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<strong>Sinaarsi</strong><br />
pirveli germanuli gamocemis winasityvaoba . . . . .7<br />
meore gamocemis winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13<br />
pirveli gamocemis winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16<br />
WeSmariti vagnerianeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18<br />
gamamxnevebeli Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18<br />
nibelungebis beWedi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21<br />
`rainis oqro~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21<br />
scena I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23<br />
scena II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29<br />
scena III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34<br />
scena IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37<br />
vagneri – revolucioneri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43<br />
valkiriebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51<br />
I moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54<br />
II moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56<br />
III moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59<br />
zigfridi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62<br />
I moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63<br />
II moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69<br />
III moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72<br />
kvlav opera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
zigfridi, rogorc protestanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79<br />
panaceis Sarlatanoba, sxvagvarad – idealizmi . . 84<br />
votanis dramatuli sawyisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86<br />
siyvarulis panacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87<br />
ara siyvaruli, aramed sicocxle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92<br />
anarqizmi panacea rodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94<br />
`zigfridis~ dasasruli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96<br />
`RmerTebis daisi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96<br />
prologi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96<br />
I moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97<br />
II moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101<br />
vagneruli sagazeTo polemika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105<br />
III moqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109<br />
ufro – daviwyebuli vidre – dasrulebuli . . .111<br />
ratom gadaifiqra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115<br />
vagneriseuli ganmarteba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125<br />
pesimisti da siyvarulis maZiebeli . . . . . . . . . . . .131<br />
`beWdis~ musika – warmomadgenlobiTi Temebi . . . .135<br />
daxasiaTeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139<br />
Zveli da axali musika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144<br />
XIX saukune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149<br />
momavlis musika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157<br />
bairoiTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158<br />
bairoiTi inglisSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163<br />
vagneris momRerlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
pirveli germanuli gamocemis<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
gadavikiTxe Cemi wignis es germanuli versia Cemi<br />
megobris, zigfrid trebiCis xelnawerSi da gamaoca<br />
uadgilobam Cemeuli, pirdapir rom vTqva, uaryofiTi<br />
Sefasebisa imis Taobaze, rom `RmerTebis daisi~ ar<br />
Seesatyviseba `beWdis~ zogadfilosofiur Canafiqrs.<br />
is Sefaseba garkveulwilad marTebulia, oRond isea<br />
naTqvami, TiTqos `RmerTebis daisis~ saopero xasiaTi<br />
Sedegi iyo gulgrilobisa Tu gulmaviwyobisa,<br />
rac gamoiwvia iman, rom nawarmoebis Cafiqrebidan mis<br />
dasrulebamde ocdaxuTma welma ganvlo. axla CemTvis<br />
cxadia, rom vagners, ragind didad Secvliliyo, arc<br />
uyuradReboba dasCemebia da arc gulgriloba. amitomac<br />
wigns axali nawili CavurTe, sadac vaCvene, Tu<br />
rogor daamtkica dasavleTevropul revoluciaTa<br />
istoriam 1848 wlis libe raluri afeTqebidan 1871<br />
wlis parizis socialisturi, samxedro da municipaluri<br />
marTvis uTavbolo mcdelobamde (anu vagneris<br />
mier `nibelungis beWdis~ dawyebidan `RmerTebis daisis~<br />
dasrulebamde, ramac didi xniT daigviana), rom<br />
arsebuli wesrigis gaqroba imaze bevrad rTuli saqme<br />
gamodga, vidre vagneris `zigfridSi~ Cans. amis gamo<br />
Cavamate wignSi axali Tavi, romelmac originaluri<br />
inglisuri teqstis zogierT mkiTxvels egeb am wignis<br />
germanulad gadakiTxviskenac ubiZgos.<br />
cota xanSi marTlac momiwevs, inglisel mkiTxvel<br />
s es germanuli gamocema mivuTiTo, rogorc<br />
arsebulTagan yvelaze sruli.<br />
7
8<br />
me didad var davalebuli her trebiCisagan,<br />
romelmac Tanamedrove germanel mwerlad maqcia<br />
(nacvlad imisa, rom mxolod eTargmna ingliseli<br />
avtori), da amitom valdebuli var, aRvniSno: mas<br />
aranairi pasuxis mgebloba ar ekisreba imaze, Tu<br />
ra Sexeduleba maqvs vagnerze – igi xelovania da<br />
lite ratori da ara propagandisti da gamoxatavs<br />
germanulenovan xalxTa politikur kritikas,<br />
romelic drodadro aeWvebs evropaSi wesierebiT<br />
ganTqmul Tanamedrove avtoritetebs. da vinaidan<br />
SesaZloa, eWvqveS dadges swored is urTierTgageba,<br />
romelic ase amSvenebs mis Targmans, neba momeciT,<br />
axlave ganvacxado, rom me germaniasTan mijaWvuli<br />
var im kavSirebiT, romlebic Cemi arsebis sayrdens<br />
warmoadgens. imas rodi vambob, rigiTi germaneli<br />
momwonsmeTqi. an ki vis moswons, Tundac missave<br />
qveyanaSi, magram rigiTi kaci xom arsad ar aris<br />
popularuli; da vinaidan arc erT germanels ar<br />
miaCnia Tavi rigiTad, yoveli mkiTxveli, rogorc<br />
gamorCeuli adamiani, TanamigrZnobs, rom rigiTi<br />
jogi ar miyvars. Tumca, Tu Tanamedrove tipuri<br />
germanelis siyvaruls ver vaxerxeb, is xom mainc<br />
SemiZlia, Sevibralo da gavugo. germanelis yvelaze<br />
didi nakli imis miuxvedre lobaa, rom SeiZleba zedmeti<br />
siqvele hqondes. raki sjera, rom movaleoba,<br />
sibejiTe, ganaTleba, loialoba, patriotizmi da<br />
darbaisloba siqvelea (didsulovnebas gamoviCen<br />
da vaRiareb, rom yovelive es marTlac ar aris<br />
mankiereba, oRond uaRresi zomierebis farglebSi,<br />
Sesaferis drosa da Sesaferis adgilas), amitom am<br />
siqveleebs yvelgan da yovelTvis usircxvilod<br />
da usazomod gamoiCens xolme. Semzarav danaSaulsac<br />
Caidens, Tuki am danaSauls mis movaleobad<br />
warmousaxaven, muSaobas gadayola ufro Rupavs,
vidre smas gadayola; Tu saimiso saxsari aqvs, rom<br />
vaJiSvilebs saSualo ganaTleba misces, aRmoCndeba,<br />
rom xuTi vaJidan sams Turme cxovrebis niWi da<br />
unari daukarges gamocdebma, romelTac mxolod<br />
WeSmaritad xisTaviani Tu Caabarebda dausjelad;<br />
da Tu patrioti da wesieri mefe hyavs (aseTi mefe<br />
cotaa), Zeglebs daudgams da karlos dids da henrix<br />
IIIze metad gaaRmerTebs. samagierod, roca genioss<br />
Sexvdeba, instinqturad Seuracxyofs, aSimSilebs<br />
da, Tuki SeZlo, cixeSi Ca agdebs da moklavs kidec.<br />
gana me ki srulqmnilad momaqvs Tavi?! Rmer Tmani,<br />
yovel cismare dRes mTeli ZalRoniT vebrZvi<br />
imas, rasac germanelebi adamianis maRal miswrafebebs<br />
eZaxian. Cinebulad vici, raoden didi sacduria<br />
zneobrioba, Tavganwirva, loialoba da patriotizmi,<br />
darbaisloba da kargi reputacia, magram me vebrZvi<br />
amas da ramdenadac adamianis sisuste saSualebas<br />
maZlevs, vamarcxeb, xolo germaneli ise gaswiravs<br />
Tavs yovelive amisaTvis, wamiTac ar dafiqrdeba;<br />
is ki ara, iamayebs kidevac Tavisi RvTismoSiSi<br />
TavSeukaveblobiTa da TviTSemwynareblobiT. mas<br />
veraferi gankurnavs am maniisagan, romelsac axali<br />
socialuri eqsperimentebisa da moZvelebul<br />
uwyebaTa reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas sabolood<br />
SeiZleba mohyves SimSiloba, gamanadgurebeli<br />
gadasaxadebi da yovelnairi Tavisuflebis<br />
daTrgunva, snobizmi, Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba,<br />
kerpTayvanismcemloba da yvelganmsufevi<br />
tirania, romliskenac germanels misive eqimi da<br />
skolis maswavlebeli, veqili da mRvdeli ufro ubi<br />
Zgeben, vidre romelime Tanamdebobis piri Tu ser<br />
Janti; mereda, ra?! germaneli ambobs, rac marTalia,<br />
is albaT kargicaa da, amitom rac meti, miT ukeTesio.<br />
hoda, vinc ki amas SeewinaaRmdegeba, yvela aramzadaa.<br />
9
10<br />
germaniis socialdemokratebic ki mxolod imiT<br />
gansxvavdebian danarCenebisagan, rom maT akademiur<br />
orTodoqsobas vera kaci ver gauZlebs – TviT germanelic<br />
ki. me, CemdaTavad, socialistic gaxlavarT<br />
da demokratic, asamde platformis mebrZoli da<br />
inglisis yvelaze saxelovani lideri socialisturi<br />
organizaciis liderTa Soris. iseTive cnobili kaci<br />
var inglisur socializmSi, rogoric bebeli – germanulSi;<br />
magram xom ar ggoniaT, germanel socialdemokratebs<br />
gulze vexatebi? nuras ukacravad.<br />
aTasjer mainc Sevvedrebivar, Cems germanel amxanagebs<br />
damaaxloveTmeTqi; miTxovia, yvela qveynis<br />
zeproletarebi gaerTiandnenmeTqi; aRminiSnavs,<br />
germaniis socialdemokratiul partias bolo<br />
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavis yrilobebze araferi<br />
moumoqmedebia, garda imisa, rac aTi wlis win mivu<br />
TiTe, da misi gza gadaTeTrebulia im socialistur<br />
crurwmenaTa ZvlebiT, romlebsac me da Cemma<br />
fabianelma megobrebma vZlieTmeTqi. ra azri aqvs?!<br />
maTTvis sulerTia, var socialisti Tu ara. mxolod<br />
is ainteresebT, var Tu ara orTodoqsi, maqvs Tu ara<br />
marTebuli revoluciuri Sexedulebebi da mivageb<br />
Tu ara pativs revolucioner avtoritetebs. raki<br />
WeSmariti Tavisuflad moazrovne var, ise miyureben,<br />
rogorc policieli – Ramis qurds an berlineli<br />
biurgeri – saeWvo ucxoels. mekiTxebian:<br />
`gjeraT, rom marqsi yovlismcodne da Seucdomeli<br />
iyo; rom engelsi misi winaswarmetyvelia; rom<br />
bebeli da zingeri misi wminda mociqulebi arian,<br />
xolo `kapitali~ bibliaa?~ alalad vCqarob, Tavi<br />
vimarTlo imisagan, rac gulubryvilobisa da uvicobis<br />
braldeba mgonia da dabejiTebiT varwmuneb,<br />
rom ekonomikaSi marqsze aTjer meti vici, xolo<br />
praqtikul administrirebaSi – asjer meti; rom
engelss piradad vicnobdi da Zalianac momwonda<br />
es 1848 wlis droindeli veterani, maxvilgonieri<br />
da mimzidveli berikaci, romelsac ezizReboda<br />
Tanamedrove socializmi; rom bebeli da zingeri<br />
Cemnairi miswrafebis, oRond Cemze gacilebiT naklebad<br />
Tanamedrove adamianebad mimaCnia; da rom<br />
`kapitali~ daaxloebiT 1882 wels wavikiTxe da dResac<br />
XIX saukunis erTerT umniSvnelovanes wignad<br />
mimaCnia, radgan ZaluZs, mkiTxvels sxvagvarad<br />
fiqri daawyebinos, TumcaRa masSi mcdaradaa gadmocemuli<br />
kapitalisturi ekonomika, daxvavebulia<br />
citatebi wignebidan, romlebic avtors an ar<br />
waukiTxavs, an ver gaugia; Tavmosawoneblad weria<br />
algebruli formulebi da, zogadad, mcdelobaa<br />
imisa, rom propagandistuli Jurnalistika da winaswarmetyveluri<br />
qadageba imgvar mSral mecnierul<br />
traqtatad gaasaRos, rogorsac adamianebs Tavs<br />
axvevdnen 1860 wels, rodesac bibliad miiCneoda<br />
nebismieri wigni, romelsac mecnierulobis pretenzia<br />
hqonda. imxanad eklesiis WeSmariti mamebi darvini<br />
da helmolci iyvnen; aravin arafrad agdebda<br />
religias, poeziasa Tu ritorikas. socializmic<br />
ki iZulebuli iyo, Tavisi TavisTvis `mecnieruli~<br />
ewodebina da `istoriul kanonebze~ dayrdnobiT<br />
ewinaswarmetyvela revoluciis TariRi, rogorc<br />
kometis Cavlas winaswarmetyveleben xolme.<br />
Cemda gasaocrad, es jansaRi SeniSvnebi SemaZrwu<br />
nebel mkrexelobad CaiTvala. partiis yvela<br />
gazeTs aekrZala Cemi Tundac erTi sityvis dastambvis<br />
ufleba; TviT WeSmaritma revizionistebmac<br />
ki gadawyvites, rom is siave ufro meti iyo,<br />
rac Cemi eresiT gamowveulma skandalma moutana,<br />
vidre is sikeTe, rac Cemma mxardaWeram arguna; da,<br />
amrigad, swored maSin aRmovCndi germaniis social<br />
11
12<br />
demokratiidan gariyuli, roca, trebiCis wyalobiT,<br />
Cemdami keTilad ganewyvnen germaniis biurgeroba<br />
da aristokratia, romlebic cecxlTan TamaSis siamem<br />
da, vin icis, egeb kandidas rolSi agnes zormas<br />
TamaSma moxibla.<br />
amrigad, TqvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom rogorc<br />
ki socialdemokratad qceuli germaneli moisvris<br />
Cve ulebebis yvela xunds da gaTavisufldeba religiis,<br />
kanonis, wesrigis, patriotizmisa da swavlaga<br />
naT lebisadmi dawesebuli erTgulebisagan, igi<br />
am Ta visuflebas maSinve saimisod moixmars, raTa<br />
ufro mkvidri jaWvebi aisxas; yovlad sisxlismsmeluri<br />
saomari antiucxouri SemarTebiT garicxavs<br />
antimilitaristebs da RmerTisTvis madlobas<br />
aTqmevinebs kaizers imis gamo, rom monarqiis metnakleb<br />
Tavisuflebasa da SemwynareblobaSi ergo<br />
dabadeba da ara marqsizmis kalvinistur fanatizmsa<br />
da pedantizmSi.<br />
mkiTxavT, maS ratomRa vambob, rom germaniasTan<br />
mijaWvuli var im kavSirebiT, romlebic Cemi arsebis<br />
sayrdens warmoadgens? ubralod, imitom, rom<br />
siWabukeSive sasowarkveTileba momiRebda bolos,<br />
rom ara is samyaro, romelic didma germanulma<br />
dinastiam Semiqmna – dinastiam, romelic baxiT<br />
iwyeba da albaT rihard StrausiT ar mTavrdeba.<br />
gulSic nu gaivlebT, rom Cemi xeloba ingliseli<br />
literatorebisagan viswavle. maT marTlac maswavles,<br />
rogor gavmklavebodi inglisur sityvebs;<br />
TumcaRa, amis meti rom araferi mcodnoda, Cemi<br />
nawarmoebebi lamanSs ver gascdeboda. Cemi maswavleblebi<br />
universaluri enis maswavleblebi iyvnen –<br />
mwvervalidan mwvervalze rom gadavideT – baxi,<br />
hendeli, haidni, mocarti, beThoveni da vagneri.<br />
germanelebs romelime amaTganisa raime rom gae
goT, CamoaxrCobdnen. kidev kargi, ar esmodaT da<br />
amitomac, sanam ar daixocnen, ugulebelyofdnen,<br />
Semdeg ki damSvidebuli sindisiT cekvas mieCvivnen<br />
maT melodiebze. swored maT aqcies germania madlmosilad,<br />
kapitalisturi xanis wminda miwad, iseve<br />
rogorc mxatvrebma aqcies italia – adreuli, aravulgarizebuli<br />
renesansis wminda miwad; xuroTmoZ<br />
Rvrebma safrangeTi – qristianuli raindobisa da<br />
rwmenis, xolo moqandakeebma saberZneTi – perikles<br />
xanis wminda miwad.<br />
ai, yvela es wminda miwaa Cemi samSoblo; mxolod<br />
am miwebze var Sin da Cemi moRvaweobis mizania, mTeli<br />
mso flio davumorCilo am siwmindes.<br />
ase rom, Sen, Rirseulo, darbaiselo, morCilo,<br />
pa t rioto, gulado da bejiTo germanelo mkiTxve l <br />
o, vi sac mxolod RmerTisa da Seni sindisisa geSi noda,<br />
ax la ki aRarafris SiSi aRar gaqvs, aha, Cemi wi g ni;<br />
magram ala lad geubnebi, netav, ra jandabad ginda!<br />
1907 wlis 23 oqtomberi<br />
meore gamocemis winasityvaoba<br />
am patara wignis meore gamocemis momzadeba yvelaze<br />
moulodneli literaturuli amocanaa, romelic ki<br />
damkisrebia. rodesac igi pirvelad gamoica, umaduroba<br />
gamoviCine da gamomcemlis ukmayofilo davr<br />
Ci, radgan, Cemi azriT, imaze meti tiraJiT dabeW da,<br />
risi gayidvis imedic yvelaze optimist vagnerianels<br />
eqneboda. Tumca, Sedegma daamtkica, rom erTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, kviradReebis CaTvliT, TiTo adamiani<br />
TiTo egzemplars yidulobda, da amitom, droTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />
xelmeore gamocemis saWiroebac gaCnda.<br />
13
14<br />
garda oriode umniSvnelo wamocdenili sityvisa,<br />
am gamocemaSi Sesacvleli veraferi vipove. rogorc<br />
xdeba xolme, am wigns rac ram protesti mohyva,<br />
masSi mocemul faqtebs exeba da ara gamoTqmul mo <br />
sazrebebs. aris xalxi, visac ver autania, Tu uTxa ri,<br />
rom maT gmirs kavSiri hqonda ajanyebis monawile<br />
ana r qistTan; rom igi `Zebnilad~ gamoacxada policiam;<br />
rom revoluciur pamfletebs werda da rom<br />
alberixis mier marTuli nibelhaimis suraTi poeturi<br />
xilvaa mouwesrigebeli samrewvelo kapitalizmisa,<br />
rac germaniaSi XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi gacxadda<br />
engelsis wignSi `muSaTa klasis mdgomareoba inglis<br />
Si~. isini gaSmagebiT uaryofen am faqtebs, Semdgom<br />
ki acxadeben, rom Turme es faqtebi uazro sijiutiT<br />
atanilma davukavSire vagners. vwuxvar, rom am adamianebs<br />
vawyenine, da mivmarTav keTilmosurne gamomcemlebs,<br />
gamoaqveynon vagneris axali biografia,<br />
romelic imgvar karis musikosad dagvixa tavs mas,<br />
romlis yofaqceva da tradiciuloba aranair eWvs<br />
ar gamoiwvevs da romelic drezdenis gamorCeuli<br />
wreebis qvakuTxedad mogvevlineba. aseTi nawarmoebi<br />
albaT uxvad gaiyideba da mas kmayofilebiTa da<br />
guldamSvidebiT waikiTxavs vagneris musikis bevri<br />
moyvaruli.<br />
rac Seexeba mravalgzis gakritikebul Cems<br />
mosazrebas, rom `RmerTebis daisi~ diad operaTa<br />
kate gorias ar miekuTvneba, mas verc davamateb rames<br />
da verc movakleb. amgvari klasifikacia CemTvis ise<br />
Tive udavo faqtia, rogoric drezdenis ajanyeba an<br />
policiis gancxadeba; Tumca verc Tavs movityueb,<br />
TiTqos im zomamde udavo iyos, rom yvelas esmodes.<br />
is, visac diadi operebi urCevnia seriozul musikalur<br />
dramas, cxadia, aRSfoTdeba, raki uaRresad<br />
diadi opera uaRresad seriozul musikalur dra
maze dabla davayene. zustad aseve Semepasuxeboda<br />
Seqspiris Cveulebrivi moyvaruli, Tuki mis popularul,<br />
iaffasian warmatebaze gaTvlil piesebs,<br />
romelTa Soris `rogorc geneboT~ yvelaze aRiarebulia,<br />
Seqspiris iseT piesebze dabla davayenebdi,<br />
rogoricaa `sawyauli sawyaulis wil~. aq verafers<br />
gavawyob. popularul dramebsa da operebs SeiZleba<br />
uzarmaza ri Rirseba hqondeT, radgan isini momajadoebeli<br />
fantaziebia; Tumca, samyaros poetiseuli<br />
WeSmariti aRqma mudam ufro aRmatebuli unda<br />
iyos, vidre misi Tundac yvelaze lamazi moCvenebiTi<br />
bedniereba.<br />
iqneb kidev erTxel gavaxseno bevr inglisel<br />
vag nerianels, visac dRemde hgonia, rom vagnerma<br />
`rienc i~ Wabukma dawera, `tanhoizeri~ da `loengrini~<br />
– Sua xnisam, xolo `beWedi~ – xandazmulma, rom<br />
`beWedi~ Sedegi iyo im politikuri mRelvarebisa,<br />
romelic im xanebSi moxda, roca vagneri mxolod<br />
ocdaTeqvsmetisa iyo, da rom poema ormoci wlisam<br />
daasrula, xolo masze muSaoba kidev ocdaaTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mouxda! `beWedi~ pirveli mcdelobaa<br />
politikuri filosofiisa, rogorc `feriebi~ –<br />
romantikuli operisa. misi cda – oci wlis Semdeg<br />
`beWdisaTvis~ `RmerTebis daisis~ musika daematebina<br />
da amgvarad aRedgina misi suli – imis tolfasi<br />
iyo, rom graalis taZarSi drezdenis barikadebis<br />
aRdgena ecada. mxolod is adamiani Tu daijerebs,<br />
rom es mcdeloba gaamarTlebda, visac Tavis dReSi<br />
ar Cahqrobia politikuri enTuziazmi.<br />
j. b. S.<br />
londoni, 1901 weli<br />
15
16<br />
pirveli gamocemis winasityvaoba<br />
es wigni gaxlavT komentarebi vagneris mTavari<br />
nawa rmoebisa, `nibelungebis beWdisa~. me mas<br />
vTavazob vagneris im aRtacebul Tayvanismcemlebs,<br />
romlebic ver misdeven mis ideebs da sruliad ver<br />
gaugiaT votanis dilema, Tumca aRaSfoTebT upativcemuloba<br />
filisterebisa, romlebic alalad<br />
aRiareben, rom RmerTis gamonaTqvamebi xSirad<br />
mosawyeni da uazro eCvenebaT. WeSmariti vagnerianeloba<br />
sruliad ar niSnavs, rom vagneris iseTive<br />
erTguli unda iyo, rogoric ZaRlia patronis<br />
erTguli da misi ramdenime elementaruli idea,<br />
midrekileba da emocia gaiziaro, sxvafriv ki sruliad<br />
gauazreblad aRiaro misi aRmatebuloba.<br />
TumcaRa, ostatisa da Segirdis azrTa erTianobis<br />
gareSe amaze ukeTesi araferi gamova. samwuxarod,<br />
vagneris 1848 wlis droindeli revoluciuri<br />
ideebi arc uswavliaT da arc gamocdilebiT ician<br />
misma ingliselma da amerikelma Tayvanismcemelma<br />
jentlmenebma, romlebic TiTqmis mudam politikuri<br />
`bosebi~ brZandebian da revolucionerebTan<br />
araferi esaqmebaT. misi mravalricxovani pamfletebisa<br />
da eseebis Targmnis adrindeli mcdelobebi<br />
sasacilo nazavia namdvili uazrobisa da damaxinjebuli,<br />
mTargmnelebis azrebad gardasaxuli misi<br />
azrebisa. TumcaRa, axla ukve gvaqvs imgvari naSromi,<br />
romelic SemoqmedebiTi Targmanis Sedevri da Cveni<br />
literaturis didebuli SenaZenia, oRond ara imitom,<br />
rom misi avtori, mister eSton elisi, Tavis<br />
winamorbedebze ukeT icnobs germanul leqsikons:<br />
ubralod, mas esmis vagneris ideebi, rac miuwvdomeli<br />
iyo danarCenTaTvis. am wignSi me mxolod vcdilob,<br />
gamovTqva azrebi, romlebiTac albaT aRWur
vili ar aris Cveulebrivi ingliseli. me TviTon<br />
TiTqmis imgvaradve mivedi am azrebamde, rogorc<br />
vagneri: siWabukeSi yvela sxva saganze metad musikas<br />
vswavlobdi, xolo Semdeg revoluciur skola<br />
Si vaxare Cemi siWabukis droindeli politikuri<br />
gatacebebis marcvlebi. amgvari Serwyma inglisSi<br />
gavrcelebuli ar aris; da radgan dRemde, Cemi<br />
azriT, mxolod me var amis gasajaroebuli Sedegi,<br />
amitom vbedav, Cemi komentari davumato komentarebs<br />
ararevolucioneri musikosebisa da agreTve im<br />
revolucionerebisa, romlebic musikosebi ar arian.<br />
j. b. S.<br />
17
18<br />
WeSmariti vagnerianeli<br />
gamamxnevebeli Sesavali<br />
es Sesavali gankuTvnilia im Cveulebrivi moqalaqisaTvis,<br />
romelic TeatrSi midis rihard vagneris<br />
ganTqmul `nibelungebis beWedze~ dasaswrebad,<br />
raTa cnobismoyvareoba daikmayofilos an modas<br />
ar CamorCes.<br />
jer erTi, `beWedi~ – Tavisi RmerTebiT, go li <br />
aTebiTa da qondriskacebiT, alebiTa da val ki <br />
riebiT, jadosnuri qudiTa da beWdiT, mojadoebuli<br />
xmliTa da saswaulmoqmedi saunjiT – dRevandelobis<br />
dramaa da ara Soreuli da zRapruli<br />
warsulisa. igi ver daiwereboda XIX saukunis meore<br />
naxevramde, radgan im movlenebs Seexeba, romlebic<br />
mxolod im xanebSi dasrulda. mayure bels, Tuki<br />
masSi ver amoicno xati im cxovrebisa, romelSic<br />
TviTon miikvlevs gzas, igi usaTuod moeCveneba<br />
saSobao pantomimis sazizRar variaciad, romelsac<br />
SigadaSig autanlad grZeli, mosawyeni saubrebiT<br />
aWianurebs mTavari baritoni. sabednierod,<br />
am TvalsazrisiTac ki `beWedi~ savsea uCveulod<br />
mimzidveli – rogorc saorkestro, ise dramatuli<br />
– epizodebiT. Tundac mxolod bunebis musika –<br />
mdinarisa da cisartyelasi, cecxlisa da tyisa –<br />
ikmarebs, rom moinadiros im adamianTa guli, visac<br />
odnav mainc uyvars sofeli, da aataninos politi
kuri filosofiis pasaJebi im imediT, rom ufro<br />
lamazi momentebic dadgeba. garda amisa, yvelas<br />
daatkbobs siyvarulis musika, urosa da grdemlis<br />
musika, goliaTTa svla, Wabuki tyismWrelis sayviris<br />
melodia, Citis frTxiali, gveleSapisa Tu<br />
koSmaris musika, Weqaquxilis musika, martiv melodiaTa<br />
siuxve, orkestris mgrZnobiare momxibvleloba.<br />
erTi sityviT, is mravali saerTo ram `beWedsa~<br />
da im Cveulebriv musikas Soris, romelsac vasrulebT<br />
xolme da romliTac vtkbebiT. amitomaa,<br />
rom misi Semadgeneli oTxi calkeuli musikaluri<br />
piesa popularul operebad iqca mTel evropaSi.<br />
cotac da davrwmundebiT, rom erTerTi maTgani,<br />
`RmerTebis daisi~, marTlac ope raa.<br />
TumcaRa, sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom arsebobs<br />
viwro wre gamorCeuli adamianebisa, visTvisac<br />
mTel nawarmoebs arsebiTi da kvlevaZiebiTi,<br />
filosofiursocialuri mniSvneloba aqvs. mec<br />
amgvar gamorCeul adamianad miviCnev Tavs; da am<br />
patara wigns imaT dasaxmareblad vwer, visac surs,<br />
mcodneTa viwro wresTan gaTanabrebul pirobebSi<br />
gaicnos es nawarmoebi.<br />
da meore, msurs gavamxnevo is moridebuli moqalaqeebi,<br />
romlebsac SesaZloa hgoniaT, rom ufleba<br />
ara aqvT, datkbnen `beWdiT~, radgan musikaSi teqnikuri<br />
ganaTleba ar miuRiaT.<br />
maT SeuZliaT, swrafad da uyoymanod ukuagdon<br />
es SiSi. Tu musikis hangi odnav mainc zemoqmedebs<br />
maTze, mixvdebian, rom vagneri mets arc arafers<br />
iTxovs. `beWedSi~ `klasikuri musikis~ natamalic<br />
ar aris – arc erT nots ar aqvs sxva mizani, garda<br />
im uSualo miznisa, rom musikalurad asaxos drama.<br />
19
klasikur musikaSi, rogorc analizuri programebi<br />
gvamcnobs, aris pirveli da meore Tema, Tavisufali<br />
fantazia, repriza da koda; aris fuga meoreuli<br />
TemiT, streto da organuli punqti; aris pasakalia<br />
banis mokle Temaze, kanoni hipodiapentaze da sxva<br />
eSmakuri xerxebi, romlebic SemorCnen an gaqrnen –<br />
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ramdenad lamazebi arian –<br />
rogorc umartivesi xalxuri melodiebi. vagneri<br />
imaze xSirad ar mimarTavs amgvar saSualebebs,<br />
vidre Seqspiri Tavis piesebSi – leqsTawyo bis iseT<br />
xerxebs, rogoric soneti, trioleti da misTanebia.<br />
da amitomac aris igi ase ioli im TavisTavadi<br />
msmenelisaTvis, romelsac akademiuri ganaTleba<br />
ar miuRia. roca usmenen vagneris musikas, profesorebi<br />
malmale Sehyvireben xolme: `es ra aris?<br />
ariaa Tu reCitativi? nuTu kabaleta ara aqvs?<br />
rigiani dasasrulic ki ara? ratom ar moamzada<br />
is disonansi an ratom ar gadawyvita ise, rogorc<br />
wesi da rigia? rogor bedavs amgvar skandalur da<br />
ukanono gadasvlebs tonalobaSi, romelsac erTi<br />
notic ki ara aqvs saerTo im tonalobasTan, romlidanac<br />
esesaa gamovida? erTi, usmineT am disharmoniul<br />
mimarTebebs! ris Tqma unda eqvsi doliTa da<br />
rva sayviriT, roca mocarti ororiTac ki saswaulebs<br />
axdenda? es adamiani ara da ar aris musikosi!~<br />
araprofesionals es ambebi ar aRelvebs.<br />
vagners rom gverdze gadaedo Tavisi ubralo<br />
dramatuli mizani da profesorebis dasaSoSmineblad<br />
wesiTa da rigiT gamoeyenebina sonatis forma,<br />
misi musika myisve gaugebari gaxdeboda ubralo<br />
mayureblisaTvis, romelsac influencasaviT<br />
daeZgereboda nacnobi da zardamcemi `klasikis~<br />
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gancda. vagnerTan amisa ar unda geSinodeT. moumzadebel,<br />
swavlagauvlel msmenels SeuZlia, Tamamad<br />
mieaxlos vagners, radgan maT Soris aranairi gaugebroba<br />
ar moxdeba: `beWdis~ musika erTiania da sada.<br />
piriqiT, swored Zveli skolis mimdevars mouwevs<br />
yvelafris daviwyeba, rac ki uswavlia: me igi ar<br />
mebraleba da bedis anabara vtoveb.<br />
nibelungebis beWedi<br />
`beWedi~ Sedgeba oTxi piesisagan, romlebic ze <br />
dized oTxi saRamos ganmavlobaSi unda gaTamaS des<br />
da romlebsac hqvia `rainis oqro~ (Das Rheingold),<br />
`valkiriebi~ (Die Walkure), `zigfridi~ (Siegfried) da<br />
`RmerTebis daisi~ (Die Gotterdammerung).<br />
`rainis oqro~<br />
erTi wuTiT davuSvaT, rom mSvenieri ymawvili<br />
qali xarT. SeecadeT, Tavi am saxiT warmoidginoT<br />
klondaikSi, xuTi wlis win. iqauroba oqros miaqvs.<br />
Tu bediT isedac kmayofili xarT da oqros xels ar<br />
axlebT (iseve, rogorc brZeni ar mowyvets yvavils),<br />
mxolod datkbebiT misi feriT, cimcimiTa da siZvirfasiT,<br />
Tqveni codniT aravis araferi dauSavdeba;<br />
da Tu am ganwyobas SeinarCunebT, oqros xana<br />
gagrZeldeba da gagrZeldeba.<br />
axla, davuSvaT, rom gamoCnda kaci, visac arc<br />
oqros xanis gancda aqvs da arc awmyo Si cxovrebis<br />
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