>El</strong> ecoproce<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong>l agujero negro en don<strong>de</strong> cayeron <strong>la</strong>srazones servirá <strong>de</strong> guión.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa14 15A 5 díasEslogan y capacidad adhesivaA 3 díasEslogan y capacidad adhesiva (bis)Hace ya meses que tenemos <strong>de</strong>cidido el esloganprincipal <strong>de</strong> campaña: “C<strong>la</strong>ro que pue<strong>de</strong>s”.Y el secundario: “Piénsalo y vota”. Nadanuevo, pero <strong>la</strong>s campañas nunca son nuevas.Es lo que tiene el espectáculo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia;don<strong>de</strong>quiera que compres <strong>la</strong> entrada, siempreverás el mismo show. Al principio, discutimosmucho sobre el término “c<strong>la</strong>ro que...”. Normalmentese diría “Sí, tú pue<strong>de</strong>s” o “Tú pue<strong>de</strong>s”.Añadir el “c<strong>la</strong>ro” como forma <strong>de</strong> afirmación,<strong>de</strong> confirmación, entraña el riesgo <strong>de</strong> parecerdidáctico o paternal. Y c<strong>la</strong>ro que queremosser didácticos y paternales, pero que no senote. Al mismo tiempo, “c<strong>la</strong>ro que...” da unperfil <strong>de</strong> facilidad, <strong>de</strong> comodidad, <strong>de</strong> factibilidadque nos subraya normalidad en <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>a<strong>de</strong> cambio. Es como si alguien te <strong>de</strong>spejara<strong>la</strong>s dudas. Una chica <strong>de</strong>l equipo apuntó undía, medio en broma, que parecía un eslogan<strong>de</strong> Viagra. Y es verdad. Precisamente graciasa esa sugerente comparación, <strong>de</strong>cidimosutilizar en los spots muchos personajes <strong>de</strong> medianaedad que, <strong>de</strong> alguna manera, pudieranrecoger subliminalmente el mensaje. Almismo tiempo, “C<strong>la</strong>ro que pue<strong>de</strong>s” se enmarcabien entre los jóvenes y <strong>la</strong>s mujeres, siemprein<strong>de</strong>cisos en sus acciones. Los viejos no nosimportan: sólo votan por antiguas emocionesy porque los muy tontos creen que votar escomo asegurarse un seguro <strong>de</strong> vida.Miguel también ha escogido lo que era previsible,más <strong>de</strong> lo mismo: “<strong>El</strong> valor <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cosasbien hechas”. Sin embargo, me ha sorprendidouna frase tan <strong>la</strong>rga y tan sujeta a <strong>la</strong> interpretación<strong>de</strong> cada una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras. Es naturalque <strong>de</strong>fiendan <strong>la</strong> legis<strong>la</strong>tura pasada, perohay algo raro en <strong>la</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción entre los términos.Parece como si dijeran: “bueno, lo hemos hechobien, y ahora, a otra cosa mariposa”. Creoque ya he dicho que Miguel es un intelectual,por lo que no me <strong>de</strong>berían extrañar este tipo <strong>de</strong>eslóganes. Apostar por esta línea huele a campaña<strong>de</strong> datos, cifras y estadísticas, o sea, guerra<strong>de</strong> camuf<strong>la</strong>je. No hay problema. Estoy listo. Siquieren esa guerra, no <strong>la</strong> encontrarán muy lejos.Cualquier mensaje electoral o eslogan tiene como misiónintroducir en el espacio mediático una forma personal(coloquial y cercana) <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> propuesta i<strong>de</strong>ológica y programática.Ha <strong>de</strong> ser una frase corta y expresiva, incisiva ymecánica, que recuer<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> “i<strong>de</strong>a fuerza” <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña.Es, en <strong>de</strong>finitiva, un conjunto <strong>de</strong> pa<strong>la</strong>bras motoras queno han <strong>de</strong> permitir <strong>de</strong>masiados juegos <strong>de</strong> significado,solo los precisos; y, por ello, es una importante <strong>de</strong>terminación.<strong>El</strong> eslogan está irremisiblemente asociado a <strong>la</strong>repetición, se ampara en el<strong>la</strong> para pren<strong>de</strong>r en <strong>la</strong> mente ypara inocu<strong>la</strong>r (sobre todo) una serie <strong>de</strong> imágenes.En el spot electoral, el eslogan encuentra su lugar <strong>de</strong>interpretación, una proyección que no tiene en otrossoportes propagandísticos, exceptuando <strong>la</strong> radio. Enel spot, el eslogan pue<strong>de</strong> ser argumento, conclusión ocoda, pero lo cierto es que <strong>de</strong>scubre su verda<strong>de</strong>ro sentidoenunciativo y es capaz <strong>de</strong> alcanzar esa dimensiónemocional tan perseguida. Si el eslogan tiene posibilidad<strong>de</strong> hincharse en el spot audiovisual, <strong>la</strong> campañaserá todo un éxito adhesivo.Los jefes no se atreven a utilizar <strong>la</strong> expresión“mano dura”. Sin embargo, sé que daríamosen el c<strong>la</strong>vo. <strong>El</strong> anuncio nos ha salido <strong>de</strong>masiado“parecido”. Me dicen <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> gabi<strong>net</strong>e queasí <strong>de</strong>be ser, que nos conviene coincidir paraacercarnos a los in<strong>de</strong>cisos. Eso es no enten<strong>de</strong>runa pa<strong>la</strong>bra sobre “los in<strong>de</strong>cisos”. Sólo setrata <strong>de</strong> hacer ventriloquia: hab<strong>la</strong>r sin queparezca que lo haces tú; que, durante unassemanas, tú no parezcas tú mismo, que seascapaz <strong>de</strong> inventarte <strong>de</strong> nuevo, <strong>de</strong>mostrando tucarisma (supongo que esto vale tanto para eljefe como para mí). Lo que importa es renovar<strong>la</strong> marca, como cuando mi hijo me da a beberel Cacao<strong>la</strong>t <strong>de</strong> siempre pero en nuevo envaseergonómico (pue<strong>de</strong> que el crío haya salido amí). La política es pura ergonomía empresarial,mero ejercicio <strong>de</strong> adherencia. Aquí, losin<strong>de</strong>cisos no cuentan mucho, son como losclientes que “aún” no compran tu producto:<strong>la</strong> cuestión es mantener fieles a los que yatienes y ven<strong>de</strong>r lo mismo que los <strong>de</strong>más, peromás barato y diseñado a <strong>la</strong> moda.Una buena campaña ha <strong>de</strong> tener una cualidad inequívocamenteadhesiva. Fijar <strong>la</strong>s cosas en el oído, en <strong>la</strong>vista, en los sentidos es fundamental para fijar<strong>la</strong>s enel corazón <strong>de</strong>l votante. La fijación en <strong>la</strong> mente será unaconsecuencia <strong>de</strong> todo ello, pero sólo <strong>de</strong>spués; <strong>la</strong> campañaes un material perece<strong>de</strong>ro, <strong>de</strong> consumo rápido.Hace algún tiempo salía en prensa <strong>la</strong> noticia <strong>de</strong> que unequipo <strong>de</strong> investigadores estadouni<strong>de</strong>nses ha <strong>de</strong>scubierto<strong>la</strong> región <strong>de</strong>l cerebro en don<strong>de</strong> se nos enganchanalgunas canciones. Se adhieren al oído, se llevan pegadasy nos <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>tan tarareándo<strong>la</strong>s en los lugares másinsospechados. No importa que odies estas tonadil<strong>la</strong>sporque permanecen escondidas y surgen por sorpresa,y cuando se oyen nuevamente se <strong>la</strong>s acompaña en elritmo casi sin querer. Recordamos aquí los comentariosque Alfa realiza más a<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte respecto a los juegos repetitivosque hacía con <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras cuando era niño.Pero en esta sociedad medicalizada alguien ya se hapreocupado <strong>de</strong> si sería posible encontrar una cura aeste tormento. Efectivamente hay investigaciones quequieren resolver el misterio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> canción <strong>de</strong>l verano, <strong>de</strong>lexitazo anc<strong>la</strong>do en esa región inhóspita <strong>de</strong> nuestro cerebro.Encontrar estas cualida<strong>de</strong>s y tener control sobre el<strong>la</strong>spodría ser un gran filón para <strong>la</strong> producción audiovisual.Un grupo <strong>de</strong> científi cos <strong>de</strong> Dartmouth (Estados Unidos) ha localizado <strong>la</strong> región <strong>de</strong>lcerebro en <strong>la</strong> que una canción se graba en <strong>la</strong> memoria: está situada en un área <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>corteza auditiva que coordina <strong>la</strong> información <strong>de</strong> los oídos. Este grupo <strong>de</strong> científicosexperimentó con unos voluntarios, haciéndoles escuchar temas musicales muy conocidos.Se dieron cuenta <strong>de</strong> que cuando <strong>la</strong> melodía cesaba, <strong>la</strong> corteza cerebral auditivaseguía en activo, lo que provocaba que <strong>la</strong> canción pegadiza no <strong>de</strong>jase <strong>de</strong> sonar en <strong>la</strong>cabeza <strong>de</strong> los voluntarios.Hasta ahora <strong>la</strong>s teorías se centraban en <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as <strong>de</strong>l profesor James Kel<strong>la</strong>ris, quienasegura que un hit produce una picazón en el cerebro que sólo pue<strong>de</strong> aliviarse alrepetir mentalmente dicha canción. Tararear<strong>la</strong> sería como rascarse. Sin tiempo queper<strong>de</strong>r, <strong>la</strong> industria discográfica se ha puesto a trabajar, porque <strong>de</strong> ello pue<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ducirseque los hits se pue<strong>de</strong>n obtener informáticamente. Para ello, se está ya <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndoun programa l<strong>la</strong>mado Hit Song Science que compara una canción con los 3,5millones <strong>de</strong> temas más vendidos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> última década a fi n <strong>de</strong> e<strong>la</strong>borar un informe. Apartir <strong>de</strong> esta sofi sticada iniciativa se hace interesante pensar cómo sería el jingle“tipo” <strong>de</strong> una campaña y qué factores <strong>de</strong>bería tener en cuenta. Y, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> luego, seríabien interesante po<strong>de</strong>r introducir en el túrmix <strong>de</strong> este programa todas <strong>la</strong>s cancionespegadizas, rimas y jingles <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mejores campañas electorales <strong>de</strong>l mundo para obtenerasí <strong>la</strong> melodía electoral total, aquel<strong>la</strong> que llevara al votante directamente a <strong>la</strong>urna en cualquier lugar y situación. Lo llevaría <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> oreja, c<strong>la</strong>ro está.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa1617A 2 díasTos seca o no productiva/tos políticaDía 0Imágenes que tapan imágenesLeo lo <strong>de</strong> ayer e insisto: <strong>la</strong> in<strong>de</strong>cisión es purohumo, pero yo gano dinero a espuertas haciéndoloaspirar a bocanadas. Que tosan es mi trabajo.Roberto Alfa solía comentar en broma que “clínicamente,<strong>la</strong> tos se <strong>de</strong>fi ne como una maniobra respiratoriabrusca y explosiva que quiere eliminar el materialpresente en <strong>la</strong>s vías respiratorias. Es un mecanismo <strong>de</strong><strong>de</strong>fensa. La tos seca, sin embargo, no produce expectoración,no es productiva”.Si <strong>la</strong> tos fuera política buscaría <strong>la</strong> eliminación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>“sobreinformación” presente en <strong>la</strong> dieta informativa<strong>de</strong>l ciudadano. La tos política es productiva o no es. Losvotantes potenciales, anestesiados <strong>de</strong>bido a <strong>la</strong> grancantidad <strong>de</strong> información que reciben en breves <strong>la</strong>psos<strong>de</strong> tiempo, no pue<strong>de</strong>n digerir todo ese diverso e ingentematerial en <strong>la</strong>s mejores condiciones, aquel<strong>la</strong>s querequieren <strong>de</strong>l contraste, <strong>la</strong> crítica y el tiempo necesariopara su valoración. Información hoy no significa accióny hay información sobre <strong>la</strong> que no po<strong>de</strong>mos hacer nada.<strong>El</strong> escritor español Juan José Millás se refiere a ellocomo “dato sin información”: “Se trata, en efecto, <strong>de</strong>un dato con el sabor, el olor y <strong>la</strong> textura <strong>de</strong> un verda<strong>de</strong>rodato, aunque manipu<strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> tal modo que no lleva <strong>de</strong>ntroreferencia alguna. De ahí que sea un dato inhábil: noengorda, pero tampoco alimenta. Si alimentara, usted yyo seríamos más sabios que Salomón, pues no hacemosotra cosa que administrarnos datos a mansalva”.<strong>El</strong> dato sin información, como <strong>la</strong> tos no productiva, producefi nalmente un malestar ante <strong>la</strong> imposibilidad <strong>de</strong>limpiar materiales presentes en nuestro menú informativoy, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> perspectiva <strong>de</strong>l votante, se hace precisoadvertir que los spots electorales pue<strong>de</strong>n producirtos…, para expectorar…Llego <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pegada <strong>de</strong> carteles y es muy tar<strong>de</strong>.Todo ha ido como siempre. Al llegar a <strong>la</strong> se<strong>de</strong>,han sacado unos tragos para celebrar quemañana comienza lo gordo. Lo han l<strong>la</strong>mado“fiesta”. Ha venido uno <strong>de</strong> los jefes a darnosánimos. No lo pue<strong>de</strong>n evitar, están todosflotando. Dicen que en <strong>la</strong> guerra los hombressacan lo mejor <strong>de</strong> sí. Se sienten importantes;hordas <strong>de</strong> periodistas l<strong>la</strong>man a <strong>la</strong> puerta atodas horas, imagen, imagen y más imagen.Hay que ir a entrevistas, <strong>de</strong>bates, coloquios,encuentros, cenas, fiestas, siempre todo lleno<strong>de</strong> cámaras. Me contaban hace poco que algunoscandidatos han invitado a periodistasa unirse a su propio séquito y que se pasanel día filmándoles en el backstage, para luegotener material <strong>de</strong> impacto por su supuestocarácter privado. Naturalmente, mostraráal jefe tomando <strong>de</strong>cisiones perfectas en <strong>la</strong>intimidad y ro<strong>de</strong>ado <strong>de</strong> sus co<strong>la</strong>boradoresmás cercanos. Ya veremos si lo sacan. Es unapatata caliente.Antes <strong>de</strong> irme para casa, el jefe se me acercó,yo diría que incluso algo chispa. Me agarródócilmente <strong>de</strong>l brazo, se me acercó lentamentea <strong>la</strong> cara y me dijo, mientras hilvanaba esasonrisa chueca que tiene: “¿Y bien?”. Le contesté:“Ganarás un par <strong>de</strong> millones <strong>de</strong> votos.Otra cosa no sé”. Y me besó en <strong>la</strong> cara.Las campañas electorales audiovisuales, pero también,por ejemplo, <strong>la</strong> gráfica <strong>de</strong> calle, son tanto una celebración<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s imágenes publicitarias como una sutil <strong>la</strong>bor<strong>de</strong> enmascaramiento. Toda elección anu<strong>la</strong> otras posibilida<strong>de</strong>s.La <strong>de</strong>cisión <strong>de</strong>l enfoque audiovisual <strong>de</strong>l spot<strong>de</strong>fine el modo en que se “taparán” esas otras imágenes,<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l amplio abanico <strong>de</strong> problemáticas que son (<strong>de</strong>beríanser, en realidad) el tema político. Se eligen unas paratapar otras. Y en un bucle no exento <strong>de</strong> perversión, estaocultación viene anunciada como toda una reve<strong>la</strong>ción,que no es otra que <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> propia imagen (simplemente<strong>la</strong> imagen) <strong>de</strong>l lí<strong>de</strong>r como tema político.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa1819Día 1Campañas electoralesDía 2<strong>El</strong> ja<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong>l marketing políticoEsta mañana he sangrado por <strong>la</strong> nariz<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> mi hijo. No quiero engañar anadie. Es una suerte que no me haya ocurridofrente al jefe. En fin, sé que vamos a ganar;tenemos que ganar. Sin que nadie le pidieraopinión, porque para eso los jefes son jefes,uno <strong>de</strong> ellos me ha dicho: “No te preocupes,estás cabalgando un caballo ganador”. Meentraron ganas <strong>de</strong> recordarle que una cosa esel ji<strong>net</strong>e y otra el caballo, y que el caballo lopongo yo. La montura es sólo pasajera, pero,como dijo el presi<strong>de</strong>nte turco, “<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia essólo un tranvía que te lleva a tu <strong>de</strong>stino”. Mi<strong>de</strong>stino es ganar, hacer que el caballo se adaptesiempre y perfectamente a cualquier ji<strong>net</strong>e. Daigual el país, da igual el candidato. Para mí,una campaña es un tren que me lleva a otracampaña. No olvidar esto es <strong>la</strong> quintaesencia<strong>de</strong> este trabajo.Vamos a ver cómo va todo. Miguel, mi contrincante,es duro <strong>de</strong> roer, ya lo conozco. Noshemos visto <strong>la</strong>s caras antes. Su jefe es el quepreocupa al mío. Porque hay más candidatos,pero ¿a quién diablos le importa? Miguel va<strong>de</strong> intelectual, pero es perro viejo como yo.Una vez, hace años, me dijo que <strong>la</strong> principaltécnica para sabotear <strong>la</strong> campaña <strong>de</strong>l enemigoes comprar al jefe <strong>de</strong> imprenta que le producelos posters. Si sabes con ante<strong>la</strong>ción el principaleslogan, pue<strong>de</strong>s llegar a hacer pupa. Recuerdocómo me reí cuando utilicé esa receta duranteuna antigua campaña: le dije al tipo que nosimprimía el material que se <strong>de</strong>jara comprarpor el candidato contrario y que pasara informaciónfalsa. Perdimos <strong>la</strong>s elecciones, peroaún recuerdo cómo tardaron una semana enrehacerse <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> sorpresa.“<strong>El</strong> día en que todo comienza y en que todo acaba.<strong>El</strong> comienzo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña electoral se recibe en elámbito <strong>de</strong>l marketing político como el gran día. Lacampaña electoral para el electorado es el comienzo<strong>de</strong> un espectáculo cada vez más <strong>de</strong>nostado, en el quetodo suena a excesivo, en el que <strong>la</strong>s noticias se observan<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> otro prisma y <strong>la</strong> suspicacia se adueña <strong>de</strong>eventos y sucesos”. Estas pa<strong>la</strong>bras <strong>de</strong>l político alemánGregor Gysi nos introducen a <strong>la</strong>s siguientes cuestiones:¿Debería consi<strong>de</strong>rarse <strong>la</strong> campaña electoral como unacontaminación <strong>de</strong> lo social? ¿Cuál es <strong>la</strong> necesidad real<strong>de</strong> una campaña? ¿Podrían existir otras fórmu<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>formalizar una campaña electoral? ¿Qué efectos realesen <strong>la</strong> política tiene <strong>la</strong> progresiva audiovisualización <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>s campañas? A este respecto, Alfa comentó una vez:“Hay tanto <strong>de</strong>sconocimiento <strong>de</strong> lo que es una campañaelectoral por parte <strong>de</strong>l electorado como <strong>de</strong>sconocimientohay <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política en su cotidiano funcionamiento.Los encuentros entre el mundo real y el mundo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>ensoñación electoral suce<strong>de</strong>n siempre en el árido territorio<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>savenencia y <strong>la</strong> susceptibilidad”.Hoy, no sé cómo, me he visto echando unaperorata a todo el equipo <strong>de</strong> producción. Ayersalió una encuesta que no nos <strong>de</strong>jaba muybien. A medida que hab<strong>la</strong>ba y subía <strong>la</strong> voz,me daba cuenta <strong>de</strong> que actuaba como un candidato,con esos malditos tics que tanto amo yodio al mismo tiempo. Da igual. La cuestiónes que algunos miembros <strong>de</strong>l equipo insistíanen que añadiéramos nuevos argumentos a <strong>la</strong>campaña para darle matices. Me he negadoen redondo. Todo se basa en repetir lo mismohasta <strong>la</strong> saciedad, hasta que el eslogan seque<strong>de</strong> adherido a <strong>la</strong> piel <strong>de</strong>l público comoun secante. Siempre he <strong>de</strong>seado hacer unacampaña como <strong>la</strong>s que hay en muchos paísesamericanos: canciones pegadizas, rimas y jinglescon no más <strong>de</strong> dos frases, y que, a<strong>de</strong>más,se repiten en <strong>la</strong> pantal<strong>la</strong> como en el karaoke.Aquí no lo puedo hacer. Me l<strong>la</strong>maríanpopulista. Populista… Cuando acaba el día,a <strong>la</strong>s tantas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> madrugada, <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>brasme pulu<strong>la</strong>n en el estómago como cuando erapequeño y <strong>la</strong>s repetía hasta gastar<strong>la</strong>s paraque perdieran su sentido. Populista es una <strong>de</strong>el<strong>la</strong>s. Recuerdo en mi época <strong>de</strong> estudiante cómome sedujo <strong>la</strong> frase <strong>de</strong> un dadaísta: “<strong>la</strong> malditalengua, pegada a <strong>la</strong> suciedad como en manos<strong>de</strong> cambistas que han sobado <strong>la</strong>s monedas”. Novamos a cambiar una coma <strong>de</strong>l guión previsto.Son tres i<strong>de</strong>as. Cuando estén sucias <strong>de</strong> tantosobar<strong>la</strong>s, cuando hasta los nuestros se harten<strong>de</strong> oír<strong>la</strong>s, entonces será el momento.Po<strong>de</strong>mos enten<strong>de</strong>r el marketing político como el conjunto<strong>de</strong> técnicas <strong>de</strong> investigación, p<strong>la</strong>nificación y comunicaciónque se utilizan en el diseño <strong>de</strong> accionesestratégicas y tácticas a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong>de</strong> una campañapolítica. En principio, parecería ina<strong>de</strong>cuado utilizar <strong>la</strong>i<strong>de</strong>a <strong>de</strong> marketing unida a conceptos como mercado,producto, venta, consumidor, beneficio, etc., en unarealidad como <strong>la</strong> política, que parece pertenecer a otrouniverso <strong>de</strong> fenómenos. Sin embargo, y cada vez <strong>de</strong> formamás evi<strong>de</strong>nte, po<strong>de</strong>mos consi<strong>de</strong>rar ciertos aspectos<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> vida política utilizando i<strong>de</strong>as análogas a <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>economía, una circunstancia que viene a equiparar <strong>la</strong>satisfacción <strong>de</strong> una necesidad (propia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> lógica <strong>de</strong>lmercado) con <strong>la</strong> elección <strong>de</strong> una alternativa (como suce<strong>de</strong>en <strong>la</strong> esfera política). Pero si bien <strong>la</strong>s estrategias,<strong>la</strong>s tácticas y <strong>la</strong>s técnicas tienen un papel <strong>de</strong>finitivo enesta sofisticada máquina, se hacen precisos otro tipo<strong>de</strong> incentivos <strong>de</strong> carácter más estimu<strong>la</strong>nte, tildados habitualmente<strong>de</strong> populistas.En el ámbito <strong>de</strong>l marketing político, el spot electoral se<strong>de</strong>ja oír como un ja<strong>de</strong>o polifónico, como una coral <strong>de</strong>sirenas. Es un grito <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>cer <strong>de</strong>sgarrado o una eyección<strong>de</strong>smedida. La pornografía que se promociona conel spot precisa <strong>de</strong> argumentos tersos y pe<strong>net</strong>rantes y,en este sentido, el spot es una razón <strong>de</strong> fuerza para <strong>la</strong>excitación y <strong>la</strong> fogosidad.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa20 21Día 3Carisma, li<strong>de</strong>razgo y selección naturalDía 4CurrículoHa salido por <strong>la</strong> tele un tipo que ha dichoque existen razones biológicas en el carismapolítico; que <strong>la</strong>s hormonas, <strong>la</strong>s neuronas yyo qué sé qué más suponen el 35% <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>materia prima <strong>de</strong> un político <strong>de</strong> éxito. Espara mearse. Siempre recordaré lo que aquelpolítico argentino me dijo, <strong>la</strong> noche que lehice ganar <strong>la</strong>s elecciones: “Roberto, los quecreen que el mundo no es un contubernio esque están mal informados”. Aquel fue uno<strong>de</strong> los pocos políticos, que yo haya conocido,merecedor <strong>de</strong> mi respeto. He leído hace pocoque cuando el lenguaje se pone al servicio <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> guerra “insensibiliza a <strong>la</strong>s personas y vacía<strong>la</strong> imaginación, permitiendo así el estallido<strong>de</strong>l conflicto”. Pues más ma<strong>de</strong>ra.De verdad creo que <strong>la</strong> gente vota porque <strong>la</strong> políticano le afecta. La política se percibe positivacuando no da problemas y negativa cuandose mete en <strong>la</strong> vida <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> gente. Qué paradoja.Si afectara a <strong>la</strong> gente, estarían todos en <strong>la</strong>calle protestando. La gente vota porque esun juego, una apuesta anónima que no teresponsabiliza en absoluto.“Las hormonas, los neurotransmisores, <strong>la</strong>s neuronas y,cómo no, el aspecto físico son componentes biológicosque pue<strong>de</strong>n suponer hasta un 35% <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> materia prima<strong>de</strong> un político que ascien<strong>de</strong> en <strong>la</strong> pirámi<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>l po<strong>de</strong>r”,según asegura el psiquiatra catalán Adolf Tobeña. “Losindividuos dominantes, crueles, persuasivos y manipu<strong>la</strong>doresson óptimos para luchar por el po<strong>de</strong>r y esosatributos <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>l circuito neuronal y <strong>de</strong> resorteshormonales”, confi rma en su último libro, Cerebro ypo<strong>de</strong>r. Ciertamente, Alfa se refi ere a este libro en suirónica alusión.Esta noticia, aparecida en el diario <strong>El</strong> Mundo el 21 <strong>de</strong>febrero <strong>de</strong> 2008, nos sitúa ante una cuestión <strong>de</strong>licadacomo es <strong>la</strong> pre<strong>de</strong>terminación biológica en el li<strong>de</strong>razgopolítico. Si bien lo espinoso <strong>de</strong>l asunto pue<strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntearun rechazo inicial, lo cierto es que cuando hab<strong>la</strong>mos <strong>de</strong>que “los políticos son <strong>de</strong> otra pasta” estamos diciendoalgo muy parecido a lo que confi rma en su libro el señorTobeña —aunque bien es cierto que <strong>la</strong> afi rmaciónpopu<strong>la</strong>r parece referirse a otras cuestiones más re<strong>la</strong>cionadascon el prestigio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> c<strong>la</strong>se política, <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>radoen ruinas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace décadas y en rehabilitación permanente;una rehabilitación que viene ya dada <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> misma entrada en <strong>la</strong> vida pública <strong>de</strong> ciertos políticos,cuya presentación lleva en ocasiones <strong>la</strong> vito<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> “regenerar”,“aportar aire fresco” u “honestidad”, como siesta cualidad tuviera que ser un valor extra en <strong>la</strong> gestión<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> administración.La trivialización y espectacu<strong>la</strong>rización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s noticias y<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política han puesto el acento en los individuos,en <strong>la</strong> lucha <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s personalida<strong>de</strong>s públicas, con elconsiguiente ocultamiento <strong>de</strong> los problemas socialeso estructurales. <strong>El</strong> objetivo primordial <strong>de</strong> los equipos<strong>de</strong> asesoramiento electoral es, consiguientemente, elmodo en que el candidato <strong>de</strong> turno aparece en los medios,trayendo consigo <strong>la</strong> fragmentación <strong>de</strong> los hechos,su simplifi cación, para lo cual los políticos ofreceránsoluciones radicales y simplistas sin que haya capacidad<strong>de</strong> evaluar o matizar su efi cacia. Todo queda sometidoal tempo televisivo y a <strong>la</strong> solvencia <strong>de</strong> imagen <strong>de</strong>lcandidato, más que al tiempo que precisa <strong>la</strong> solución<strong>de</strong> los problemas y <strong>la</strong> solvencia <strong>de</strong> gestión necesaria.Reunión matinal para analizar son<strong>de</strong>os.Matil<strong>de</strong>, una <strong>de</strong> mis co<strong>la</strong>boradoras, sostieneque, si no <strong>de</strong>spegamos, es porque <strong>la</strong> genteno conoce el <strong>la</strong>do más humano <strong>de</strong>l jefe, que<strong>de</strong>beríamos apostar más por “hacer currículo”,por “bajarlo al suelo”, como habitualmentese dice. Pue<strong>de</strong> ser. Hemos l<strong>la</strong>mado inmediatamentea <strong>la</strong> mujer <strong>de</strong>l jefe para que nospase vi<strong>de</strong>os caseros y fotografías. Mientrasmiraba el material, me ha sorprendido unavida tan insulsa. Ninguna foto especialmentedivertida; ninguna filmación que produzcacomplicidad. Si alguien viera mis fotos, ¿tendría<strong>la</strong> misma sensación? En fin. Finalmentehemos compuesto algo con este pobre hombre…quiero <strong>de</strong>cir material. Tampoco se trata <strong>de</strong>hacerle salir en bañador. Unas cuantas fotos<strong>de</strong> joven estudiante, jugando al fútbol, al<strong>la</strong>do <strong>de</strong> su antiguo jefe, sonriendo junto a suhijo o ro<strong>de</strong>ado <strong>de</strong> lí<strong>de</strong>res <strong>de</strong> otros países noshan servido para un bonito spot curricu<strong>la</strong>r.Lógicamente, el p<strong>la</strong>no final es para el jefe y sumujer. Nada <strong>de</strong> mirar directamente a cámara,porque a <strong>la</strong> esposa <strong>la</strong> fusi<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> prensa al díasiguiente. Hemos elegido el p<strong>la</strong>no <strong>de</strong> un vi<strong>de</strong>ocasero en que aparecen los dos sonrientes mirandofuera <strong>de</strong> cámara y lo hemos ralentizadohasta el final <strong>de</strong>l spot. Por cierto, que ha habidoun encendido <strong>de</strong>bate acerca <strong>de</strong>l audio que<strong>de</strong>bía acompañar <strong>la</strong>s imágenes. Unos <strong>de</strong>cíanque había que poner algún tema musical mo<strong>de</strong>rnocuya letra hab<strong>la</strong>ra <strong>de</strong> buen rollo. Otros,que lo mejor era <strong>la</strong> voz en off <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> esposa.Los menos, que fuera <strong>la</strong> voz <strong>de</strong>l propio jefe. Yono he dicho nada, porque estaba plenamenteseguro <strong>de</strong> lo que íbamos a poner. En unareunión, siempre hay que hab<strong>la</strong>r el último,recoger <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>más y aparentar queson tuyas. Mandar no es otra cosa. Bueno,pues hemos ido al jefe a ver qué opinaba. Yha pasado lo que yo ya sabía. Nada <strong>de</strong> supropia voz: dice que sería una pedantería, yque <strong>de</strong> su mujer, ni hab<strong>la</strong>r. Hemos acabadoen <strong>la</strong> ventriloquia, ¡cómo no! Matil<strong>de</strong> haVolviendo a ese ser (presuntamente) pre<strong>de</strong>terminadoque es el lí<strong>de</strong>r político y puestos a dar credibilidad a <strong>la</strong>tesis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> valoración biológica, igualmente podría unírselea esa cualidad <strong>la</strong> exigencia <strong>de</strong> honorabilidad y excelenciaen todos los ór<strong>de</strong>nes <strong>de</strong> su vida, como tambiénsuce<strong>de</strong>. Pero como todos sabemos, el principal escollose hal<strong>la</strong> en conjugar <strong>la</strong> excelencia <strong>de</strong>l ámbito público conel privado y es precisamente en <strong>la</strong> búsqueda <strong>de</strong> grietasentre ambos mundos don<strong>de</strong> encuentra su filón cierto tipo<strong>de</strong> prensa, cierto tipo <strong>de</strong> oposición y, como consecuencia,cierta entente mediática entre prensa y oposición.Por otro <strong>la</strong>do, es necesario aten<strong>de</strong>r <strong>la</strong> historia <strong>de</strong> lospartidos electorales para compren<strong>de</strong>r <strong>la</strong> significancia<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> figura <strong>de</strong>l lí<strong>de</strong>r. Los partidos tradicionalmente sehan formu<strong>la</strong>do bajo el patrón <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> c<strong>la</strong>se social. Existiríanunos intereses <strong>de</strong> c<strong>la</strong>se que alcanzarían masacrítica representativa en el marco <strong>de</strong> los partidos políticos.Ciertamente, el re<strong>la</strong>to que nos ha llegado sobre<strong>la</strong> constitución <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> izquierda y <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>recha ha venidomarcado por esa dinámica. Así, los grupos políticosserían resultado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> vertebración estratégica <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>smúltiples familias políticas <strong>de</strong> una misma ten<strong>de</strong>ncia.Sin embargo, es urgente rehacer esa lectura a <strong>la</strong> vista<strong>de</strong> los procesos por los cuales hoy los partidos políticoseligen a sus representantes. ¿Por qué razón un candidatoy no otro acaba convirtiéndose en lí<strong>de</strong>r o candidato<strong>de</strong> una formación? Acudamos directamente a RobertoAlfa a fin <strong>de</strong> encontrar una respuesta. Escribía Alfa en2001, al término <strong>de</strong> una campaña electoral en México:“Hay tanta gente en un partido político que es lógicoque muchas personas se pregunten acerca <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> razónverda<strong>de</strong>ra por <strong>la</strong> cual alguien llega a candidato y otroscentenares no. La respuesta es muy simple: dinero.Aquel candidato que ofrezca <strong>la</strong>s garantías financieras, o<strong>la</strong> confianza necesaria para hacerse con el<strong>la</strong>s, es quientriunfa en <strong>la</strong> carrera fi nal. Eso lleva lógicamente a unalucha <strong>de</strong> intereses, <strong>de</strong> hipotecas y hasta <strong>de</strong> corrupte<strong>la</strong>sque conducen a una situación límite: ya no hay marchaatrás. Hoy, los candidatos no representan los intereses<strong>de</strong> una u otra faceta o familia <strong>de</strong>l partido, sino que seconvierten meramente en avales bancarios, en seguroseconómicos. En muchos países, si no consigues unmínimo <strong>de</strong> un 5% <strong>de</strong> los sufragios o <strong>de</strong> los escaños


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa22 23Día 5La campaña como circo ritual y estrategia<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sorientaciónencontrado un discursito en el Par<strong>la</strong>mentoen el que el jefe explica brevemente en qué sebasa <strong>la</strong> honestidad <strong>de</strong> un político. Han quedadotodos contentos. Ahora creen que todo elmundo conoce mejor al jefe. Conocerlo, no loconocerán, pero al menos tendrán <strong>la</strong> ilusión<strong>de</strong> un padre cariñoso.no tendrás acceso a <strong>la</strong>s subvenciones estatales, porlo que toda tu inversión caerá en saco roto”. Es, porcierto, en esta frase, en don<strong>de</strong> podría compren<strong>de</strong>rse <strong>la</strong>directa crítica que Alfa expresa en su diario a los partidospolíticos, cuando los l<strong>la</strong>ma “empresas privadas enbusca <strong>de</strong> clientes”. David Armand, en su libro ya clásicoPower and Negotiation, explica por qué, durante losúltimos años, <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> los candidatos no recurrena los equipos habituales <strong>de</strong>l partido para e<strong>la</strong>borar <strong>la</strong>scampañas, sino que forman sus propios equipos profesionales,completamente <strong>de</strong>svincu<strong>la</strong>dos <strong>de</strong>l “aparato”.Y aún más interesante, Armand seña<strong>la</strong> cómo, más amenudo <strong>de</strong> lo que <strong>la</strong> gente corriente sabe, muchos <strong>de</strong>esos profesionales acaban formando parte <strong>de</strong> los gobiernosuna vez se ha conseguido <strong>la</strong> victoria electoral,con <strong>la</strong> consiguiente merma <strong>de</strong> “transparencia” en <strong>la</strong>gestión y en <strong>la</strong> responsabilidad política. Cada vez esmás acusado el hecho <strong>de</strong> que los partidos no conocen<strong>la</strong> campaña <strong>de</strong> su propio candidato, con lo que se presentanno pocas situaciones paradójicas, como queparte <strong>de</strong>l electorado natural <strong>de</strong> una formación lleguea votar en contra <strong>de</strong>l candidato, aun apoyando en loesencial <strong>la</strong>s tesis <strong>de</strong>l partido.Al lector <strong>de</strong>l diario que nos ocupa podría chocarle eltono que Roberto Alfa emplea cuando se refi ere a suéxito profesional en contraste con el fracaso <strong>de</strong> losresultados electorales <strong>de</strong> su cliente (véase última entrada<strong>de</strong>l diario). Mientras que su partido pier<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>selecciones, él consi<strong>de</strong>ra su trabajo en c<strong>la</strong>ve <strong>de</strong> victoria.Es necesario concebir esta interpretación a <strong>la</strong>luz <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mecánica interna electoral <strong>de</strong> los partidosactuales que acabamos <strong>de</strong> comentar.Toda <strong>la</strong> prensa se ha hecho eco <strong>de</strong>l spot biográficoy ya han aparecido en Inter<strong>net</strong> variasversiones mofa <strong>de</strong>l anuncio. ¡En un solo día!Soy muy bueno, <strong>de</strong>monios.Hoy he tenido que ir a uno <strong>de</strong> los gran<strong>de</strong>s mítines.Lo típico: pa<strong>la</strong>cio <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>portes <strong>de</strong>coradocon cientos <strong>de</strong> ban<strong>de</strong>ras y posters; autobusescargados <strong>de</strong> abuelos a los que se ha prometidorefresco y bollo; <strong>de</strong>cenas <strong>de</strong> jóvenes simpatizantescon sus novias (<strong>la</strong>s simpatizantes nuncatraen a los novios, que son <strong>de</strong> otros partidos)a los que se ha prometido gorra, camisetay mechero. Y <strong>de</strong>spués están todos aquellosque viven <strong>de</strong>l partido: los que trabajan enlos ayuntamientos gobernados por nosotros,quiero <strong>de</strong>cir, por ellos; los que trabajan paraempresas vincu<strong>la</strong>das y, en fin, aquelloscuriosos que son incapaces <strong>de</strong> sustraerse a<strong>la</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mada <strong>de</strong>l espectáculo, llámese Circo <strong>de</strong>los Muchachos, partido <strong>de</strong> fútbol gratuito <strong>de</strong>beneficencia o mitin electoral. ¿Para qué sirveun mitin? Por sí mismo, para nada. Peroda mucho <strong>de</strong> sí en otras cuestiones. Una <strong>de</strong>el<strong>la</strong>s es que sirve para que los segundones <strong>de</strong>lpartido puedan subir al escenario a fotografiarsejunto al jefe cuando acaba el speech. Deesa manera, se podrán pavonear toda <strong>la</strong> vidacuando tengan visitas en casa y les preguntenpor esa foto que tienen encima <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mesa camil<strong>la</strong>.Otra <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s ventajas <strong>de</strong>l mitin es, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong>luego, <strong>la</strong> televisión. Es un tema <strong>de</strong> costes. Unspot sólo lo pasan en los horarios pactados yúnicamente en los canales públicos (al menosen Europa); en cambio, un mitin sale en losnoticieros y en todas <strong>la</strong>s ca<strong>de</strong>nas <strong>de</strong> televisióny radio. <strong>El</strong> mitin también rin<strong>de</strong> bien en <strong>la</strong>tele, porque el candidato queda enmarcadopor gente <strong>de</strong> verdad, no por figurantes <strong>de</strong>spot. C<strong>la</strong>ro que, “<strong>de</strong> verdad” no hay nada enpolítica. La gente que aparece <strong>de</strong>trás <strong>de</strong>l jefecuando hab<strong>la</strong> a <strong>la</strong> galería está completamenteescenografiada: fijaos bien <strong>la</strong> próxima vezque veáis un mitin en <strong>la</strong> tele. Siempre haygente joven que no para <strong>de</strong> asentir con <strong>la</strong><strong>El</strong> carácter emocional y <strong>la</strong> dramatización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ceremoniason aspectos que ha <strong>de</strong> tener una campaña enmomentos c<strong>la</strong>ve, ya que se trata <strong>de</strong> una <strong>de</strong>mostración<strong>de</strong> fuerza. Los candidatos son los oficiantes <strong>de</strong> este ritualen el que los ritos <strong>de</strong> confrontación por un <strong>la</strong>doy <strong>de</strong> consenso por otro se alternan promoviendo unarespuesta en <strong>la</strong> que <strong>la</strong> masa se reconozca a sí misma.Optar por <strong>la</strong> calle como escenario para este tipo <strong>de</strong> rituales siempre una <strong>de</strong>mostración espectacu<strong>la</strong>r y pue<strong>de</strong>tener connotaciones “revolucionarias”. Pero el espectáculomediático <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> confrontación viene a crear unclima <strong>de</strong> tensión electoral que pue<strong>de</strong> ser técnicamentenecesario según como se p<strong>la</strong>ntee <strong>la</strong> campaña. Los espaciostelevisivos, <strong>la</strong> pujanza <strong>de</strong> Inter<strong>net</strong>, <strong>la</strong>s encuestasy “los fichajes” van reemp<strong>la</strong>zando poco a poco <strong>la</strong>discusión en <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>zas públicas y <strong>la</strong> expresión directa<strong>de</strong> los ciudadanos como mecanismos para fabricar losconsensos <strong>de</strong> hoy en día.Simplemente también les hemos l<strong>la</strong>mado mentirosos.La guerra se produce en <strong>la</strong> confusión: probablementesea <strong>la</strong> confusión una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s armas más valiosas que haencontrado el po<strong>de</strong>r en <strong>la</strong>s nuevas posibilida<strong>de</strong>s tecnodigitales.En <strong>la</strong> sociedad actual, <strong>la</strong> sobreexposiciónmediática a <strong>la</strong> que se ve expuesto el ciudadano ha hechovariar notablemente sus coor<strong>de</strong>nadas <strong>de</strong> situación.<strong>El</strong> tiempo y el espacio han sido abolidos en los términosque hasta ahora eran conocidos y <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>sorientación pasaa ser una especie <strong>de</strong> mecanismo <strong>de</strong> control a partir <strong>de</strong>lcual <strong>de</strong>sviar <strong>la</strong>s atenciones o centrar<strong>la</strong>s en cortinas <strong>de</strong>humo. En el mundo analógico o lineal, uno conocía supunto <strong>de</strong> partida y proyectaba en su <strong>de</strong>seo el punto <strong>de</strong>llegada. En el mundo digital se abren puertas a cadapaso; <strong>la</strong> navegación nos lleva a lugares a los que en unprincipio no queríamos llegar y esa capacidad <strong>de</strong> condicionarnuestra <strong>de</strong>riva escon<strong>de</strong> estrategias ligadas amuy diversos mecanismos <strong>de</strong> condicionamiento. Si <strong>de</strong>jarsellevar por <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>sorientación pue<strong>de</strong> ser fascinante,como en el circo, igualmente fascinante es el accesoa los procesos psicológicos, tecnológicos e i<strong>de</strong>ológicosque operan en esos mecanismos, verda<strong>de</strong>ra nueva dimensión<strong>de</strong> control, nuevo espacio <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r. Los mandos<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> nave, <strong>la</strong> sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> control.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa24 25Día 6<strong>El</strong> marco <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as es másimportante que el spotcabeza. Y nunca falta un negro. No siempreveréis chicas guapas, como en los concursos<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tele —el espectador podría pensar quese trata <strong>de</strong> un grupo <strong>de</strong> pijos— sino que sonchicos y chicas con cara <strong>de</strong> empollones comosi estuvieran a punto <strong>de</strong> inventar un nuevoYahoo! que los lleve al estrel<strong>la</strong>to. Esta es, siningún lugar a dudas, una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s c<strong>la</strong>ves <strong>de</strong>lespectáculo mo<strong>de</strong>rno: que <strong>la</strong> visión <strong>de</strong>l mismoincluya al espectador por <strong>de</strong>fecto. Bernini<strong>de</strong>cía que <strong>la</strong> P<strong>la</strong>za <strong>de</strong> San Pedro no era nadapor sí misma, sino que adquiría sentido en<strong>la</strong> medida en que el peregrino <strong>la</strong> veía llena<strong>de</strong> otros peregrinos. Houdini, el gran magoy gran fundador <strong>de</strong> mi profesión, siempreproc<strong>la</strong>maba que el momento fundamental <strong>de</strong>un número <strong>de</strong> ilusionismo era cuando subíaalguien al escenario en calidad <strong>de</strong> “manoinocente”. Cuando el espectador ve a otrosespectadores junto al artista es el mejor momentopara <strong>la</strong> “diversión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mirada”, para“redirigir <strong>la</strong> atención”. En muchos programas<strong>de</strong> televisión, los p<strong>la</strong>tós están montadosalre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong>l público, al que uno ve tras elpresentador. Yo os digo que llegará el día enque veamos los noticieros con público <strong>de</strong>trás,estoy seguro. Hoy, tras el presentador, se ve a<strong>la</strong> gente trabajando en <strong>la</strong> redacción. Tiempoal tiempo. Una comedia televisiva sin risasen<strong>la</strong>tadas no es nada graciosa. Las risas inducenal público a seguir <strong>la</strong> reacción <strong>de</strong>l público. Enfin, como ya sabéis, nadie entra en un bar en elque no hay nadie. Si quieres que entren tienes queponer figurantes.<strong>El</strong> mitin ha sido soporífero, pero casi no han<strong>de</strong>jado hab<strong>la</strong>r al jefe <strong>de</strong> tantos vítores y hurrasque se han escuchado. Me esperan quince días<strong>de</strong> oír <strong>la</strong>s mismas coletil<strong>la</strong>s y chascarrillos, losmismos chistes y grandilocuencias. Da igualel lugar, porque el lugar es <strong>la</strong> tele, y no pue<strong>de</strong>aparecer uno diciendo cosas diferentes un díasí y otro también.Se acerca el <strong>de</strong>bate. La presión sobre el jefe esmuy gran<strong>de</strong>, pero lo lleva bien.“<strong>El</strong> gran evento que amenaza para el siglo XXI en conexióncon esta velocidad absoluta es <strong>la</strong> invención<strong>de</strong> una perspectiva <strong>de</strong> tiempo real, que sup<strong>la</strong>ntará <strong>la</strong>perspectiva <strong>de</strong>l espacio real que fue inventada por losartistas italianos <strong>de</strong>l Quattrocento. Todavía no ha sidosufi cientemente enfatizada con cuánta profundidad <strong>la</strong>ciudad, <strong>la</strong> política, <strong>la</strong> guerra y <strong>la</strong> economía <strong>de</strong>l mundomedieval fueron revolucionadas por <strong>la</strong> invención <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>perspectiva”. Paul Virilio, “Velocidad e información.¡A<strong>la</strong>rma en el ciberespacio!”.Todo quisqui está hab<strong>la</strong>ndo <strong>de</strong>l libro <strong>de</strong>Lakoff. Hoy por <strong>la</strong> mañana, repasando losresúmenes <strong>de</strong> prensa, he visto varias columnasque lo glosaban, recordando su máxima<strong>de</strong> que “<strong>la</strong> gente vota por su i<strong>de</strong>ntidad y porsus valores, lo que no coinci<strong>de</strong> necesariamentecon sus intereses”. Es perspicaz ese tío. Yo leescuché una vez en Rockridge y sabe <strong>de</strong> loque hab<strong>la</strong>. Ha sabido ver que <strong>la</strong> publicida<strong>de</strong>stá siempre <strong>de</strong>l <strong>la</strong>do conservador, nunca <strong>de</strong>lprogresista. Y, por ahí, se lo están comiendo,porque está <strong>de</strong>sve<strong>la</strong>ndo a los cuatro vientos lostrucos <strong>de</strong>l mago, los que yo mismo y muchoscolegas míos administramos. Sabe que unavez que tu marco <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>as y metáforas seacepta <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l discurso, todo lo que dices essencil<strong>la</strong>mente sentido común. Se trata <strong>de</strong> hacerprestidigitación con el lenguaje; <strong>de</strong>cantarel significado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras hacia tu marco<strong>de</strong> referencia a través <strong>de</strong> metáforas sugerentes.Estoy <strong>de</strong>l todo <strong>de</strong> acuerdo con él. Eso lo llevoyo practicando <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace años. Ha sido unconstante caballo <strong>de</strong> batal<strong>la</strong> con los clientes:que se olvidaran <strong>de</strong> pa<strong>la</strong>bras y frases acuñadaspor una izquierda siempre combativa; quese concentraran en hab<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong> lo mismo perocon otros términos y símiles; que les robaran,en <strong>de</strong>finitiva, <strong>la</strong> propiedad lingüística <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>si<strong>de</strong>as en política. Precisamente hace un par <strong>de</strong>semanas, pu<strong>de</strong> convencer al jefe <strong>de</strong> que adoptara<strong>la</strong> expresión “con or<strong>de</strong>n y control” cadavez que esgrimiera actitu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> firmeza. Lacuestión es <strong>de</strong>rivar <strong>la</strong> muletil<strong>la</strong> “or<strong>de</strong>n y concierto”hacia “control”, so<strong>la</strong>pando sutilmentelos conceptos. Ha sido todo un acierto, porque<strong>la</strong> prensa, e incluso algún otro candidato, ya utilizanel término. Se trata <strong>de</strong> llevarlos a tu propioterreno, encerrarlos en <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras a<strong>de</strong>cuadas.No he podido <strong>de</strong>jar <strong>de</strong> releer un minutoalgunas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s páginas <strong>de</strong>l libro <strong>de</strong> Lakoff.Incluso os transcribo aquí un parrafito queme ha hecho especial gracia; por cierto, sobreotra gran verdad, que <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> gentees conservadora y progresista al mismo tiempo,Las referencias a <strong>la</strong>s tesis <strong>de</strong> George Lakoff y a suconocido libro No pienses en un elefante hay queenmarcar<strong>la</strong>s en el acento que Alfa siempre puso encompren<strong>de</strong>r el discurso político en el marco <strong>de</strong> un escenario<strong>de</strong> referencias que fuera capaz <strong>de</strong> superar <strong>la</strong>simple lectura <strong>de</strong> los términos y conceptos políticos yque hiciera hincapié en <strong>la</strong> necesidad <strong>de</strong> persuadir a loslectores políticos a través <strong>de</strong> una i<strong>de</strong>ntificación contextual<strong>de</strong> los mensajes. Tanto Lakoff como Alfa proyectan<strong>la</strong> necesidad <strong>de</strong> sustraerse al secuestro que <strong>de</strong> algunostérminos han hecho los partidos políticos. La ape<strong>la</strong>cióna los “impuestos” o a <strong>la</strong> “seguridad”, por ejemplo, esfundamentalmente un ejercicio “conservador”, peroque ha sido enmarcado con tanto éxito que finalmentese ha incorporado al mensaje progresista, aun a supesar. Ambos especialistas consi<strong>de</strong>ran que ha sido <strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>recha <strong>la</strong> que mejor ha logrado generar ese marcointerpretativo, mientras que <strong>la</strong> izquierda siempre haestado más sujeta a una interpretación “puntual” <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>terminología política. En este sentido, Alfa, que siempremanifestó su mayor comodidad con <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>recha a <strong>la</strong>hora <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>r su tarea profesional, parece sugerir,a tenor <strong>de</strong> lo que escribe en el diario, que <strong>la</strong> ventajasustancial <strong>de</strong>l discurso conservador basado en <strong>la</strong> creación<strong>de</strong> marcos referenciales podría <strong>de</strong>saparecer si <strong>la</strong>izquierda fuera capaz <strong>de</strong> manejar <strong>la</strong>s mismas estrategias.<strong>El</strong> indudable impacto <strong>de</strong>l pensamiento <strong>de</strong> Lakoff yAlfa en el ámbito <strong>de</strong>l marketing político ha supuestoque muchos gabi<strong>net</strong>es <strong>de</strong> partidos consi<strong>de</strong>ren quees más importante <strong>la</strong> creación <strong>de</strong> líneas <strong>de</strong> influenciaen <strong>la</strong> prensa <strong>de</strong> manera soterrada y continuadaque no el hecho <strong>de</strong> centrarse casi en exclusiva enlos meses <strong>de</strong> estricta contienda electoral. La cadavez mayor adscripción <strong>de</strong> grupos mediáticos a partidosespecíficos en un momento <strong>de</strong> reestructuración digital<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> estructura comunicacional parece indicar quelos partidos políticos se han tomado muy en serio <strong>la</strong>necesidad <strong>de</strong> constituir universos, marcos amplios <strong>de</strong>interpretación, que abarquen un mayor horizonte que elmeramente electoral. Des<strong>de</strong> esta perspectiva, hay queenten<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>terminadas formas <strong>de</strong> hab<strong>la</strong>r en los noticieros,el uso estratégico <strong>de</strong> términos o <strong>la</strong> utilización<strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>bates políticos (intervenidos directamente porusuarios y ciudadanos) a lo <strong>la</strong>rgo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> legis<strong>la</strong>tura.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa26 27Día 7Debates televisivos y <strong>la</strong> caída <strong>de</strong> un bolígrafoy que <strong>la</strong> diferencia está en el terreno en el quese pone el acento. Hay gente que es <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>rechaspara unas cosas y <strong>de</strong> izquierdas para otras.Yo siempre he dicho que hay un solo votante,con tres perfiles: el Profundamente Superficial,<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>rechas, el Superficialmente Profundo, <strong>de</strong>izquierdas, y los <strong>de</strong> centro, que siempre votanal PIS, el Partido In<strong>de</strong>pendiente Según. <strong>El</strong>caso es que todos votan, por eso hay un solotipo <strong>de</strong> votante.Total, que Lakoff cuenta así cómo ganartea los que algunos estúpidamente l<strong>la</strong>man“in<strong>de</strong>cisos”: “Tu tarea consiste en introducirteen su territorio mental. Tu objetivo <strong>de</strong>be serson<strong>de</strong>arlos y <strong>de</strong>scubrir en qué aspectos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>vida se comportan como conservadores o progresistas.Por ejemplo, pregúntales qué cosasles preocupan más y cómo les hacen frente. Entoncestrata <strong>de</strong> conectarlo con <strong>la</strong> política. Porejemplo, si son liberales en casa pero estrictosen los negocios, háb<strong>la</strong>les <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> casa y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> familia.Diles que sus padres no tienen por quéven<strong>de</strong>r su casa ni hipotecar su futuro paracostearse los cuidados médicos ni <strong>la</strong>s medicinasque necesitan. Busca historias en <strong>la</strong>s quetu marco mental funcione”. Qué <strong>la</strong>garto…Por lo <strong>de</strong>más, ha dicho una cosa que me hahecho fruncir el ceño: que el buen humor es<strong>la</strong> ventaja <strong>de</strong> todo buen comunicador, porqueparece que está bien consigo mismo. Tengo quehacer sonreír más al jefe. Pero, ¿cómo <strong>de</strong>monioslo hago si cuando ríe parece que lleve dospinzas en <strong>la</strong>s comisuras?La sonrisa es <strong>la</strong> distancia más cortaentre dos personasHay campañas electorales en <strong>la</strong>s que el humor es piezac<strong>la</strong>ve y campañas que usan el humor como una coma,como una til<strong>de</strong> o como un punto y aparte. Normalmenteel humor en una campaña indica que no existe alternativareal <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r, pero que <strong>la</strong>s posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>inci<strong>de</strong>ncia pue<strong>de</strong>n ser importantes. <strong>El</strong> humor es uncontrapunto en política, ya que <strong>la</strong> gravedad contextual<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> contienda electoral tien<strong>de</strong> a cargar <strong>de</strong>masiado elmensaje y hacer el medio irrespirable. Tal y como nosdijo Michael De Certau, si <strong>la</strong> potencia y el po<strong>de</strong>r estáncomprometidos por su visibilidad, el chiste o <strong>la</strong> astuciason útiles al débil, que opera fuera <strong>de</strong> ese escenario<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r que son los medios: “Así como el chiste esuna prestidigitación re<strong>la</strong>tiva a <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as, <strong>la</strong> astuciaes una prestidigitación <strong>de</strong> los actos”. <strong>El</strong> humor esuna vía fundamental para <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>smitifi cación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política,pero ¿quién con verda<strong>de</strong>ras ambiciones <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>rpresentaría sus cre<strong>de</strong>nciales con el principal aval <strong>de</strong>lhumor? Porque el hecho <strong>de</strong> que veamos como humorísticasalgunas iniciativas políticas no signifi ca que sup<strong>la</strong>nteamiento haya sido el humor...<strong>El</strong> <strong>de</strong>bate. Una cosa cansina que no soporto.Para spots ya tenemos los míos. <strong>El</strong> candidatova con <strong>la</strong> lección bien aprendida, eso os lo aseguro.Se pasa todo el día encerrado intentandomemorizar los “copies”, <strong>la</strong>s “i<strong>de</strong>as fuerza”,el ritmo <strong>de</strong> presentación, el énfasis. Deberegistrar el momento en que utilizar un dato,una fotocopia o tirar <strong>de</strong> gráfico. Tiene bienc<strong>la</strong>ro que no <strong>de</strong>be salirse <strong>de</strong>l guión; a lo sumo,negaciones, o contestar con el catálogo apropiado.Está terminantemente prohibido quese enzarce en una discusión no prevista. <strong>El</strong>resultado <strong>de</strong> todo ello son figuras envaradas yhasta risibles. C<strong>la</strong>ro que todo ello se camuf<strong>la</strong>mediante <strong>la</strong> apropiada tensión televisiva, “elmomento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> verdad”. Por eso me aburre:es como ver al autómata funcionar tras darlecuerda. <strong>El</strong> único interés es ver que funciona,no quedarte a ver lo que ya has visto cientos<strong>de</strong> veces durante <strong>la</strong>s pruebas.Lo único que me atrae <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>bates es <strong>la</strong> trastiendaen el estudio <strong>de</strong> televisión. Poca gentesabe cómo funciona. De entrada, los candidatosllegan ro<strong>de</strong>ados <strong>de</strong> un gentío enorme:guardaespaldas, asesores <strong>de</strong> imagen, asesores<strong>de</strong> comunicación, secretarias, alguien <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>saltas esferas <strong>de</strong>l partido, re<strong>la</strong>ciones públicas.Para toda esta gente, se habilita una sa<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong> recepción presidida por gran<strong>de</strong>s monitoresy repleta <strong>de</strong> sofás y mesas llenas <strong>de</strong> canapésy bebidas. Los anfitriones <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ca<strong>de</strong>nalos agasajan porque saben que van a hacer e<strong>la</strong>gosto: es uno <strong>de</strong> los momentos <strong>de</strong>l año en quese hace más dinero en publicidad. A su vez, sehan acondicionado algunos camerinos paraalojar a cada uno <strong>de</strong> los dos equipos a fin <strong>de</strong>que sigan el <strong>de</strong>bate con cierta intimidad. <strong>El</strong>ambiente es esco<strong>la</strong>r: bromas tontas, sensacióninfantil <strong>de</strong> estar situado en <strong>la</strong> ata<strong>la</strong>ya<strong>de</strong>l mundo, peleas sobre los sándwiches y loshabituales comentarios estúpidos para re<strong>la</strong>jar<strong>la</strong> tensión. Cuando se inicia el <strong>de</strong>bate en sí,todo adquiere un tono surrealista. SentadosHay una reg<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> oro en el marketing político y es queel partido que sale ganador rechaza el cuerpo a cuerpoen los p<strong>la</strong>tós. Se dice que el candidato que tiene unmayor apoyo popu<strong>la</strong>r no <strong>de</strong>be aceptar el <strong>de</strong>bate. Cualquierfallo que pusiera en peligro esas ventajas podríaser fatal, porque <strong>la</strong>s cámaras pue<strong>de</strong>n jugar ma<strong>la</strong>s pasadas.La mirada furtiva <strong>de</strong> Bush buscando el reloj, eltaburete <strong>de</strong> Perot que evi<strong>de</strong>nciaba su corta estatura...La tensión <strong>de</strong> un <strong>de</strong>bate televisivo supera cualquierotro momento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña, por eso es un eventotan po<strong>de</strong>rosamente televisual. Los asesores <strong>de</strong> los dosprincipales candidatos que concurrieron en <strong>la</strong>s eleccionesgenerales españo<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 2008 confesaron que suprincipal pesadil<strong>la</strong> era que “durante el <strong>de</strong>bate retransmitidoen directo por televisión se le cayera el bolígrafoa su candidato, estornudara o surgiera un imprevisto <strong>de</strong>estas características”.<strong>El</strong> <strong>de</strong>bate televisivo, su fecha, lugar, escenario, mo<strong>de</strong>rador,tipos <strong>de</strong> sil<strong>la</strong> y colores dominantes son también un<strong>de</strong>bate político. Los flecos y los <strong>de</strong>talles que intentancontro<strong>la</strong>r los “negociadores” <strong>de</strong> cada partido son operaciones<strong>de</strong> estrategia política. La estrategia política se<strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>ra abiertamente estrategia <strong>de</strong> imagen.Disciplina frente a control<strong>El</strong> cambio <strong>de</strong> una sociedad disciplinaria (<strong>de</strong> “or<strong>de</strong>n yconcierto”) a una sociedad <strong>de</strong> control es algo que <strong>de</strong>finióGilles Deleuze sobre <strong>la</strong> teoría <strong>de</strong> Michel Focault.Des<strong>de</strong> entonces, hemos aprendido que lo panóptico (enque uno mira a todos) ha <strong>de</strong>jado sitio a lo sinóptico, queposibilita que haya muchos mirando a unos pocos, loscuales <strong>de</strong>vienen, mediante <strong>la</strong> seducción, en mo<strong>de</strong>los<strong>de</strong> privacidad (siendo aquí los mass media el escenarioperfecto).<strong>El</strong> control es, pues, algo “<strong>de</strong>mocratizado” y su <strong>de</strong>nominaciónno transmite <strong>la</strong> ruda subyugación que parecepromover “el or<strong>de</strong>n y concierto” propio <strong>de</strong> otrasépocas. De este modo, el or<strong>de</strong>n ya no se establecetanto en el castigo sino a través <strong>de</strong>l p<strong>la</strong>cer y <strong>de</strong> losmecanismos que lo administran, o sea, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> sociedad<strong>de</strong> consumo en <strong>la</strong> que, y para cerrar el círculo, participa<strong>de</strong> forma activa <strong>la</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>opolítica.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa28 29Día 8Debates televisualesfrente al televisor, los séquitos profieren gritos<strong>de</strong> ánimo al candidato, se ap<strong>la</strong>u<strong>de</strong>n susfrases ingeniosas, se silban <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l contrario,se jalean <strong>la</strong>s pul<strong>la</strong>s, se golpean <strong>la</strong>s pare<strong>de</strong>spara pasarle por <strong>la</strong> cara al equipo contrario,presente en el camerino contiguo, algunaagu<strong>de</strong>za o un ataque especialmente <strong>de</strong>spiadado.No pocas veces tiene que aparecer alguien<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ca<strong>de</strong>na para pedir silencio y compostura.Yo odio ir a estas cosas, pero no me queda másremedio. Y sé que no soy el único. He visto aMiguel en un rincón, taciturno como siempre.Nos hemos mirado a hurtadil<strong>la</strong>s y nos hemossaludado con un leve gesto <strong>de</strong> mentón. Ninguno<strong>de</strong> los dos se ha atrevido a dar el primerpaso. Las batal<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>jan siempre sus cicatrices.Finalmente me he acercado a darle <strong>la</strong> mano,pero como dos entrenadores <strong>de</strong> fútbol al acabarel partido: rápidamente y sin <strong>de</strong>tenerse.Al acabar el <strong>de</strong>bate, todo el mundo se felicita,no por <strong>la</strong> actuación <strong>de</strong>l candidato, sino por e<strong>la</strong>cierto a <strong>la</strong> hora <strong>de</strong> haber dado un consejo, <strong>de</strong>haber sugerido un tono <strong>de</strong> voz, <strong>de</strong> haber escogidouna corbata. Es <strong>la</strong> excitación propia <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>lumno tras acabar el examen y disiparse losnervios. Se le dan cientos <strong>de</strong> palmaditas en <strong>la</strong>espalda al jefe. Cuando vuelva a entrar enel coche que lo llevará a su casa a dormir, loprimero que preguntará es acerca <strong>de</strong> cómo loha hecho, esto es, <strong>de</strong> si ha cumplido con elguión que le habíamos fijado. A nadie se leocurrirá nunca pensar que está preguntandosobre el éxito obtenido a <strong>la</strong> hora <strong>de</strong> difundir suprograma o sus i<strong>de</strong>as.“En lo esencial, <strong>la</strong>s masas actuales han <strong>de</strong>jado <strong>de</strong> sermasas capaces <strong>de</strong> reunirse en tumultos; han entradoen un régimen en el que su propiedad <strong>de</strong> masa ya nose expresa <strong>de</strong> manera a<strong>de</strong>cuada en <strong>la</strong> asamblea física,sino en <strong>la</strong> participación en programas re<strong>la</strong>cionados conmedios <strong>de</strong> comunicación masivos. (...) En el<strong>la</strong> uno esmasa en tanto que individuo. Ahora se es masa sin vera los otros. <strong>El</strong> resultado <strong>de</strong> todo ello es que <strong>la</strong>s socieda<strong>de</strong>sactuales o, si se prefi ere, posmo<strong>de</strong>rnas han <strong>de</strong>jado<strong>de</strong> orientarse a sí mismas <strong>de</strong> manera inmediata porexperiencias corporales: sólo se perciben a sí mismasa través <strong>de</strong> símbolos mediáticos <strong>de</strong> masas, discursos,modas, programas y personalida<strong>de</strong>s famosas. Es eneste punto don<strong>de</strong> el individualismo <strong>de</strong> masas propio <strong>de</strong>nuestra época tiene su fundamento sistémico”. PeterSloterdijk, <strong>El</strong> <strong>de</strong>sprecio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s masas.¿Hay alguien, con dos <strong>de</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> frente, que seacapaz <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>cir quién ha ganado un <strong>de</strong>bate?Yo no conozco a nadie. Dado que los candidatosvan con <strong>la</strong> lección tan aprendida, esprácticamente imposible que un <strong>de</strong>bate pueda<strong>de</strong>sequilibrar una campaña. En nuestrasencuestas internas, nunca nadie sabe <strong>de</strong>cir aquién consi<strong>de</strong>ra ganador. Todo es un invento<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> prensa, que usa el <strong>de</strong>bate para promoversus propios intereses partidistas. Dicen los medios(<strong>la</strong> mayoría) que hemos ganado. Pero yomismo sería incapaz <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>cirlo. No obstante,esto es, en sí mismo, muy interesante. La gentese siente aturdida tras los <strong>de</strong>bates porque nosabe por qué no es capaz <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>cir quién havencido. Se sienten estúpidamente alienadospor <strong>la</strong> mecánica política. Es gracias a estasconfrontaciones mediáticas que <strong>la</strong> gente dicefrases <strong>de</strong>l tipo “todos son iguales” o “yo noentiendo <strong>de</strong> política”. Es precisamente <strong>de</strong> esteconocimiento <strong>de</strong> don<strong>de</strong> hay que partir paraencarar lo que queda <strong>de</strong> campaña: hacer quetu jefe sea lo más igual posible a los <strong>de</strong>más,por lo que, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> ese momento, no se le pondrá<strong>la</strong> cara en los spots. Sólo metáforas, ficcióny emoción; sólo recursos que enmascaren <strong>la</strong>especificidad <strong>de</strong> un candidato frente a los<strong>de</strong>más. Es poco eficaz tratar <strong>de</strong> persuadir a loselectores con mensajes y argumentos políticosal final <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña. Lo mejor es llegar por<strong>la</strong> imagen y <strong>la</strong> emoción genéricas, no pautadaspor el candidato. Más allá <strong>de</strong> lo quedigan <strong>la</strong>s encuestas, <strong>la</strong> mayoría <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> gentedice querer participar en un movimiento <strong>de</strong> esperanzacolectiva, que haga protagonista a <strong>la</strong>gente común, con un proyecto que llegue a <strong>la</strong>vida cotidiana <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s familias, y todo eso. Alfinal <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña siempre funcionan bienlos spots emotivos, con los que todos pue<strong>de</strong>ni<strong>de</strong>ntificarse. Menos yo. Pero, como se suele<strong>de</strong>cir, yo sólo trabajo aquí.John F. Kennedy y Richard Nixon protagonizaron en1960 el primer gran duelo televisivo. Kennedy era unnovato y Nixon aspiraba a <strong>la</strong> presi<strong>de</strong>ncia tras haber sidovicepresi<strong>de</strong>nte. Pero el medio televisivo mostró toda sufuerza. Un Nixon mal afeitado, sudoroso y <strong>de</strong> aparienciadura tuvo que enfrentarse a una imagen joven, <strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong> Kennedy, un candidato con carisma y telegenia. Lascosas fueron distintas a partir <strong>de</strong> entonces.De ese mismo año es uno <strong>de</strong> los documentos más interesantesrodados en re<strong>la</strong>ción con <strong>la</strong> circunstanciaelectoral. Primary (1960), <strong>de</strong> Robert Drew y compuestoa partir <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> toma <strong>de</strong> imágenes <strong>de</strong> Donn Pennebaker,Albert Maysles y Richard Leacock, es un momento referencial<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> historia <strong>de</strong>l cine y también un verda<strong>de</strong>rohito en <strong>la</strong> historia <strong>de</strong>l documental <strong>de</strong> campaña electoral.Rodado a modo <strong>de</strong> experimento por encargo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>revista Life, <strong>la</strong> pelícu<strong>la</strong> nos muestra <strong>la</strong> pugna entre unjoven John F. Kennedy y Hubert Humphrey por conseguir<strong>la</strong> nominación <strong>de</strong>l Partido Demócrata para <strong>la</strong>s presi<strong>de</strong>nciales<strong>de</strong> 1960. <strong>El</strong> aire nuevo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> propuesta cinematográficacongeniaba con un Kennedy joven y resuelto,alejado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>a <strong>de</strong>l político al uso. Lo cierto es quealgunos teóricos han marcado en este fi lm el momentoa partir <strong>de</strong>l cual se utilizará <strong>la</strong> etiqueta <strong>de</strong> (cinéma vérité),lo que da i<strong>de</strong>a <strong>de</strong>l carácter <strong>de</strong> su propuesta: unacámara catalizadora capaz <strong>de</strong> provocar <strong>la</strong> interacción<strong>de</strong> los sujetos que se mueven frente a el<strong>la</strong>.Fue Dominique Wolton quien nos avisó <strong>de</strong> que “el carácterpopu<strong>la</strong>r y trivial <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> televisión tien<strong>de</strong> a hacer<strong>la</strong>salir <strong>de</strong>l conjunto <strong>de</strong> cuestiones sobre <strong>la</strong>s que hayque pensar”. Y es precisamente <strong>la</strong> consciencia <strong>de</strong> esa“pereza intelectual” <strong>la</strong> que toca al fenómeno <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>scampañas electorales televisivas. Cuesta encontrar unmedio tan incrustado en nuestra cotidianidad, y a <strong>la</strong> veztan inasible y camufl ado, como <strong>la</strong> televisión, capaz <strong>de</strong>asimi<strong>la</strong>r esponjosamente tipos, géneros, discursos ei<strong>de</strong>ologías. La televisión ha sido el principal artífice <strong>de</strong>introducir lo popu<strong>la</strong>r en el ámbito general <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> culturay <strong>de</strong> difuminar <strong>la</strong>s barreras entre lo privado y lo público.La televisión ha metido <strong>la</strong> política en casa, pero una políticaconvertida en juego, espectáculo, quinie<strong>la</strong>, culebrón,pastiche, concurso, drama, comedia..., una audiovisualización<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política distanciada <strong>de</strong>finitivamente <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>spersonas y sometida al marco <strong>de</strong>l aparato receptor, unapolítica enmarcada finalmente en una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s cuestionesajenas más queridas para el gran público...


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa30 31Día 9Políticos/actoresDía 10Por tierra mar y aireUn producto <strong>de</strong>be ofrecer <strong>la</strong> expectativa <strong>de</strong>que será comp<strong>la</strong>ciente; un candidato, no.<strong>El</strong> anuncio electoral se basa en el menudointervalo que conecta lo que ha hecho un candidato—en función <strong>de</strong> lo que en su día dijoque haría— y <strong>la</strong>s posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> adivinarese impulso en esa cara, en esas miradas,en ese gesto, en esa sonrisa. Sí, <strong>la</strong> gente votamoralmente aunque eso vaya en contra <strong>de</strong> susintereses. La abstención es, sobre todo, eso: nocomprometer <strong>la</strong> moral a unos meros interesesinmediatos. Por ello, <strong>la</strong> abstención, creo yo,se ha ido convirtiendo en un símbolo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>libertad <strong>de</strong>l individuo frente a <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia.Porque <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia lo nomina todo y haycosas que no se pue<strong>de</strong>n nominar. Me gustanlos que se abstienen.Las campañas electorales son cada vez más semejantes.Si bien hace unos años <strong>la</strong>s distinciones eran notablesentre <strong>la</strong> Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y <strong>la</strong>América Latina, cada vez más tien<strong>de</strong>n a parecerse ensu puesta en escena, e incluso en algunos casos llegana ser perfectamente previsibles. Una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s característicascomunes a todas el<strong>la</strong>s es que los candidatos aparecencomo actores profesionales que interpretan supapel en el contexto <strong>de</strong> diferentes p<strong>la</strong>nteamientos escenográficos y con distintos guiones <strong>de</strong> mayor o menorcarga dramática o cómica, según sea el caso o <strong>la</strong> agenda.De ellos se espera efi cacia persuasiva, credibilidadsobre el escenario, dicción c<strong>la</strong>ra y sin vaci<strong>la</strong>ciones…Hay todo un ejercicio interpretativo que, si bien ha perdidofuerza “in live” <strong>de</strong>bido a <strong>la</strong> pérdida <strong>de</strong> fuerza <strong>de</strong>l mitincomo evento cohesivo, se ha tras<strong>la</strong>dado a <strong>la</strong> imagen y a<strong>la</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>opolítica con importante <strong>de</strong>terminación.Lo que quiero <strong>de</strong>cir es que, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma manera que los gobiernos se esfuerzan por llevar <strong>la</strong>guerra a <strong>la</strong>s ciuda<strong>de</strong>s, porque los frentes siempre están muy lejos y ajenos, nosotros llevamos <strong>la</strong>scampañas al centro mismo <strong>de</strong> los aparatos sociales, contaminándolo todo. En <strong>la</strong>s dos semanasque dura una campaña, todo <strong>de</strong>be ser campaña: un perro, un tren, un tomate; todo se convierteen elemento simbólico <strong>de</strong> campaña, le importe o no al perro o al tomate. Cada conversación,cada chiste, cada encuesta <strong>de</strong>be formar parte <strong>de</strong>l gran guión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña.Todo es momentáneo y puntual, nada durará, pero <strong>de</strong>be parecer lo más intenso <strong>de</strong>l mundo. Uncandidato dirá un día algo sobre el amor que le tiene a un hámster y se reirán <strong>de</strong> él. Pero si eslisto, sabrá que <strong>de</strong>be volver a hab<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong>l hámster, por ridículo que parezca. <strong>El</strong> hámster lo serátodo, se hab<strong>la</strong>rá <strong>de</strong> él en <strong>la</strong>s columnas <strong>de</strong> los diarios; otros partidos harán spots con ratones pararidiculizarle. Ningún problema: el hámster se convertirá en una marca po<strong>de</strong>rosa. Al fin y alcabo, fue un político quien acuñó aquello <strong>de</strong> que lo importante es que hablen <strong>de</strong> uno, aunquehablen mal.Un spot es una cara. Lo <strong>de</strong>más son metáforas que le dan un marco <strong>de</strong> referencia al que asociar<strong>la</strong>.Os diré una cosa: en los spots, los candidatos están liberados <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política, son merosactores. Esa es <strong>la</strong> gran fuerza <strong>de</strong>l spot. Los votantes juzgan al candidato como en un concurso <strong>de</strong>interpretación. <strong>El</strong> espectador queda atrapado durante treinta segundos por <strong>la</strong> malsana y cotil<strong>la</strong>fascinación <strong>de</strong> ver “cómo lo hace” <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> los focos y con un guión aprendido. De <strong>la</strong> misma manera,en un <strong>de</strong>bate, <strong>la</strong> gente se siente atraída por los “nervios” que <strong>de</strong>be pasar un candidato antetanta presión: millones <strong>de</strong> espectadores, miles <strong>de</strong> especialistas en comunicación, <strong>la</strong> recta final, elopositor apretando <strong>la</strong>s tuercas, el disimulo <strong>de</strong> los propios <strong>de</strong>fectos. Queremos un lí<strong>de</strong>r y lo ponemosa prueba. En <strong>de</strong>finitiva, una campaña electoral no es otra cosa que el juego <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> psicofagia: elconsumo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> psicología ajena; y, a<strong>de</strong>más, <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>l aspirante a héroe. Una campaña es conseguirque todo sea puro escalofrío, intensamente momentáneo, diseñado y <strong>de</strong>stinado a no perdurar.De nuevo, ellos son los in<strong>de</strong>cisos. Esta mañanahe recibido indicaciones c<strong>la</strong>ras y precisaspor parte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> dirección <strong>de</strong>l partido <strong>de</strong> atacar<strong>la</strong> vía <strong>de</strong>l miedo. Des<strong>de</strong> luego, esta es unaestrategia que siempre tenemos presente. Sólohace falta ver el eslogan. Pero <strong>la</strong>s ór<strong>de</strong>nes hansido más que precisas: “entra a yugu<strong>la</strong>r”. Esun poco tar<strong>de</strong> para estas cosas. No analizaréahora lo cagados que están arriba —que loestán— sino lo <strong>de</strong>licado <strong>de</strong> entrar en <strong>de</strong>terminadosbasureros. Sacar <strong>la</strong> basura a <strong>la</strong> callepara meter<strong>la</strong> en el contenedor que no le correspon<strong>de</strong>siempre comporta el riesgo <strong>de</strong> encontrartea un vecino que te vea. Lo importantees hacer que otro <strong>la</strong> baje. Es evi<strong>de</strong>nte que nome quedan alternativas, si a medio p<strong>la</strong>zo mequiero salir con <strong>la</strong> mía. Entraremos a trapo,pero habrá que calcu<strong>la</strong>r con precisión <strong>la</strong> ondaexpansiva. Ya he puesto a trabajar a tres <strong>de</strong>mis chicos en archivos audiovisuales; no sóloen los que tenemos aquí, sino en varias partes<strong>de</strong>l mundo. Vamos a hacer cuatro spots <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>misma línea. <strong>El</strong> primero tratará <strong>de</strong>l conflicto<strong>de</strong>l año pasado en Argelia: aquellos turistasque quedaron atrapados en <strong>la</strong> redada policialtras el atentado y que buscaron acogida en<strong>la</strong> embajada para encontrarse que nadie lesabría <strong>la</strong>s puertas para no <strong>de</strong>sairar al gobiernoargelino en un momento <strong>de</strong> estrechos <strong>la</strong>zos económicos.Todos recordarán a los turistas indignadosfrente a <strong>la</strong> embajada, aporreando <strong>la</strong>verja, frente al silencio diplomático. Despuéstocaremos <strong>la</strong> amistad <strong>de</strong>l presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong>l gobiernocon el <strong>de</strong> Irán, luego lo <strong>de</strong>l “acuerdo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>puerta abierta” para África, y acabaremos con<strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras <strong>de</strong> aliento <strong>de</strong>l gobierno al movimientotupamaro. Va a ser fácil. Simplementeeditaremos el material en diez segundos conun remate tipo “¿Te lo imaginas?”. Qué pocome gustan a mí estas cosas: es como ir a <strong>la</strong> batal<strong>la</strong>con un fusil prestado, nunca sabes si <strong>la</strong>sba<strong>la</strong>s te <strong>la</strong>s pusieron <strong>de</strong> verdad o <strong>de</strong> fogueo,y esa es una sensación <strong>de</strong>sagradable cuandotienes que <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>rte.Mucho se ha comentado sobre el lenguaje bélico queutiliza Alfa en re<strong>la</strong>ción con <strong>la</strong>s campañas electorales.Expresiones como campaña, guerra, táctica, frente,enemigo, etc., no parecen superfluas a <strong>la</strong> luz <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>stécnicas mismas que se utilizan en <strong>la</strong>s contiendaspolíticas. Si bien <strong>la</strong> parte más conocida <strong>de</strong>l trabajorealizado por los profesionales <strong>de</strong>l marketing políticoes <strong>la</strong> que usualmente se l<strong>la</strong>ma “campaña <strong>de</strong> aire”, <strong>la</strong>que se apoya en prensa, radio y televisión, el éxito <strong>de</strong>una campaña electoral se basa en el equilibrio entrecampaña <strong>de</strong> aire y <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>nominada “campaña <strong>de</strong> tierra”.Se <strong>de</strong>nomina campaña <strong>de</strong> tierra a <strong>la</strong> que se hacerecorriendo el terreno a pie <strong>de</strong> calle: pueblos, barrios,calles, mercados, en <strong>de</strong>finitiva, a ese contacto cara acara entre el candidato y el elector. Pero a <strong>la</strong> vista <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>s campañas recientemente celebradas, parece quees el aire el que predomina, y con esto nos referimossólo a <strong>la</strong> prepon<strong>de</strong>rancia en el uso <strong>de</strong> los medios <strong>de</strong>comunicación. Se diría que <strong>la</strong> venta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>as tienecada vez más que ver con <strong>la</strong> venta <strong>de</strong>l aire. ¿Quién se hapreocupado <strong>de</strong> los cuerpos en campaña electoral, másallá <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ecuación “un cuerpo, un voto”...?


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa34 35Día 13Me han preguntado muchas veces cuálesson <strong>la</strong>s tipologías básicas <strong>de</strong> una campañaelectoral. Yo tengo mi propio catálogo: lágrimas,parodia, musical, ficción, animación,catástrofe, mano dura, patria y cambio. Haymás, pero todas se pue<strong>de</strong>n concentrar en estas.Os preguntaréis qué tendrán en común estascategorías, puesto que unas son conceptos yotras formatos narrativos: son dos caras <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> misma moneda. A<strong>de</strong>más, es que, a no serque el candidato sea un comunicador nato,nunca hay que <strong>de</strong>jarlo solo en el spot. Recuerdoaquellos anuncios <strong>de</strong> hace años cuandoel candidato peroraba durante cinco o diezminutos sobre <strong>la</strong>s ventajas y bonda<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> supartido. Un coñazo. Eso ocurría en <strong>la</strong> época<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>ologías, cuando <strong>la</strong> política era política:¿qué sentido tiene eso hoy? Las lágrimas,sacar a alguien postrado en <strong>la</strong> cama, niños,todo eso funciona bien cuando quieres subrayar<strong>la</strong> sinceridad; al fin y al cabo, los niños,los borrachos, los viejos y los enfermos siempredicen <strong>la</strong> verdad. La parodia sirve pararidiculizar al enemigo sin que parezca que lohace uno: pura ventriloquia otra vez. Y está<strong>la</strong> risa, que siempre es un po<strong>de</strong>roso aliado.<strong>El</strong> estilo musical, que a mí me encanta, sirvepara fijar jingles y tonadil<strong>la</strong>s, y siempre pue<strong>de</strong>shacer aparecer a cientos <strong>de</strong> figurantes quete hagan <strong>de</strong> anc<strong>la</strong>. En especial, adoro el estilokaraoke, porque fijas doblemente el mensaje.En América Latina, en Asia y en EstadosUnidos son maestros en el karaoke. La ficción,por su parte, te permite secuestrar el estereotipoque <strong>la</strong> gente tiene sobre el candidato, que seolvi<strong>de</strong>n por un momento <strong>de</strong> los tópicos creadosy que se <strong>de</strong>jen llevar por caminos que no esperan.La animación es como <strong>la</strong> ficción, peroahorra costes, especialmente con estos chavales<strong>de</strong> hoy que, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> su propio portátil, son capaces<strong>de</strong> hacerte maravil<strong>la</strong>s y <strong>de</strong> infiltrarse en <strong>la</strong>cabeza <strong>de</strong> los jóvenes.En el artículo “Psicología, lenguaje y política” (1998),consi<strong>de</strong>rado por muchos el fundamento mo<strong>de</strong>rno paracompren<strong>de</strong>r en profundidad <strong>la</strong>s actuales campañaselectorales, Alfa se p<strong>la</strong>ntea, no sin cierta intencionalidadpolémica, que <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong> los mensajeselectorales se basa en unos ejes que, a diferencia <strong>de</strong>lo que otros autores canónicos siempre han p<strong>la</strong>nteado,recorren temas y conceptos <strong>de</strong> manera transversal. SegúnAlfa, estos ejes son:• confianza/<strong>de</strong>sconfianza/corrupción/honestidad• futuro/pasado/cambio• eficiencia/ineficiencia/currículo• patriotismo/i<strong>de</strong>ntidad/familia/migración• servicios públicos/impuestos/bienestar• seguridad/inseguridad/miedo/esperanza/justiciaLo que quizás sorpren<strong>de</strong> más <strong>de</strong> estas asociacionesconceptuales es <strong>la</strong> c<strong>la</strong>ra separación entre <strong>la</strong> responsabilidadpersonal <strong>de</strong>l elector en <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>fi nición <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s i<strong>de</strong>asmorales que guían su voto y <strong>la</strong> responsabilidad <strong>de</strong>l políticoprofesional a <strong>la</strong> hora <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ntear su aplicación. Enel político recae toda <strong>la</strong> capacidad <strong>de</strong> formu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong> política:se confía o no en “su” honestidad, en su capacidadpara ofrecer un horizonte p<strong>la</strong>usible, para i<strong>de</strong>ntifi car <strong>la</strong>sseñas <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntidad y formu<strong>la</strong>r<strong>la</strong>s en un contexto másamplio, para no convertirse en un problema sino enel hacedor <strong>de</strong> soluciones que, a<strong>de</strong>más, encuentren elconsenso social necesario, incluso entre sus oponentes.Esta serie <strong>de</strong> pivotes conceptuales parecen eximiral votante <strong>de</strong> su implicación en el proceso por el quese genera el <strong>de</strong>bate político. En este sentido, en unareciente entrevista concedida a The New York Times,Roberto Alfa seña<strong>la</strong>ba que “tenemos que ser conscientes<strong>de</strong> que el elector está cada día más escamado <strong>de</strong> loque los políticos hacen con su apoyo, por lo que, lógicamente,tien<strong>de</strong> a no asociar su voto con los excesos <strong>de</strong>los gobernantes. Con el tiempo, esta ten<strong>de</strong>ncia va enaumento. La gente no <strong>de</strong>sea consi<strong>de</strong>rarse responsable<strong>de</strong> lo que se hace con <strong>la</strong> justificación <strong>de</strong>l voto. De hecho,esa es <strong>la</strong> razón por <strong>la</strong> que creo que <strong>la</strong>s legis<strong>la</strong>turascortas, <strong>de</strong> cuatro años, son mucho más efi caces electoralmenteque <strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> seis años, en <strong>la</strong>s que <strong>la</strong> gentepue<strong>de</strong> sentirse más <strong>de</strong>cepcionada e impotente con eluso político <strong>de</strong> su participación”.Después tenemos los conceptos: <strong>la</strong> ape<strong>la</strong>cióna <strong>la</strong> catástrofe siempre es rentable. Sólo tienesque escoger alguna tragedia ocurrida durante<strong>la</strong> legis<strong>la</strong>tura, colocar acertadamente algunascifras negativas, elegir alguna <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>ración<strong>de</strong>safortunada, presentarlo todo en b<strong>la</strong>nco ynegro y ya lo tienes. Si quieres meter miedo enel cuerpo, no hay mejor opción. Mano dura:me encanta esta expresión. Sirve para todo:para limpiar, para hab<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong> corrupción, <strong>de</strong>honestidad, <strong>de</strong> firmeza, <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>lincuencia, <strong>de</strong>terrorismo. Y funciona siempre bien porqueremite a <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>a <strong>de</strong>l padre protector, que todo lohace “por tu propio bien”. Al usar el término“patria”, hay que tener cuidado. Se pue<strong>de</strong>confundir fácilmente con “facha”: por esohay que a<strong>de</strong>rezarlo con una terminología máscoloquial: <strong>la</strong> familia, el pueblo, <strong>la</strong> comunidad,“nosotros”, “lo nuestro”, etc. ¿Quiénpue<strong>de</strong> estar en contra <strong>de</strong> estos términos? Aúnrecuerdo <strong>la</strong> campaña que hice para un granevento hace algunos años: puse <strong>la</strong>s pa<strong>la</strong>bras“sostenibilidad”, “paz”, “tolerancia” en toda<strong>la</strong> promoción, cuando el asunto no era otracosa que un gigantesco negocio inmobiliarioy político. Pero, ¿quién <strong>de</strong>monios se iba aatrever a criticar eso? Y <strong>la</strong>st, but not least,Para Roberto Alfa, toda campaña <strong>de</strong>be configurarsemediante estos seis ejes, ya que son perfectamenteincluyentes o “adherentes”, para usar su propia terminología.A<strong>de</strong>más, cada uno <strong>de</strong> los bloques acoge <strong>la</strong>spuertas necesarias para po<strong>de</strong>r entrar en otros bloques:“son hipertextos que permiten que <strong>la</strong> gente pueda vincu<strong>la</strong>rtemas sin necesidad <strong>de</strong> cruzar límites forzados”,<strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>raba siempre en sus c<strong>la</strong>ses magistrales.tenemos <strong>la</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mada al cambio. De entrada, es el recurso estándar para aquel candidato quese enfrenta a otro que lleva más <strong>de</strong> dos legis<strong>la</strong>turas gobernando: “es <strong>la</strong> hora <strong>de</strong>l cambio”. Soninfinitas <strong>la</strong>s campañas que se basan en ese eslogan. A<strong>de</strong>más se lleva bien con todos los <strong>de</strong>másconceptos, es una especie <strong>de</strong> metaconcepto: cambiar para evitar <strong>la</strong> catástrofe, para proteger lonuestro, para acabar con <strong>la</strong> corrupción o <strong>la</strong> ineficacia.Seguramente estaréis pensando que dón<strong>de</strong> están los gran<strong>de</strong>s temas <strong>de</strong> una campaña: <strong>la</strong> economía,<strong>la</strong> educación, los servicios sociales, <strong>la</strong> sanidad. La respuesta es <strong>de</strong> una sencillez imp<strong>la</strong>cable:en ninguna parte. ¿Habéis visto a algún candidato entrar a fondo en estas cosas? Hanaprendido que lo mejor es no mojarse en campaña. Si dices que vas a privatizar <strong>la</strong> sanidad, terechazarán aquellos con problemas <strong>de</strong> salud o con familiares enfermos; si dices que vas a invertirmillonadas en hospitales, primero nadie te creerá y <strong>de</strong>spués te comerán vivo los empresarios,a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> alejar a los que tienen contratado un seguro privado, que son millones. Los perfilesduros son ma<strong>la</strong>s compañías electorales. No. Cuando se hab<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> economía, sanidad o educaciónsólo <strong>de</strong>be utilizarse brocha gorda: más empleo, menos co<strong>la</strong>s y menos fracaso esco<strong>la</strong>r. Nada más.Cualquier otra cosa es meterse en berenjenales. Total, ¿alguien <strong>de</strong> verdad piensa que es posiblereducir <strong>la</strong>s co<strong>la</strong>s en un hospital? Por favor…


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa36 37Día 14Día 16Un inserto certero en <strong>la</strong> cultura <strong>de</strong> masasLa gente está reventada. Las <strong>de</strong> prensa noduermen <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace tres días. En los ojos<strong>de</strong> todo el mundo se reve<strong>la</strong>n <strong>la</strong>s ganas <strong>de</strong>acabar, <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>jar <strong>de</strong> hab<strong>la</strong>r, <strong>de</strong> cal<strong>la</strong>r. Hoytambién lo haré yo.Día 15Lo escribo <strong>de</strong> nuevo: vamos a ganar unos dosmillones <strong>de</strong> votos más. Otra cosa no sé.RumorRoberto Alfa solía <strong>de</strong>cir que el rumor es <strong>la</strong> esencia <strong>de</strong>una campaña política. <strong>El</strong> rumor tiene una fuerza imparable.No se pue<strong>de</strong> luchar contra él. Luchar contra élsignifi ca entrar en una dinámica <strong>de</strong> verda<strong>de</strong>s y mentirasque atrapa todo razonamiento y lo ahoga en unaespiral <strong>de</strong> dudas insalvables. <strong>El</strong> rumor se propaga conuna rapi<strong>de</strong>z inusitada, llega a todas <strong>la</strong>s capas sociales,profesionales y culturales. Su efecto “bo<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> nieve”pue<strong>de</strong> convertirse en una bomba si es utilizado perversamente;sólo hay que <strong>de</strong>jarlo en marcha y ver cómo semultiplica, dón<strong>de</strong> crece, qué formas adquiere y hastadón<strong>de</strong> ca<strong>la</strong> en el objetivo establecido. A modo <strong>de</strong> ejemplo,viene aquí al caso re<strong>la</strong>tar una <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s anécdotaspreferidas <strong>de</strong> Roberto, que siempre sacaba a co<strong>la</strong>ciónpara ilustrar los peligros <strong>de</strong>l rumor. Durante <strong>la</strong> campaña<strong>de</strong> Italia en <strong>la</strong> Segunda Guerra Mundial, los servicios <strong>de</strong>información estadouni<strong>de</strong>nses se enteraron <strong>de</strong> que <strong>la</strong>stropas alemanas en Montecassino no recibían su paga<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hacía varios meses. I<strong>de</strong>aron una campaña <strong>de</strong>guerra psicológica basada en el <strong>la</strong>nzamiento <strong>de</strong> miles<strong>de</strong> octavil<strong>la</strong>s sobre los alemanes en <strong>la</strong>s que se acusabaa los oficiales germanos <strong>de</strong> quedarse con el dinero. Lanoticia no era cierta, pero <strong>la</strong> intención era generar <strong>de</strong>sconfianzae indignación entre los soldados, ya <strong>de</strong> porsí tradicionalmente distantes respecto a los privilegioshabituales <strong>de</strong> los mandos. Cuando los ofi cialesalemanes se enteraron <strong>de</strong>l rumor, quisieron manifestarcon total c<strong>la</strong>ridad y contun<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>la</strong> falsedad <strong>de</strong> talesacusaciones mediante l<strong>la</strong>mamientos en <strong>la</strong> radio y en <strong>la</strong>prensa militar. <strong>El</strong> resultado fue <strong>de</strong>sastroso: soldados quenada sabían <strong>de</strong>l rumor acabaron conociéndolo y <strong>la</strong>s sospechas<strong>de</strong> los soldados sobre los oficiales no hicieron másque aumentar, hasta el punto <strong>de</strong> llegar a crearse un fenomenalconflicto <strong>de</strong> confianza. Roberto siempre <strong>de</strong>cía alrespecto: un rumor siempre tiene como finalidad hacersemás gran<strong>de</strong> y su modus operandi no es otro que conseguirque se hable <strong>de</strong> él. Nunca, bajo ningún motivo, hay querespon<strong>de</strong>r a un rumor insidioso. Pue<strong>de</strong> llevar al traste estrategiasen principio perfectamente p<strong>la</strong>nifi cadas.<strong>El</strong> mitin final <strong>de</strong> ayer fue bien. A pesar <strong>de</strong> quelos periodistas están tan cansados como nosotros,ahí estuvieron todos al pie <strong>de</strong>l cañón. Yome puse en <strong>la</strong>s gradas superiores <strong>de</strong>l estadio,en el gallinero. No quería estar ro<strong>de</strong>ado <strong>de</strong> esosimbéciles que se ponen en primera fi<strong>la</strong> y quese obligan a sí mismos a levantarse y ap<strong>la</strong>udirconstantemente. No tengo por qué hacerningún mérito. Junto a mí, una señora yaentrada en años se lo miraba todo con frialdad.Ni ap<strong>la</strong>udía, ni vitoreaba. Se <strong>la</strong> veíaconcentrada en el evento, echando miradasrapidísimas al gentío para volver a dirigir<strong>la</strong>al escenario. Me quedé prendado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> señora.Sentada con <strong>la</strong>s piernas juntas, el bolso enel regazo, suave y ligeramente maquil<strong>la</strong>da,respiraba una notoria franqueza, una tranquilidadabrumadora. Me pasé un <strong>la</strong>rguísimorato mirándo<strong>la</strong> fijamente, esperandosecretamente que me <strong>de</strong>volviera <strong>la</strong> mirada. Loconseguí cuando le llegó el humo <strong>de</strong> uno <strong>de</strong>mis cigarrillos. Lo hizo lentamente, pestañeandocon parsimonia, como quien mira sinmirar, pero había una levísima sonrisa en surostro. No pu<strong>de</strong> evitarlo y me acerqué a el<strong>la</strong>mientras apagaba el pitillo. Le pregunté <strong>de</strong>dón<strong>de</strong> venía. Me <strong>de</strong>dicó una atención <strong>la</strong>rga yescrutadora. Al rato, levantó lentamente <strong>la</strong>sdos manos mientras <strong>la</strong> boca se le abría. Moviólos <strong>de</strong>dos pero <strong>de</strong> sus <strong>la</strong>bios no salió ningunapa<strong>la</strong>bra. Era muda.La “cultura <strong>de</strong> masas” o, más bien, <strong>la</strong> “industria cultural”nos <strong>de</strong>mostró que el consumidor no es el sujeto,sino el objeto. <strong>El</strong> mecanismo <strong>de</strong> esta industria ha ido<strong>de</strong>purando su funcionamiento y alejando a <strong>la</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>smasas <strong>de</strong> sus preocupaciones y problemas reales a través<strong>de</strong> imágenes fuertemente i<strong>de</strong>alizadas con <strong>la</strong>s quepo<strong>de</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>ntificarse. Por otro <strong>la</strong>do, y mientras todo estosucedía, se imbuía a esa “masa-objeto” una i<strong>de</strong>ología,así como unos valores y una concepción <strong>de</strong>l mundo <strong>de</strong>stinadosa su conservación. Los objetivos fundamentalesque el neocapitalismo asignó a <strong>la</strong> industria cultural secumplían puntualmente <strong>de</strong> este modo. ¿O era el neocapitalismoen sí mismo el que se fraguaba mientras todoesto sucedía?Con este panorama, el spot electoral ha participadotanto en el fondo como en <strong>la</strong> forma <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> liturgia <strong>de</strong>una cultura masifi cada, aportando producciones muyevolucionadas y dinamizando <strong>la</strong> característica eclécticapropia <strong>de</strong> esta industria cultural, que p<strong>la</strong>ntea llegar almayor número posible <strong>de</strong> personas. Huir <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> especialización,<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> profundización, e intentar reunir el mayornúmero <strong>de</strong> elementos para hacer posible <strong>la</strong> captación<strong>de</strong> consumidores es su modo operativo.


Diario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto AlfaDiario <strong>de</strong> campaña Roberto Alfa38 39Día <strong>de</strong> elecciones11.50 h. Es domingo y hoy hay elecciones.Ya se acabaron <strong>la</strong>s reuniones, los rodajes, <strong>la</strong>sprisas y los nervios (<strong>de</strong> algunos, no los míos).Me he levantado tar<strong>de</strong>. Mi hijo insistía en iral colegio electoral para verme votar. Me hacostado un buen rato y unos cuantos tebeosexplicarle que yo nunca voto. Porque yo nuncaengrosaré <strong>la</strong>s fi<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> los que, sin saberlo,legitiman trabajos como el mío, <strong>de</strong>l mismomodo que Groucho nunca se apuntaría a unclub que admitiera a socios como él. Pensaréisque estoy cansado, exhausto, <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong>tantas semanas, pero no, nadie se cansa sobreuna máquina que funciona so<strong>la</strong>. La “máquina<strong>de</strong>l triunfo”, <strong>la</strong> l<strong>la</strong>ma mi mujer. Acabo <strong>de</strong>escuchar los son<strong>de</strong>os <strong>de</strong> participación en <strong>la</strong> tele<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cocina. Sigue existiendo ese 30 o 40% <strong>de</strong>personas que no van nunca a votar. Les <strong>de</strong>dicomi más sincero saludo: gente con entereza.19.50 h. Ya son <strong>la</strong>s 8 <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tar<strong>de</strong> y <strong>de</strong>bo irmea <strong>la</strong> se<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>l partido. Me da una pereza<strong>de</strong> muerte. Me siento como el vencedor <strong>de</strong>una gran batal<strong>la</strong> que, al acabar, regresa alescenario bélico y se pone triste porque ya nooye el fragor <strong>de</strong>l combate ni huele <strong>la</strong> pólvoraen el aire. Curiosamente, cuando acabanunos comicios y antes <strong>de</strong> salir ante <strong>la</strong> prensapara valorar los resultados, los jefes, cualquiera<strong>de</strong> los que he tenido, ya no <strong>de</strong>sean misaportaciones. Me encanta verles, sobre todocuando caen, como monarcas que adivinan<strong>de</strong> sopetón que <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>gradación <strong>de</strong>l po<strong>de</strong>r seencuentra implícita en <strong>la</strong> soledad <strong>de</strong>l jugador.Mientras los mantienes unas semanas junto a<strong>la</strong> gente se creen personas capaces <strong>de</strong> cambiarel mundo. Pero cuando regresan a pa<strong>la</strong>cio sonpequeños megalómanos ro<strong>de</strong>ados <strong>de</strong> vacío.Pero a mí todo esto me resba<strong>la</strong>, en serio. Comodice un amigo mío, al forense no le gustan losmuertos, sólo trabaja con ellos.La máquina <strong>de</strong>l triunfo: <strong>la</strong> consultoría como una<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s bel<strong>la</strong>s artesUn viaje por los distintos sitios web que ofrecen enInter<strong>net</strong> servicios <strong>de</strong> marketing político nos pue<strong>de</strong> dari<strong>de</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> complejidad <strong>de</strong>l fenómeno electoral y <strong>de</strong> sudimensión mercadotécnica. Pasear por los distintosapartados virtuales <strong>de</strong> una <strong>de</strong> estas empresas es experimentar<strong>la</strong> sofi sticada poesía <strong>de</strong>l triunfo en su acepciónmás contemporánea. “Manejo <strong>de</strong> crisis”, “kit <strong>de</strong> campaña”,“software electoral” son algunos <strong>de</strong> estos subapartadosque nos <strong>de</strong>scubren todo un mundo <strong>de</strong> posibilida<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> cara a <strong>la</strong> consecución <strong>de</strong>l éxito. Porque “el éxito” y“el triunfo” tienen en política una azotea muy especial<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> que pue<strong>de</strong>n verse (<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> arriba) <strong>la</strong>s azoteas<strong>de</strong> otros ámbitos profesionales. Es un mirador accesiblesólo a unos pocos; para empezar, aquellos que puedanpagarlo y que, por lo tanto, pue<strong>de</strong>n ganar siempre.Día <strong>de</strong>spuésUnos 22.187.000 electores nos han votado.Hemos perdido <strong>la</strong>s elecciones, pero he ganado<strong>la</strong> campaña. He subido casi dos millones<strong>de</strong> votantes. O lo que es lo mismo, he sidocapaz <strong>de</strong> arañar dos millones <strong>de</strong> votos a otropartido… dos millones. Dos millones <strong>de</strong> tiposque han creído, creen ellos que sólo por cuatroaños, que lo que les he contado sonaba real.Nadie sabrá nunca el p<strong>la</strong>cer que implicainducir <strong>la</strong> ten<strong>de</strong>ncia política en tanta gente.Sinceramente, a mí me da igual que hayamosperdido. Hacia medianoche me han l<strong>la</strong>madopara felicitarme, signo inequívoco <strong>de</strong> que ellossaben, igual que yo, que <strong>la</strong> campaña ha sidomía y <strong>la</strong>s elecciones suyas. Por raro que osparezca, una cosa no es lo mismo que <strong>la</strong> otra.Primero, porque ellos vuelven hoy a salir por<strong>la</strong> televisión a <strong>de</strong>cir lo <strong>de</strong> siempre, que van amás y todo eso, pero <strong>de</strong> lo que yo hice nadie seacordará en una semana. Segundo, porque yovolveré a hacer una campaña idéntica a estay a nadie se le ocurrirá pensar que eso es malo,porque nadie se acordará <strong>de</strong> que ya se hizo enotro lugar y en otro momento. ¿Alguien recuerdaque ya he utilizado el mismo eslogan en trescampañas distintas? Nadie, por supuesto.¿Alguien recordará el tono <strong>de</strong>l eslogan y los temas mayores<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> campaña?¿Alguien recordará el argumento, <strong>la</strong> pirámi<strong>de</strong> argumental?¿Conocerán alguna vez los votantes el cómo y por qué<strong>de</strong> los manejos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> imagen <strong>de</strong>l candidato?¿Sabrán los votantes a qué se refieren los comunicólogoscuando se hab<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> “grupos objetivo”, <strong>de</strong> “segmentossocio<strong>de</strong>mográfi cos”, <strong>de</strong> “electorado natural” o<strong>de</strong> “voto duro”?Y cuando alguien <strong>de</strong>scubra que el mismo eslogan hasido utilizado en tres países, en tres campañas distintas¿pasará algo? ¿Pasará algo cuando veamos al mismodirector <strong>de</strong> campaña trabajando en Estados Unidos,Bolivia e Israel? No. Solo una sorpresa momentáneaque nos hará enten<strong>de</strong>r que el mercado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> política es,sin duda, el más global y que quienes mueven sus hilosen el fondo son los que mueven muchas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s “emocionessociales” <strong>de</strong> nuestro pequeño mundo.La máquina <strong>de</strong>l triunfo: conocimiento, experiencia, método. Me gustan <strong>la</strong>s campañas con elmáximo impacto. Una campaña pue<strong>de</strong> ser concebida y ejecutada sin errores cuando está dirigidapor un maestro <strong>de</strong> consultores, con veinte años <strong>de</strong> experiencia exitosa en América y Europa,y apoyada en un equipo integrado por los mejores profesionales internacionales en producciónpublicitaria y comunicación política. Para alcanzar <strong>la</strong> victoria sólo hay que apuntar a lo másalto. No se pue<strong>de</strong> economizar en una campaña, porque lo que realmente sale caro es per<strong>de</strong>r <strong>la</strong>selecciones; poner cara <strong>de</strong> gilipol<strong>la</strong>s al salir en <strong>la</strong> televisión al final <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> noche electoral para<strong>de</strong>cir que has ganado, cuando en realidad te han metido un señor varapalo.Me han entrado ganas <strong>de</strong> l<strong>la</strong>mar a Miguel, como el jefe, que ha l<strong>la</strong>mado al enemigo para felicitarle.No sé si hacerlo. Quizás es pretencioso. Miguel ha perdido <strong>la</strong> campaña: un millón y mediomenos <strong>de</strong> votos pero, en cambio, su jefe ha ganado y será presi<strong>de</strong>nte. Lo que son <strong>la</strong>s cosas.Releo el principio <strong>de</strong>l diario y se supone que <strong>de</strong>bería acabarlo con algo alusivo a esa extrañasensación que me provocó escribirlo. Ya no está. Simplemente se ha ido. No era nada.


Jordi Hereu / Jordi Martí 42Prologue Iván <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nuez 43Presentation Lucio Ca<strong>net</strong>ti 44Introduction Jorge Luis Marzo & Arturo “Fito” Rodríguez 46English versionCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa Commentaries J. L. Marzo & A.F. Rodríguez10 days from the start of the campaign 47 Commentaries9 days to go 48 Sud<strong>de</strong>n split with political audiovisual work8 days to go 50 Inter<strong>net</strong>, ads and politics6 days to go 51 On campaign <strong>la</strong>nguage as a <strong>de</strong>ep b<strong>la</strong>ck hole5 days to go 52 Slogan and adhesive ability3 days to go 53 Slogan and adhesive ability (part 2)2 days to go 54 Dry or non-productive cough/political coughDay 0 Images which cover up imagesDay 1 55 <strong>El</strong>ectoral campaignsDay 2 56 The gasping of political marketingDay 3 57 Charisma, lea<strong>de</strong>rship and natural selectionDay 4 58 CurriculumDay 5 59 The campaign as ritual circus and disorientation strategyDay 6 61 The framework of i<strong>de</strong>as is more important than the adDay 7 63 Television <strong>de</strong>bates and dropping a biroDay 8 65 TV <strong>de</strong>batesDay 9 66 Politicians/actorsDay 10 67 By <strong>la</strong>nd, sea and airDay 11 68 SubtitlesDay 12 69 TV and political marketingDay 13 70Day 14 72Day 15 72 RumourDay 16 73 A well-aimed insert in mass culture<strong>El</strong>ection day 74 The victory machine: consultancy as one of the fine artsThe day after 75Acknowledgements 76DVD content 79


ELECTION ADS: OR HELL IS OTHER PEOPLE<strong>El</strong>ections are the festival of <strong>de</strong>mocracy. Communication and politics come together in election campaigns and especiallyin election ads. This is a contemporary phenomenon which has been valued for its communicative and visualdimension since the theoretical universalization of <strong>de</strong>mocracy after the historical watershed of 1989.Often the real work of <strong>de</strong>mocracy is characterised by its everyday discretion and simplicity rather than by uniqueand exceptional gestures. By contrast an election ad is a visual and i<strong>de</strong>ological reference in which disp<strong>la</strong>y sharesground with <strong>de</strong>mocracy. In this respect it is extremely positive that the Virreina-Centre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Imatge should be<strong>de</strong>aling with the intersection of these two aspects of social life.The various sections of the <strong>El</strong>ection ads. The spectacle of <strong>de</strong>mocracy exhibition clearly show the complexity ofpolitics and help visitors to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the functioning of a system which, as Winston Churchill once put it, “is theworst form of government except all the others that have been tried”.Jordi HereuMayor of BarcelonaWar is a continuation of politics by other means. That is what C<strong>la</strong>usewitz thought. And that is the way things undoubtedlywent in his time. Nowadays, however, politics is the means. Never an end, but instead the right channelfor achieving everything else: from an economic position to an artistic strategy. Some of this mutation may help usto un<strong>de</strong>rstand election ads; that fable of images which seeks the infantilization and the moral of civic life at thesame time. The most evi<strong>de</strong>nt of the narrative types in which we can read politics today.Ads are nowadays part of the visual arts. In some way they mean the same for <strong>de</strong>mocracy as social painting did forSoviet realism or Leni Riefenstahl’s films did for fascism: a visual and acritical way of extolling it. Not because an adcannot contain a criticism, but rather because this is always addressed to other people. It is an art, in short, whichonly shows the chaos elsewhere, wrapped as it is in the old conso<strong>la</strong>tion of Sartre: hell is other people.Some of these i<strong>de</strong>as obsessed Roberto Alfa, an author who I first read when I was starting out as an essayist inCuba and who I have now come across again thanks to Fito Rodríguez and Jorge Luis Marzo in this exhibition whichthey have put on for La Virreina-Centre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Imatge. When Alfa ma<strong>de</strong> his appearance on the theoretical stage,Latin American thought was struggling with postmo<strong>de</strong>rnism and was making an effort, very fruitful in some cases,to rethink its tradition. Out of this <strong>de</strong>bate came some extremely important essays, such as those written by RogerBartra in Mexico (La jau<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> me<strong>la</strong>ncolía), Antonio Benítez Rojo in the Caribbean (La is<strong>la</strong> que se repite) and NorbertLechner in the Southern Cone (<strong>El</strong> presente continuo).This was the time when, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Roberto Alfa spoke to us about the appropriateness ofgoing back to Marx, given that what was coming was the apotheosis of the market. This was not his only contributionin those days that went against the trend. Thus in contrast to Octavio Paz’s thesis that Latin America was anend of the West, he suggested we read it as a West in extremis. Hence we would only be left to talk, with propriety,exclusively as Westerners at the limit of our possibilities.Immediately afterwards Alfa became dazzled by what he called “empty politics”. It was then that he <strong>de</strong>dicatedhimself to electoral campaigns, but increasingly less so in theory and more so in practice to the point where hebecame a successful campaign director. In this phase he paraphrased Foucault and gave us one of his <strong>la</strong>st, and very<strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>nt, essays: <strong>El</strong> nacimiento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cínica. In it he inverted Marx, who he knew better than many Marxists, andused him without ceremony. If Marx told us to “follow the goods” to un<strong>de</strong>rstand capitalism, Alfa advises us to “followthe ad” to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the puerile truth of politics, “which is complete puerility” he says. There’s some truth inall this. And if a commercial ad is bound to lie because its product, whatever it may be, from a Rolex to a Merce<strong>de</strong>s,is built on an economic lie, an election ad is bound to lie because politics does not put forward the truth; the mostit achieves is to construct a certain type of reality.The thing is that while realities almost always lose elections, on very few occasions does truth manage to win them.Iván <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nuez


PRESENTATIONWhen Roberto Alfa’s widow, <strong>El</strong>vira Dámaso, contacted the Political Science Department at Ramón Díaz SonsecaInternational University in February 2008, we could still recall him from our master’s programme in political marketing.Roberto had been a visiting lecturer on the course for three years. He always ma<strong>de</strong> a big impression on hisstu<strong>de</strong>nts and his professionalism in a fi eld as apparently dry as running the most important political campaigns ofrecent years in Europe and Latin America was no obstacle to direct and friendly re<strong>la</strong>tions with everyone working inthe <strong>de</strong>partment. The news of his tragic <strong>de</strong>ath came as a great shock to us and we soon realised that our professionhad lost one of its leading lights, someone who had been able to adapt public <strong>la</strong>nguage and concerns to politicalcommunication and always sought to bring political lea<strong>de</strong>rs closer to ordinary people. Roberto Alfa came from theworld of audiovisual communication and his work was marked by a <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>dly media approach to elections, onewhich has been borne out in recent years by contemporary society and new technology.The legacy of his Campaign Diary, given to us by his wife so it could be studied and catalogued, was a major ethicalresponsibility for us. It was not easy to trans<strong>la</strong>te into aca<strong>de</strong>mic or didactic arguments something which consistedof personal notes and (occasionally critical) professional asi<strong>de</strong>s about the very i<strong>de</strong>ological system with which heworked so closely. Some of the personal aspects of our colleague Roberto that we have discovered were also asurprise; personal and work questions are inseparably mixed in these pages as might be expected of someone whowas at once so vocational and yet so free. However, the highly professional performance that we fi nd at each stageand on each page of his diary gave us a truthful and unique, albeit hazardous, portrait of the current state of affairsin i<strong>de</strong>as marketing, its application in real time and its dodges, mishaps and yearnings.Tackling this kind of research project was no easy task, for it was different, atypical and at the outer reaches ofwhat is expected in aca<strong>de</strong>mic research. It was precisely for this reason that our approach was also unusual. Wefocussed on experimenting with fresh formats as part of a new line of university research projects which in thenear future are to be partnered by image foundations and centres through a newly created <strong>net</strong>work. This is howwe went about it.Hea<strong>de</strong>d by Jorge Luis Marzo and Arturo “Fito” Rodríguez, two of our leading associate professors and directors ofthe Comunicación y política publications service, the team approached their task with complete creative freedombut also with the rigour of research based on observation and improvement. Thus the result, which is also our ownpersonal tribute to Roberto Alfa, combines a hypertexual theoretical proposal with the hypertextuality of a strikingaudiovisual work. In the text the notes complement the entries in the diary and <strong>de</strong>velop them in various ways whichare on occasion specialised, on occasion prosaic, sometimes acting as reinforcement for the i<strong>de</strong>as, sometimes as acounterpoint. Like a rhizome, the text pulls us towards the practical examples of the work.Thus it is now time to present a project that goes beyond the merely aca<strong>de</strong>mic and cannot really be pigeonholed. Itis time to disclose the thousand and one ways of approaching elections, to evaluate the communicative dimensionof an ad as the real core of new electoral strategies and to provi<strong>de</strong> reasoned access to its multiple representations.It is time to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the wealth and the complexity of <strong>de</strong>mocratic systems around the world, yet at the sametime to be critical of the system and enable these criticisms to come through.And above all it is time to thank the research team for their untiring <strong>de</strong>dication to this project and its seemingly endlessworking days, where our being together has given the project an emotional dimension which we could neverhave imagined. Finally, and on behalf of the university which I have hea<strong>de</strong>d for the <strong>la</strong>st ten years, I wish to givemy special thanks to <strong>El</strong>vira, Roberto’s partner, for her astuteness in seeing that her husband’s notes could transmitknowledge from the most human of perspectives.We hope that this will be our small contribution to the creative freedom of a fundamentally good man.Lucio Ca<strong>net</strong>tiVice-chancellor of Ramón Díaz Sonseca International UniversityTo begin cataloguing and analysing Roberto Alfa’s Campaign Diary, we nee<strong>de</strong>d an audacious research team thatcould come up with a new formu<strong>la</strong>, a renewed reading of the current phenomenon of political marketing whosebody of theory needs constant updating due to its intrinsic dynamism. Right from the word go we knew that it wastime to apply some of the co<strong>de</strong>s from Roberto’s teaching to this study.


IntroductionCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa46 47Roberto AlfaA few months ago Roberto Alfa (1964-2008), an eminent communication theorist andadvertising creator, was mur<strong>de</strong>red in Guatema<strong>la</strong> during an attempted robbery. In thehotel where he was staying the police found a diary about the <strong>la</strong>st electoral campaignon which he had worked. After a number of vicissitu<strong>de</strong>s that were by no means freeof political controversy, his wife <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to make the diary public.The text you will fi nd below is the complete transcription of the diary for the fi rst timein English. His thoughts and suggestions, his distant, nihilistic and cutting view of amedia and political dynamic which he knew so well make the diary into an openingthrough which we can look insi<strong>de</strong> the electoral clock and the innermost thoughts ofone of the men who wind it up.In line with Roberto Alfa’s working method and so as to be faithful to his multifacetedvision of elections, we are also providing a cross interpretation of some of the aspects<strong>de</strong>alt with in his diary by using texts, quotations and comments to aid the un<strong>de</strong>rstandingof rea<strong>de</strong>rs who are less used to this type of professional literature.Jorge Luis Marzo and Arturo “Fito” Rodríguez10 days from the start of the campaignThere are ten days to go before the campaignbegins and I’m going to start keeping thisdiary. It’s the first time I’ve done somethinglike this. I don’t know why, or who I’m doingit for, nor can I really think of what I’m goingto say. All I know is that it’s been a sort of impulse<strong>de</strong>cision, a type of spring that I haven’tbeen able to hold down. It’s as if I sud<strong>de</strong>nlyhad the need to write everything down inor<strong>de</strong>r to keep things ba<strong>la</strong>nced. I have the samevibes I always get with elections: the metallictaste of adrenaline and not sleeping much; thejoy of controlling your nerves, taming them,making them into your friends and everyoneelse’s enemies; the private satisfaction of seeingsomeone who’s in the public eye follow apath you mapped out for them; the peace ofmind you get from hearing the boss say thathe always maps out that path (which meansI’m never responsible); the powerful feeling ofa magician in front of his expectant audience;telling something without people seeing wherethe trick lies. Yes, I know these sensations well.Yet there’s still something, and I can’t put myfinger on it, which makes me doubt, whichmakes me feel out of it for a moment. It’s neverhappened to me before. It is so incipient that Ican’t even write it down here.CommentariesThe first thing which surprises a researcher when readingRoberto Alfa’s diary is that its author says he’s neverwritten a simi<strong>la</strong>r diary before. According to lots of witnesses,both re<strong>la</strong>tives and fellow professionals, Alfawasn’t very prone to leaving written notes about hiswork and had always argued for professional discretionin a field like politics which is normally subject toself-interested manipu<strong>la</strong>tion. Thus it is a quite startlingthat a professional of the stature of Roberto Alfa should<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong> to break with his own philosophy to give awarts-and-all portrait of the world in which he operated.Roberto Alfa took part in innumerable advertising andpolitical campaigns in the United States, Guatema<strong>la</strong>,Argentina, Spain, Israel, Germany, Russia, the Philippinesand Mexico. His services were hired both by <strong>la</strong>rgemultinationals and by political parties with varyingi<strong>de</strong>ological roots. Combining advertising work with politicalcampaigns was never for him a problem of “compatibilities”,and nor – to the surprise of some – was ita problem moving between political parties with verydifferent philosophies. When accused of being a “mercenary”,Roberto Alfa once said: “After the fall of theWall, all politics is merely commercial. The campaigns inwhich there are great truths to be sold have finished”.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa48 499 days to goThis morning we started a shoot. I likepublicists, camera operators, art directors:they know what this is all about. And I knowwhen we meet in the bathroom. Few words andmeasured and mechanical lines. Professionalpeople who don’t get carried away by whimsor doubts. The boss turned up on set righton time. While he was having his make-updone, we went over the text and the tone. It’snot easy trying to convince such a self-centredperson. He’s repeatedly queried some of theexpressions used and says they aren’t verycolloquial. He’s happy close up, when he’spinching and patting people’s cheeks in agesture which revolts me but which he thinksis winning. You’ve got to give it to him.Ren<strong>de</strong>r unto Caesar what is Caesar’s. Yeah,his smile will be a disaster, but that cheekyself-confi<strong>de</strong>nce he’s got is good for us. When hesays what he really thinks, which doesn’t happenvery often, he’s crystal clear. I’ve seen himconvince his advisors of things which noneof them would have given a red cent for halfan hour before. It reminds me of a <strong>de</strong>sperategeneral who went to tell Hitler that there wasno petrol left and carrying on the battle wasnext to impossible. After half an hour with thedictator he came out of the office really excitedand shouted out “We’re going to win the war,we don’t need petrol!” Those moments areelectrifying, but they’ll never be seen. You can’tshow those attitu<strong>de</strong>s. Miguel couldn’t hopefor a better weapon. After a couple of hoursof hard bargaining we managed to get himto stick to the script, but we couldn’t stop himpointing his finger at the camera or gettingoff his stool. Finally we’ve had to drop thesteadicams, making it look a bit fictionalwhich I personally find annoying.Sud<strong>de</strong>n split with political audiovisual workAs the <strong>de</strong>fi nition of militant cinema is complex, it shouldnot be equated with documentary or non-fi ction cinema,or solely and exclusively with what is produced outsi<strong>de</strong>habitual commercial structures. It is a non-alienatingcinema, which does not wish to restrict itself to tellingfables <strong>de</strong>tached from human reality but rather toinquire into the conditions of that reality and, as far asit can, to help change them. These political or agitpropcinema movements, one of whose major historical referencepoints is the epic political and dialectical cinemama<strong>de</strong> by the great Russian filmmakers in the silentmovie era, will grow in a series of ten<strong>de</strong>ncies whosegoal is the transmission of i<strong>de</strong>ology and will becomeimportant in various historical and social contexts.With the passage of time we fi nd, running in lockstepwith the technical evolution of the image, the <strong>de</strong>velopmentof communication strategies in both the cinemaand on television driven by new technology. But allof this genealogy, historically rich both in theoreticaloutput and in fi lms, would in some way be restrictedfrom the point of view of contemporary “vi<strong>de</strong>o politics”since the effi cacy of marketing and advertisinghas progressively drained away all i<strong>de</strong>ological argument.It could be said that what would have been thenatural <strong>de</strong>velopment of a militant conception of theaudiovisual media has been abruptly cut off in thebranch of election ads in favour of the trivialisation ofthe message, also extendable to the “commercialisation”of political campaigns. The fi nal over<strong>la</strong>p betweenadvertising and propaganda (even though this divisionhas been a source of much comment since aca<strong>de</strong>micsbecame interested in it) imposes itself from the conceptionto the formalisation of the electoral product andthus triggers a powerful mechanism for change in thepolitical arena.No<strong>net</strong>heless, this approach might lead one to think thatc<strong>la</strong>ssical cinematographic practice would be differentfrom mo<strong>de</strong>rn-day political vi<strong>de</strong>os in that it would notbe trivial, something which would certainly be questionablein the light of the many products <strong>de</strong>rived fromfascist and communist i<strong>de</strong>ology.Walter Benjamin wrote about the sterilisation of politicsas a fascist strategy, and from a contemporary perspectivethis needs to be looked at again with renewedinterest. In all recent election campaigns we have seenhow the propaganda of very different political movementsincreasingly yields to specific aesthetic criteria,with a profusion of p<strong>la</strong>stic resources from very variedreference points and applied to the various politica<strong>la</strong>nd partisan discourses. If Benjamin was right andthese fascist strategies contributed to the conversionof humanity into a spectacle in itself, we might start topoint out where we are on the road, at the risk of being<strong>de</strong>vastated by the evi<strong>de</strong>nce of an abandonment ofprinciples. If the <strong>de</strong>valuation of the <strong>de</strong>mocratic systemhas become the aestheticisation of politics, it is no surprisethat Alfa should have <strong>de</strong>tected the growing trendtowards the <strong>de</strong>mocratisation of fascism.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa50 518 days to goInter<strong>net</strong>, ads and politics6 days to goOn campaign <strong>la</strong>nguage as a <strong>de</strong>ep b<strong>la</strong>ck holeIt’s full steam ahead. With the audio materialwe’ve edited today, the TV ads are now ready.With eight days to go I see them as Vaselineand pus torpedoes anxious to leave theirtubes and not able to wait one second longer.The inter<strong>net</strong> ads have been running for twomonths and doing well. The Net’s great: if youdon’t sign them or they are in the name of theparty’s youth wing, you can post vi<strong>de</strong>os andget around electoral <strong>la</strong>w. In fact according toone of my colleagues, inter<strong>net</strong> is going to makeus even richer as campaigns on the Net arenow permanent and <strong>la</strong>st all year round, justlike the ones for Christmas.Posters, banners, press inserts, radio ads,journalists’ blogs, websites, celebrity backers,teams for shooting, editing, production, theextras, the studio; everything is at its peak.And that’s not to mention the lighters, biros,caps, electoral programmes, T-shirts, motorcyclists,coaches and mass catering, as that’snot what I’m into. <strong>El</strong>ectoral campaigns arestill like wars used to be: there are no precisionbombardments but just mass assaults, especiallyat the start. The party has been workinghard on the press and congress for months.Now it’s a question of putting a face to allthat. And with all the risk that that bringswith it, of course.Perhaps we should distinguish the irruption of theinter<strong>net</strong> into political discourse from the irruption ofpolitical discourse into the inter<strong>net</strong>. But what concernsus here is singling out the emergence of the inter<strong>net</strong>as a means of getting election i<strong>de</strong>as across. On theone hand there is a whole new horizon of re<strong>la</strong>tions inwhich the rhizome effect of the medium has led to the“horizontal” production of critical thinking, while on theother, and from a leftist standpoint which calls itself“new”, the <strong>de</strong>cision has been ma<strong>de</strong> to distribute a fossilizedmessage which has slowly come loose from thenew communication circumstances.The emancipatory use of open technologies, the settingup of cooperative p<strong>la</strong>tforms and a conception of politicsthat is increasingly distant from the spectacle of<strong>de</strong>mocracy have led to the <strong>de</strong>velopment of new notionsof “public communication space” which are opposed tothe c<strong>la</strong>ssical i<strong>de</strong>a of an “organ of expression”.Furthermore, Alfa’s reference to the importance of theface in the electoral message could come straight fromhis notes for his university c<strong>la</strong>sses: “Do not copy famousphotos. Some campaign photos come from unrepeatablehistorical situations. The photo of FrançoisMitterrand looking at the horizon with the slogan ‘LaFrance unie’ worked for Mr. Mitterrand. If you’ve beenpresi<strong>de</strong>nt of France for seven years, want to make it fourteenyears in office and are the symbolic (if not political)heir of De Gaulle and the Kings of France, then that typeof photo will be good for you; if you aren’t, it won’t.”I listen to the politicians and I think: how I’dlike the essence of politics to be transmitted in<strong>la</strong>nguage and not through <strong>la</strong>nguage! Theyspeak a <strong>la</strong>nguage that takes in everything.The real damage done by politics, like advertising,is giving everything a name. That,in addition to killing the politician whicheveryone has insi<strong>de</strong> them, con<strong>de</strong>mns politics tothe perversion of <strong>la</strong>nguage, the disappearanceof silence, of the distance between two consecutivefootprints in the sand. With no gap inbetween, two successive prints are nothing.The word is only <strong>de</strong>signed for the present andhence for forgetting. Bah! Plus a victory wipeseverything out and renames everything.In any campaign there are <strong>la</strong>nguage games. From theslogan as the great catalyst of the attitu<strong>de</strong> of the candidate/partyto the “core i<strong>de</strong>as” of a campaign which areshed like a bunch of grapes in drip-fed sentences, thereis a complete consi<strong>de</strong>red literary recreation composedwith extreme care and correctness which has finallybecome called “politics”.Political correctness or the politically correct is usedas a valued varnish in electoral campaigns; it is oneof the great contributions of political marketing to theprogressive stupidity of our socio-political re<strong>la</strong>tions.Normally a <strong>la</strong>nguage is required which <strong>de</strong>scribes i<strong>de</strong>as,politics and behaviour in an attempt to minimise thepotential offence caused to ethnic, cultural and religiousgroups. A <strong>la</strong>nguage which on occasion is taskedwith camoufl aging obfuscations and attitu<strong>de</strong>s or withsweetening discourses which at some point “wentastray”. Both the expression “politically correct” and itsuse have always been controversial, but it is precisely inthis controversy where attention is distracted and a newspace for confrontation is created, one that <strong>de</strong>als in lies,reproach and fury.The election ad as we have known it over recent years,save for f<strong>la</strong>grant exceptions which have ma<strong>de</strong> harshnessor discord into their hallmark, has for some timenow avoi<strong>de</strong>d any questioning of its political correctness,as it subverts the real meaning of words and con<strong>de</strong>mnspolitics to the perversion of <strong>la</strong>nguage as Alfa suggests.The “universal” approach divests <strong>la</strong>nguage of real meaning;it is better to avoid any negative reaction and ensurethat you gain audience at all costs by means of the stylisticaudiovisual genre. Audiovisual media as the negationof <strong>la</strong>nguage. The echo coming from the b<strong>la</strong>ck hole intowhich the reasons fell will be the script.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa52 535 days to goSlogan and adhesive ability3 days to goSlogan and adhesive ability (part 2)We picked the main slogan of the campaignmonths ago: “Of course you can”. And thesecondary one: “Think about it and vote”.Nothing new, but then campaigns never are.That’s the thing about the <strong>de</strong>mocracy show;wherever you buy your ticket, you’ll always getto see the same performance. In the beginningwe argued a lot about the expression “ofcourse…”. Normally you’d just say, “Yes, youcan” or “You can”. Adding “of course” as ameans of affirmation, of confirmation, runsthe risk of seeming didactic or paternal. Andthough we do want to be didactic or paternal,we don’t want people to notice. At the sametime “of course...” gives a touch of ease, ofconvenience, of feasibility which stresses normalityin the i<strong>de</strong>a of change. It’s as if someonehad cleared up all your doubts. A woman onthe team pointed out one day half jokinglythat it seemed like a slogan for Viagra. Andthat’s true. Precisely because of that suggestivecomparison, we <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to use lots of middleagedpeople in the ads who could in some waysubliminally take in the message. At the sametime, “Of course you can” goes down well withyoung people and women who are always in<strong>de</strong>cisive.We don’t care about old people: theyonly vote based on old emotions and becausethe very stupid ones think that voting is liketaking out life insurance.Miguel has also chosen the predictable, moreof the same: “The value of things well done”.Nevertheless, I’m surprised by such a longsentence that is so open to interpretation inevery word. Naturally they’re going to <strong>de</strong>fendthe previous legis<strong>la</strong>ture, but there’s somethingstrange in the re<strong>la</strong>tionship between the words.It’s as if they’d said: “Well, we’ve done a goodjob, and so let’s move right along”. I think Ialready mentioned that Miguel is an intellectual,so these types of slogans shouldn’t reallysurprise me. Going for that type of thing suggestsa campaign based around data, figuresand statistics, in other words a camouf<strong>la</strong>gewar. That’s no problem. I’m ready for it. Ifthey want a war, they can have one.The mission of any electoral message or slogan is tobring a personal (colloquial and close) form of the i<strong>de</strong>ologyand programme into the media. It has to be a shortand expressive, incisive and mechanical phrase whichbrings to mind the “core i<strong>de</strong>a” of the campaign. It is, inshort, a set of motor words which can’t allow for toomany p<strong>la</strong>ys on meaning, only the required ones; and forthat reason it is an important choice. The slogan is irremissiblyassociated with repetition; it uses it to take holdin the mind and to inject (above all) a series of images.A slogan fi nds its p<strong>la</strong>ce for interpretation in an electionad, a projection which it does not have in other propagandamedia save for the radio. In the ad the sloganmay be an argument, conclusion or coda, but what iscertain is that it reveals its real enunciative meaningand can reach that much sought-after emotional dimension.If the slogan can be pumped up in the broadcast ad,then the campaign will be a roaring adhesive success.The bosses don’t dare to use the expression“firm hand”. Yet I know we’d be right onthe button. The ad has turned out to be too“simi<strong>la</strong>r”. The office tells me it should be likethat, that it’s good if we are simi<strong>la</strong>r to reachout to the un<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d voters. That means theyhave no i<strong>de</strong>a about “un<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d voters”. It’s aquestion of being a ventriloquist, of speakingwithout appearing to do so, in or<strong>de</strong>r that fora few weeks you don’t look like yourself, youcan reinvent yourself and <strong>de</strong>monstrate yourcharisma (I guess that’s true both for the bossand for me). The important thing is renewingthe brand, like when my son gives me atraditional milkshake but in a new ergonomicbottle (maybe the kid is more like me). Politicsis pure business ergonomics, a mere exercisein adherence. Here the un<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d don’t countfor much, they’re like the customers who “still”haven’t bought your product: the questionis keeping those you’ve already got loyal andselling the same as the others, but cheaper andmore fashionable.A good campaign has to have an unmistakably adhesivefeature. Getting things to stick in people’s ears an<strong>de</strong>yes and in the senses as a whole is fundamental forgetting them to stick in the voter’s heart. Fixing them inthe mind will come about as a result of all of this, butonly <strong>la</strong>ter on; a campaign is a perishable product whichmust be consumed quickly.Some time ago there was a story in the papers abouta group of US researchers who had discovered the partof the brain which makes us get hooked on songs. Theyget stuck in your mind, you carry them around with youand you get caught humming them in the most unexpectedp<strong>la</strong>ces. It doesn’t matter whether you hate theseditties as they stay hid<strong>de</strong>n before springing out on you,and when you hear them again you hum along almostwithout wanting to. This is a good time to recall Alfa’spoetic remarks (see below) about the repetitive gameshe would p<strong>la</strong>y with words as a child.But in our medicalised society someone has alreadythought about whether it would be possible to find acure for this torment. There are research projects whichare trying to solve the mystery of the catchy summertune, of the smash hit anchored in this inhospitablepart of our brain. Finding those features and being ableto control them would be a gold mine for audiovisualproduction.A group of scientists from Dartmouth in the UnitedStates have found the part of the brain where a songis recor<strong>de</strong>d in our memories; it is in the auditory cortexwhich coordinates all the information from our ears.The American researchers experimented with volunteersand ma<strong>de</strong> them listen to well-known songs. Theyrealised that when the tune stopped, the auditory cortexremained active which meant that the catchy songcontinued p<strong>la</strong>ying in the brains of the volunteers.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa54 55Up until now theories had focussed on the i<strong>de</strong>as of Professor James Kel<strong>la</strong>ris, who argued that a hit produces an itchin the brain which can only be relieved by mentally repeating that song. Humming it would thus be like scratching.With no time to lose, the record industry has got down to work because this means that hit songs can be produced bycomputers. A program called Hit Song Science is already being <strong>de</strong>veloped which compares a song with the 3.5 millionbest-selling songs over the <strong>la</strong>st <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong> to draw up a report. Stemming from this sophisticated initiative it is interestinghave material that’s striking because it’s supposedlyprivate. Of course it’ll show the boss takingf<strong>la</strong>wless <strong>de</strong>cisions in private and surroun<strong>de</strong>d byhis closest ai<strong>de</strong>s and advisers. We’ll see if theybring it out. It’s a hot potato.to specu<strong>la</strong>te what the “standard” jingle might be for a campaign and what factors need to be taken into account. Andof course it would be even more interesting to be able to enter all of the catchy songs, rhymes and jingles of the world’sbest electoral campaigns into this program to get the ultimate electoral melody, the one which takes the voter straightto the polling booth in any p<strong>la</strong>ce and in any situation. They would be pulled along by their ears, of course.Before I went home the boss came up to me, andI reckon he was a bit sloshed. He gently took myarm, brought his face close to mine and said,while he smiled that smile of his: “So?” “You’llwin a couple of million votes. That’s all I2 days to goDry or non-productive cough/political coughknow,” I said. He kissed my face.I read yesterday’s entry and I say it again: beingun<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d is just so much smoke, but I earn alot of money by getting loads of people to breatheit in. Making them cough is my job.Day 0I get back from sticking up the first posters andit’s very <strong>la</strong>te. It’s all gone as usual. When Igot to HQ they had <strong>la</strong>id on a few drinks tocelebrate the fact that tomorrow it’s on. Theycalled it a “party”. One of the bosses came downto encourage us. They can’t help it, they’re allfloating. They say that war brings out thebest in men. They feel important; hor<strong>de</strong>s ofjournalists are constantly knocking at the door,image, image and more image. They have to goto interviews, <strong>de</strong>bates, talks, meetings, dinnersand parties, all of them packed with cameras.Someone recently told me that some candidateshave invited journalists to join their entourageand film them behind the scenes, so that they“Clinically-speaking a cough is <strong>de</strong>fi ned as a brusqueand explosive respiratory movement <strong>de</strong>signed to eliminatematerial from the respiratory system,” RobertoAlfa used to say jokingly. “It is a <strong>de</strong>fensive mechanism.A dry cough, by contrast, does not lead to expectorationand is not productive.”If a cough were political it would seek to eliminate the “information overload” in people’s information diets. A politicalcough is either productive or it isn’t. Potential voters, anaesthetised by the huge quantity of information whichthey receive with only brief time intervals in between, cannot digest all of this diverse and enormous material un<strong>de</strong>ri<strong>de</strong>al conditions which call for comparison, criticism and the time necessary to evaluate it. Information today doesnot mean action and there is information which we can’t do anything about. The Spanish writer Juan José Millásrefers to it as “a datum without information”: “It is, in effect, a datum with the taste, smell and texture of a realdatum, albeit manipu<strong>la</strong>ted in such a way that is has no references. Hence it is a useless datum: it doesn’t make youfat but it doesn’t feed you either. If it did feed you, then you and I would be wiser than Solomon, as we do nothingelse except ingest data on a <strong>la</strong>rge scale.”A datum without information, like a non-productive cough, fi nally leads to disgruntlement when faced with theimpossibility of cleaning out our information menu and, from the voter’s perspective, it should be said that electionads will give you a cough… for spitting.Images which cover up imagesAudiovisual electoral campaigns, like street graphics,are both a celebration of advertising images and asubtle work of concealment. Any election cancels outother possibilities. The <strong>de</strong>cision about the audiovisualfocus of the ad <strong>de</strong>fi nes the way in which these otherimages will be “covered up”; those from the wi<strong>de</strong> rangeof problems which are (ought to be, in reality) the stuffof politics. Some are chosen to cover up others. And ina loop which is not exempt from perversion, this coveringup is announced as a reve<strong>la</strong>tion which is none otherthan that of the image (simply the image) of the lea<strong>de</strong>ras a political issue.Day 1This morning I had a nosebleed in front of myson. I don’t want to fool anyone. It was luckyit didn’t happen in front of the boss. I knowwe are going to win; we have to win. Withoutanyone asking for his opinion, which is whybosses are bosses, one of them told me: “Don’tworry, you’re riding the winning horse.” I feltlike reminding him that one thing is the ri<strong>de</strong>rand the other the horse, and that I provi<strong>de</strong> thehorse. The harness is temporary, but as theTurkish presi<strong>de</strong>nt once said, “Democracy isjust a tram which takes you to your <strong>de</strong>stination.”My <strong>de</strong>stination is winning, to makesure the horse always adjusts without a glitchto any ri<strong>de</strong>r. Doesn’t matter which countryor which candidate. For me a campaign is atrain which takes me to another campaign. Notforgetting that is the quintessence of this job.Let’s see how everything goes. I know Miguel,my opponent, is a tough nut to crack. We’vebeen up against each other before. His boss iswhat worries my boss. Because even thoughthere are other candidates, who the hell caresabout them? Miguel pretends to be an intellectualbut he’s just an old dog like me. Once,years ago, he told me that the main techniquefor sabotaging an enemy’s campaign is tobribe the boss of the printing works which producesthe posters. If you know the campaignslogan in advance, you can put on the hurt.I remember how I <strong>la</strong>ughed when I tried this outin a previous campaign: I told the guy who wasprinting our material to let himself be bribed bythe opposing candidate and give out fake information.We lost the elections but I still rememberhow they took a week to get over the shock.<strong>El</strong>ectoral campaigns“The day on which everything starts and everything fi n-ishes. The start of the electoral campaign is greeted inpolitical marketing as the great day. The electoral campaignfor the electorate is the start of a spectacle thatis increasingly insulted, in which everything soundsexcessive, in which the news is observed from a differentpoint of view and suspicion takes control of eventsand outcomes.” These words of the German politicianGregor Gysi serve to introduce the following questions:Should an election campaign be seen as pollution ofwhat is social? What is the real need for a campaign?Could there be other ways of carrying out an electioncampaign? What are the real effects on politics ofthe progressive audiovisualisation of campaigns? Thisis what Alfa once said: “There is as much ignoranceamong the electorate about what an election campaignis as there is ignorance about day-to-day politics.Meetings between the real world and the world ofelectoral fantasy always take p<strong>la</strong>ce in the arid terrainof disagreement and susceptibility.”


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa56 57Day 2The gasping of political marketingDay 3Charisma, lea<strong>de</strong>rship and natural selectionToday, I don’t know how, I found I washaranguing the entire production team.Yesterday a poll came out which wasn’t thatgood for us. As I was talking and my voicegot lou<strong>de</strong>r, I realised that I was behaving likea candidate with those damned tics whichI so love and hate at the same time. Doesn’tmatter. The point is that some of the membersof the team said we had to add new argumentsto the campaign to nuance it more. Isaid absolutely no way. Everything is based onrepeating the same thing over and over againuntil the slogan sticks to people like glue. I’vealways wanted to run a campaign like theones in lots of countries throughout the Americas:catchy songs, rhythms and jingles withno more than a couple of lines and which arealso repeated on the screen like in karaoke. Ican’t do that here. They’d call me a populist.Populist… When the day finishes some timein the early morning, words are pullu<strong>la</strong>tingin my stomach like when I was a kid and Irepeated them over and over again to makethem lose their meaning. Populist is one ofthem. I remember when I was a stu<strong>de</strong>nt how Iwas impressed by something said by a Dadaist:“The damned tongue, stuck to dirt like inthe hands of money changers who have beenfingering coins.” We’re not going to changea comma in the script. There are three i<strong>de</strong>as.When they’re dirty from being fingered somuch, when even our people are sick to <strong>de</strong>athof hearing them, then will be the time.Political marketing can be seen as a set of research, p<strong>la</strong>nningand communication techniques which are used tomap out strategic actions and tactics throughout a politicalcampaign. In principle it seems ina<strong>de</strong>quate to use thei<strong>de</strong>a of marketing, combined with other concepts such asmarket, product, sale, consumer, profit, etc., in a spheresuch as politics, which appears to belong to anotherkind of phenomena. Nevertheless, and this is becomingincreasingly apparent, some aspects of political life canbe approached using i<strong>de</strong>as that are analogous to thoseto be found in economics. Thus meeting a need (part ofthe logic of the market) can be equated with choosingan alternative (as occurs in politics). But even thoughthe strategies, tactics and techniques have a <strong>de</strong>fi nitiverole in this sophisticated machine, there is alsoa need for other more stimu<strong>la</strong>ting incentives, usuallybran<strong>de</strong>d as populist.In the sphere of political marketing, the election ad isheard as a polyphonic gasp, like a choir of sirens. It is ashameless cry of pleasure or a disproportionate ejection.The pornography promoted with the ad calls for terse andpe<strong>net</strong>rative arguments, and in this respect the ad is apowerful reason for excitement and passion.A guy has been on telly who says that thereare biological reasons for political charisma;that the hormones, neurones and what haveyou make up 35% of the raw material of asuccessful politician. It’s enough to make youpiss yourself. I’ll always remember what thatArgentinean politician told me, the nightI won the election for him: “Roberto, thosewho think the world is not a conspiracy areextremely badly informed.” He was one of thefew politicians I’ve come across who <strong>de</strong>servedmy respect. I read a short while ago that when<strong>la</strong>nguage is p<strong>la</strong>ced at the service of war “itren<strong>de</strong>rs people unfeeling and empties theimagination, thus allowing the conflict tobreak out.” More fuel to the f<strong>la</strong>mes.I really think that people vote because politicsdoesn’t affect them. Politics is seen as somethingpositive when it doesn’t create problemsand negative when it interferes in people’s lives.Bit of a paradox. If it affected people, they’d allbe out in the streets protesting. People vote becauseit’s a game, an anonymous bet for whichyou have absolutely no responsibility.“Hormones, neurotransmitters, neurones and, of course,physical appearance are biological factors which mayaccount for up to 35% of the raw material of a politicianwho reaches the top of the greasy pole,” says Cata<strong>la</strong>npsychiatrist Adolf Tobeña. “Dominant, cruel, persuasiveand manipu<strong>la</strong>tive individuals are i<strong>de</strong>al for the strugglefor power and these attributes <strong>de</strong>pend on the neuronalcircuit and hormonal influences,” he argues in his mostrecent book Mind and Power. There is no doubt thatAlfa refers to this book in his ironical allusion.This news item, which appeared in the newspaper <strong>El</strong>Mundo on 21 February 2008, broaches the <strong>de</strong>licatequestion of biological pre<strong>de</strong>termination in politicallea<strong>de</strong>rship. While the thorny si<strong>de</strong> of the issue may leadto initial rejection, what is true is that when we say“politicians are ma<strong>de</strong> of different stuff” we are sayingsomething very simi<strong>la</strong>r to what Tobeña asserts inhis book. However, it is also the case that the popu<strong>la</strong>rstatement would appear to refer to other issues thathave more to do with the prestige of the political c<strong>la</strong>ss,said to be in ruins for <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s and in permanent rehabilitation.This rehabilitation has been taking p<strong>la</strong>cesince the entry into political life of certain politicians,whose presentation often leads to the appearance of“regeneration”, “bringing a breath of fresh air” or “honesty”,as if this quality were an extra value in publicadministration.The trivialisation of news and politics along with makingthem into a spectacle has p<strong>la</strong>ced more emphasison individuals, on the battle between public figures,and has consequently ten<strong>de</strong>d to cover up social andstructural problems. The main consi<strong>de</strong>ration for teamsof election advisers thus becomes the way in which thecandidate they happen to be working for appears in themedia. This leads to the fragmentation and simplificationof events for which the politicians offer radical andsimplistic solutions and there is no capability to evaluateor qualify their efficacy. Everything is subjected to therhythm of television and the standing of the candidate’simage instead of to the time required to solve the problemsand the management ability required to do that.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa58 59Day 4Morning meeting to look at the polls. Matil<strong>de</strong>,one of my ai<strong>de</strong>s, says that we aren’t taking offbecause the people don’t know the more humansi<strong>de</strong> of the boss and that we ought to focusmore on showing his life, on bringing himdown to ordinary people’s level. Maybe so. Weimmediately called the boss’s wife to ask herfor some home vi<strong>de</strong>os and photos. While I waslooking at them I was surprised to see such adull life. No really fun photos; no films thatengage you. If someone saw my photos, wouldthey have the same sensation? Anyway. Finallywe put together something with this poorman, er, material. We don’t want to show himin swim trunks. A few photos as a young stu<strong>de</strong>nt,p<strong>la</strong>ying football, next to his former boss,smiling with his son or surroun<strong>de</strong>d by lea<strong>de</strong>rsfrom other countries gave us enough for anice life story ad. Obviously the final shot isof the boss and his wife. No looking straightat the camera, because the wife will get it fromthe press the next day. We chose a shot from ahome movie showing the two of them smilingwhile looking away from the camera and weslowed it down until the end of the ad. Bythe way, there was a heated <strong>de</strong>bate about thesoundtrack which was to go with the images.Some said that we had to use a bit of mo<strong>de</strong>rnmusic with lyrics about having a good time.Others thought a voice over from the wifewould be better. A few suggested the boss’svoice. I didn’t say anything because I was absolutelysure about what we were going to use.In a meeting you should always speak <strong>la</strong>st,pick up everyone else’s i<strong>de</strong>as and make themlook like yours. That’s all lea<strong>de</strong>rship is. Well,we went to see the boss to see what he thought.And it went just like I thought it would. Nothis own voice – that would be vain – and noway his wife’s voice. We en<strong>de</strong>d up with ventriloquism,of course! Matil<strong>de</strong> found a speechin the parliament in which the boss briefly saidwhat the honesty and honour of a politician isbased on. Everyone was happy. Now they thinkthat everyone knows the boss better. They’llnever know him, but at least they’ll have theillusion of a kind father.CurriculumGoing back to that (allegedly) pre<strong>de</strong>termined being thatis a political lea<strong>de</strong>r and prepared to lend cre<strong>de</strong>nce tothe thesis of biological evaluation, the need for honourand excellence in all aspects of their lives could equallybe joined to this feature, and this does in<strong>de</strong>ed happen.Yet as we all know, the main pitfall lies in combiningexcellence in the public and private spheres and it isprecisely in the search for cracks between these twoareas where a certain type of press and a certain typeof opposition fi nd their gold mine which results in a <strong>de</strong>greeof media entente between press and opposition.Moreover, you also need to look at the history of electoralpolitical parties to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the importance ofthe fi gure of the lea<strong>de</strong>r. Parties have traditionally beenformed based on social c<strong>la</strong>ss. There were some c<strong>la</strong>ssinterests which achieved a critical representative massamong the political parties. Certainly the story of howthe left and the right were constituted is marked bythis dynamic. Thus political groups are the outcomeof the strategic linkage of numerous political familiesfrom the same ten<strong>de</strong>ncy. Nevertheless, it is imperativeto rework this reading in the light of the processes bymeans of which political parties select their representativesnowadays. Why should one candidate and notanother end up becoming the lea<strong>de</strong>r or candidate of aformation? Let us turn straight to Roberto Alfa in searchof an answer. Alfa wrote thus in 2001, at the end ofan election campaign in Mexico: “There are so manypeople in a political party that it is quite reasonablethat many should won<strong>de</strong>r about the real reason whysomeone becomes a candidate and hundreds of othersdon’t. The answer is very simple: money. That candidatewho offers fi nancial guarantees, or the confi <strong>de</strong>ncerequired to get hold of them, is the one who wins in theend. This obviously results in a struggle of interests,pledges and sometimes corrupt practices which lead toan extreme situation: there is no way back. Today, candidatesdo not represent the interests of one or anotherof the wings or families of a party, but instead turn intomere bank guarantees or financial insurance. In manycountries if you do not get at least 5% of votes or seatsyou will not be entitled to state funding, and hence allof your investment will have been wasted.” It is, by theway, here that the direct criticism that Alfa expressesin his diary of the political parties can be seen, when hecalls them “private companies in search of customers”. David Armand, in his now c<strong>la</strong>ssic book Power and Negotiation,exp<strong>la</strong>ins why in recent years the majority of candidates do not use the habitual party staff to draw up their campaignsbut instead set up their own professional campaign teams which are completely dissociated from the “apparatus”.Even more interestingly, Armand notes how, and more often than the person in the street realises, many of these professionalsend up forming part of government once the electoral victory has been achieved, with the consequent lossof “transparency” in political management and responsibility. Parties increasingly do not know the campaign of theirown candidate, which means they are often faced with paradoxical situations such as when part of the natural votersof a party vote against its candidate even while they still support the main p<strong>la</strong>nks of the party’s position.The rea<strong>de</strong>r of Roberto Alfa’s diary might be surprised by the tone he uses when he talks about his professionalsuccess in contrast with the failure of the electoral results of his client (see the <strong>la</strong>st entry in the diary). While hisparty loses the election, he thinks of his work as being a victory. This interpretation has to be seen in the light of theinternal electoral mechanics of contemporary parties discussed above.Day 5All of the press picked up on the life story adand a number of spoofs of it have alreadyappeared on the inter<strong>net</strong>. In just one day! I’mpretty damn good.Today I had to go to one of those big meetings.The usual stuff: sports centre <strong>de</strong>coratedwith hundreds of banners and posters; busespacked with old people who’ve been promiseda soft drink and a cake; dozens of young supporterswith their girlfriends (the females neverbring their boyfriends, who support otherparties) who’ve been promised a cap, T-shirtand lighter. Then there are those who makea living out of the party: those who work intown councils which we, sorry they, run; thosewho work in allied companies and all thoseother bystan<strong>de</strong>rs who can’t resist the lure of ashow, whether it’s Billy Smarts’ circus, a freebenefit football match or an electoral meeting.What’s the point of a meeting? In itself,absolutely none. But it’s really handy in otherrespects. One of them is that it means the second-rankmembers of the party can get up onstage and have their photo taken with the bosswhen he’s finished his speech. That way theycan show off whenever they have people roundand they’re asked about the photo they’ve goton the table. Another of the good pointsThe campaign as ritual circus anddisorientation strategyAn emotional character and the dramatisation of ceremonyare things a campaign needs to have at key moments, asthey are a <strong>de</strong>monstration of strength. The candidates arethe celebrants of this ritual in which the rites of confrontationand consensus alternate to foster a response in whichthe mass recognises itself. Choosing the street as thestage for this type of ritual is always a spectacu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong>monstrationand can have “revolutionary” connotations.But the media show of confrontation creates a climateof electoral tension which may be technically necessary<strong>de</strong>pending on the approach to the campaign. TV ads, therise of inter<strong>net</strong>, polls and big name “signings” are nowadaysgradually rep<strong>la</strong>cing discussion in public squares andthe direct expression of citizens as the means for manufacturingconsensus.We’ve simply called them liars as well. War takes p<strong>la</strong>cein the midst of confusion: confusion is probably one of themost valuable weapons which power has found in the newpossibilities offered by digital technology. In contemporarysociety, the media overexposure to which people aresubjected has significantly altered their situational coordinates.Time and space have been abolished in the sensein which they have hitherto been known and disorientationhas become a sort of control mechanism which canbe used to divert attention or focus it on smokescreens. Inthe analogical or lineal world, you knew where you werestarting from and could predict where you were going toget to. In the digital world doors open up with every step;


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa60 61about meetings is of course TV. It’s a questionof costs. An ad is only shown at agreed timesand only on public TV stations (at least inEurope); by contrast a meeting is on the newsand on all radio and TV stations. A meetingis also good on TV because the candidateis surroun<strong>de</strong>d by real people and not by theextras you get in an ad. Of course, there’snothing “real” in politics. The people whoappear behind the boss when he’s talking arecompletely staged; look closely at them thenext time you see a meeting on TV. Thereare always young people who are constantlynodding in agreement. And there’s always ab<strong>la</strong>ck person. You won’t always see pretty girlslike you do on TV game shows – the viewersmight think they were just a bunch of spoiltrich kids – but instead there are guys and girlswho look like nerds as if they were about toinvent a new Yahoo! that will make them intostars. To be sure this is one of the key factorsabout mo<strong>de</strong>rn shows: that the concept inclu<strong>de</strong>sthe <strong>de</strong>fault spectator. Bernini said the StPeter’s Square was nothing by itself, but takeson meaning as a pilgrim sees it graduallyfilling up with other pilgrims. Houdini, thegreat magician and foun<strong>de</strong>r of my profession,always said that the fundamental momentin an illusion is when someone comes up onstage as an “innocent member of the audience”.When the spectator sees other spectatorswith the artist it’s the best time for “divertingthe viewer’s gaze”, for “redirecting attention”.In many television programmes, sets are builtaround the audience who can be seen behindthe presenter. I’m telling you, one day we’ll seenavigating leads us to p<strong>la</strong>ces which at the beginning wehadn’t inten<strong>de</strong>d to go to, and this ability to condition ourdrift conceals strategies which are bound to very diverseconditioning mechanisms. If letting yourself be carriedalong by disorientation can be fascinating, as in the circus,it is equally fascinating to access the psychological,technological and i<strong>de</strong>ological processes which operate inthese mechanisms, a genuinely new dimension of control,and a new p<strong>la</strong>ce of power. The ship’s controls, its bridge.“The big event looming upon the 21st century in connectionwith this absolute speed is the invention of a perspectiveof real time that will superse<strong>de</strong> the perspective of realspace, which in its turn was invented by Italian artists inthe Quattrocento. It has still not been emphasized enoughhow profoundly the city, the politics, the war, and theeconomy of the medieval world were revolutionised by theinvention of perspective.” Paul Virilio, Speed and Information:Cyberspace A<strong>la</strong>rm!news broadcasts with an audience in the background, I’m sure of it. Today you see the editorialstaff working behind the newsrea<strong>de</strong>r. It’s just a question of time. A TV sitcom with no canned<strong>la</strong>ughter isn’t funny. The <strong>la</strong>ughter gets viewers to follow the reaction of the audience. In short,as you know, no-one goes into a bar which doesn’t have any other customers. If you want peopleto come in you have to hire some extras.The meeting was soporific, but the boss almost couldn’t speak what with all the cheering andapp<strong>la</strong>use. I have another fortnight ahead of me listening to the same set phrases, funny stories,jokes and grandiloquence. Doesn’t matter where, because the p<strong>la</strong>ce is TV and you can’t say differentthings on different days.The <strong>de</strong>bate’s approaching. There’s a lot of pressure on the boss but he’s coping with it well.Day 6Absolutely everyone is talking about Lakoff’sbook. This morning as I was going over thepress summaries, I saw a number of columnscommenting on it and citing his maxim that“people vote because of their i<strong>de</strong>ntity and theirvalues, which do not necessarily coinci<strong>de</strong> withtheir interests”. He’s a smart guy. I heard himonce at Rockridge and he knows what he’stalking about. He knows that advertising isonly on the si<strong>de</strong> of the conservatives, never theprogressives. And here they want to get him,because he’s revealing to all and sundry themagician’s tricks, the ones that I and manyof my colleagues use. He knows that once yourframework of i<strong>de</strong>as and metaphors is acceptedin the discourse, everything that you say simplybecomes common sense. It’s a question ofjuggling with the <strong>la</strong>nguage, moving the meaningof words towards your frame of referenceusing suggestive metaphors. I fully agree withhim. I’ve been doing that for years. It’s beena continual struggle with customers: gettingthem to forget about words and phrases coinedby the combative left; getting them to focuson speaking about the same thing but withdifferent words and similes; in short gettingthem to steal the <strong>la</strong>nguage ownership of i<strong>de</strong>asin politics. Just a couple of weeks ago I wasable to convince the boss to use the expression“with or<strong>de</strong>r and rules” whenever he wantedto appear firm. The issue is about moving“or<strong>de</strong>r and agreement” towards “rules”, subtlymaking the concepts over<strong>la</strong>p. It’s been reallysuccessful as the media and even some of theother candidates are now using the expression.You have to bring them onto your ownground, close them in with the right words.The framework of i<strong>de</strong>as is more importantthan the adThe references to George Lakoff’s argument and hiscelebrated book Don’t Think of an <strong>El</strong>ephant: Know YourValues and Frame the Debate should be set against thebackdrop of the emphasis that Alfa always put on un<strong>de</strong>rstandingpolitical discourse in the framework of a scenarioof references which could overcome mere readingof the political terms and concepts and which stressedthe need to persua<strong>de</strong> political rea<strong>de</strong>rs by means of acontextual i<strong>de</strong>ntification of the messages. Both Lakoffand Alfa envisage the need to avoid the hijacking ofsome words by political parties. Appeals to “taxes” or“security”, for example, are a fundamentally “conservative”exercise but one which has had such success thatin the end it has become part of the progressive message,albeit much to the <strong>la</strong>tter’s regret. Both specialiststhink that the right has been more successful in generatingthis interpretative framework, while the left hasalways been more subject to a “one-off” interpretationof political terminology. In this respect Alfa, who wasalways more comfortable in his professional careerwhen working with the right, appears to suggest, accordingto what he writes in his diary, that the substantia<strong>la</strong>dvantage of conservative discourse based on thecreation of reference frameworks may disappear if theleft becomes capable of handling the same strategies.The undoubted impact of the thinking of Lakoff and Alfaon the field of political marketing has meant that manyparty organisations attach more importance to the hid<strong>de</strong>nand continuous creation of lines of influence in thepress rather than centring almost exclusively on thosemonths which feature election campaigns. The increasingattachment of media groups to specifi c parties at atime of digital reworking of the structure of communicationswould appear to suggest that the political partieshave taken very seriously the need to set up extensiveinterpretative frameworks which take in a horizon thatis more than just electoral concerns. From this point ofview there is a need to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the particu<strong>la</strong>r waysof speaking in news bulletins, the strategic employmentof words and the use of political <strong>de</strong>bates (withthe direct intervention of users and citizens) throughoutthe course of the legis<strong>la</strong>ture.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa62 63Day 7Television <strong>de</strong>bates and dropping a biroI have just had to reread parts of Lakoff’sbook. I’m also going to transcribe a paragraphfor you here that I found particu<strong>la</strong>rly interestingabout another great truth; most people areconservative and progressive at the same timeand the difference lies in where you put theemphasis. There are people who are right-wingfor some things and left-wing on others. I’vealways said that there is a single voter withthree profiles: the Profoundly Superficial, onthe right, and the Superficially Profound, onthe left, and those in the centre who alwaysvote for the IPD, the In<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt PartyDepending. The thing is that all of them vote,which is why there is only one type of voter.Anyway, here’s what Lakoff says about thisand how to win over the ones which some foolishlycall “un<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d”: “Your job is to get intotheir mental territory. Your goal is to soundthem out and find out in which aspects of lifethey behave like conservatives and in whichones like progressives. For instance, ask themwhich things they are most concerned aboutand how they face up to them. Then you haveto connect it with politics. For instance, if theyare liberals at home but strict in business, talkto them about home and family. Tell them thattheir parents won’t have to sell their house normortgage their future to pay for the medicalcare and drugs they need. Seek out stories inwhich your mental framework works.” Whata sharp customer. As for the rest, he said somethingthat ma<strong>de</strong> me purse my lips: that beingin a good mood is to the advantage of any goodcommunicator, because it makes them look as ifthey are happy with themselves. I have to makethe boss smile more. But how the hell can I dothat if when he <strong>la</strong>ughs he looks like he’s gotpegs in the corners of his mouth?A smile is the shortest distancebetween two peopleThere are election campaigns in which humour p<strong>la</strong>ys akey role and others where humour is merely a coma, afull stop or an exc<strong>la</strong>mation mark in the un<strong>de</strong>rlying text.Normally humour in a campaign indicates that there isno real power alternative, but that the possibilities ofhaving an impact may be signifi cant. Humour is a counterpointin politics, as the gravity of electoral struggletends to overload the message and make the mediumunbreathable. As Michael De Certau has pointed out,if power and authority are committed by their visibility,jokes and cunning are useful to the weak, which operatesoutsi<strong>de</strong> this scenario of media power: “Thus whilea joke is juggling with i<strong>de</strong>as, astuteness is juggling withactions.” Humour is a fundamental means of <strong>de</strong>mythologizingpolitics, but who with real ambitions would standfor office with humour as their main surety? Because thefact that we see some political initiatives as being funnydoes not mean that they were inten<strong>de</strong>d to be...The <strong>de</strong>bate. A tiresome thing I can’t stand.I’ve already got my ads, thanks very much.The candidate goes along with his linesmemorised, I can tell you that. He spends allday shut up somewhere trying to memorise the“copies”, the “core i<strong>de</strong>as”, the rhythm of thepresentation, the emphasis. He needs to knowwhen to use a fact or a photocopy or use agraphic. He knows he has to stick to the script;at most, <strong>de</strong>nial or answering from the rightlist. He may not un<strong>de</strong>r any circumstances getembroiled in an unforeseen argument. Theoutcome is rigid and even <strong>la</strong>ughable figures.Of course all that is camouf<strong>la</strong>ged with suitabletelevision tension, “the moment of truth”.That’s why I find them boring; it’s like watchinga clockwork object work after you’ve woundit up. The only interest is in seeing whether itwill work, not seeing what you’ve already seenhundreds of times during rehearsal.The only thing that attracts me about <strong>de</strong>batesis the back shop in the television studio. Fewpeople know how it works. To begin with thecandidates arrive surroun<strong>de</strong>d by an enormousretinue: bodyguards, image advisers, communicationadvisers, secretaries, some partybigwig, public re<strong>la</strong>tions. A reception room isset up for all these people dominated by <strong>la</strong>rgemonitors and full of sofas and tables coveredin canapés and drinks. The station hostsgive them a royal welcome because they knowthey are going to make a killing; it’s one ofthe times of year when they make the mostmoney out of advertising. They’ve also fittedout dressing rooms for each of the two teamsso that they can follow the <strong>de</strong>bate with some<strong>de</strong>gree of privacy. The atmosphere is like aschool: stupid jokes, a childish sense of beingat the vantage point of the world, fights aboutsandwiches and the normal dumb remarksto ease the tension. When the <strong>de</strong>bate itselfThere is a gol<strong>de</strong>n rule in political marketing which isthat the party which is winning refuses to go head-toheadin the TV studios. It is said that the candidate withthe greater popu<strong>la</strong>r support should not accept a <strong>de</strong>bate.Any slip-up that jeopardises those advantages might befatal, because the cameras can p<strong>la</strong>y dirty tricks on you;Bush’s furtive g<strong>la</strong>nce at his watch, Perot’s stool whichshowed up how short he was and so on. The tensionin a TV <strong>de</strong>bate is greater than at any other time in thecampaign and hence it is such a powerful televisionevent. The advisers to the two main candidates in theSpanish general election in 2008 admitted that theirchief nightmare was that “during the <strong>de</strong>bate broadcastlive on television, their candidate would drop his biroor sneeze or some other unexpected eventuality of thatkind would come up”.The TV <strong>de</strong>bate, its date, p<strong>la</strong>ce, scenario, mo<strong>de</strong>rator,types of chair and dominant colours are also a political<strong>de</strong>bate. The loose ends and <strong>de</strong>tails which the “negotiators”from each party try to control are political strategyoperations. Political strategy is openly <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red as imagestrategy.Discipline vis-à-vis controlThe changeover from a disciplinary society (based on“or<strong>de</strong>r and rules”) to a controlled society is something<strong>de</strong>fined by Gilles Deleuze following the theory of MichelFocault. Since then we have learnt that the panoptic(in which one looks at everyone) has given way tothe synoptic, which means that many can look at a few,who turn into mo<strong>de</strong>ls of privacy via seduction (with themass media being the perfect scenario here).Control is, therefore, something “<strong>de</strong>mocratised” andits <strong>de</strong>nomination does not transmit the rough subjugationwhich the “or<strong>de</strong>r and rules” of other eras appearsto foster. Thus or<strong>de</strong>r is no longer established so muchby punishment but rather through pleasure and themechanisms which administrate it, or in other wordsthe consumer society in which, to close the circle, vi<strong>de</strong>opolitics p<strong>la</strong>ys an active role.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa64 65Day 8TV <strong>de</strong>batesstarts, everything becomes surreal. Seated infront of the television, the entourage cheer ontheir candidate, app<strong>la</strong>ud their clever phrases,whistle the opponent, make barbed remarks,thump the walls to rub the noses of the opposingteam in the next door dressing room insome sharp remark or especially ruthless attack.Quite often someone from the TV stationhas to come along to ask them to keep the noisedown. I hate going to these things, but I haveno choice. And I know I’m not the only one. Isaw Miguel in a corner, taciturn as always.We exchanged stealthy looks and greeted eachother with a brief raise of the chin. Neither ofus dared to take the first step. Battles alwaysleave their scars. Finally I went up to himto shake his hand, but more like two footballmanagers at the end of a game: quick andwith no hanging around.When the <strong>de</strong>bate finished, everyone congratu<strong>la</strong>te<strong>de</strong>veryone else, not for the candidate’s performancebut for giving the right advice, forhaving suggested a tone of voice, for havingchosen a tie. It’s the excitement of a stu<strong>de</strong>ntwhen they’ve finished an exam and the tensionis released. The boss’s back is constantlypatted. When he gets back into the car that isto take him home to bed, the first thing he’l<strong>la</strong>sk is about how well he did, in other wordswhether he stuck to the script we’d written forhim. It would never cross anyone’s mind thathe was asking about how successfully he’d gotacross his programme or his i<strong>de</strong>as.“In the main, the contemporary masses are no longermasses capable of joining together in riots; they havebecome part of a system in which their property as massis no longer a<strong>de</strong>quately expressed in physical assemblybut rather in participation in programmes re<strong>la</strong>ted withthe mass media. (...) In it one is a mass of people whileremaining an individual. Now one is a mass of peoplewithout seeing the others. The result of all this is thatcontemporary, or if you prefer post-mo<strong>de</strong>rn, societiesare no longer immediately gui<strong>de</strong>d by corporal experiences:they only perceive themselves via media symbolsof masses, discourses, fashion, programmes andcelebrities. It is at this point that the individualism ofmasses of our time has its systemic foundation.” PeterSloterdijk, Die Verachtung <strong>de</strong>r Massen. Versuch überKulturkämpfe in <strong>de</strong>r mo<strong>de</strong>rnen Gesellschaft.Is there anyone with half a brain who couldsay who has won a <strong>de</strong>bate? I don’t knowanyone. As the candidates turn up with theirscripts, it is virtually impossible for a <strong>de</strong>bate tothrow a campaign off course. In our privatepolls no-one can ever say who they think thewinner is. It’s all ma<strong>de</strong> up by the media,which uses the <strong>de</strong>bate to further their ownpartisan interests. Most of the media say we’vewon. But I couldn’t say that. However, thisin and of itself is very interesting. People feelbewil<strong>de</strong>red after the <strong>de</strong>bates because they can’tsay who’s won. They feel stupidly alienated bythe mechanics of politics. It’s thanks to thesesorts of media confrontations that people saysthings like “they’re all the same” and “I don’tun<strong>de</strong>rstand anything about politics”. Youhave to start from this knowledge to approachthe rest of the campaign: make your boss assimi<strong>la</strong>r as possible to the others, so from thatpoint on his face won’t appear in the ads.Only metaphors, fiction and emotion; onlyresources that hi<strong>de</strong> the specificity of a candidatevis-à-vis the rest. Trying to persua<strong>de</strong> thevoters with political messages and argumentsat the end of a campaign is not very effective.The best thing is to reach out through genericimages and emotion, not characterised bythe candidate. Beyond what the polls reveal,most people say they want to take part in amovement for collective hope, one that givesordinary people a leading role, with a projectwhich impacts on the daily lives of families,and so on and so forth. At the end of the campaignthe emotive ads always work well, theones everyone can i<strong>de</strong>ntify with. Except me.However, as the saying goes, I only work here.John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon figured in the fi rstgreat TV duel in 1960. Kennedy was standing for Presi<strong>de</strong>ntfor the first time and Nixon was seeking electionafter having been Vice-Presi<strong>de</strong>nt. But TV showed howpowerful it can be. A badly-shaven, sweating and hardfaced Nixon came up against the youthful image of acharismatic and telegenic Kennedy. From then on thingswere to be different.One of the most interesting documents about electionsdates from the same year. Primary (1960), by RobertDrew and ma<strong>de</strong> up of images taken by Donn Pennebaker,Albert Maysles and Richard Leacock, is a turningpoint in the history of the cinema and a milestone inthe chronicle of election campaign documentaries. Shotas an experiment and commissioned by Life magazine,the film shows the battle between the youthful John F.Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey to win the Democraticnomination for the 1960 Presi<strong>de</strong>ntial race. This freshformat clicked with a young and resolute Kennedy whowas far from the i<strong>de</strong>a of the ready-to-use politician.Some theorists argue that this film marks the start of‘cinéma vérité’, which suggests its purpose; a catalyticcamera that can trigger the interaction of the subjectsthat move in front of it.It was Dominique Wolton who warned us that “Thepopu<strong>la</strong>r and trivial nature of television tends to make itgloss over the questions which really should be thoughtabout.” And it is precisely the awareness of this “intellectual<strong>la</strong>ziness” which touches on the phenomenon ofTV election campaigns. It is hard to find a medium soembed<strong>de</strong>d in our daily lives and yet at the same time sounreachable and hid<strong>de</strong>n as television, capable of suckingup types, genres, discourses and i<strong>de</strong>ologies like asponge. Television has been the main means of bringingwhat is popu<strong>la</strong>r into the general sphere of cultureand of blurring the barriers between the private andthe public. Television has brought politics into homes,but a kind of politics ma<strong>de</strong> into a game, a show, thepools, a soap opera, a pastiche, a game show, a drama,a sitcom; an audiovisualisation of politics <strong>de</strong>finitivelydistanced from people and subjected to the frameworkof the television set, politics finally ma<strong>de</strong> part of one ofthe questions affecting others that is most beloved bythe public at <strong>la</strong>rge.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa66 67Day 9Politicians/actorsDay 10By <strong>la</strong>nd, sea and airA product should offer the prospect that itwill meet your expectations; a candidateshouldn’t. An election advertisement is basedon the small interval which connects what thecandidate has done – <strong>de</strong>rived from what he’dpreviously said he’d do – and the chances ofguessing that impulse in that face, in thatlook, in that gesture, in that smile. Yes, peopledo vote morally even though this may goagainst their interests. Abstention is above allthis: not compromising morality for some mereimmediate interests. That’s why I think thatabstention has become a symbol of individualfreedom against <strong>de</strong>mocracy. Because <strong>de</strong>mocracynames everything and there are some thingsyou can’t name. I like people who abstain.<strong>El</strong>ectoral campaigns are increasingly simi<strong>la</strong>r to one another.Even though a few years ago the differences betweenthe European Union, the United States and LatinAmerica were <strong>la</strong>rge, there is an increasing trend to simi<strong>la</strong>rstaging and even in some cases they become perfectlypredictable. One of the features they all share isthat the candidates appear as professional actors whoare p<strong>la</strong>ying their roles in front of different sets and withdifferent scripts that are more or less dramatic or comic<strong>de</strong>pending on the case or agenda. They are expectedto be persuasively effi cacious and credible on stage, tospeak clearly and not hesitate and so on. There is awhole interpretative exercise that, even though it is nolonger so important live due to the <strong>de</strong>creased importanceof meetings as cohesive events, has resolutelyshifted over to image and vi<strong>de</strong>o politics.What I mean is that in the same way that governments try to take the war to the cities, becauseall the fronts are always very far away, we take the campaigns to the very centre of social apparatuses,contaminating everything. In the fortnight that a campaign <strong>la</strong>sts, everything hasto be campaigning: a dog, a train, a tomato; everything becomes a symbolic campaign elementwhether or not the dog or the tomato minds. Every conversation, every joke, every poll must formpart of the great script of the campaign.Everything is momentary and a one-off, nothing <strong>la</strong>sts, but it has to seem the most intense thingin the world. A candidate will say something one day about how much he loves a hamster andpeople will <strong>la</strong>ugh at him. But if he’s clever he’ll know he needs to talk about the hamster againhowever ridiculous it seems. The hamster will be everything, they’ll talk about him in newspapercolumns; other parties will run ads with mice to make fun of him. No problem; the hamster willbecome a powerful brand. At the end of the day, it was a politician who said that the importantthing is that they talk about you, even if they say bad things.An ad is a face. Everything else is metaphors that give it a frame of reference which it can beassociated with. I’ll tell you one thing: in ads, the candidates are released from politics, they’rejust actors. That’s the great strength of an ad. The voters judge the candidate as if it were atalent show. The viewer is trapped in its thirty seconds by the morbid and gossipy fascinationof seeing “how they do” in front of the spotlights and with the script they’ve learnt. In the sameway, in a <strong>de</strong>bate people are attracted by the “nerves” a candidate experiences when faced with somuch pressure: millions of viewers, thousands of communication specialists, the home straight,the opponent turning the screws, dissimu<strong>la</strong>ting their own <strong>de</strong>fects. We want a lea<strong>de</strong>r and we putthem to the test. In short, an electoral campaign is nothing other than the game of psychophagy;the consumption of other people’s psychology, and moreover that of the aspirant to be a hero.A campaign means getting everything to be pure emotional shud<strong>de</strong>ring, intensely momentary,<strong>de</strong>signed and <strong>de</strong>stined not to <strong>la</strong>st.Once again it is they who are the un<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d.This morning I received clear and precise indicationsfrom the party lea<strong>de</strong>rs to take the fearroute. Of course, that’s a strategy we alwayshave in mind. You only have to see the slogan.But the or<strong>de</strong>rs were more than precise: “Gofor the jugu<strong>la</strong>r”. It’s a bit <strong>la</strong>te for that sort ofstuff. I won’t go into how much they are shittingthemselves at the top – and they are – butrather how <strong>de</strong>licate going into rubbish binscan turn out to be. Taking the rubbish outinto the street to put it in the wrong bin alwaysentails the risk of being seen by a neighbour.The important thing is to get someone else totake it out. It’s obvious I have no choice, if Iwant to get my way in the medium term. We’llgo for it, but we’ll have to calcu<strong>la</strong>te the shockwave carefully. I’ve already got three of myguys in the audiovisual archives, not only inthe ones we have here but also in other partsof the world. We’re going to make four adsalong the same lines. The first will <strong>de</strong>al with<strong>la</strong>st year’s conflict in Algeria: those touristswho were caught in the police raid after theattack and tried to seek shelter in the embassyonly to find no-one would open the doors tothem so as not to offend the Algerian governmentwhen economic ties were close. Everyonewill remember those angry tourists in front ofthe embassy, thumping the railings and facedwith diplomatic silence. Next we’ll touch onthe Presi<strong>de</strong>nt’s friendship with the governmentof Iran, and then on the “open door agreement”with Africa, and we’ll finish with thegovernment’s encouragement for the Tupamaromovement. It’s going to be easy. We’ll justedit the material down to ten seconds with a“Can you imagine that?” type ending. I reallydon’t like these kinds of things: it’s like goinginto battle with a borrowed rifle, you neverknow if it’s loa<strong>de</strong>d with real bullets or b<strong>la</strong>nks,and that’s not a nice feeling when you have to<strong>de</strong>fend yourself.Much has been said about the bellicose <strong>la</strong>nguage Alfauses to talk about election campaigns. Expressionssuch as campaign, war, tactics, front, enemy and so ondo not appear to be out of p<strong>la</strong>ce in the light of the techniquesused in political struggles. Although the mostwell-known part of the work done by political marketingprofessionals is what is usually called an “aircampaign” involving the press, radio and television, thesuccess of an electoral campaign is based on a ba<strong>la</strong>ncebetween the air campaign and the “<strong>la</strong>nd campaign”. A<strong>la</strong>nd campaign means getting out on the ground andgoing into towns, neighbourhoods, streets, marketsand so on to get face-to-face contact between thecandidate and the voters. However, recent campaignswould suggest that the air dominates, and here wemean only the prepon<strong>de</strong>rant use of the media. It couldbe said that the selling of i<strong>de</strong>as is increasingly moreabout selling air. Who’s worried about the bodies inthe electoral campaign other than as part of the “abody equals a vote” equation?


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa68 69Day 11SubtitlesDay 12TV and political marketingThe fear campaign has been cancelled, justwhen we had the ads ma<strong>de</strong>… what a waste oftime. They’ve pulled back. Now they believe itcould be counterproductive. On the one handI’m happy about it but on the other I wasalready thinking about how the press wouldreact to the ads, bringing up everything thathappened and putting Miguel in a fix. I’mresigned to chucking them away. I suggestedposting them on some inter<strong>net</strong> sites and sayingthat they were ma<strong>de</strong> by the party’s youthwing. They loved the i<strong>de</strong>a, although they’reso dumb that they don’t realise that now thewhole world will see them and not just domesticvoters. It’s their problem.For my part I’ve suggested a different approach.Sacred campaign rules numbers 7and 8 are “Never respond to an attack” and“Know how to use questions”. When you replyto a gibe, you’re p<strong>la</strong>ying on their turf; whenyou ask a question, you force people to answer.Miguel is very sharp. Yesterday he brought outan ad on inter<strong>net</strong> making fun of the boss andcalling him a liar. Lies don’t exist becausethey are only pieces of a truth which no-onewants to see. Why don’t people want to see thetrick? Because then there’d be no show. I’mgoing to break rule 7, although it remainsvalid. We’re going to counterattack with anad using figures. I loathe the easy option ofnumbers but they always work in the shortrun.The important thing, by the way, is notthe figures but stressing the reliable source yougot them from.We ma<strong>de</strong> the ad in a day. It’s great to see howwell money and digital things go together,that the machinery is so well-oiled. It turnedout really well. Miguel is in for a surprise.I’ve left him with no arguments about the“lie”. We’ve simply called them liars as well.War takes p<strong>la</strong>ce in the midst of confusion.Miguel knows that.Trans<strong>la</strong>tion is a creative activity and also an open processof interpretation. Moving beyond the literal needsto be accompanied by a willingness to maintain theoriginal meaning, the soul of the sign. Thus in trans<strong>la</strong>tionmeaning is given a different form and there is agrowth process in which these (different) forms whichhave been generated and perhaps enriched can besubjected to certain hazy forces, to a confused and uncontrolledprocess of <strong>de</strong>composition in which forms aretransformed in an un<strong>de</strong>sirable way.The increasingly frequent practice of subtitling electionads has a dual purpose. In addition to reaching the <strong>la</strong>rgestpossible number of receivers and un<strong>de</strong>r any receptionconditions, the content of the spot is ma<strong>de</strong> literal.The written word thus seals even more seriously theintentions, judgements and promises of the candidate;in some way the attempt is ma<strong>de</strong> to turn the receiverinto the notary of the proposal, to an extent a contractis entered into and commitment is sought in a more expeditiousmanner. A subtitled ad is not just any ad; it isa turning point in the campaign which seeks contractand commitment. Its topics refer to “strong vectors” inthe strategy of the campaign. The overprinting of texton the image of the ad is a commitment and should bepresented as such.People think that television is based on sellingviewers to advertisers. While the viewers oftenthink about TV programmes as products, ofthemselves as consumers and of advertising asthe price you pay to see these programmes, thetruth about the TV business is very different. Isee a campaign in the same way, but of courseI can’t say that out loud. Because a politicalparty is a private company which wants to getcustomers. That’s why they invented politicalprogrammes and campaigns. And I’mthe fucking circus master. People are stupidbecause they don’t know they are.According to a well-known political marketing company,“The central power of television is the image. A lotof research has been done about the perception of TVmessages which shows that what the candidate saysaccounts for less than ten percent of what holds theviewer’s attention. Tone of voice, gestures and attitu<strong>de</strong>,that is to say the image per se, is what the viewer registers,much more so than any logic in the argument.This suggests that television should not be used forparty or candidate programmes but rather for imagesthat <strong>de</strong>pict trust, firmness, efficacy, authority, ability, renewal,etc. The most effective messages on televisionare those which make it possible to build the <strong>de</strong>siredimage of the candidate in a non-verbal way. Build isused metaphorically here as the most that can be doneis to emphasise those traits which the candidate naturallyor potentially has. The best results are achievedwhen aspects which are in strong social <strong>de</strong>mand areput in or<strong>de</strong>r of importance based on the real conditionsof a candidate and communicated with a very simpleand clear verbal argument.”Television as sceneryAs Roberto Alfa shrewdly suggests, all readings of thetelevision phenomenon end up being a vast history.Subjected to the speed of their incessant discourse, thevarious analyses which attempt to tackle the televisionphenomenon normally end up exhausted in the searchfor solid approaches, disorientated in the face of thedispersion of results, subjected to the tyranny of the formand the system to be tackled.The battle to domesticate this strange presence from theperspective of semiotics and semiology, sociology andpedagogy, art and political commitment, makes us realisethat we are the domesticated ones and that this strangeand imp<strong>la</strong>cable presence (the light emanating from thescreen) has not only organised our homes but also seeksto access our consciousness in or<strong>de</strong>r to furnish it.In the great whirlwind of television, an election ad isthe great product, the total product, a sort of greatcon<strong>de</strong>nser of the mediascape, a complete indicator ofthe established or<strong>de</strong>r, a superior form of the narcotictechniques of the image. A product which can be atthe same time a pseudo work of art, a product, byproductand space rubbish.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa70 71Day 13I’ve often been asked what the basic types ofan election campaign are. I have my owncatalogue: tears, parody, musical, fiction,animation, catastrophe, firm hand, countryand change. There are more but all of themcan be subsumed in these. You’ll be won<strong>de</strong>ringwhat these categories have in common as someare concepts and others are narrative formats.Well, they’re two si<strong>de</strong>s of the same coin. Plusunless the candidate is a natural communicator,you should never leave him alone in thead. I remember those ads from a few years ago,when the candidate spouted for five or tenminutes about the advantages and integrity ofhis party. A right pain. That happened in theage of i<strong>de</strong>ologies, when politics was politics;what’s the point of that nowadays? Tears,showing someone bedrid<strong>de</strong>n, kids, all of thatworks well when you want to stress sincerity;at the end of the day kids, drunks, old peopleand the sick always tell the truth. You can useparody to make fun of the enemy without lookinglike you’re doing it; pure ventriloquismagain. And then there’s <strong>la</strong>ughter, alwaysa powerful ally. The musical style, which Ilove, produces jingles and ditties and you canalways bring on hundreds of extras who’l<strong>la</strong>nchor it for you. In particu<strong>la</strong>r I love the karaokestyle, because you fix that message twice.In Latin America, Asia and the United Statesthey are karaoke masters. Then fiction lets youhijack the stereotypes which people have aboutthe candidate, meaning they forget about theclichés for a moment and let themselves becarried away along unexpected routes. Animationis like fiction, but cheaper, especiallywith those kids you get nowadays who can dowon<strong>de</strong>rs with just their <strong>la</strong>ptops and really getinsi<strong>de</strong> young people’s heads.In his article “Psicología, lenguaje y política” (1998),seen by many as the fundamental basis for an in-<strong>de</strong>pthun<strong>de</strong>rstanding of contemporary election campaigns,Alfa suggests, perhaps to foster <strong>de</strong>bate, that the constructionof election messages is based on topics which,contrary to what canonical authors on the subject havealways averred, cut across themes and concepts. Accordingto Alfa these topics are:• trust / distrust / corruption / honesty• future / past / change• efficiency / inefficiency / curriculum• patriotism / i<strong>de</strong>ntity / family / migration• public services / taxes / welfare• security / insecurity / fear / hope / justiceWhat is perhaps most surprising about these conceptua<strong>la</strong>ssociations is the clear separation between thepersonal responsibility of the voter in the <strong>de</strong>fi nition ofthe moral i<strong>de</strong>as which gui<strong>de</strong> their vote and the responsibilityof the professional politician for handling theirapplication. The politician has all the ability to formu<strong>la</strong>tepolicy: you can trust or not trust in his honesty, inhis ability to offer p<strong>la</strong>usible prospects, to i<strong>de</strong>ntify signsof i<strong>de</strong>ntity and formu<strong>la</strong>te them in a wi<strong>de</strong>r context, tobe not a problem but rather the maker of solutionswhich additionally fi nd the social consensus required,including among opponents. This series of conceptualpivots seems to exempt the voter from their engagementin the process which generates political <strong>de</strong>bate.In this respect, in a recent interview with The New YorkTimes, Roberto Alfa said that “We have to be awarethat the voter is increasingly suspicious of what politiciansdo with their support, and hence logically enoughthey tend not to associate their vote with the excessesof rulers. This trend is growing over time. People don’twant to see themselves as responsible for what is donewith the justifi cation of their votes. In fact this is thereason why I think that short, four-year legis<strong>la</strong>turesare much more electorally effi cient than six-year ones,where people can feel more disappointed and powerlesswith the political use of their participation.”Then there are the concepts; the appeal tocatastrophe is always rewarding. All you haveto do is to choose some tragedy which tookp<strong>la</strong>ce during the legis<strong>la</strong>ture, stick in somenegative figures, select some unfortunate comment,present it in b<strong>la</strong>ck and white and Bob’syour uncle. If you really want to put fear intothe soul, there’s no better way. Firm hand;I love that expression. It’s multi-purpose:for cleaning, for talking about corruption,honesty, firmness, <strong>de</strong>linquency, terrorism.And it always works well because it refersto the i<strong>de</strong>a of the protective father, who doeseverything “for your own good”. You have tobe careful when you use the word country. Itcan be easily confused with “fascist” so youhave to dress it up with more colloquial words:family, people, community, “us”, “ours”, etc.Who could be against that? I still remember acampaign I did for a major event some yearsago: I put the words “sustainability”, “peace”and “tolerance” in the entire promotion, whenin fact it was an enormous real estate andpolitical <strong>de</strong>al. But who on earth would dareto criticise it? And <strong>la</strong>st but not least there isthe call for change. For starters, this is thestandard resource for a candidate who isstanding against another one who has beenin office for more than two legis<strong>la</strong>tures: “It’stime for change”. The list of campaigns basedon that slogan is endless. Plus it also goeswell with all the other concepts, so it’s a sort ofmetaconcept: change to avoid catastrophe, toprotect what’s ours, to get rid of corruption orinefficiency.For Roberto Alfa, every campaign needs to be configuredusing these six topics, as they are perfectly inclusive or“adherent” to use his own terminology. Furthermore,each of the blocks hosts the doors nee<strong>de</strong>d to enter intoother blocks: “They are hypertexts which enable peopleto link themes without needing to cross forced limits,”as he would always say in his master c<strong>la</strong>sses.You’ll be won<strong>de</strong>ring where all the big campaign themes are: the economy, education, socialservices, health. The answer is ruthlessly simple: nowhere. Have you ever seen a candidate go<strong>de</strong>eply into these things? They’ve learnt that it’s best not to get involved in them during thecampaign. If you say you’re going to privatise the health system, you’ll be rejected by people withhealth problems or ill re<strong>la</strong>tives; if you say you’re going to spend millions on hospitals, firstly noonewill believe you and then the businesspeople will eat you alive, plus you’ll put off those whohave private health insurance, and there are millions of them. Tough stances are bad electoralcompany. No: when you’re talking about the economy, health or education you should only usebroad brush strokes; more jobs, shorter queues and less aca<strong>de</strong>mic failure. Nothing else. Anythingmore will get you into trouble. So, does anyone really think that it is possible to cut hospitalqueues? Oh come on…


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa72 73Day 14Day 16A well-aimed insert in mass culturePeople are exhausted. The media peoplehaven’t slept for three days. In everyone’s eyesyou can see the <strong>de</strong>sire to get it over with, tostop talking, to shut up. I’ll do that too today.Day 15I’ll say it again: we’re going to win around twomillion votes more. I don’t know anything else.RumourRoberto Alfa used to say that rumour is the essence of apolitical campaign. Rumour has unstoppable force. Youcan’t fi ght it. Fighting it means going into a dynamic oftruths and lies that traps all reasoning and pulls it un<strong>de</strong>rin a spiral of insuperable diffi culties. Rumour propagatesitself with unusual speed, reaches all social,professional and cultural <strong>la</strong>yers. Its snowball effect canbecome a bomb if used perversely; you only have toleave it on and see how it multiplies, where it grows,what forms it takes on and how far it makes an impressionon the set goal. By way of example the followingis one of Roberto’s favourite anecdotes, one which hewould always employ to illustrate the dangers of rumour.During the campaign in Italy in World War Two,US intelligence became aware that the German troopsat Monte Cassino had not been paid for a number ofmonths. They came up with a psychological warfarecampaign consisting of dropping thousands of leafl etson the Germans accusing the German offi cers of keepingthe money. The story was not true, but the intentionwas to generate distrust and indignation among therank and fi le, already traditionally separated from theprivileges of their offi cers. When the German offi cersheard the rumour they insisted on clearly and forcefullystating that such accusations were false via militaryradio and newspapers. The outcome was a disaster;soldiers who had not heard about the rumour found outabout it, and the suspicions of soldiers about their officers only increased to the point where a tremendouscrisis of confi <strong>de</strong>nce occurred. Roberto’s comment wasthat a rumour is always supposed to become bigger andits modus operandi is getting people to talk about it.You should never respond to an insidious rumour. It canspoil the most perfectly p<strong>la</strong>nned strategy.Yesterday’s final meeting went well. Eventhough the journalists are as tired as we are,they were all there working away. I went upinto the top tiers of the stands in the stadium,up in the gods. I didn’t want to be surroun<strong>de</strong>dby those morons who get in the frontrow and feel obliged to get to their feet andapp<strong>la</strong>ud all the time. I don’t have to proveanything. Next to me there was an el<strong>de</strong>rly <strong>la</strong>dywho was looking at everything coldly. She neitherapp<strong>la</strong>u<strong>de</strong>d nor cheered. She was obviouslyfocused on the event, snatching quick g<strong>la</strong>ncesat the crowd before turning back to the stage.I was captivated by her. Sitting there with herlegs together, her bag in her <strong>la</strong>p, good-lookingand wearing a touch of make-up, she exu<strong>de</strong>dsincerity, enormous tranquillity. I spent a longtime staring at her, secretly hoping that shewould return my gaze. I managed it when thesmoke from one of my cigarettes wafted over toher. She did it slowly, blinking sparingly, likesomeone who looks without looking, but therewas a slight smile on her face. I couldn’t helpit and went up to her while stubbing out mycigarette. I asked her where she was from. Shegave me a long and pe<strong>net</strong>rating look. Aftera while, she slowly raised both hands as hermouth opened. She moved her fingers but nota word came out of her mouth. She was dumb.“Mass culture” or “cultural industry” showed us thatthe consumer is not the subject but rather the object.The mechanism of this industry has purged its operationand distracted the masses from their real concerns andproblems by means of strongly i<strong>de</strong>alised images withwhich they can i<strong>de</strong>ntify. While all this was going on, this“mass object” was also imbued with an i<strong>de</strong>ology andvalues and a conception of the world geared towards itspreservation. In this way the fundamental objectives assignedby neo-capitalism to the cultural industry wereduly met. Or was it neo-capitalism in itself that wasbrewing up whilst all of this was taking p<strong>la</strong>ce?With this panorama, election ads have taken part inthe form and content of the liturgy of a mass culture,providing highly evolved productions and invigoratingthe eclectic nature of a cultural industry which seeks toreach as many people as possible. Its modus operandiis to shun specialisation and going <strong>de</strong>eper into issuesin favour of bringing together the <strong>la</strong>rgest number of elementsthat enable customers to be won over.


Campaign Diary Roberto AlfaCampaign Diary Roberto Alfa74 75<strong>El</strong>ection day11.50 am. It’s Sunday and today there is anelection. The meetings, the shoots, the hasteand the nerves (some people’s, not mine) areover. I got up <strong>la</strong>te. My son insisted on comingto the polling station to see me vote. It tookme some time and a few comics to exp<strong>la</strong>in tohim that I never vote. Because I would neverswell the ranks of those who unknowinglylegitimise jobs such as mine, in the same waythat Groucho would never join a club whichwould have him as a member. You’ll be thinkingI’m tired, exhausted, after so many weeks,but that’s not the case; no-one gets tired on amachine which works by itself. My wife calls itthe “victory machine”. I’ve just heard the turnoutpolls on TV in the kitchen. There are stillthose 30 to 40 percent of people who never go tovote. I wish to salute them: people with integrity.7.50 pm. It’s now 8 pm and I have to go toparty HQ. I really don’t want to do it. I feellike the winner of a major battle who goes backto the battlefield afterwards and is sad<strong>de</strong>nedbecause he can no longer hear the roar of combator smell gunpow<strong>de</strong>r in the air. Curiously,when an election finishes and before theygo out in front of the media to evaluate theresults, the bosses, all of the ones I’ve had, nolonger want to hear what I have to say. I loveto see them, especially when they fall, like monarchswho sud<strong>de</strong>nly realise that the <strong>de</strong>gradationof power is implicit in the solitariness ofthe p<strong>la</strong>yer. While you keep them next to peoplefor a few weeks they think they can change theworld. But when they go back to their pa<strong>la</strong>cesthey are small megalomaniacs surroun<strong>de</strong>d bynothing. However, all of this leaves me cold, itreally does. As a friend of mine likes to say, amedical examiner doesn’t like <strong>de</strong>ad people, hejust works with them.The victory machine: consultancy asone of the fine artsA trip around the various websites on the inter<strong>net</strong>which offer political marketing services gives an i<strong>de</strong>aof the complexity of the electoral phenomenon and itsmarketing dimension. Going round the virtual sectionsof one of these companies is to experience the sophisticatedpoetry of victory in its most contemporary meaning.“Crisis management”, “campaign kit” and “electoralsoftware” are some of these sub-sections whichdisclose a world of possibilities for achieving success.Because “success” and “victory” have a very specialrooftop in politics from where you can see (from above)the rooftops of other professional spheres. It is a vantagepoint that only a few have access to; to begin with,those who can pay for it and hence can always win.The day after22,187,000 people voted for us. We’ve lost theelection, but I’ve won the campaign. I’ve goneup by almost two million votes. Or to put itanother way I’ve managed to take two millionvotes off another party… two million. Twomillion people who have believed, who believethat just for four years, that what I told themsoun<strong>de</strong>d true. No-one will ever know the pleasureof influencing the political leanings of somany people. To be honest, I couldn’t care lessthat we’ve lost. Towards midnight they calledto congratu<strong>la</strong>te me, an unmistakeable signthat they know, as I do, that the campaignhas been mine and the elections theirs. Youmay think this is weird, but one thing is notthe same as the other. Firstly because they willbe back on TV today to say the same thingsas ever, that they’ll be doing more and so on,but no-one will remember what I’ve done in aweek’s time. Secondly, because I will do a campaignthat is i<strong>de</strong>ntical to this one and no-onewill think of saying that that’s bad, becauseno-one will remember that it’s already beendone before somewhere else at another time.Does anyone remember that I’ve already usedthe same slogan in three different campaigns?Of course not.Will anyone remember the tone of the slogan and themain issues in the campaign?Will anyone remember the argument, the pyramidargument?Will the voters ever know how and why the candidate’simage was manipu<strong>la</strong>ted?Will voters know what communication theorists meanwhen they talk about “target groups”, “socio<strong>de</strong>mographicsegments”, “natural electorate” and “core vote”?And when someone discovers that the same sloganhas been used in three countries in three different campaigns,will it matter? Will it matter when we see thesame campaign director working in the USA, Bolivia andIsrael? No. There will be only a moment’s surprise whichwill bring us to un<strong>de</strong>rstand that the market for politics istruly the most global one and that the people who pull itsstrings in the background are those who move many ofthe “social emotions” of our small world.The victory machine: knowledge, experience, method. I like campaigns with maximum impact.A campaign can be conceived and executed with no mistakes when it’s directed by a masterconsultant with twenty successful years of experience in the Americas and Europe, and backed bya team ma<strong>de</strong> up of the best international professionals in advertising production and politicalcommunication. To achieve victory all you have to do is aim for the top. You can’t economise ona campaign, because what’s really expensive is losing the election; looking like a dickhead whenyou go on TV at the end of election night to say that you’ve won, when in fact they’ve given youa real hiding.I want to call Miguel, like the boss who’s called his opponent to congratu<strong>la</strong>te him. I don’t knowwhether I should. Maybe it’s a bit pretentious. Miguel has lost the campaign; one and a half millionfewer votes but by contrast his boss has won and will be Presi<strong>de</strong>nt. That’s the way things are.I’ve reread the start of this diary and I guess I should really finish it with some reference to thatstrange feeling which caused me to write it. But it’s no longer there. It’s gone. It was nothing.


Agra<strong>de</strong>cimientos/AcknowledgementsReuven Adler, Likud, IsraelAgrupación Ruiz Mateos, EspañaYoussef Ait Bahado, EspañaSelçúk Akinci, Groenlinks, Ho<strong>la</strong>ndaEnrique Albistur, Archivo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nación, ArgentinaJames Alexan<strong>de</strong>r, Time4Change, Reino UnidoOscar Alonso, Latido Films, EspañaAntoni Álvarez, Televisión Españo<strong>la</strong>-Catalunya, EspañaEdison Álvarez, Movimiento Popu<strong>la</strong>r Democrático, EcuadorAinhoa Antúnez, BSB Comunicación, EspañaEneka Aranzabal, EspañaRex Arell, <strong>El</strong>ection Enrolment Centre, Nueva Ze<strong>la</strong>ndaDiana Arias, Oficina Nacional <strong>de</strong> Procesos <strong><strong>El</strong>ectorales</strong>, PerúAmaia Arrizaba<strong>la</strong>ga, Nafarroa Bai, EspañaRamón Artemán, Metropolitana, EspañaNuria Asensio, Partit <strong>de</strong>ls Socialistes <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaDr. Gustavo Aya<strong>la</strong>, Partido Socialista-Frente Amplio, EcuadorJane Balfour, The War Room, Estados UnidosAntonio Barrena, A<strong>la</strong>va 7, EspañaIsaías Barreñada, Casa Árabe-Instituto Internacional <strong>de</strong>Estudios Árabes y <strong>de</strong>l Mundo Musulmán, EspañaAmèlia Bautista, Iniciativa per Catalunya-Verds, EspañaKattia Benavi<strong>de</strong>s, Presi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> República, Costa RicaEduard <strong>de</strong> Benito, Izquierda Unida Albolote, EspañaMontserrat Besses, Televisió <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaJosé Antonio Bermú<strong>de</strong>z <strong>de</strong> Castro, Partido Popu<strong>la</strong>r, EspañaAna Betanzos, Partido Socialista <strong>de</strong> Euskadi, EspañaSindre Fossum Beyer, Arbei<strong>de</strong>rspartiet, NoruegaM.ª Assumpta Bisbal, Generalitat <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaAdolfo Bornaetxea, EspañaAnna Bosch, Estados UnidosSaskia Böttcher, Liberal Ver<strong>la</strong>g, AlemaniaRafa Bustos, Observatorio <strong>El</strong>ectoral/Taller <strong>de</strong> EstudiosInter-MediterráneosBruno Cabral, Bloco <strong>de</strong> Esquerda, PortugalIlva Cal<strong>de</strong>rón, Ministerio <strong>de</strong>l Interior, Venezue<strong>la</strong>Célia Camacho, Ju<strong>de</strong>nic, NicaraguaRoberto Cámara, Canal6NA, EspañaLucio Ca<strong>net</strong>ti, Universidad Internacional Ramón Díaz SonsecaMiguel Canone, Archivo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nación, ArgentinaLuis Canseco, EspañaZayra Caravallo, Partido Popu<strong>la</strong>r Democrático, Puerto RicoFrancesc Xavier Carbonell i Margenat, Partit Carlí <strong>de</strong>Catalunya, EspañaCamino Carrillo, Fa<strong>la</strong>nge Españo<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s JONS, EspañaCasa África, Las Palmas <strong>de</strong> Gran Canaria, EspañaFernando Castro Molina, Partido Patriota, Guatema<strong>la</strong>Victor Cavaco, Os Ver<strong>de</strong>s, PortugalAlekos Chalvatzis, KKE, GreciaIngrid Ch<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>k, Österreichische Volkspartei, AustriaAntos Cialeznikau, Lukashenko Campaign, BielorrusiaEdgar Clement, MéxicoLaura Cores, EspañaJason Courtney, Conservateur, CanadáEnrique Cresto, Mov. <strong>de</strong> Unidad Peronista Entrerriano, ArgentinaTamin <strong>El</strong> Da<strong>la</strong>ti, Casa Árabe, EspañaRicard <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Casa, Verds d’Andorra, AndorraJosé Ignacio Delgado, Tierra Comunera, EspañaTania Derveaux, NEE, Bélgica<strong>El</strong>ena Despra<strong>de</strong>l, PoloniaAlexa Dubard, FranciaMarie Laurence Dubois, Etopia-Centre d’Animation et <strong>de</strong>Recherche en Écologie Politique, BélgicaRena Dundovic, North Woods Advertising, Estados UnidosEmbajada <strong>de</strong> Ghana, EspañaDavid Earnhardt, Uncounted, Estados UnidosEric Ettinger, BrasilAngel Luis Fortún, Convergencia <strong>de</strong> Demócratas <strong>de</strong>Navarra, EspañaJoana Freistero, EspañaYukiko Fukaya, JapónJohn Fuller, South Norfolk Conservatives Assoc., Reino UnidoJosep Fusté, Iniciativa per Catalunya-Verds, EspañaPatricia Garcé, Monóculo-Teverec, UruguayTeresa García, Partido Popu<strong>la</strong>r, EspañaLucas García Guirao, Ministerio <strong>de</strong>l Interior, EspañaRosario García Mahamut, Dir. Gral. <strong>de</strong> Política Interior, EspañaRoberto Gasparotti, Forza Italia, ItaliaHelena Gaya, Ciutadans, EspañaMariastel<strong>la</strong> Gelmini, Forza Italia, ItaliaHerrn Goertz, Die Republikaner, AlemaniaMarta González, Unión <strong>de</strong>l Pueblo Navarro, EspañaGuillermo González, Alianza País, EcuadorGermà Gordó, Convergència i Unió, EspañaJonathan Van <strong>de</strong>r Geer, Christen Unie, Ho<strong>la</strong>ndaLarry Grant, Estados UnidosAndreu Gual, KeniaRita Gual, EspañaJorge Gualtieri, Archivo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Nación, ArgentinaDeniz Gul, TurquíaFernando Guridi, Monóculo-Teverec, UruguayDemetris Kamaras, Nea Demokratia, GreciaMatthew Kohn, Call it Democracy, Estados UnidosKatarzina Król, Partia Kobiet, PoloniaWill Hammel, Tom Tancredo Campaign, Estados UnidosAlice Henty, Hacking Democracy, Teale-Edwards productionLlc, Estados UnidosCarmen Heredia, Diputació <strong>de</strong> Barcelona-Grup Popu<strong>la</strong>r, EspañaShelly L. Hettleman, Ben Cardin Campaign, Estados UnidosAlice Henty, Teale-Edwards Production, Estados UnidosMarius Heuser, Partei für Soziale Gleichheit, AlemaniaBill Hillsman, North Woods Advertising, Estados UnidosJörg Hüster, Sozial<strong>de</strong>mokratische Partei Deutsch<strong>la</strong>nds, AlemaniaDariusz Huzarek, PoloniaKim Hyun-Sung, Ministerio <strong>El</strong>ectoral, Corea <strong>de</strong>l SurC<strong>la</strong>rien Ijlstra, Democraten 66, Ho<strong>la</strong>ndaFrancisco Javier <strong>de</strong> Istúriz, Embajada <strong>de</strong> España, JapónJ. Antonio Il<strong>de</strong>fonso Huertas, Izquierda Unida Albolote, EspañaShanto Iyengar, University of Stanford, Estados UnidosRon Johnson, New Democratic Party, CanadáTona Julià, Televisió <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaKumas Kombain, UNDP, CamerúnAb<strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>ziz Kourta, Television Algerienne, ArgeliaCarme Lagunas, Generalitat <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaKaterina Lambrinou, Panellinio Sosialistiko Kimina, GreciaChristiane Lang, Christlich Demokratische Union, AlemaniaDaniel Lauzon, Liberal Party, CanadáSébastien Layerle, Ciné-Archives, FranciaLudo Leen, V<strong>la</strong>ams Be<strong>la</strong>ng, BélgicaFrancesco Lenti, Sinistra Giovanile, ItaliaAlberto di Leo, Proforma Multimedia e Comunicazione, ItaliaMichelle Levine, Ale Yarok, IsraelFernando Lista, Partido Popu<strong>la</strong>r, EspañaMarion Lochard, FranciaAna López, Embajada <strong>de</strong> España, EcuadorDiana López Gamboa, EspañaMark Lucas, Silverfi sh, Reino UnidoManuel, Union Advocacy, CanadáLucía Marín, Presi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> República, Costa RicaAlexan<strong>de</strong>r Marinof, GreciaNick Martin, Labour Party, AustraliaFátima Martins Lópes, Partido Social Demócrata, PortugalKike Marzo, EspañaVicente Mas, Embajada <strong>de</strong> España, CamerúnLewis Mazanti, J. P. Kanter, Political Archive, Estados UnidosAmanda McCormack, National Film & Sound Archive, AustraliaJeremy McIlwaine, Conservative Party, Reino UnidoJosé Francisco Mendi, Izquierda Unida, EspañaÀlex Mestre, Ciutadans, EspañaGiovanni Micciché, Patto Siciliano, ItaliaAbraham Mil<strong>la</strong>res, Partido <strong>de</strong> Acción Nacional, MéxicoManami Mizuno, Partido Liberal Democrático, JapónRosario Montenegro, Alianza Liberal Nicaragüense, NicaraguaAna Morales, Partido Popu<strong>la</strong>r, EspañaCarmelo Moreno, Universidad <strong>de</strong>l País Vasco, EspañaAntoni Muntadas, Estados UnidosGabriele Muzio, Cómo Bush ganó <strong>la</strong>s elecciones en EcuadorKarl Nagel, Anarchistische Pogo-Partei, AlemaniaAngelika Nakonechnaya, EspañaYahaya Ndu, African Renaissance Party, NigeriaLaurent Noben, Parti Socialiste, BélgicaTim Nuthall, Labour Party, Reino UnidoIñigo O<strong>la</strong>barri, Ara<strong>la</strong>r, EspañaLluís Oliach, Coordinadora Reusenca In<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt, EspañaEva Ollé Ferré, U.S. Consu<strong>la</strong>te General-Barcelona, EspañaMaría <strong>de</strong> Oteyza, Ciudadanía Activa, Venezue<strong>la</strong>Iñaki Otxoa, Eusko Alkartasuna, EspañaTakako Otsuki, EspañaFelip Palou, Partit Socialista <strong>de</strong> les Illes Balears, EspañaLouis Pawid, Dick Gordon Campaign, FilipinasDenys Patry, Parti Quèbecois, CanadáFrancesc Pérez, Televisió <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaMassimo Maria Piana, Forza Italia, ItaliaAntonel<strong>la</strong> Pichierri, Proforma Multimedia e Comunicazione, ItaliaJolene Pin<strong>de</strong>r, Arts Engine, Estados UnidosAntonis Polemitis, National TV, Estados UnidosNammi Porooshasb, Liberal Party, CanadáLuis María Prego, Partido Nacionalista Vasco, EspañaRoberto Puga, Alianza País, EcuadorHernán Riva<strong>de</strong>neira, Partido Socialista, EcuadorAida Rivero, Gran Alianza Nacional, Guatema<strong>la</strong>Franck Robichon, JapónJoaquín Ro<strong>de</strong>ro, Izquierda Republicana, EspañaNatxo Rodríguez, EspañaValentí Roma, EspañaIgnacio Roncal, Canal6NA, EspañaGloria Saad, LBC Group, LíbanoHugo San Martín, Centro <strong>de</strong> Estudios para <strong>la</strong> Profundización<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Democracia, BoliviaCarlos A. Sánchez Munguía, ¿Quién es el Sr. López?, México


Contenidos DVD/DVD contentEren Saracevic, EspañaFe<strong>de</strong>rica Sasso, Luben Production, ItaliaInés Sastre, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, EspañaAngelina Scalzo, Partij van <strong>de</strong> Arbeid, Ho<strong>la</strong>ndaAn<strong>net</strong>te Schäfer, Die Grünen, AlemaniaOlive Schroe<strong>de</strong>r, Partei Demokratischen Sozialismus, AlemaniaNick Sharpe, The <strong>El</strong>ectoral Commission, Reino UnidoJuan Ignacio Sell, Embajada <strong>de</strong> España, RusiaTony Siino, revista Rosalio.it, ItaliaRicardo Sison, Senator Ping Lacson Office, FilipinasMariana Siqueira, BrasilAlfredo Sirkis, Partido Ver<strong>de</strong>, BrasilLa Sixtina, EspañaBarry Smit, Socialistische Partij, Ho<strong>la</strong>ndaKazuhiro Soda, Laboratory X, JapónMihnea Stanciu, RumaníaReiner Strutz, Die Linke, AlemaniaHiraku Sugawara, Partido Comunista, JapónFredrik Svensson, Folk Partiet Liberalerna, SueciaFareed Taamal<strong>la</strong>h, Central <strong>El</strong>ections Commission, PalestinaMiyuki Tabei, Instituto Cervantes, JapónSascha Taylor, Mark Taylor Campaign, Estados UnidosPeter Terrijn, Comité voor een An<strong>de</strong>re Politiek, BélgicaMary Tower, Drew Associates Inc., Estados UnidosAlessandro Turci, Forza Italia, ItaliaUniversidadAutónoma <strong>de</strong> Madrid, EspañaJosep Vall, Esquerra Republicana <strong>de</strong> Catalunya, EspañaNancy Ventura, Canal Seis <strong>de</strong> Julio, MéxicoGabriel Villota, Universidad <strong>de</strong>l País Vasco, EspañaA<strong>la</strong>in Vizier, Front National, FranciaBirgit Voight, Radikale, DinamarcaKennedy Wanja<strong>la</strong> Wafu<strong>la</strong>, KeniaSheridan West<strong>la</strong>ke, Conservative Party, Reino UnidoJeff Winston, Jim Rinch Campaign, Estados UnidosKim Yeun-Hee, EspañaSally Young, University of Melbourne, AustraliaIgnacio Zunzarren, Canal6NA, Españay a todas aquel<strong>la</strong>s personas que prefieren mantener el anonimato.Agra<strong>de</strong>cemos especialmente a <strong>El</strong>vira Dámaso su enorme generosidad.DVD 1Catástrofe/CatastropheMano dura/Hard lineLágrimas/TearsProvoto/ProvoteDVD 2Gemelos/TwinsOponentes/OpponentsFicción/FictionDVD 3Animación/AnimationMusical/MusicalParodia/ParodyDVD 4Patria/Home<strong>la</strong>ndCambio/ChanceTV/TV

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