Lupus
Artículo de lupus Nature
Artículo de lupus Nature
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
PRIMER
102. Ines, L. et al. Classification of systemic lupus
erythematosus: Systemic Lupus International
Collaborating Clinics Versus American College of
Rheumatology Criteria. A comparative study of 2,055
patients from a real-life, international systemic lupus
erythematosus cohort. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken)
67, 1180–1185 (2015).
103. Amezcua-Guerra, L. M., Higuera‐Ortiz, V.,
Arteaga‐García, U., Gallegos-Nava, S. & Hübbe-Tena, C.
Performance of the 2012 Systemic Lupus International
Collaborating Clinics and the 1997 American College of
Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus
erythematosus in a real-life scenario. Arthritis Care Res.
(Hoboken) 67, 437–441 (2015).
104. Touma, Z., Gladman, D. D. & Urowitz, M. B. in Dubois
Lupus Erythematosus and Related Syndromes
(eds Wallace, D. J. & Hahn, B. H.) 563–581 (2013).
105. Abu-Shakra, M. et al. Mortality studies in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Results from a single center. II.
Predictor variables for mortality. J. Rheumatol. 22,
1265–1270 (1995).
106. Steiman, A. J. et al. Prolonged clinical remission
in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
J. Rheumatol. 41, 1808–1816 (2014).
107. Steiman, A. J. et al. Prolonged serologically active
clinically quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus:
frequency and outcome. J. Rheumatol. 37,
1822–1827 (2010).
108. Franklyn, K. et al. Definition and initial validation
of a Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS).
Ann. Rheum. Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/
annrheumdis-2015-207726 (2015).
109. Gladman, D. et al. The development and initial
validation of the Systemic Lupus International
Collaborating Clinics/American College of
Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 363–369 (1996).
110. Gladman, D. D. et al. The reliability of the Systemic
Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American
College of Rheumatology Damage Index in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum.
40, 809–813 (1997).
111. Rahman, P. et al. Early damage as measured by the
SLICC/ACR damage index is a predictor of mortality in
systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 10, 93–96
(2001).
112. Bruce, I. N. et al. Factors associated with damage
accrual in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:
results from the Systemic Lupus International
Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) inception cohort.
Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 1706–1713 (2015).
This is a multinational study of 1,722 patients with
SLE that found that patients with tissue damage
are at higher risk of further damage accrual, earlier
mortality and worse physical functioning.
The identification of these patients represents
a key strategy in the future and may be predicted
by use of the SDI.
113. Gladman, D. D. et al. Recommendations for frequency
of visits to monitor systemic lupus erythematosus in
asymptomatic patients: data from an observational
cohort study. J. Rheumatol. 40, 630–633 (2013).
114. Mosca, L. et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for
the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women
— 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart
Association. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 57, 1404–1423
(2011).
115. Urowitz, M. B., Ibanez, D. & Gladman, D. D.
Atherosclerotic vascular events in a single large lupus
cohort: prevalence and risk factors. J. Rheumatol. 34,
70–75 (2007).
116. Tunnicliffe, D. J. et al. Diagnosis, monitoring
and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus:
a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines.
Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 67, 1440–1453 (2015).
Although management guidelines for SLE have
been published by several key groups, this
systematic analysis suggests that there are
substantial disparities between guidelines and
the need for more international consensus in the
management of patients with SLE. There is a
need for understudied areas of SLE to be better
represented in future guidelines.
117. Mosca, M. et al. European League Against
Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring
patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical
practice and in observational studies. Ann. Rheum.
Dis. 69, 1269–1274 (2010).
118. Bultink, I. E. Osteoporosis and fractures in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken)
64, 72–78 (2012).
119. Jeltsch-David, H. & Muller, S. Neuropsychiatric
systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and
biomarkers. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10, 579–596 (2014).
120. Ibanez, D. et al. Optimal frequency of visits for patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus to measure disease
activity over time. J. Rheumatol. 38, 60–63 (2011).
121. Pego-Reigosa, J. M. et al. Efficacy and safety of
nonbiologic immunosuppressants in the treatment of
nonrenal systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic
review. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 65, 1775–1785
(2013).
122. Alarcon, G. S. et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the
survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:
data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort
(LUMINA L). Ann. Rheum. Dis. 66, 1168–1172 (2007).
123. Tsakonas, E. et al. A long-term study of
hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations
in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian
Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. Lupus 7,
1180–1185 (1998).
124. Chen, Y.‐M. et al. Hydroxychloroquine reduces risk of
incident diabetes mellitus in lupus patients in a dosedependent
manner: a population based cohort study.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 54, 1244–1249 (2015).
125. van Vollenhoven, R. F. et al. Belimumab in the
treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: high
disease activity predictors of response. Ann. Rheum.
Dis. 71, 1343–1349 (2012).
126. Wallace, D. J. et al. Safety profile of belimumab:
pooled data from placebo-controlled phase 2 and 3
studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus 22, 1144–1154 (2013).
127. Petri, M. A. et al. Effects of prasterone on disease
activity and symptoms in women with active systemic
lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 50,
2858–2568 (2004).
128.van Vollenhoven, R. F. & McGuire, J. L. Estrogen,
progesterone, and testosterone: can they be used
to treat autoimmune diseases? Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 61,
2276–2284 (1994).
129. Naafs, B. et al. Thalidomide treatment of subacute
cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol. 107,
83–86 (1982).
130. Wolfe, F. et al. Fibromyalgia, systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), and evaluation of SLE activity.
J. Rheumatol. 36, 82–88 (2009).
131. Appenzeller, S., Pallone, A. T., Natalin, R. A.
& Costallat, L. T. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction
in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Rheumatol.
15, 117–119 (2009).
132. Gladman, D. et al. Accrual of organ damage over time
in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
J. Rheumatol. 30, 1955–1959 (2003).
133. Thamer, M. et al. Prednisone, lupus activity
and permanent organ damage. J. Rheumatol. 36,
560–564 (2009).
134. Chambers, S. et al. Damage and mortality in a group
of British patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford)
48, 673–675 (2009).
135. Fischer-Betz, R. et al. Renal outcome in patients with
lupus nephritis using a steroid-free regimen of monthly
intravenous cyclophosphamide: a prospective
observational study. J. Rheumatol. 39, 2211–2217
(2012).
136. Zeher, M. et al. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated
mycophenolate sodium in combination with two
glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active
lupus nephritis. Lupus 20, 1484–1493 (2011).
137. Condon, M. B. et al. Prospective observational
single‐centre cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness
of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and
mycophenolate mofetil but no oral steroids.
Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 1280–1286 (2013).
Although evidence from case series suggested that
B cell depletion with rituximab had benefits in SLE
nephritis, the LUNAR and EXPLORER trials
did not meet end points. This open-label study
demonstrates that rituximab and low-dose
glucocorticoids in class IV SLE nephritis can
be effective treatments.
138. Tak, M. Treatment of severe lupus nephritis: the new
horizon. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 11, 46–61 (2015).
Historically, cyclophosphamide with its attendant
adverse effects had been the mainstay of
treatment for patients with SLE nephritis. This
review demonstrates the progression to increased
use of mycophenolate mofetil as induction therapy,
owing to its efficacy at inducing remission
compared with lupus nephritis, with a better
safety profile than cyclophosphamide.
139. Houssiau, F. A. et al. Immunosuppressive therapy
in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial,
a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose
intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum. 46,
2121–2131 (2002).
140. Houssiau, F. A. et al. The 10‐year follow‐up data
of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose
and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide.
Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 61–64 (2010).
141. Gunnarsson, I. & Jonsdottir, T. Rituximab treatment
in lupus nephritis — where do we stand? Lupus 22,
381–389 (2013).
142. Rovin, B. H. et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in
patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis:
the lupus nephritis assessment with rituximab study.
Arthritis Rheum. 64, 1215–1226 (2012).
143. van Vollenhoven, R. F. Rituximab — shadow, illusion
or light? Autoimmun. Rev. 11, 563–567 (2012).
144. US National Library of Medicine. RING — rituximab
for lupus nephritis with remission as a goal (RING).
ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/
NCT01673295 (2012).
145. Dooley, M. A. et al. Mycophenolate versus
azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus
nephritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 1886–1895 (2011).
146. Houssiau, F. A. et al. Azathioprine versus
mycophenolate mofetil for long-term
immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from
the MAINTAIN Nephritis trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69,
2083–2089 (2010).
147. Pons-Estel, G. et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange for
the management of refractory systemic autoimmune
diseases: report of 31 cases and review of the
literature. Autoimmun. Rev. 10, 679–684 (2011).
148. Schmeding, A. & Schneider, M. Fatigue, health-related
quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes
in systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Prac. Res. Clin.
Rheumatol. 27, 363–375 (2013).
149. Yelin, E. et al. Work dynamics among persons with
systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 57,
356–363 (2007).
150. Gordon, C. et al. The substantial burden of systemic
lupus erythematosus on the productivity and careers
of patients: a European patient-driven online survey.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 52, 2292–2301 (2013).
151. Yazdany, J. Health-related quality of life measurement
in adult systemic lupus erythematosus: Lupus Quality
of Life (LupusQoL), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-
Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (SLEQOL),
and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Quality of Life
Questionnaire (L-QoL). Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken)
63, S2413–S2419 (2011).
152. Gladman, D. et al. Systemic Lupus International
Collaborating Clinics conference on assessment of
lupus flare and quality of life measures in SLE.
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics
Group. J. Rheumatol 23, 1953–1955 (1996).
153. Dua, A. B. et al. Top 10 recent developments in healthrelated
quality of life in patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 15, 380 (2013).
154. Ahn, G. E. & Ramsey-Goldman, R. Fatigue in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Int. J. Clin. Rheumtol. 7,
217–227 (2012).
This paper is an overview of the factors that are
important in SLE fatigue. Although obesity, physical
activity levels, depression, anxiety and vitamin D
levels are important, the relationship to disease
activity levels is much less clear.
155. Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Gordo, S., Olivares, N.,
Egurbide, M.‐V. & Aguirre, C. Changes in vitamin D
levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:
effects on fatigue, disease activity, and damage.
Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 62, 1160–1165 (2010).
156. Furie, R. et al. Clinical, laboratory and health-related
quality of life correlates of Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus Responder Index response:
a post hoc analysis of the phase 3 belimumab trials.
Lupus Sci. Med. 1, e000031 (2014).
157. Hanly, J. G. et al. Mood disorders in systemic lupus
erythematosus: results from an international, inception
cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 67, 1837–1847 (2015).
158. Ruiz-Arruza, I. et al. Glucocorticoids and irreversible
damage in patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 53,
1470–1476 (2014).
Using an observational cohort of 230 patients with
SLE at inception with a 5‐year follow-up and SLICC
as a measure of tissue damage, 37% of patients
had accrued damage. Doses of >7.5 mg daily of
glucocorticoids were associated with higher levels
of damage attributable to the drug.
20 | 2016 | VOLUME 2 www.nature.com/nrdp
©2016 Mac mill an Publishers Li mited. All ri ghts reserved.