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Potenciales y Viabilidad del Uso de Bioetanol y Biodiesel para el Transporte en México (SENER-BID-GTZ)Task C: Biodiesel production and end-use in Mexico; Task D: Potentials in relation to sustainability criteriaTask E: Rationales, drivers and barriers for biodiesel market introduction; Task F: Synthesis and recommendationsviscosity, cetane number; or providing limits on parameters which are not regulated in theASTM norm at all e.g. ash content, oxidation stability. ANP 255 contains most of theparameters listed in ASTM D6751 together with five other parameters from CEN EN 14212.Parameters included from CEN EN 14212 are: kinetic viscosity, acid number, cloud point,copper corrosion and specific gravity. The Brazilian standard ANP 255 is also more flexible interms variety of vegetable lipid sources (EnAu, 2005, FBDS, 2005).Tab. 3-5: International quality standards for biodiesel (FBDS, 2005, EnAu, 2003)PROPERTIESUNITBrazilianstandardANP 255U.S. standardASTM D- 6751European standardEN 14214Flash Point (ºC) min. 100 130 101Water and sediments (%-vol.) max. 0.05 0.05 -Viscosity cin. 40ºC (mm 2 /s) 2.5 to 5.5 1.9to6.0 3.5 to 5.0Sulphated Ashes (%m/m) max 0.02 0.02 0.02Sulphur (%m/m) 0.0001 0.05 0.0001Corrosivity to copper 3h – 50ºC, max. 1 3 1Cetane number min. 45 47 51Carbon residue (%m/m) max. 0.05 0.05 0.03Acidity(mg KOH/g)max0.8 0.8 0.5Free Glycerin (%m/m) max. 0.02 0.02 0.02Total Glycerin (%m/m) max. 0.38 0.24 0.25Distillation 95% of the recovered (ºC), max. 360 360 (90%rec.) -Specific mass at 20ºC (kg/m 3 ) 850 – 900 0 860 to 900 at 15ºCMethanol or ethanol content (%m/m) max. 0.5 - 0.2Iodine value max. Annotate - 120Monoglycerides (%m/m) max. 1.00 - 0.8Diglycerides (%m/m) max. 0.25 - 0.2Triglycerides (%m/m) max. 0.25 - 0.2Alkaline metal content (Na + K) (mg/kg) max. 10 - 5Ca + Mg (mg/kg) ----- 5Phosphor content (mg/kg) max 10 ----- 10Oxidation stability at 110ºC (h) min. 6 To be defined 6Contaminants (mg/kg) max. ----- 24Ester content (%m/m) min. ---- 97Methyl Esters from linoleic acid (%m/m) max. ------- ------- 12Polyunsaturate (> 4 doublebindings)max. ------- -------- 13.3.2 Factors of influence on the biodiesel qualityThis section of the technical feasibility outlines parameters for biodiesel that can potentially bespecified in a biodiesel quality standard. As mentioned above the quality of biodiesel isdepended on the one hand side on the properties of the feedstock and on the other side on the34
Potenciales y Viabilidad del Uso de Bioetanol y Biodiesel para el Transporte en México (SENER-BID-GTZ)Task C: Biodiesel production and end-use in Mexico; Task D: Potentials in relation to sustainability criteriaTask E: Rationales, drivers and barriers for biodiesel market introduction; Task F: Synthesis and recommendationsproduction technology. The main properties of biodiesel that are determine by the structure ofits component fatty esters include the cold flow properties, cetane number, oxidation stability,iodine value and viscosity.One of the main parameter according quality issues are the cold flow properties. The lowtemperature operability of diesel fuel is commonly characterized by three tests used tomeasure the cold flow properties - the cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) andpour point (PP). The value to be reached depends on the region of use, but the result is directlyrelated to the type of oil, which was used for the biodiesel production. High values could limitbiodiesel utilization in cold weather regions. Saturated fatty compounds have significantlyhigher melting points than unsaturated fatty compounds and in a mixture they crystallize athigher temperature than the unsaturated oils/fats. Thus biodiesel fuels derived from fats or oilswith significant amounts of saturated fatty compounds like animal fats or palm oil will displayhigher in comparison to e.g. rapeseed oil. Several approaches to the low-temperature problemsof esters have been investigated including blending with conventional diesel fuels,winterization, additives, branched-chain esters, ad bulky substituents in the chain(Tyson & McCormick, 2006).Fig. 3-11 Relation between content of saturated fatty acids in biodiesel (without additives) and its CFPP value(Hilber, 2005)A chemical property that also is correlated with the fatty acid composition of the feedstock isthe cetane number. The cetane number is the indicator for ignition quality. High cetanenumbers contribute to easy cold starting and low idle noise. As well they are correlated withreduced nitrogen oxides (NO X ) exhaust emissions. In general the cetane number oils/fatsdecrease with increasing saturation and increase with increasing chain length, i.e.uninterrupted CH 2 moieties (EnAu, 2003).Even if the oxidative stability is influence of parameters such as presence of air, heat andlight the influence compound structure of the fatty esters is even greater. More in detail the35
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1 Executive Summary
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Potenciales y Viabilidad del Uso de
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2 Background
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2. El sector agrícolaPotenciales y
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Task 2 & Task A: Mexico’s energy
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1. De lo general1.1. El Entorno fí
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13. AnexoPotenciales y Viabilidad d
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II. Uso del SueloPotenciales y Viab
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14. BibliografíaPotenciales y Viab
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Task 4: Ethanol feedstocksIgnacio L
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Lista de TablasPotenciales y Viabil
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Anexo 1.Potenciales y Viabilidad de
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Task 6: Potentials in relation to s
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Task 8: Synthesis and recommendatio
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4 Biodiesel in Mexico
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5 Advisory Board Sessions
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Comité Consultivo sobre Biocombust
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Asistentes a las Sesiones del Comit
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• Francisco MereDirector GeneralF
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• Manuel Enríquez PoyVicepreside
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• Rosario Conde B.Consultor Indep
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