anotacia winamdebare wigni warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos ...
anotacia winamdebare wigni warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos ...
anotacia winamdebare wigni warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos ...
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<strong>anotacia</strong><br />
<strong>winamdebare</strong> <strong>wigni</strong> <strong>warmoadgens</strong> <strong>saxelmZRvanelos</strong> adamianuri resursebis<br />
marTvis Sesaxeb. wignSi ganxilulia adamianuri resursebis marTvis arsi,<br />
mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi funqciebi, xazgasmulia adamianuri resursebis<br />
dagegmvisa da marTvis ZiriTadi principebi, procedurebi, analizisa da<br />
auditis mimarTulebebi; saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia umaRlesi swavlebis<br />
studentebisaTvis.
adamiani da organizacia<br />
adamiani da organizacia<br />
adamianis, pirovnebis gansakuTrebuli rolis miuxedavad, kacobriobis<br />
progresSi, gansakuTrebiT bolo saukunis warmoudgenel da masStabur<br />
miRwevebSi gadamwveti roli ekuTvnis ara calkeul pirovnebebs Tu<br />
individebebs, aramed erTi mizniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufebs. TviT<br />
sveticxoveli mxolod arsakiZes ar auSenebia, xeopsis piramidas 100 aTasi<br />
kaci aSenebda. organizaciis farTo da mravalmxrivi gagebisa da<br />
ganxorcielebis gareSe verc aleqsandre makedoneli miaRwevda raimes, verc<br />
napoleoni, verc daviT aRmaSenebeli da verc Tamar mefe. es Teza,<br />
rasakvirvelia, ar exeba iseT geniosebs kulturis sferodan, rogorebic<br />
galaktioni, miqelanjelo, beThoveni da msgavsi moRvaweni iyvnen. Tumca<br />
isinic gansazRvrul organizaciul garemoSi cxovrobdnen da saqmianobdnen.<br />
swored organizaciebia Hharvardisa da kembrijis universitetebi, “simensi”<br />
da “jeneral motorsi”, “pentagoni” da “TeTri saxli, “la skala~,<br />
braziliis fexburTis nakrebi, saqarTvelos parlamenti, saxelmwifo<br />
kancelaria, nebismieri saministro, uwyeba Tu sabavSvo baRi.<br />
organizacia Zveli laTinuri sityvaa da raimes mowesrigebas niSnavs.<br />
aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT organizaciis ori gageba, kerZod:<br />
• organizacia aris erTi miznisa da amocanebis misaRwevad<br />
gaerTianebul adamianTa an maTi jgufebis erToblioba, romelic saqmianobas<br />
axorcielebs Sromis danawilebisa da kooperirebis, uflebamosilebaTa<br />
gadanawilebisa da marTvis ierarqiuli struqturis mowyobis principebis<br />
safuZvelze;<br />
• organizacia aris raimes sistematizeba, iseTi moqmedebebisa da<br />
procesebis erToblioba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mTelis met-naklebad<br />
diferencirebul da avtonomiur nawilebs (komponentebs, elementebs) Soris<br />
urTierTobaTa da urTierTqmedebaTa Sidamowesrigebasa da srulyofas.<br />
am or ganmartebas Soris mniSvnelovan ganxvavebasTan erTad, aranakleb<br />
mniSvnelovani da obieqturi urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. Tu sakiTxs<br />
menejmentis (marTvis) ZiriTadi funqciebisa da principebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
mivudgebiT, meore ganmarteba marTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan funqcias –<br />
organizacias <strong>warmoadgens</strong>, anu rogor unda vimuSaoT, rogor vakeToT,<br />
rogor unda avawyoT saqme, rom mizans mivaRwioT; rac Seexeba pirvel<br />
ganmartebas _ erTi mizniT gaerTianebul adamianTa erTobas _ aq ukve<br />
marTvis obieqtTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
organizaciis elementebi<br />
organizaciis misia sabaziso faseulobebi da strategiuli miznebia, anu<br />
imis garkvevaa, Tu ratom Seiqmna organizacia, risken iswafvis, saiT midis<br />
da ras unda miaRwios momavalSi. rogorc wesi, organizaciis strategiuli<br />
miznebi nawevrdeba strategiul amocanebad, konkretul miznebad da<br />
amocanebad, maTi miRwevis programebad da samuSao (operaciul) gegmebad;<br />
3
organizaciis misia, mizani da amocanebi sxadasxva saxisa da specializebis<br />
(Sinaarsis) funqciebad SeiZleba daiyos da dajgufdes, rac organizaciis<br />
struqturis gansazRvris mniSvnelovani wina piroba xdeba.<br />
organizaciis struqtura misi arqiteqtonika, sxvadasxva niSniT gamoyofili<br />
specialzebuli funqciebis Semsrulebeli, magram erTmaneTTan (rogorc<br />
mTelTan), dakavSirebuli koordinirebuli nawilebia. tradiciulad,<br />
organizaciuli struqtura, upirveles yovlisa, im princips gulisxmobs da<br />
efuZneba, romelic organizaciis SigniT Sromis danawilebas edeba<br />
safuZvlad. organizaciuli struqtura gansazRvravs personalis mier<br />
Sesasrulebel funqciaTa Soris Tanafardobas, urTierTdaqvemdebarebas,<br />
axdens urTierTobaTa koordinirebas, amyarebs garkveul Sidawesrigs; amis<br />
miRweva xdeba Sromis mTliani procesis danawilebiT, specializebuli<br />
struqturuli qvedanayofebis SeqmniT, TanamdebobaTa ierarqiiT da a. S.<br />
arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis organizaciuli struqturebi, romelTagan yvelas<br />
aqvs Tavisi met-naklebi pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi. amaTgan<br />
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT Semdegze.<br />
funqciuri. es organizaciuli struqturis sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
formaa. am dros organizaciis struqtura iqmneba qvedanayofebs Soris<br />
uflebamosilebaTa da Sesabamis funqciaTa gadanawilebis safuZvelze, anu<br />
struqturuli qvedanayofebi organizaciis saqmianobis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebis (funqciebis) mixedviT iqmneba, magaliTad, personalis,<br />
finansebis, marketingis, auditisa da kontrolis, sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobis qvedanayofebi da sxv. funqciuri organizaciuli struqturis<br />
mTavari upiratesobaa Semdegi: specialistTa maRali kompetenturoba,<br />
procesebis Rrma analizi, xaziT menejerTa funqciebis erTi nawilisagan<br />
ganTavisufleba da sxva; rac Seexeba problemebs, isini ukavSirdeba<br />
SedarebiT viwro (mindobil funqciaTa farglebSi) specializebas,<br />
organizaciaSi situaciis Secvlisas moqnilobisa da inovaciurobis dabal<br />
dones.<br />
xazobrivi. mas xSirad uwodeben piramidul, biurokratiul organizaciul<br />
struqturasac; esaa ierarqiulad mkacrad organizebuli sturqtura,<br />
romelic pasuxismgeblobis zonebis gamoyofasa da erTmmarTvelobas<br />
efuZneba. rac metia manZili anu Tanamdebobrivi safexuri xelmZRvanelsa da<br />
rigiT Semsrulebels Soris, miT ufro maRalia organizaciis<br />
ierarqiulobis done. xazobrivi struqturis mTavari upiratesobaa Semdegi:<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis operatiuloba, urTierTobaTa da kontrolis<br />
mkafio sistema, xelmZRvanelTa miTiTebebis Sesrulebisas komunikacia,<br />
gansakuTrebiT qvemodan zemoT, SezRudulia momuSaveTa damoukidebloba,<br />
isini xSirad inertulebi arian, kontrolis sfero (anu daqvemdebarebulTa<br />
raodenoba) SezRudulia da sxva.<br />
adaptaciuri. esaa moqnili organizaciuli struqtura, romelic advilad<br />
adaptirdeba, advilad egueba cvalebad garemosa da situaciebs, inarCunebs<br />
xazobrivi da funqciuri struqturebis efeqtur mxareebs, axdens maT<br />
integrirebas; am dros struqturebi iqmneba programebis, amocanebis,<br />
prioritetebis, proeqtebis mixedviT, ufro efeqtianad xdeba adamianuri<br />
resursebis gamoyeneba, mtkice kavSiri myardeba sxadasxva specialists<br />
Soris da sxva. aris organizaciuli struqturis sxva nairsaxeobebic.<br />
4
personalis menejmenti<br />
“personalis“ cnebis arsi,<br />
personalis marTvis subieqtebi da obietqebi<br />
personalis menejmenti aris urTierTdakavSirebuli organizebuli<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri RonisZiebebis sistema organizaciis doneze<br />
normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis, samuSao Zalis potencialis ganviTarebisa<br />
da efeqtianad gamoyenebis pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis.<br />
personalis menejmenti arsebobs uwyveti procesis formiT, romelic<br />
mimarTulia muSakebis motivaciis miznobriv cvlilebaze maTgan<br />
maqsimaluri ukugebis misaRebad, maSasadame, sawarmos muSaobaSi<br />
warmatebuli Sedegebis misaRwevad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi personalTan<br />
muSaobis ZiriTadi mizania iseTi pirovnebis formireba, romelsac aqvs didi<br />
pasuxismgebloba, koleqtivizmis grZnoba, maRali kvalifikacia,<br />
ganviTarebuli aqvs sawarmos mepatronis grZnoba.<br />
personalis menejmenti organizaciis specialuri funqcionaluri<br />
samsaxurebis da Sesabamisi sawarmoo qvedanayofebis sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelmZRvanelebis mravalmxrivi saqminobaa.<br />
personalis menejmentSi funqcionaluri midgomiT igulisxmeba yvela is<br />
amocana da gadawyvetileba, romlebic dakavSirebulia kadrebis sferoSi<br />
muSaobasTan. MmagaliTad, kadrebis SerCeva, maTi gamoyeneba, kvalifikaciis<br />
amaRleba, Sromis anazRaureba, samuSaodan daTxova.<br />
organizaciuli midgoma. es cneba moicavs yvela pirsa da instruments,<br />
romelic pasuxismgebelia kadrebTan muSaobaSi, magaliTad, xelmZRvaneli<br />
pirebi, kadrebis ganyofileba, sawarmoo ganyofileba, profkavSirebi.<br />
organizaciis personali aris im fizikur pirTa erTianoba, romlebic<br />
organizaciasTan, rogorc iuridiul pirTan, imyofebian iseT urTierTobaSi,<br />
romelic regulirdeba daqiravebis xelSekrulebiT. aseT urTierTobaSi<br />
SeiZleba iyvnen ara marto daqiravebuli muSakebi, aramed agreTve fizikuri<br />
pirebi (mesakuTreebi an organizaciis Tanamflobelebi), Tu isini Semosavlis<br />
nawilTan erTad iReben Sesabamis anazRaurebas imisaTvis, rom piradi<br />
SromiT monawileoben organizaciis saqmianobaSi.<br />
yvelaze zogadi saxiT “sawarmos personalis“ cneba moicavs mocemuli<br />
sawarmos (organizaciis) daqiravebuli muSakebis erTobliobas, romlebic<br />
asruleben sruliad gansazRvrul amocanebs: pirebi, romlebic dasaqmebuli<br />
arian individualuri SromiT, agreTve is pirebi, romlebic e.w. saojaxo<br />
meurneobaSi arian dakavebuli, Tumca daregistrirebuli arian iuridiuli<br />
piris saxiT, magram mainc ar iTvlebian daqiravebul momuSave personalad,<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac isini Sromis anazRaurebas iReben im Semosavlidan,<br />
romelic rCeba maT gankargulebaSi savaldebulo gadasaxadebis gastumrebis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
organizaciis personali socialuri sistemis saxiT formirdeba, saxes<br />
icvlis da viTardeba organizaciis mflobelis miznebis Sesabamisad.<br />
amasTan, miznebi ganisazRvreba mesakuTris interesebiT da igi sawarmos<br />
marTvis strategiisa da politikis SemuSavebis safuZvelia. saqarTveloSi<br />
yvela muSaki dayofilia Semdegi saklasifikacio niSnebis mixedviT:<br />
5
sawarmoo procesSi Sesrulebuli funqciebis mixedviT personali iyofa eqvs<br />
kategoriad:<br />
-muSebi (ZiriTadi da damxmare);<br />
-inJiner-teqnikuri muSakebi;<br />
-mosamsaxureebi;<br />
-mcire mosamsaxure personali;<br />
-mowafeebi;<br />
-dacva;<br />
faqtobrivi saqmianobis xasiaTis mixedviT: muSakis ama Tu im<br />
kategoriisaTvis mokuTvnebis safuZvelia ara misi ganaTleba, aramed<br />
dakavebuli Tanamdeboba; saqmianobis klasifikacias safuZvlad udevs<br />
profesionaluri da dargobrivi niSnebis Sexameba;<br />
muSebis teqnologiur procesSi monawileobis miRebis mixedviT: produqciis<br />
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT muSebi iyofa or jgufad: ZiriTadad da<br />
damxmared, xolo inJiner-teqnikuri muSakebi –xelmZRvanelebad,<br />
specialistebad da teqnikur Semsruleblebad.<br />
muSaobis vadis mixedviT: mudmivi, sezonuri da droebiTi muSakebi.<br />
materialuri warmoebis sferos yvela muSaki iyofa or jgufad:<br />
a) personali, romelic dasaqmebulia ZiriTad saqmianobaSi (mrewvelobaSi<br />
es muSakebi Seadgenen samrewvelo-sawarmoo personals);<br />
b) personali, romelic dasaqmebulia araZiriTad saqmianobaSi, anu<br />
danarCeni personali; am kategorias ganekuTvneba arasamrewvelo<br />
organizaciebis personali, romelic sawarmos struqturaSi Sedis.<br />
Tanamedrove korporaciis struqtura amgvaria:<br />
-organizaciis TanamSromlebi;<br />
-mmarTvelebi (menejerebi);<br />
-aqcionerebi;<br />
-direqtorTa sabWo, romelsac sruli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba firmis<br />
saqmianobaze, agreTve firmis strategiis gansazRvrisas mmarTvelobiTi<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze;<br />
-firmis funqcionirebaSi dainteresebuli jgufebi an mxareebi.<br />
SeiZleba gamovyoT mmarTvelobiTi personalis arsebiTi kategoriebi<br />
samamulo organizaciebisaTvis;<br />
-sawarmoTa, dawesebulebebis, organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi da maTi<br />
moadgileebi;<br />
-sawarmoTa, dawesebulebebis da organizaciebis struqturuli<br />
qvedanayofebis xelmZRvanelebi, mTavari specialistebi;<br />
-specialistebi, romlebic axorcieleben ekonomikur funqciebs;<br />
-warmoebis sainJinro-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis specialistebi;<br />
-mosamsaxureTa Tanamdebobebi (dasaqmebis sferoebi: aRricxva, kontroli,<br />
sabuTebis gaformeba, sameurneo momsaxureba).<br />
SromiTi potencialis formireba iwyeba personalis ricxovnobisa da<br />
koleqtivis profesionalur-kvalifikaciuri struqturis dagegmvis etapze.<br />
formirebis warmateba damokidebulia rogorc dagegmvis xarisxze, aseve<br />
organizaciis ganlagebis regionul Taviseburebebze.<br />
6
organizaciis personalis raodenobisa da struqturis marTvis procesi<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo dromde TviT cneba “koleqtivis marTva” Cvens<br />
mmarTvelobiT praqtikaSi ar arsebobda. marTalia, TiToeuli firmis<br />
marTvis sistemas hqonda kadrebisa da koleqtivis socialuri ganviTarebis<br />
marTvis funqcionaluri qvesistema, magram, kadrebis marTvis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
samuSaos umetes nawils qvedanayofebis xazobrivi xelmZRvanelebi<br />
asrulebdnen.<br />
sabazro meurneobaze gadasvlisas TandaTan vcildebiT ierarqiul marTvas,<br />
administraciuli zemoqmedebis mkacr sistemas; amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
aucilebeli xdeba prioritetebisadmi principulad axali midgomebi.<br />
organizaciis SigniT mTavaria momuSaveebi (muSakebi), xolo mis gareT –<br />
produqciis momxmareblebi.<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobis funqcionirebis prioritetebis Secvla gulisxmobs<br />
pasuxismgeblobis Secvlas ara mxolod sawarmos aqcionerebis, aramed<br />
sazogadoebis winaSec, rac iwvevs warmoebis funqcionirebis principebis<br />
Secvlasac da aisaxeba personalis muSaobazec.<br />
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi naTlad Cans is ZiriTadi niSnebi da principebi,<br />
romlebic ganasxvavebs organizaciebis (firmebis) saqmianobas tradiciuli<br />
da Tanamedrove principebidan gamomdinare.<br />
tradiciuli principebi Tanamedrove principebi<br />
1 2<br />
individualuri eTika, qonebrivi socialuri eTikis ganviTareba<br />
ufleba, damoukidebeli adgilobriv sazogadoebaze<br />
gadawyvetilebebi<br />
dayrdnobiT, koleqtiuri<br />
monawileoba da pasuxismgebloba,<br />
piradi sargebloba da TiToeulis socialur-kulturuli zemoqmedeba<br />
warmateba –sazogadoebrivi pirad keTildReobaze<br />
keTildReobis gazrdis winapiroba<br />
efeqtianobis amaRleba Sromis<br />
danawilebisa da specializaciis<br />
gziT<br />
organizacia, rogorc sameurneo<br />
erTeuli<br />
mogebis maqsimizacia, rogorc<br />
erTaderTi mizani<br />
universaluri Zalisxmeva<br />
xelsayreli da efeqturi<br />
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis<br />
7<br />
SeTanxmebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
moqmedebebis aucilebloba<br />
specialobebis procesis zRvris<br />
SegrZneba adamianTa<br />
dakmayofilebis poziciidan<br />
organizacia, rogorc socialurekonomikuri<br />
sistema<br />
Mmogeba mTavar mizans <strong>warmoadgens</strong>,<br />
magram izrdeba socialuri miznebis<br />
gacnobiereba, mravalmiznobrivi<br />
dakmayofileba
misaRwevad<br />
organizaciis rogorc daxuruli<br />
sistemis organizeba;<br />
reaqcia mxolod bazarsa da<br />
konkurenciul bazarze<br />
mTavrobis saqmianobisadmi midgoma<br />
mTavrobis poziciidan<br />
adamiani cdilobs bunebis<br />
gamoyenebas da masze gabatonebas<br />
ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyenebis<br />
mZlavri kavSiri ekonomikur<br />
zrdasTan<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis<br />
ganusazRvreli gamoyeneba,<br />
mecnierebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
Tvalsazrisis SemuSaveba,<br />
Caurevlobisa da determinizmis<br />
poziciebidan gamimdinare<br />
organizaciebisagan sazogadoebrivi<br />
molodinis monacemebi materialuri<br />
faseulobebisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebisaken<br />
Kkorporaciis miRwevebis gazomva<br />
8<br />
Zalisxmeva sargeblianobis,<br />
efeqtianobisa da monawileebis<br />
dakmayofilebis misaRwevad<br />
Oorganizaciis rogorc Ria<br />
sistemis organizeba, romelic<br />
urTierTqmedebs garemosTan.<br />
reaqcia mraval dainteresebul<br />
jgufsa da socialur jgufze<br />
mTavrobis rolis gageba<br />
sazogadoebis miznebTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi<br />
bunebasTan harmoniaSi cxovreba da<br />
masze daqvemdebareba<br />
zrdis sazRvrebis Segneba da<br />
moqmedebebi ekologiuri<br />
mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis zRvris<br />
SegrZneba, teqnikis gamoyenebaze<br />
kontrolis aucileblobis<br />
aRiareba.<br />
sazogadoeba moelis<br />
organizaciebisagan yuradRebis<br />
gamaxvilebas cxovrebis donis<br />
gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
problemebze<br />
organizaciis Sefaseba mogebisa da<br />
socialuri Sedegebis maCveneblebis<br />
mixedviT<br />
Sidasafirmo marTvis umniSvnelovanes Taviseburebad gadaiqca mTel<br />
personalze erTiani da kompleqsuri zemoqmedeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
yalibdeba sakadro muSaobis sistema.<br />
calkeuli adamianebis interesebis Sexameba organizaciis interesebTan da<br />
mis strategiul miznebTan menejmentis metad mniSvnelovan da urTules<br />
amocanad gvesaxeba, romlis warmatebiT gadawyvetaze damokidebulia firmis<br />
funqcionirebis efeqtianoba.<br />
dawesebulebis organizaciul struqturaSi socialur sistemas Seesabameba<br />
zogierTi administraciuli qvedanayofi (jgufi, ganyofileba, departamenti).<br />
mniSvnelovania ara daniSvna da masStabebi, aramed TviT faqti msgavsi<br />
specializebuli jgugis gamoyofis Sesaxeb adamianuri resursebisa da maTi<br />
marTvis Sesaswavlad. ramdenadac organizacia aris socialur-teqnikuri
sistema, amdenad SeuZlebelia mxolod erTi elementis muSaobiT mTlianad<br />
organizaciaSi kargi Sedegebis miRweva.<br />
organizaciaSi arsebuli resursebis (rogorc fizikuris, aseve adamianuris)<br />
efeqturi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes Semdegi<br />
RonisZiebebiT:<br />
-organizaciuli struqturis srulyofiT, maT Soris marTvis doneebisa da<br />
marTvis saSualo donis ricxovnobis SemcirebiT.<br />
-gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis decentralizaciiT SesaZlo dabal<br />
donemde.<br />
-funqciaTa nawilis gadacemiT SuamavlebisaTvis, mimwodeblebisaTvis,<br />
konsultantebisaTvis;<br />
-TiToeul samuSao adgilze Sromis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis gazrdiT;<br />
-Sromis procesebis avtomatizaciiT Sromis nayofierebis gazrdiT rogorc<br />
warmoebaSi, aseve arasamewarmeo sferoSi;<br />
-umaRlesi administraciis raodenobisa da organizaciul struqturebSi<br />
dasaqmebuli personalis mniSvnelovani SemcirebiT;<br />
-momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebis investirebiT, TanamSromlebis<br />
ostatobisa da rotaciis srulyofiT da sxv.<br />
personalis marTvis sistemis ZiriTadi amocanebis ricxvs akuTvneben:<br />
-firmisadmi daxmarebas misi miznebis miRwevaSi;<br />
-firmis kvalifikaciuri da dainteresebuli muSaxeliT uzrunvelyofas;<br />
-personalis ostatobisa da unaris efeqtianad gamoyenebas;<br />
-personalis motivaciuri sistemebis srulyofas;<br />
-yvela kategoriis muSakebis SromiTi dakmayofilebis donis amaRlebas;<br />
-personalis motivaciuri sistemebis srulyofas;<br />
-personalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
ganviTarebasa da maRal doneze organizebas;<br />
-keTilsasurveli moraluri klimatis SenarCunebas;<br />
-personalis Sidasaorganizacio moZraobis marTvas muSakebisa da<br />
administraciis ormxrivi sargeblianobiT, agreTve sazogadoebis<br />
sargeblianobis gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />
-karieris dagegmvas samsaxurebrivi winsvliT;<br />
-personalis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobaze gavlenas, firmisadmi inovaciuri<br />
gegmebis realizaciaSi daxmarebas;<br />
-personalis saqmianobis Sefasebis meTodebis srulyofas, mmarTvelobiTi<br />
aparatis da sawarmoo personalis atestacias, personalis marTvis yvela<br />
TanamSromelTan kavSirs;<br />
-cxovrebis maRali donis uzrunvelyofas, rac sasurvels xdis mocemul<br />
firmaSi muSaobas.<br />
personalis marTvis kvlevisas mTavaria naTeli warmodgena gvqondes<br />
“organizaciis personalis” kategoriis sirTuleze. organizaciis<br />
saqmianobaSi monawileobas iReben gareSe da Siga ZiriTadi monawileebi,<br />
romelTa mTavari interesebi SeiZleba aRweril iqnes Semdegnairad:<br />
kapitalis mesakuTreebi warmoadgenen organizaciis mesakuTreebs, romlebsac<br />
warmodgenili aqvT TavianTi kapitali (magaliTad, sacalo movaWreebi,<br />
aqcionerebi, korporantebi da a.S.) isini dainteresebulni arian, erTi mxriv,<br />
organizaciaSi dabandebuli kapitalis SenarCunebiTa da gazrdiT, meore<br />
mxriv – angariSebidan mimdinare moxsniT (dividendebis ganawilebiT). Oorive<br />
miswarafebis winapirobas organizaciuli mogeba <strong>warmoadgens</strong>, romelic<br />
9
mocemulia Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobis saxiT, mesakuTreebi<br />
dainteresebulebi arian maRali SemosavlebiT da dabali xarjebiT. mogebis<br />
gamoyenebaze arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi (Senaxvisa an<br />
dividendebad ganawilebis). amis garda, mesakuTreebs ufleba aqvT<br />
monawileoba miiRon ganzraxulebaTa formirebasa da maT ganxorcielebaSi.<br />
isini amas damoukideblad axorcieleben (mesakuTreTa sawarmos saxiT), an<br />
kidev TavianTi uflebis delegirebas daqiravebul menejerebze axdenen.<br />
organizaciis menejerebs, rogorc damoukidebel jgufs mniSvneloba aqvT<br />
mxolod menejerul organizaciaSi. isini principSi dainteresebulni arian<br />
wilobrivi monawileebis interesebis dakmayofilebaSi, romlebic arsebiTad<br />
maT cvlian, Tumca msxvil organizaciebSi arsebobs menejerebis _<br />
daqiravebuli muSebis warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobebi makontrolebel<br />
sabWoSi. Aam sawarmoo interesebTan erTad menejerebi SeiZleba sakuTar<br />
intersebsac misdevdnen (damoukidebloba, xelisufleba, aRiareba, kariera).<br />
personali (TanamSromlebi) mudmivad dainteresebulia Tavisi samuSao<br />
adgilis saimedoobiT, SesaZlo maqsimaluri xelfasiTa da socialuri<br />
garantiebiT, muSaobis kargi pirobebiT da TanxmobiT, agreTve TavianTi<br />
organizaciis maRali prestiJiT. xSirad vlindeba agreTve sakuTari<br />
SesaZleblobebisa da piradi profesionaluri aRiarebis motivebi.<br />
TanamSromlebis interesebs agreTve profkavSirebi da organizaciaSi<br />
daqiravebuli muSebis warmomadgenelTa organoebi icaven.<br />
kreditorebi (kapitalis garedan dambandeblebi) kerZo bankebi arian,<br />
romlebic kreditebs iZlevian. isini daintersebuli arian SemoTavazebuli<br />
kapitalis maqsimalurad maRal SefasebaSi (procentebSi), momsaxurebis<br />
droul anazRaurebaSi (kerZod, procentisa da kreditis dafarvaSi) da<br />
gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevisagan saTanado garantiebSi. msxvili<br />
kreditebis gacemisas isini agreTve dainteresebuli arian informaciasa da<br />
firmis menejerebze gavlenaSi.<br />
aucilebeli masalebis mimwodeblebi zrunaven firmasTan xangrZlivi da<br />
xelsayreli kavSirebis dasamyareblad. isini cdiloben miaRwion maqsimalur<br />
Semosavlebs, maT mier ganxorcielebul miwodebaze SeTanxmebis xelsayrel<br />
pirobebs, TavianTi mxridan minimalur danaxarjebs.<br />
klientebs (muSaobis Sedegebis momxmareblebs) surT miiRon maTTvis saWiro<br />
da aucilebeli maRali xarisxis nawarmi dabali fasebiT da xelsayrel<br />
pirobebSi. isini saqonlis farTo asortimentisa da kargi momsaxurebisaken<br />
iswrafvian.<br />
saxelmwifo, upirveles yovlisa, zrunavs sabazro meurneobis<br />
funqcionirebaze organizaciebTan erTad, maT konkurentunarianobaze<br />
saerTaSoriso bazarze, radgan es garemoeba xels uwyobs da ganapirobebs<br />
sazogadoebrivi produqtis zrdas, uzrunvelyofs keTildReobas,<br />
mosaxleobis momaragebas saqonliTa da samuSao adgilebiT, xels uwyobs<br />
sagareo savaWro urTierTobaTa wonasworobas, magram amasTan organizaciebi<br />
ganixileba agreTve, rogorc saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebis wyaro. isic<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia, rom saxelmwifo mudmivad zrunavs fasebis<br />
stabilurobasa (inflaciasTan brZola) da socialur mSvidobaze<br />
(magaliTad, muSaTa moZraobis ararseboba).<br />
sazogadoeba Sedgeba heterogenuli jgufebisagan (magaliTad, sainformacio<br />
saSualebebi, partiebi, eklesiebi, kavSirebi da gaerTianebebi, samoqalaqo<br />
10
iniciativebi da sxva). maTi interesi organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gamoixateba imaSi, rom maT xeli unda Seuwyon jgufur miznebs, an, ukidures<br />
SemTxvevaSi, xeli ar SeuSalon maT. Aamis Sesaxeb drouli informaciis<br />
misaRebad, maT unda icodnen yvelaferi korporaciis realuri<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
janmrTelobisa da ekosferos SenarCunebas, amitom resursebis gamoyeneba,<br />
yvelaferi is, rac zemoqmedebs garemoze, ganixileba kritikulad, rogorc<br />
janmrTelobisaTvis mavne warmoebis produqtebi da saSualebebi.<br />
personalis marTva efuZneba Semdeg amosaval debulebebs:<br />
1) personalis dagegmvisa da organizaciis (firmis) ganviTarebis<br />
strategiis mWidrod dakavSirebis aucileblobas;<br />
2) personalTan muSaobis danaxarjebis raodenobriv Sefasebas da maT<br />
gavlenas warmoebis ekonomikur maCveneblebze;<br />
3) kompensaciebis aucilebeli paketis gansazRvras Sromis bazarze<br />
efeqtianad muSaobisaTvis;<br />
personalis xelmZRvaneloba, rogorc marTvis funqcia, mowodebulia<br />
gaaerTianos, moaxdinos koordinireba yvela danarCeni funqciisa. Ees ki<br />
miiRweva personalTan muSaobis principebis realizaciiT, maTi<br />
urTierTqmedebiT.<br />
personalTan muSaobis principebi<br />
Pprincipis dasaxelba principis Sinaarsi<br />
a) personalTan muSaobis saerTo<br />
principebi<br />
efeqtianoba gulisxmobs personalis marTvis<br />
sistemis yvelaze efeqtian da<br />
ekonomikur organizacias, marTvis<br />
sistemaze gaweuli danaxarjebis<br />
xvedriTi wilis Semcirebas<br />
produqciis erTeulze saerTo<br />
xarjebTan mimarTebaSi, warmoebis<br />
efeqtianobis amaRlebas.<br />
personalis marTvis sistemis<br />
srulyofis RonisZiebis gatarebis<br />
Semdeg Tu adgili eqneba<br />
marTvisTvis saWiro xarjebis<br />
gazrdas, maSin isini unda<br />
daifaros sawarmoTa saqmianobis<br />
efeqtianobiT<br />
principis dasaxeleba Pprincipis Sinaarsi<br />
b) personalTan muSaobis<br />
organizaciis principebi<br />
rotacia<br />
11<br />
calkeuli muSakebis droebiTma<br />
gamosvlam ar unda Sewyvitos<br />
romelime funqciis<br />
ganxorcielebis procesi. amisTvis
mmarTvelobiTi orientaciis<br />
optimaluri Tanamdeboba<br />
koncentracia<br />
specializacia<br />
Pparaleluroba<br />
Aadaptireba<br />
(moqniloba)<br />
12<br />
saWiroa personalis marTvis<br />
TiToeul muSaks SeeZlos<br />
Tanamdebobrivad ufro maRla<br />
mdgom muSakTa funqciebis<br />
imitireba, dabla mdgomi<br />
TanamSromlisa da Tavisi Ddonis<br />
erTi-ori muSakis funqciis<br />
Sesruleba<br />
personalis marTvis funqciis<br />
orientaciis gaswrebis<br />
aucileblobas karnaxobs<br />
ganviTarebis winswreba im<br />
funqciebTan SedarebiT, romlebic<br />
mimarTulni arian warmoebis<br />
funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze.<br />
ganixileba ori mimarTulebiT:<br />
rogorc calkeuli qvedanayofebis<br />
muSakebis Zalisxmevis<br />
koncentracia an personalis<br />
marTvis mTeli sistemis Zalisxmeva<br />
ZiriTadi amocanebis gadasawyvetad<br />
an rogorc msgavsi funqciebis<br />
personalis marTvis sistemis erT<br />
qvedanayofSi koncentracia, rac<br />
aRmofxvris dublirebas.<br />
Ppersonalis marTvis sistemaSi<br />
Sromis danawileba (gamoiyofa<br />
Sroma xelmZRvanelebis,<br />
specialistebisa da<br />
mosamsaxureebis) xorcieldeba<br />
calkeuli qvedanayofebis<br />
formirebiT, romlebic<br />
specializirebuli iqnebian<br />
erTgvarovani funqciebis<br />
Sesrulebaze.<br />
gulisxmobs calkeuli<br />
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
erTdroul Sesrulebas, rac<br />
amaRlebs personalis marTvis<br />
operatiulobas.<br />
niSnavs personalis marTvis<br />
sistemis misadagebas marTvis<br />
obieqtis Secvlili miznebisadmi<br />
da misi muSaobis pirobebisadmi
memkvidreobiToba<br />
13<br />
gulisxmobs saerTo<br />
meTodologiur safuZvels<br />
personalis marTvis sistemis<br />
srulyofis samuSaoebis<br />
Casatareblad gansxvavebul<br />
safexurebze da sxvadasxva<br />
specialistebis mier.<br />
personalis marTvis sistemis<br />
muSakebis an qvedanayofebis<br />
uwyvetoba<br />
saqmianobaSi Sesvenebebis<br />
gamoricxva, sabuTebis<br />
dalagebisaTvis saWiro drois<br />
Semcireba, marTvis teqnikur<br />
saSualebaTa mocdenis drois<br />
principis dasaxeleba<br />
Semcireba da a. S.<br />
principis Sinaarsi
iTmuloba<br />
teqnologiuri erTianoba<br />
komfortuloba<br />
mmarTvelobaSi kolegialuroba<br />
14<br />
drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi<br />
Tanabari moculobis samuSaoTa<br />
Sesruleba da personalis marTvis<br />
funqciebis ganmeorebis<br />
regulireba<br />
gasagebi (xelmisawvdomi)<br />
terminologia, yvela qvedanayofisa<br />
da xelmZRvanelis saqmianoba<br />
agebuli unda iyos erTian<br />
konstruqciebze (etapebze, fasebze,<br />
funqciebze),<br />
personalis marTvis sistema unda<br />
uzrunvelyofdes maqsimalur<br />
moxerxebulobas dasabuTebaTa<br />
SemoqmedebiTi procesebisaTvis,<br />
gamomuSavebisaTvis, adamianis mier<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da<br />
realizaciisaTvis. Mmag.<br />
damuSavebis gansxvavebuloba,<br />
sabuTebis specialuri gaformeba<br />
arsebiTi informaciis gamoyofiT<br />
(gamocalkevebiT); maTi garegnuli<br />
saxe; zedmeti muSaobis<br />
(saqmianobis) gamoricxva<br />
sabuTebis Sevsebis dros da a.S.<br />
profesionali menejerebi<br />
erTmaneTTan mWidro kontaqtiTa da<br />
kavSir-urTierTobiT muSaoben,<br />
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian<br />
TanamSromlobisa da kargi<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />
survilebiT, riTac qmnian<br />
mmarTvelobiT Stats.
personalis marTvis principebia:<br />
-TiToeuli muSakisaTvis Tavis saqmianobaze pasuxismgeblobis<br />
dakisreba;<br />
-TiToeulma muSakma unda icodes, Tu piradad vis eqvemdebareba da<br />
visgan iRebs miTiTebebs.<br />
personalis marTvaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT sami urTierdakavSirebuli<br />
midgoma, romelic gamomdinareobs ekonomikuri da saorganizacio<br />
Teorebidan.<br />
pirveli midgoma dakavSirebulia adamianuri kapitalis formirebasTan.<br />
meore midgoma gulisxmobs personalis marTvaSi im faqtorebis<br />
gamoyenebas, romlebic axdenen damqiraveblis motivirebas, raTa gare Sromis<br />
bazarze moiZios Sesabamisi profilis mqone optimaluri samuSao Zalebi.<br />
mesame midgoma dafuZnebulia organizaciisadmi erTgulebis<br />
koncefciaze, romelic iwvevs organizaciis (firmis) qcevis modelis Seqmnas<br />
sakadro<br />
politikis<br />
SemuSaveba da<br />
ganxorcieleba<br />
personalis<br />
SerCevisa da<br />
ganawilebis<br />
principebi<br />
daqiravebisa da<br />
daTxovnis<br />
pirobebi<br />
swavleba da<br />
kvalifikaciis<br />
amaRleba<br />
personalis<br />
saqmianobis<br />
Sefaseba<br />
personalis marTvis struqtura<br />
Sromis<br />
anazRaureba da<br />
stimulireba<br />
Sromis<br />
anazRaurebis<br />
formebi<br />
Sromis<br />
nayofierebis<br />
amaRlebis<br />
gzebi<br />
Sromis<br />
anazRaurebis<br />
wamaxalisebeli<br />
sistemebi<br />
jgufuri marTva,<br />
urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />
koleqtivSi da<br />
profkavSirebTan<br />
damokidebuleba<br />
dabal doneze<br />
muSakebis marTvaSi<br />
CarTva (mozidva)<br />
samuSao brigadebi da<br />
maTi funqciebi<br />
urTierdamokidebuleba<br />
koleqtivSi<br />
___________ damokidebuleba<br />
profkavSirebTan<br />
15<br />
marTvis<br />
socialurfsiqologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
muSakebis<br />
Sromis<br />
motivacia da<br />
SemoqmedebiTi<br />
iniciativa<br />
Ffirmis<br />
organizaciuli<br />
Kkultura<br />
personalis<br />
marTvis<br />
gavlena firmis<br />
saqmianobaze da<br />
mis<br />
organizaciaze<br />
___________<br />
personalis marTvis struqtura moicavs saqmianobis sxvadasxva<br />
mimarTulebebs, esenia:
esursebis dagegmva: momxmareblis adamianuri resursebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofa da amisaTvis aucilebeli danaxarjebis gegmis SemuSaveba;<br />
personalis SerCeva: yvela Tanamdebobis mixedviT potenciuri<br />
kandidatebis rezervis Seqmna;<br />
kadrebis gadarCeva: kandidatebis Sefaseba samuSao adgilebze da<br />
rezervidan saukeTesoTa SerCeva;<br />
xelfasisa da kompensaciebis gansazRvra: xelfasisa da SeRavaTebis<br />
struqturis SemuSaveba personalis mozidvis, daqiravebisa da SenarCunebis<br />
mizniT;<br />
proforientacia da adaptireba: dasaqmebuli muSakebis Seyvana<br />
organizaciasa (firmaasa) da mis qvedanayofebSi, muSakebisaTvis ganmarteba<br />
da swavleba imisa, Tu ras moelis maTgan organizacia (firma) da rogori<br />
Sroma iRebs damsaxurebul Sefasebas;<br />
swavleba: personalis swavlebis programebis SemuSaveba, maT mier<br />
samuSaos efeqtianad Sesrulebisa da samsaxurebrivi winsvlis mizniT;<br />
SromiTi saqmianobis Sefaseba: SromiTi saqmianobis Sefasebis<br />
meTodikis SemuSaveba da misi dayvana momuSaveebamde;<br />
dawinaureba, daqveiTeba, gadayvana, daTxovna: muSakebis Tanamdebobrivi<br />
gadaadgilebis meTodikis SemuSaveba meti an naklebi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
SemcvelobiT, muSakebis profesiuli gamocdilebis ganviTareba maTi sxva<br />
Tanamdebobebze gadaadgilebis gziT an sxva ubanze gadayvaniT, agreTve<br />
daqiravebis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis proceduris ganxorcielebiT;<br />
xelmZRvaneli kadrebis momzadeba, samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis marTva.<br />
Pprogramebis SemuSaveba, romlebic mimarTulia xelmZRvaneli kadrebis<br />
unaris ganviTarebisa da Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaken;<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebi: koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli molaparakebebis warmoeba;<br />
dasaqmeba: dasaqmebis Tanabrad uzrunvelyofis programebis SemuSveba.<br />
personalis marTvis programebis SemuSaveba iTvaliswinebs:<br />
-miznobrivi orientaciisa da saerTo miznebis urTierTkavSiris<br />
arsebobas.<br />
-SromiTi resusrebis marTvis sferoSi strategiis erToblivad<br />
SemuSavebas da dasaqmebis stabilizacias xelmZRvanelobis profkavSirebisa<br />
da muSakebis mier.<br />
organizaciuli kultura<br />
organizacia rTuli meqanizmia, romlis sasicocxlo potencialis<br />
safuZvelsac organizaciuli kultura <strong>warmoadgens</strong>: is, ris gamo adamianebi<br />
gaxdnen organizaciis wevrebi; is, Tu rogor aigeba maT Soris urTierToba;<br />
organizaciis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis myar normebsa da principebs rogor<br />
iziareben isini, ra aris, maTi azriT, kargi da ra _ cudi, da kidev bevri<br />
sxva ram iseTi, romelic faseulobebsa da normebs miekuTvneba.<br />
organizaciuli kulturis matarebelia adamianebi, magram ukve<br />
Camoyalibebuli organizaciuli kulturis mqone organizaciebSi<br />
organizaciuli kultura TiTqos gancalkevebulia adamianebisagan da xdeba<br />
organizaciis atributi, misi nawili, romelic aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdens<br />
16
organizaciis wevrebze, maTi qcevis modificirebas im normebisa da<br />
faseulobebis Sesabamisad, romlebic mis safuZvels Seadgenen.<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac kultura umniSvelovanes rols TamaSobs<br />
organizaciis cxovrebaSi mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda eqceodes<br />
xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.<br />
menejementi ara marto Seesabameba organizaciul kulturas da masze<br />
Zlieraa damokidebuli, aramed mas SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena<br />
organizaciuli kulturis formirebasa da ganviTarebaze. amisaTvis<br />
menejerebs unda SeeZloT organizaciuli kulturis gaanalizeba da<br />
gavlenis moxdena mis formirebasa da sasurveli mimarTulebiT Secvlaze.<br />
Tanamedrove literaturaSi sakmaod mravladaa organizaciuli<br />
kulturis Sinaarsis cnebis gansazRvra. rogorc mraval sxva organizaciul<br />
mmarTvelobiT disciplinas, aseve organizaciuli kulturis koncefciasac<br />
ar gaaCnia erTaderTi swori da utyuari ganmarteba. TiToeuli avtori<br />
cdilobs es cneba Taviseburad ganmartos. Aamitom amJamad ukve gvaqvs<br />
rogorc Zalian viwro, aseve farTo gansazRvra imisa, Tu ras <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
organizaciuli kultura.<br />
avtorebis umeteseoba Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom organizaciuli kultura<br />
mniSvnelovani varaudebisa da ganzraxvebis rTuli organizaciaa (romlebic<br />
xSirad formulirebas ar eqvemdebareba da mtkicebis gareSe miiReba jgufis<br />
wevrebis an organizaciis mier). xSirad korporaciuli kultura<br />
ganmartebulia rogorc organizaciis wevrebis mier gaTavisebuli<br />
filosofia da marTvis ideologia, varaudebi, ganzraxvebi, moraluri<br />
faseulobani da normebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs urTierTobebsa da<br />
urTierTqmedebebs rogorc organizaciis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT.<br />
organizaciuli kultura organizaciaSi vlindeba adamianebs Soris<br />
urTierTobebSi. Aamitom sxvadasxva adamianebi an organizaciis sxvadasxva<br />
nawilebi cdiloben, rom organizaciis kultura msgavsi terminiT aRweron.<br />
miuxedavad organizaciuli kulturis sxvadasxva ganmartebebisa da<br />
maTi Sinaarsis aSkara gansxvavebisa, maTSi saerTo momentebic aris. Bbevr<br />
ganmartebaSi avtorebi eyrdnobian sabazro varaudebis nimuSebs, romlebsac<br />
organizaciis wevrebi icaven TavianT qcevebsa da qmedebebSi. es varaudebi<br />
xSirad dakavSirebulia individis mier gare garemos (jgufis, organizaciis,<br />
sazogadoebis, msoflios) xedvasTan da misi cvlilebebis<br />
maregulireblebTan (buneba, sivrce, dro, samuSao urTierToba da a. S.).<br />
xSirad Zneldeba am xedvis formulireba organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
Rirebulebebi (anu RirebulebiTi orientaciebi), romlebsac SeiZleba<br />
icavdes individi, <strong>warmoadgens</strong> meore saerTo kategorias, romelic avtorebis<br />
mier CarTulia organizaciuli kulturis ganmartebaSi. Rirebulebebi<br />
orientirs aZlevs individs imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogori qceva SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos misaRebad an dauSveblad (miuReblad). Aase, zogierT<br />
organizaciaSi miCneulia, rom klienti yovelTvis marTalia, amitom<br />
dauSvebelia klientis dadanaSauleba organizaciis wevrebis warumatebel<br />
muSaobaSi. sxvagan SesaZlebelia yvelaferi sapirispirod iyos. magram<br />
rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi miRebuli faseuloba exmareba individs<br />
imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor unda imoqmedos man konkrentul situaciaSi.<br />
da bolos, organizaciuli kulturis Sinaarsis cnebis mesame saerTo<br />
atributad miCneulia simbolika, romlis meSveobiTac RirebulebiTi<br />
orientaciebi “gadaecemaT” organizaciis wevrebs. Mmraval firmas<br />
17
specialuri, yvelasaTvis gankuTvnili dokumenti aqvs, romelSic isini<br />
detalurad aRweren TavianT RirebulebiT orientaciebs. magram am<br />
ukanasknelis Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba sruliad gadaecema muSakebs<br />
istoriis, legendebisa da miTebis meSveobiT. maT uyvebian Sinaarss,<br />
gadascemen, ganumartaven. Sedegad isini individze ufro did gavlenas<br />
axdenen, vidre is Rirebulebebi, romlebic Cawerilia organizaciis<br />
sareklamo bukletSi.<br />
organizaciuli kultura – esaa umniSvnelovanesi varaudebis,<br />
ganzraxvebis nakrebi, miRebuli organizaciis wevrebis mier da asaxuli<br />
organizaciis mier gacxadebul RirebulebebSi, romlebic adamianebs aZleven<br />
maTi qcevisa da moqmedebebis orientirebs. Ees RirebulebiTi orientaciebi<br />
gadaecema individebs sulieri da materialuri Sida organizaciuli<br />
urTierTobebis simboluri saSualebebiT.<br />
mas, vinc cdilobs Rrmad Seicnos organizaciuli kultura, Sexeba<br />
aqvs mis meore, zedapirul donesTan. am doneze Seswavlas eqvemdebareba<br />
Rirebulebebi, romlebsac iziareben organizaciis wevrebi, imis Sesabamisad,<br />
es Rirebulebebi ramdenad aisaxeba simboloebsa da enaSi. Rirebulebebis<br />
miReba Segnebul xasiaTs atarebs da damokidebulia adamianebis survilebze.<br />
Mmkvlevrebi xSirad izRudebian am doniT, radganac Semdeg doneze TiTqmis<br />
dauZleveli sirTuleebi wamoiWreba.<br />
mesame, siRrmisuli done moicavs sabazro varaudebsa da ganzraxvebs,<br />
romlebic Znelad gasarkvevia da maTSi garkveva TviT organizaciis<br />
wevrebsac ki uWirT specialurad am sakiTxebze gonebis daZabvisa da<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe. es faruli da sarwmunod miRebuli<br />
varudebi da ganzraxulobani warmarTaven adamianebis qcevas da moqmedebas,<br />
exmarebian maT aiTvison da aRiqvan is atributebi, romlebic axasiaTebs<br />
organizaciul kulturas.<br />
imis Sesabamisad, Tu miTiTebuli doneebidan romeli Seiswavleba,<br />
miRebulia organizaciuli kulturebis dayofa subieqturad da obieqturad.<br />
subieqturi organizaciuli kultura iqmneba muSakebis mier varaudebisa da<br />
ganzraxulebaTa nimuSebis gaziarebis, rwmenisa da molodinisagan, agreTve<br />
misi Rirebulebebis organizaciuli garemocvis jgufuri aRqmisagan<br />
(miRebisagan), im normebisa da rgolebis miRebisagan, romlebic pirovnebis<br />
gareT arseboben. amaSi CairTveba simbolikis rigi elementebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
misi sulieri nawili: organizaciis gmiri, miTebi organizaciisa da misi<br />
lideris istoriaze, organizaciuli tabu, ritualebi, urTierTobaTa enisa<br />
da lozungebis miReba-aRqma. subieqturi organizaciuli kultura<br />
praqtikuli kulturis formirebis anu xelmZRvanelobis stilis SemuSavebis,<br />
xelmRvanelebis mier problemaTa gadawyvetis stilis gamomuSavebis,<br />
mTlianad maTi qcevis wesebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelia. Ees qmnis<br />
gansxvavebas msgavs organizaciul kulturaTa Soris, magaliTad, or<br />
kompanias SeuZlia ganacxados klientebis xarisxianad momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saboloo Sedegi bevrad iqneba damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor iqneba<br />
ganxorcielebuli am procesis xelmZRvaneloba.<br />
obieqtur organizaciul kulturas Cveulebriv ukavSireben fizikur<br />
garemocavas, romelic organizaciaSia Seqmnili: TviT Senoba da misi<br />
dizaini, misi ganlagebis adgili, mowyobiloba da aveji, sivrcis feri da<br />
moculoba, moxerxebuloba, misaRebi oTaxebi, manqanebis gasaCereblebi da<br />
18
sxv. es yvelaferi ama Tu im xarisxiT asaxavs im faseulobebs, romlebsac<br />
misdevs mocemuli organizacia.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom organizaciuli kulturis orive aspeqti<br />
mniSvnelovania, mainc subieqturi aspeqti adamianebsa da organizaciebs<br />
Soris. rogorc saerTos, ise gansxvavebaTa Ziebis met saSulebas qmnis.<br />
uamravi midgoma arsebobs im gansxvavebuli atributebis gamosayofad,<br />
romlebic ama Tu im kulturis daxasiaTebas da identifikacias axdenen,<br />
rogorc makro, ise mikrodoneze. Kkonkretuli organizaciuli kultura<br />
SegviZlia ganvixiloT aTi maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze:<br />
-muSakis mier sakuTari Tavisa da organizaciaSi Tavisi adgilis<br />
gacnobiereba – erTni kulturas aRiqvamen rogorc muSakis mier Tavisi<br />
Sinagani ganwyobis dafarvas, meoreni mxars uWeren da waaxaliseben maT<br />
garegan gamovlenas; calkeul SemTxvevebSi damoukidebloba da Semoqmedeba<br />
vlindeba TanamSromlobis saxiT, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi –individualizmis<br />
saxiT;<br />
-urTierTobis komunikaciuri sistema da metyveleba – zepiri, weriTi,<br />
araverbaluri komunikaciis, “satelefono uflebis” da komunikaciis<br />
gaxsnilobis gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia jgufebs Soris, jgufidan jgufamde,<br />
organizaciidan organizaciamde; Jargoni, abreviatura, Jestikulaciebi saxes<br />
icvlis, sxvadasxva organizaciebis dargobrivi, funqcionaluri da<br />
teritoriuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT;<br />
-garegnuli ieri, tansacmeli da Tavis wardgena samsaxurSi _<br />
uniformaTa da spectansacmlis, saqmiani stilis, kosmetikis , varcxnilobis<br />
gansxvavebuloba da mravalsaxeoba adasturebs mravali mikrokulturis<br />
arsebobas;<br />
-ras da rogor miirTmeven adamianebi, Wamis Cveulebebi da tradiciebi<br />
_ muSakebis kvebis organizacia, maT Soris sawarmoSi kvebisTvis<br />
gankuTvnili adgilebis arseboba an ararseboba; adamianebi daatareben<br />
TavianT sakvebs Tu Sedian kafeebSi dawesebulebebis SigniT an mis gareT;<br />
dotacia kvebaze; kvebis perioduloba da xangrZlivoba; sxvadasxva donis<br />
muSakebi ikvebebian erTad Tu cal-calke da a. S.;<br />
-drois Secnoba, SegrZneba, misdami damokidebuleba da gamoyeneba _<br />
muSakebis sizustis xarisxi da droisadmi damokidebuleba; drois ganrigis<br />
dacva; drois monoqronikuli an poliqronikuli gamoyeneba;<br />
-adamianebs Soris urTierToba da urTierTdamokidebuleba _ asakisa<br />
da sqesis mixedviT, statusisa da xelisuflebis mixedviT, gonierebisa da<br />
inteleqtis, gamocdilebisa da codnis, rangis da protokolis, religiisa<br />
da moqlaqeobis mixedviT da a. S.;<br />
-faseulobebi _ rogorc orientirTa nakrebi imaze, Tu ra aris kargi<br />
da ra aris cudi da normebi _ rogorc winadadebaTa da molodinTa<br />
nakrebi qcevis gansazRvruli tipis mixedviT –adamianebi ras afaseben<br />
TavianT organizaciul cxovrebaSi (Tavis mdgomareobas, titulebs Tu TviT<br />
samuSaos da a. S) da rogor xdeba am faseulobaTa SenarCuneba;<br />
-rwmena raRacis mimarT da raRacis mimarT damokidebuleba an ganwyoba<br />
raRacis mimarT _ rwmena xelmZRvanelobis, warmatebebis, sakuTari Zalebis,<br />
urTierTdaxmarebis, eTikuri qcevis, samarTlianobis mimarT da a.S.;<br />
kolegebisadmi damokidebuleba, borotebis, Zladobisa da agresiisadmi<br />
damokidebuleba da sxv.; religiis gavlena da morali;<br />
19
-muSakebis ganviTarebis procesi da swavleba _ samuSaos moufiqrebeli<br />
an Segnebuli Sesruleba; orientiri inteleqtze Tu Zalaze; muSakebis<br />
informirebis procedurebi; msjelobebsa da moqmedebebSi logikis primatis<br />
aRiareba an uaryofa; abstraqcia da konceptualizacia azrovnebasa da<br />
swavlaSi; mizezebis ganmartebisadmi midgoma;<br />
-SromiTi eTika da motivireba – samuSaos mimarT damokidebuleba da<br />
pasuxismgebloba samuSaos Sesrulebaze; samuSaos danawileba da Senacvleba-<br />
Canacvleba; samuSao adgilis sisufTave; samuSaos xarisxi; Cveulebebi<br />
samuSos mixedviT; samuSaos Sefaseba da waxaliseba; damokidebuleba<br />
“adamiani-manqana”; individualuri an jgufuri muSaoba; samsaxurebrivi<br />
dawinaureba.<br />
organizaciuli kulturis zemoaRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi erTad<br />
aRebuli asaxaven da Sinaars aZleven organizaciuli kulturis koncefcias.<br />
Oorganizaciis wevrebi, iziareben ra rwmenasa da molodinis grZnobas,<br />
qmnian TavianT fizikur garemocvas, SeimuSaveben urTierTobis enas, avlenen<br />
yvelasaTvis gasageb grZnobebsa da emociebs. Yyovelive es exmareba maT<br />
organizaciuli kulturis gagebasa da interpretirebaSi, anu Tavisi<br />
mniSvneloba mianiWon movlenebsa da moqmedebebs, gaazrebuli gaxadon<br />
TavianTi samuSao garemocva. adamianebisa da jgufebis qceva organizaciis<br />
SigniT mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli normebTan, romlebic gamomdinareobs am<br />
rwmenis, molodinisa da moqmedebebisagan.<br />
organizaciuli kulturis Sinaarsi gavlenas axdens qcevis<br />
mimarTulebebze da ganisazRvreba varaudebisa da ganzraxvebis ara martivi<br />
dajamebiT, aramed imiT, Tu rogor arian isini dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan<br />
da rogor qmnian qcevis gansazRvrul nimuSebs. Aama Tu im kulturis<br />
ganmasxvavebeli da damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa formirebadi sabaziso<br />
varaudebisa da ganzraxvebis garkveuli wesrigi,, rac miuTiTebs imaze, Tu<br />
rogori politika da romeli principebi unda Warbobdes winadadebaTa<br />
sxvadasxva nakrebs Soris konfliqtis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi. Aase, or<br />
organizacias Tanabrad SeuZlia ganacxados muSaobaSi kooperaciisa da Sida<br />
konkurenciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rogorc erT-erT mniSvnelovan<br />
Rirebulebaze. Mmagram, amasTan, erT organizaciaSi kooperacia ufro metad<br />
iqneba damokidebuli gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesze, xolo Sida<br />
konkurencia – karieris dagegmvaze. Mmeore organizaciaSi aqcenti SeiZleba<br />
gakeTdes Sebrunebuli wesiTa da mimarTulebebiT. Aam ori organizaciis<br />
kulturaTa Sinaarsi sakmaod gansxavavebuli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
maTi varaudebisa da ganzraxulebaTa nakrebi arsebiTad TiTqos erTnairia.<br />
zemoT moyvanili kidev erTxel TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom<br />
organizaciul kulturaze, rogorc monoliTur fenomenze, laparaki ar<br />
gviwevs. Ees mxolod organizaciis erTi kulturaa. Aamis miuxedavad,<br />
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom erT organizaciaSi SesaZlebelia iyos bevri<br />
“lokaluri” kultura. maSasadame, arsebobs erTi, mTel organizaciaSi<br />
umeteswilad gavrcelebuli da upiratesad miCneuli kultura da misi<br />
nawilebis (donis, qvedanayofis, profesionaluri, regionaluri, erovnuli,<br />
asakobrivi, sqesobrivi da sxva jgufebis) kultura. Yyvela es gansxvavebuli<br />
subkultura SesaZlebelia Tanaarsebobdes erTi saerTo kulturis qveS.<br />
organizaciaSi erTi an ramdenime subkultura Tavisi bunebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia imyofebodes imave ganzomilebaSi, romelSic aris<br />
organizaciaSi dominirebuli kultura, an kidev Seqmnas am organizaciaSi<br />
20
erTgvari meore ganzomileba. pirvel organizaciaSi es iqneba Taviseburi<br />
anklavi, romelSic dominirebuli kulturis Rirebulebebisadmi erTguleba,<br />
Tavdadeba vlindeba ufro metad, vidre organizaciis sxva nawilSi.<br />
Cveulebriv, es xdeba organizaciis centraluri aparatis subkulturis an<br />
marTvis organoebis sistemaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi organizaciaSi<br />
dominirebuli kulturis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi am organizaciis romelime<br />
jgufis wevris mier miiReba sxva kulturebTan erTad calke nakrebis saxiT.<br />
sazogadoebis msgavsad, organizaciaSic SeiZleba arsebobdes mesame tipis<br />
subkulturebic, romlebic sakmaod mtkiced uaryofen imas, risi miRwevac<br />
organizacias surs mTlianobaSi. organizaciaSi kontrkulturebi maSin<br />
iqmneba xolme, rodesac individebi da jgufebi iseT pirobebSi imyofebian,<br />
rom SeuZlebelia maTTvis sasurveli an normaluri mdgomareobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa. garkveuli azriT, organizaciuli kontrkulturebi<br />
warmoadgenen stresis an krizisis periodSi mowodebas daxmarebisaken, anu<br />
rodesac mxardaWeris arsebuli sistema iSleba da adamianebi cdiloben<br />
organizaciaSi TavianTi cxovrebis kontrolis raime doniT aRdgenas.<br />
zogierTi “kontkulturis” jgufi SesaZlebelia sakmaod gavleniani gaxdes<br />
msxvilmasStabiani transformaciuli procesebis msvlelobaSi, romlebic<br />
dakavSirebulia bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan, agreTve organizaciis<br />
konstruqciisa da xasiaTis cvlilebebTan. aseTi jgufebis TvalsaCino<br />
magaliTia Tavis droze yovlisSemZle SromiTi koleqtivis sabWoebi,<br />
romlebic amJamad, privatizaciis procesis mimdinareobisas, warmoiqmna<br />
sawarmoTa aqciebis sakontrolo paketis mflobelTa jgufebis da<br />
sabiujeto organizaciebis samewarmeo qvedanayofebis saxiT.<br />
rogorc kargadaa cnobili, garemomcveli sfero mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdens organizaciaze, rac, bunebrivia, mis kulturazec aisaxeba.<br />
amasTan, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, or organizacias, romlebic erT<br />
garemosa da garemocvaSi funqcionireben, SesaZlebelia Zlier gansxvavebuli<br />
kultura hqondeT. Ees imitom xdeba, rom organizaciis wevrebi TavianTi<br />
erToblivi gamocdilebiT sxvadasxvanairad wyveten or umniSvnelovanes<br />
problemas. Ppirveli _ esaa gare adaptacia: ra unda gakeTdes organizaciis<br />
mier da rogor unda gakeTdes. meore _ esaa Siga integracia: rogor wyveten<br />
organizaciis muSakebi TavianT yoveldRiur, organizaciaSi muSaobasa da<br />
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs.<br />
gare adaptaciis da gadarCenis procesi ukavSirdeba organizaciis<br />
mier bazarze Tavisi niSis Ziebasa da povnas da mis morgebas mudmivad<br />
cvalebad garemosTan. Ees aris organizaciis mier Tavisi miznebis miRwevisa<br />
da misi urTierTqmedebis procesi gare samyaros warmomadgenlebTan.<br />
Cveulebriv organizacia viTardeba axali wevrebis mozidvis xarjze,<br />
romlebic sxva kulturis mqone organizaciebidan modian. Oorganizaciis<br />
axal wevrebs, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, organizaciaSi sxva kulturis “virusi”<br />
SeaqvT. Semdgom ki kulturebidan romeli damkvidrdeba da gadarCeba,<br />
bevradaa damokidebuli maT siZliereze, ramdenadac es siZliere gavlenas<br />
axdens ama Tu im qcevis intensivobaze.<br />
organizaciis kulturis siZliere sami parametriT ganisazRvreba:<br />
-kulturis “sisqe”;<br />
-organizaciis wevrebis mier kulturis gaziarebis xarisxi;<br />
-kulturis prioritetebis sicxade (garkveuloba).<br />
21
organizaciis kulturis “sisqe” ganisazRvreba im mniSvnelovani<br />
varaudebis (ganzraxvaTa) raodenobiT, romlebsac TanamSromlebi iziareben.<br />
Kkultura rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis mravali doniT Zlier gavlenas<br />
axdens TanamSromelTa qcevebze.<br />
zogierT kulturaSi aRiarebuli da gaziarebuli sxvadasxva rwmena da<br />
Rirebulebebi mkveTrad ranJirebulia, amasTan, is, rom maT sxvadasxvagvari<br />
Rirebuleba aqvT, sulac ar amcirebs TiToeuli maTganis rols. zogierT<br />
sxva kulturaSi SedarebiTi prioritetebi da aRiarebul Rirebulebebs<br />
Soris kavSirebi mTlianad naTeli ar aris. pirvel SemTxvevaSi miiRweva<br />
didi efeqti adamianebis qcevaze gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac maTSi<br />
iwyebs formirebas rwmena imisa, Tu romeli Rirebuleba unda Warbobdes<br />
interesTa konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi<br />
Sromis motivireba da karieris marTva<br />
1. motivirebis arsi da adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi<br />
imisaTvis, rom organizaciam warmatebiT miaRwios Tavis miznebs,<br />
sakmarisi araa organizaciuli, teqnikuri, resursuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta<br />
da kvalificiuri personalis mozidva; yovelive amasTan erTad aucilebelia<br />
Sromis procesis iseTi organizeba, rom yovelma momuSavem Zalisxmeva da<br />
daintereseba gamoavlinos dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. istoria,<br />
mecnieruli gamokvlevebi, praqtikuli cxovreba da gamocdileba calsaxad<br />
adasturebs, rom adamianma mxolod maSin SeiZleba miaRwios Tavis miznebs<br />
da maqsimalurad gamoavlinos Tavisi unar-SesaZleblobebi, roca is<br />
saTanadodaa motivirebuli, roca mas saamisod realuri stimuli aqvs.<br />
rasakvirvelia, arasworia imis mtkiceba, rom momuSaveTa SromiTi qceva,<br />
disciplina da Sromis Sedegebi mxolod maTi motivirebiT ganisazRvreba,<br />
magram es odnavadac ar amcirebs adamianTa motivirebis gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas.<br />
ratom amjobineben xolme adamianebi erT samuSaos meores? ratom<br />
reagireben isini sxvadasxvagvarad erTsa da imave stimulze? ratomaa, rom<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi Tavdauzogavad, maqsimaluri mobilizebiTa da mondomebiT<br />
muSaoben, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki _ zereled da uinteresod? rasakvirvelia, aq<br />
mTavaria imis garkveva, Tu ra da ratom iwvevs adamianTa motivirebas da ra<br />
unda gakeTdes, rom isini daintersebulni iyvnen, maqsimaluri ZalisxmeviTa<br />
da Sedegianad imuSaon.<br />
tradiciulad da dResac, arcTu cota xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs, rom<br />
adamianTa warmatebuli saqmianobis mTavari da xSirad erTaderTi stimuli<br />
materialuri daintereseba, xelfasia. am faqtoris Zalze didi mniSvnelobis<br />
miuxedavad, gansakuTrebiT dRevandel qarTul sinamdvileSi, iSviaTi rodia<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani didi monodomebiTa da TavdaviwyebiTac muSaobs,<br />
Tumca mas ar akmayofilebs xelfasis done; aris iseTi samuSoebic,<br />
romlebsac arcerTi adamiani xels ar mohkidebs, rac unda maRali iyos<br />
anazRaureba; ase rom, fuli yovelTvis da yvelafers ar wyvets da adamianis<br />
motivirebac marto mas ar ukavSirdeba.<br />
22
motivireba adamianis im moTxovnilebebTan dakavSirebuli Sinagani<br />
mdgomareobaa, romlebic stimuls aZleven mis moqmedebebs da dasaxuli<br />
miznebis misaRwevad warmarTaven.<br />
adamianis qcevis motivirebis gamartivebuli modeli<br />
moTxovnilebebi;<br />
motivebi, moqmedebebi, romlebic moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebiskenaa<br />
mimarTuli;<br />
mizani;<br />
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis<br />
Sedegi<br />
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom motivireba uSualod da ganuyofladaa<br />
dakavSirebuli adamianis moTxovnilebebTan. moTxovnileba aris adamianis<br />
mier aRqmuli ukmarisoba imisa, rac mis gareTaa da rac aucilebelia misi<br />
normaluri cxovrebisaTvis. rodesac iwyeben muSaobas, adamianebi cdiloben<br />
daikmayofilon sxvadasxva moTxovnileba, romelic SeiZleba xSirad<br />
saTanadod gacnobierebulic ki ar hqondeT. Tanamedrove literaturaSi<br />
arsebobs adamianis moTxovnilebaTa sakmaod bevri, erTmaneTisagn metnaklebad<br />
gansxvavebuli klasifikacia, amaTgan erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
popularulia maslous mier warmodgenili klasifikacia.<br />
adamianTa moTxovnilebebis ierarqia maslous mixedviT<br />
pirveladi moTxovnilebebi<br />
1. fiziologiuri<br />
2. usafrTxoebis<br />
meoradi moTxovnilebebi<br />
3. aRiareba-pativiscemis<br />
4. socialuri<br />
Y 5. TviTgamoxatvis (TviTrealizebis)<br />
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebia: sakvebi, wyali, haeri, tansacmeli, bina<br />
da a. S. , anu is moTxovnilebebi, romlebic adamianis, rogorc biologiuri<br />
organizmis arsebobas uzrunvelyofen.<br />
usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebia: saimedo samuSao adgili, Semosavlis<br />
mudmivi wyaros arseboba, fizikuri da fsiqikuri usafrTxoeba, samedicino<br />
daxmareba, sapensio uzrunvelyofa, mSvidoba, xvalindeli dRis imedi da sxv.<br />
socialuri moTxovnilebebia: socialuri kontaqtebi, kolegebTan<br />
araformaluri urTierTobebi, organizaciis Cveulebriv wevrad gaxdoma,<br />
organizaciuli kulturis gaTaviseba da sxv.<br />
aRiareba-pativiscemis moTxovnilebebia: momuSaves pativs scemen<br />
xelmZRvanelebi, kolegebi, aRiareben mis warmatebul saqmianobas,<br />
mondomebasa da profesionalizms, maRalia misi da misi Tanamdebobis<br />
prestiJi da avtoriteti saqminobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, maRalia misi<br />
statusi (kabineti, aRWurva, momsaxureba da a.S.), mas aqvs Zlaufleba, axdens<br />
sakuTari miRwevebis Sefasebas da sxv.<br />
23
TviTgamoxatvis moTxovnilebebia: sakuTari unar-SesaZleblobebis<br />
srulyofilad gamovlena da realizeba, SemoqmedebiTi ganviTareba,<br />
pirovnuli zrda.<br />
rasakvirvelia, moTxovnilebaTa warmodgenili ierarqiidan pirveli<br />
ori, e.w. vitaluri, anu sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis, pirveladi<br />
moTxovnilebebia; Tu isini araa dakmayofilebuli, Znelia (Tu SeuZlebeli<br />
ara) adamians sxva, ufro maRali, meoradi – aRiareba-pativiscemasTan,<br />
socialur cxovrebasTan Tu TviTgamoxatvasTan dakavSirebuli _<br />
moTxovnilebebi gauCndes; Tumca gamonaklisebi yovelTvis da yvelgan xdeba<br />
da dRevandeli saqarTveloc amis saukeTeso magaliTia: vitaluri<br />
(fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis) moTxovnilebaTa arasakmarisi<br />
dakmayofilebis pirobebSic ki saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxurSi cotani<br />
rodi arian moxeleebi, romlebic patiosnad, SemoqmedebiTad, didi<br />
mondomebiTa da maRali pasuxismgeblobiT asruleben TavianT funqciebs da<br />
profesiul kmayofilebasac grZnoben.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, bevr adamians axali samuSaos dawyebisa da<br />
axal organizaciaSi samomavlo saqmianobis motivebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
detalurad, konkretulad da sistemurad Camoyalibebuli ara aqvs. SeiZleba<br />
erTi-ori, misTvis mTavari da prioritetuli motivi hqondes<br />
gacnobierebuli, xolo danarCenebi arsebobdes intuiciur, qvecnobier<br />
doneze, an sruliad ar iyos Camoyalibebuli da saqmianobis Semdgom<br />
etapebze gamoCndes.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania organizaciis personalis<br />
marTvis samsaxuris, rogorc meTodur-makoordinirebeli qvedanayofis, ise<br />
gansakuTrebiT xaziT menejerTa roli da funqciebi; am ukanasknelebma da,<br />
sazogadod, nebismierma menejerma unda icodes da cdilobdes ukeT gaigos,<br />
Tu ra konkretuli motivebi, moTxovnilebebi da interesebi amoZravebs maTze<br />
uSualod daqvemdebarebulebs, risken iswrafvian, ras elodebian xval da<br />
zeg isini, ra moswonT da ra ar moswonT maT TavianT saqmianobaSi, ra<br />
Seuwyobs xels maTi muSaobis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovan zrdas da sxv.<br />
socialuri moTxovnilebebi<br />
• SeecadeT TanamSromlebs misceT iseTi samuSao, romelic maT sxvebTan<br />
urTierTobebis saSualebas miscems;<br />
• SeqmeniT erTiani gundis suliskveTeba samuSao adgilebze;<br />
• moawyveT daqvemdebarebulebTan perioduli TaTbirebi;<br />
• Tu organizacias realur zians ar ayeneben, nu SeecdebiT<br />
araformaluri jgufebis daSlas;<br />
• SeqmeniT saTanado pirobebi organizaciis gareT organizaciis wevrebis<br />
socialuri aqtivobisaTvis.<br />
aRiareba-pativiscemis moTxovnilebebi<br />
• SesTavazeT daqvemdebarebulebs ufro Sinaarsiani samuSao;<br />
• uzrunvelyaviT organizaciis miRweul SedegebTan daqvemdebarebulTa<br />
dadebiTi ukukavSiri;<br />
• saTanadod SeafaseT da waaxaliseT daqvemdebarebulTa mier miRweuli<br />
Sedegebi;<br />
24
• aqtiurad CaabiT daqvemdebarebulebi organizaciis (qvedanayofis<br />
miznebis formulirebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi);<br />
• moaxdineT daqvemdebarebulebebze damatebiT uflebamosilebaTa<br />
delegireba;<br />
• izruneT daqvemdebarebulTa karieraze, Tanamdebobriv winsvlaze,<br />
waxalisebaze.<br />
TviTgamoxatvis (TviTrealizebis) moTxovnilebebi<br />
• uzrunvelyaviT daqvemdbarebulTa swavlebis, gadamzadebis,<br />
kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da permanentuli ganviTarebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi, rac maT saSualebas miscems srulad gamoiyenon<br />
TavianTi potenciali;<br />
• mieciT daqvemdebarebulebs rTuli da mniSvnelovani samuSao, rac<br />
maTgan srul ukugebas moiTxovs;<br />
• Yyovelmxriv waaxaliseT da xeli SeuwyveT daqvemdebarebulTa<br />
SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas.<br />
metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom momuSaveebi siamayes grZnobdnen<br />
organizaciis wevrobiT, organizaciis miznebsa da amocanebs aRiqvamdnen<br />
rogorc sakuTars, naTlad xedavdnen TavianT adgilsa da rols maT<br />
miRwevaSi, erTmaneTs erwymodes saerTo-organizaciuli da pirovnuli<br />
interesebi, aRiarebuli da gaTavisuflebuli iqnes organizaciis<br />
strategiuli interesebis primati.<br />
imis gamo, rom xSirad naTlad araa Camoyalibebuli momuSaveTa<br />
motivaciuri struqtura da konkretuli moTxovnilebebi, am Tavis pirvel<br />
danarTSi mocemulia testi, romelic am mxriv daxmarebas gauwevs rogorc<br />
momuSaveebs, ise maT uSualo xelmZRvanelebsa da personalis marTvis<br />
samsaxuris moxeleebs.<br />
Sromis motivirebis ZiriTadi principebi<br />
momuSaveTa SromiTi qcevis gagebisa da stimulirebis dasabuTebuli,<br />
efeqtiani sistemis Sesaqmnelad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im fsiqologiuri<br />
kanonzomierebisa da ZiriTadi principebis codnas, romlebic SromiTi<br />
motivirebis safuZvels warmoadgenen; aseTi principebia:<br />
• SromiTi qcevis polimotivireba;<br />
• motivebis ierarqiuli organizeba;<br />
• samarTlianobis principi;<br />
• mxardaWeris principi.<br />
SromiTi qcevis polimotivireba<br />
adamianis saqmianobaze ara erTi, aramed bevri motivi axdens gavlenas;<br />
amis gageba SeiZleba daexmaros xelmZRvanels, erTi mxriv, kargad moaxdinos<br />
Sromis procesis organizeba, raTa daqvemdebarebulebi didi surviliT,<br />
mondomebiTa da efeqtianad muSaobdnen, xolo meore mxriv – Tavidan<br />
25
aicilos motivebis konfliqti, roca sxvadasxva motivi adamianisagan<br />
gansxvavebul qcevas, moqmedebasa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas moiTxovs.<br />
MmagaliTad, momuSaves SeiZleba didi survili hqondes xelmZRvanelis yvela<br />
davaleba da miTiTeba ukomentarod Seasrulos, magram misma zogierTma<br />
kolegam SeiZleba aseTi mondomeba gadaWarbebulad, mliqvnelobad CaTvalos<br />
da maTTan urTierToba gaufuWdes, anu adgili aqvs interesTa konfliqts.<br />
adamianis qcevaze moqmed motivebs Soris erTgvari urTierTkavSiri<br />
arsebobs. Aam motivebs Soris SeiZleba damyardes kompensaciuri<br />
urTierTobebi; SedarebiT susti motivi SeiZleba kompensirebuli an<br />
gawonasworebuli iqnes sxva motivebiT; amis sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />
magaliTia, roca arcTu saintereso samuSao mimzidveli xdeba maRali<br />
xelfasis gamo da piriqiT: Sromis arcTu maRali anazRaureba SeiZleba<br />
kompensirebul iqnes imiT, rom samuSao sainteresoa, damoukideblobasa da<br />
SemoqmedebiT midgomas moiTxovs. kompensaciuri urTierTobebis bevri<br />
magaliTia saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxurSi, kerZod, profesionali da<br />
patiosani moxeleebis SemTxvevaSi, roca saarsebo minimumze dabali<br />
anazRaureba da socialuri daucveloba met-naklebad kompensirdeba<br />
profesiuli Rirsebis grZnobis, patriotizmisa da qveynisaTvis samsaxuris<br />
prioritetulobis da sxva pozitiuri motivebiT.<br />
motivebis ierarqiuli organizeba<br />
SromiTi motivirebis ierarqiuli organizebisas SromiT motivebsa da<br />
SromiT qcevas Soris iseTi urTierTobebi igulisxmeba, roca SromiT<br />
qcevaze aSkara gavlenas axdens iseTi motivebi, romelTa safuZvelic<br />
adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebia; Sesabamisad, maT ufro<br />
maRali adgili ukaviaT SromiTi motivirebis ierarqiaSi; rasakvirvelia,<br />
individebis mixedviT ama Tu im motivis adgili ierarqiaSi da, Sesabamisad,<br />
maTi gavlena SromiT qcevaze SeiZleba icvlebodes; ase magaliTad, erTi<br />
adamianisaTvis samuSaos mimarT mis damokidebulebas SeiZleba materialuri<br />
motivebi gansazRvravdes, meorisTvis – Zalauflebisadmi ltolva,<br />
mesamisTvis – kargi kolegebi da socialuri garemo da a. S.<br />
ama Tu im motivis mniSvneloba da misi adgili ierarqiaSi SeiZleba<br />
situaciis mixedviTac icvlebodes. magaliTad, iSviaTi rodia SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca axal organizaciaSi samuSaos dawyebisas wina planze wamoiwevs iseTi<br />
motivebi, romlebic axal garemoSi orientirebas, adaptirebas, kolegebTan<br />
piradi kontaqtebis damyarebas ukavSirdeba; magram Semdgom, roca momuSave<br />
mTlianad adaptirdeba organizaciaSi, Tavis qvedanayofsa da samuSao<br />
adgilze, LSeiZleba gaizardos iseTi motivebis mniSvneloba, romlebic<br />
Tanamdebobriv da profesiul winsvlas ukavSirdeba.<br />
samarTlianobis principi<br />
SromiTi motivireba samuSao situaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtTan adamianis<br />
urTierTobebs mikerZoebuls xdis; es garkveulwilad gamoixateba<br />
momuSaveebsa da organizacias Soris urTierTobaTa samarTlianobis<br />
26
SefasebaSi. Aadamianebi miiswrafvian organizaciasa da sxva adamianebTan<br />
samarTlian urTierTobaTa damyarebisken da cdiloben Secvalon is SromiTi<br />
urTierTobebi, romelTac isini arasamarTlianad miiCneven; adamianebs surT,<br />
rom maTsa da organizacias Soris samarTliani urTierTobebi damyardes; am<br />
wonasworobis nebismieri darRveva, rogorc erTi, ise meore mxaris<br />
sasargeblod, warmoSobs daZabulobasa da Sesabamis moqmedebebs.<br />
aq aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom samarTlianobis gageba subieqturia. es<br />
aris momuSavis azri, SegrZneba Tu warmodgena imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu<br />
ramdenad samarTlianad afaseben mis SromiT wvlils. is, rac momuSavem<br />
Tavisi SromiTi wvlilis arasamarTlian Sefasebad SeiZleba CaTvalos, misma<br />
xelmZRvanelma SeiZleba savsebiT samarTlianad miiCnios; magaliTad,<br />
momuSave SeiZleba ukmayofilo iyos da usamarTlobad miiCnevdes Tavisi<br />
Sromis anazRaurebis (xelfasis) raodenobas, maSin, roca misi xelmZRvaneli<br />
SeiZleba piriqiT fiqrobdes, rom momuSave am donis anazRaurebasac ar<br />
imsaxurebs.<br />
iswrafvis ra organizaciasTan samarTliani urTierTobebis<br />
dasamyareblad, momuSavem SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis Sedarebebi gaakeTos,<br />
kerZod:<br />
• sakuTar Tavs adarebs organizaciis sxva momuSaveebs;<br />
• sakuTar Tavs adarebs sxva organizaciis momuSaveebs;<br />
• axdens sistemur-struqturul Sedarebebs; ase magaliTad, Tu<br />
organizacia acxadebs, rom is axorcielebs xelfasze danamatebs<br />
welTa namsaxurobisaTvis, magram mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs saarsebo<br />
minimumisa da inflaciis zrdas, maSin arsebuli da mosalodneli<br />
xelfasis doneebs Soris gansxvavebam momuSaveSi ukmayofilebisa da<br />
usamarTlobis grZnoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios;<br />
• aanalizebs organizaciaSi damkvidrebul praqtikas; magaliTad, Tu<br />
Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebisas organizaciaSi xelfass, rogorc wesi,<br />
uzrdian xolme, maSin analogiur SemTxvevaSi Tu momuSaves xelfasi<br />
gauzardes, samarTlianobad aRiqvams, xolo Tu ara –samarTlianobis<br />
principis darRvevad;<br />
• iTvaliswinebs sakuTar gamocdilebas; magaliTad, Tu momuSave,<br />
tradiciulad, xelfasze sakmaod mniSvnelovan danamatebs iRebda,<br />
bunebrivia, is elodeba ase iqneba momavalSic;<br />
• aanalizebs da afasebs, Tu ras <strong>warmoadgens</strong> igi, ra mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
mas organizaciisaTvis, Tavisi codna-gamocdilebiT ra konkretuli<br />
wvlili Seaqvs mis saqmianobaSi.<br />
bunebrivia, samarTlianobis principis dacva bevrad ioldeba, roca<br />
organizaciaSi gamoiyeneba momuSaveTa da maT mier samuSaos Sesrulebis<br />
Sefasebis obieqturi meTodebi da mTeli es procesebi gamWvirvaled<br />
xorciledeba.<br />
mxardaWeris principi<br />
ama Tu im situaciiT an movleniT gamowveul adamianis qcevas Tu<br />
moqmedebas, rogorc wesi, Tavisi Sedegebi mohyveba xolme. Tu es Sedegebi<br />
misTvis pozitiuria, msgavs situaciebSi adamiani cdilobs analogiurad<br />
moiqces; xolo Tu Sedegebi negatiuria, arasasurvelia, maSin adamiani<br />
27
cdilobs, rom sxvagvarad moiqces da Tavidan aicilos uaryofiTi Sedegebi;<br />
magaliTad, momuSave cdilobs droulad da xarisxianad Seasrulos uSualo<br />
xelmZRvanelis davalebebi, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isjeba xolme –<br />
Rebulobs sayvedurs, ar aZleven premias da a.S. maSasadame, mxardaWera<br />
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri.<br />
pozitiuri mxardaWera aris stimuli, romelic zrdis sasurveli<br />
qcevis albaTobas; magaliTad, skolaSi maRali SefasebebisaTvis mowafe<br />
iRebs pozitiur mxardaWeras mSoblebisagan sxvadasxva formiT (Seqeba,<br />
mofereba, sasurveli nivTis yidva da sxv.); SromiTi urTierTobebis dros<br />
momuSavisaTvis mniSvnelovani pozitiuri mxardaWera SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />
iqnes miRwevebis uzrunvelsayofad da saqmianobis efeqturobis<br />
gasazrdelad. Aaqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is mxardaWera, romelic<br />
erTi momuSavisTvis mniSvnelovani faseulobaa, meorisTvis SeiZleba<br />
arafers warmoadgendes; ase magaliTad, momuSaveTa erTi nawilisaTvis<br />
SeiZleba mTavari iyos samuSaos mniSvneloba da prestiJi, xolo meore<br />
nawilisTvis xelfasi iyos ganmsazRvreli.<br />
negatiurma mxardaWeram SeiZleba ara mxolod daamuxruWos adamianis<br />
arasasurveli moqmedebebi da qcevebi, aramed stimuli misces warmatebis<br />
misaRwev moqmedebebs.<br />
aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvanelis mier<br />
mxardaWeris swori strategiis arCevas, raTa miaRwios daqvemdebarebulTa<br />
motivirebis maRal donesa da maTi Sromis Sesabamis Sedegebs. samwuxarod,<br />
bevri xelmZRvaneli daqvemdebarebulTa motivirebis problemas martivad da<br />
primitiulad uyurebs, kerZod, fiqroben amgvarad: “mieci maRali xelfasi da<br />
adamiani kargad imuSavebs”; aseTi zerele midgomisas, roca xelmZRvanelma<br />
saTanadod ar icis, Tu rogor imoqmedos motivirebaze da Sesabamisad –<br />
adamianebze, is SeiZleba bevr sirTules waawydes, kerZod:<br />
• momuSavis motivireba da aqtivoba SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi<br />
Sedegebi saTanadod ar dafasdeba;<br />
• momuSaves SeiZleba hqondes dabali motivireba, Tu mas ukve aqvs am<br />
organizaciaSi misi TanamdebobisaTvis maqsimaluri anazRaureba da<br />
misi Sromis nayofierebisa da xarisxis Semdgomi amaRleba aRar<br />
aisaxeba xelfasis gazrdaze;<br />
• Aaris SemTxvevebi, roca momuSave Tavisi SromiTi wvlilis Sesabamis<br />
anazRaurebas iRebs, magram es mis motivirebaze gavlenas ar axdens,<br />
es naklebad izidavs, radgan mas aTjer da asjer ufro meti sxva<br />
Semosavali aqvs;<br />
• Tu, momuSavis azriT, misi waxaliseba araa sakmarisi, aseTi<br />
waxaliseba ver SeZlebs momuSavis efeqtiani qcevis stimulirebas;<br />
• Tu momuSaveebi waxalisebas ar miiCneven samarTlianad, maSin<br />
samuSaoTi maTi kmayofileba mcirdeba. ramac SeiZleba SromiTi<br />
maCveneblebis gauaresebac gamoiwvios;<br />
• daqvemdebarebulTa waxalisebisas xelmZRvanelebi yovelTvis ar<br />
iReben mxedvelobaSi maT individualur Taviseburebebs, magaliTad,<br />
asaks, mis mier organizaciaSi miRweul statuss, pirovnul Tvisebebs,<br />
Sromis mTavar, prioritetul motivebs da a. S.<br />
28
adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba<br />
personalis marTva warmoudgenelia adamianebTan urTierTobis gareSe;<br />
yoveli organizacia, upirvelesad, esaa formaluri da araformaluri<br />
urTierTobebi marTvis ierarqiuli safexurebis sxvadasxva donis<br />
menejerebs, xelmZRvanelebsa da daqvemdebarebulebs, erTsa da imave, agreTve,<br />
sxvadasxva struqturul qvedanayofSi momuSaveTa Soris. Sromis procesSi<br />
adamianebs Soris urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT albaT xSirad yvelas<br />
gaugonia: “im kacTan ver Sexval, Tu Sexval, ar mogismens”, sxvaze ityvian:<br />
“kargad migiRebs, magram saqmes ver gaakeTeb, arafers ar dagiTmobso”, an<br />
“Zalian ganaTlebuli da kulturuli kacia da rac SeiZleba<br />
argumentirebulad unda elaparako”, “yovelTvis yuradRebiT gismens da Tu<br />
daarwmune, aucileblad dageTanxmeba”, “ver gaigeb, ra ainteresebs, ras<br />
aqcevs yuradRebas” da a. S. yvelaferi es adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis<br />
sferoa da masze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli konkretuli miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis Sesruleba, organizaciaSi socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati,<br />
TviT organizaciis imiji da misi saqmianobis efeqtianoba.<br />
marTvis procesSi kontaqtebis organizaciuli formebi<br />
marTvis procesSi kontaqtebis organizaciuli formebidan,<br />
upirvelesad, unda aRiniSnos: krebebi, TaTbirebi, saqmiani Sexvedrebi,<br />
satelefono saubrebi, daqvemdebarebulTa samuSao adgilebis Semovla;<br />
moaqalaqeTa (kolegebis, daqvemdebarebulTa, momsvlelTa) miReba.<br />
krebebisa da TaTbirebis Catareba<br />
mizani da amocanebi.<br />
saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT maRali rangis moxeleTa da, saerTod,<br />
nebismieri organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa (SedarebiT naklebad _<br />
TanamSromelTa) samuSao drois mniSvnelovani nawili eTmoba TaTbirebsa da<br />
Sexvedrebs. xelmZRvanelma yoveldRe unda moamzados, organizeba gaukeTos<br />
an daeswros sxvadasxva TaTbirs. es SeiZleba iyos Sexvedrebi misi<br />
qvedanayofis personalTan, imave organizaciis sxva sferos<br />
TanamSromlebTan, xelisuflebis sami Stos sxvadasxva uwyebis moxeleebTan,<br />
calkeul pirebTan an jgufebTan, romlebic kerZo seqtors, samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva organizacias warmoadgenen da a. S. am TaTbirebs<br />
praqtikulad sxvadasxva mizani aqvT xolme; es SeiZleba iyos informaciis<br />
miiReba, gadacema an gacvla, Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefaseba, saqmianobis<br />
xelaxali dagegmva, axali miznebis dasaxva, sakiTxebis SeTanxmeba da sxv.<br />
es mravlaricxovani Sexvedrebi saboloo miznad isaxavs saerTo<br />
interesebis mqone jgufis wevrebis gansazRvruli qmedebebisa da<br />
mosazrebebis Secvlas an SeTanxmebas, vinaidan saerTo interesebis gareSe<br />
Sexvedras azri ar eqneboda. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom TaTbirze arian<br />
momwvevi da mowveuli pirebi. TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba hqondes sakuTari<br />
sawyisi amocanebi, romlebic mTlianad an nawilobriv SesabamisobaSia<br />
TaTbiris mowvevis saerTo amocanebTan. Aam miznebis misaRwevad, damswreni<br />
29
Sexvedrebis ganmavlobaSi inaxaven an erTmaneTs uziareben informacias,<br />
msjeloben an ar msjeloben sxvaTa mier miwodebul informaciaze;<br />
Sexvedris monawileTa Soris gansxvavebuli tipis urTierTobebi myardeba.<br />
Sexvedris bolos zogjer obieqturi Sefaseba eZleva gansxvavebul azrebs,<br />
xolo zogjer formdeba SeTanxmebebi.<br />
yovel TaTbirze arsebobs mravali saSualeba, romelic exmareba<br />
momwvevs amocanis ganxorcielebaSi; maT Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadia<br />
gacemuli da miRebuli informacia. Mmis raodenobaze, xarisxze, Sinaarsze,<br />
kavSirze, formasa da konteqstze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli Sexvedris<br />
sawyisi miznis miRweva.<br />
laparakia ara mxolod gacemuli da miRebuli informaciis Sinaarsze,<br />
aramed situaciasa da urTierTqmedebebze, romlebic am informaciidan<br />
gamomdinareobs. Zalze mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor viTardeba damswreTa<br />
Soris es urTierTqmedebebi, raTa dadgenil droSi Sesruldes is sawyisi<br />
amocanebi, romlebmac ganapiroba sxvadasxva pirovnebis yofna garkveul<br />
drosa da garkveul adgilas.<br />
Aaucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom Sexvedra erToblivi aqtia; imTaviTve<br />
arsebobs piri, visac aqvs specifikuri mizani (sakuTari an uwyebrivi) da misi<br />
SesrulebisaTvis sWirdeba sxvebi, anu gareSe pirTa monawileoba nebismieri<br />
formiT. TaTbiris momwvevs aqvs sakuTari mosazrebebi miznebis, Temis an<br />
detalebis dasadgenad. mas ufleba aqvs SearCios monawileebi da siidan<br />
amoiRos zogierTi maTgani, miiwvios isini gansazRvrul adgilas,<br />
gansazRvrul dros da gansazRvruli vadiT. mas SeuZlia winaswar gaacnos<br />
an ar gaacnos monawileebs Sexvedris realuri miznebis detalebi an is,<br />
rasac momwvevi elis sxvebis daswrebis Sedegad. Mmiwveulebi eswrebian<br />
Sexvedras, maT gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom monawileobas miiReben an<br />
ubralod daeswrebian urTierTqmedebis am process, radgan Sexvedris<br />
aucileblobas swored es urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs.<br />
saWiroa, rom Sexvedraze dasaswrebad SerCeuli pirebi iziarebdnen da<br />
eTanxmebodnen Sexvedris adgils, dros da Sexvedris xasiaTs, miT umetes,<br />
roca mowveulebi TaTbiris momwvevis uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi ar arian. es<br />
sami maxasiaTebeli sami damatebiTi elementia, romelzedac mniSvnelovnadaa<br />
damokideebuli TaTbiris momwvevisa da monawileebis miznebis miRwevis<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, Sexvedrebs SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuli amocanebi<br />
da sxvadasxva donis sirTuleebi miznis miRwevisas. swored amitom<br />
aucilebelia Sexvedrebis dagegmva da marTva, raTa ukeT iqnes miRweuli<br />
organizaciis, koleqtiuri Tu pirovnuli miznebi, xolo TaTbirebsa da<br />
Sexvedrebze, rac SeiZleba, naklebi dro daixarjos.<br />
TaTbirebisa da Sexvedrebis organizebis zogadi principebi<br />
koleqtiuri Sroma da adamianebTan TanamSromloba xelmZRvanelTa<br />
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania.<br />
marTvis sakiTxebis koleqtiurad gadasawyvetad iqmneba saTaTbiro<br />
organoebi: samTavrobo komisiebi, kolegia, xelmZRvanelTa TaTbiri,<br />
teqnikur-ekonomikuri sabWoebi, komisiebi, specialistTa da eqspertTa<br />
samuSao jgufebi da sxv.<br />
30
TaTbirebi marTvis erT-erTi efeqtiani da yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
organizaciuli meTodia. isini saSualebas gvaZlevs srulyofilad da<br />
umokles droSi movaxdinoT dainteresebul muSakTa didi jgufis<br />
erTdrouli informireba, gavecnoT maT azrsa da winadadebebs, gavanawiloT<br />
davaleba, vimsjeloT umniSvnelovanes problemebze da, rac mTavaria,<br />
miviRoT urTierTSeTanxmebuli gadawyvetileba, movaxdinoT davalebebis<br />
koordinireba da TanamSromlobis organizeba.<br />
TaTbirebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda Catardes, roca isini marTlac<br />
aucilebelia sakiTxebis koleqtiurad gadasawyvetad da roca vgrZnobT, rom<br />
uSualo urTierToba arsebiTad Seamsubuqebs, daaCqarebs, gaaiafebs<br />
samuSaos, aamaRlebs miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa xarisxs da TaTbirs<br />
SeuZlia umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze erTian azramde migviyvanos.<br />
drois danaxarjebis struqturis analizi mowmobs, rom maRali rangis<br />
xelmZRvanelTa samuSao drois didi nawili, daaxloebiT naxevari, krebebze,<br />
TaTbirebze, momsvlelTa miRebasa da saubarze ixarjeba. Aamdenad, Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor tardeba es TaTbirebi da Sexvedrebi da ra<br />
Sedegebs vaRwevT.<br />
TaTbirebisa da Sexvedrebis Catarebisas aucilebelia daculi iqnes<br />
sxvadasxva moTxovna, kerZod:<br />
• saTaTbiro organos unda hqondes Tavisi samuSao gegma ,<br />
regularulad, sasurvelia erTsa da imave dros ikribebodes, xolo<br />
misi Semadgenloba met-naklebad stabiluri unda iyos;<br />
• Gganxilvis Sedegebze sagrZnob gavlenas axdens ara mxolod TaTbiris<br />
monawileTa kompetencia, aramed maTi raodenobac. praqtika<br />
adasturebs, rom roca TaTbirSi 20 kacze meti monawileobs,<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilva rTuldeba;<br />
• Gganxilvis saboloo Sedegze arsebiT gavlenas axdens isic, Tu<br />
rogoraa TaTbiri momzadebuli. misi monawileebi gansaxilvel<br />
masalebs daaxloebiT erTi kviriT adre unda iRebdnen, raTa<br />
saTanadod moemzadon; vinc kargad moemzadeba, is arwmunebs sxvebs<br />
Tavisi argumentebiT da Tavisas SedarebiT advilad aRwevs. zogadi<br />
frazebiT, erTi da imaves gameorebiTa Tu gauTavebeli TxovniT<br />
veravis davarwmunebT, Zala aqvs mxolod mtkice argumentebs, cifrebs,<br />
magaliTebs, analizs, ekonomikur gaangariSebas, teqnikur monacemebs<br />
da a. S.;<br />
• TaTbirisaTvis momzadebuli masalebi gadatvirTuli ar unda iyos<br />
specifikuri terminebiT da frazebiT, gasagebad unda iyos dawerili,<br />
raTa saqmis arsSi isinic droulad da kargad gaerkvnen, romlebic<br />
SedarebiT naklebad icnoben maT. amasTan, es masalebi unda iyos<br />
obieqturi, hqondes zusti “misamarTi”, Seicavdes Sesadarebel<br />
monacemebs (sxva analogiur organizaciebis monacemebs qveynis SigniT<br />
da gareT, wina wlebis dinamikas), ar unda iyos didi moculobis;<br />
• Ddidi mniSvneloba aqvs TaTbiris organizebasa da gaZRolas. TaTbiris<br />
xelmZRvanelma TaTbiris momzadebaze ufro meti dro unda daxarjos,<br />
vidre TviT TaTbirze. sakiTxebi winaswar safuZvlianad unda iyos<br />
momzadebuli, dainteresebul mxareebTan SeTanxmebuli, Tavi unda<br />
avaridoT improvizebas TaTbiris msvlelobisas. TaTbiris<br />
xelmZRvanelma unda SeZlos sakiTxTa ganxilvis swori taqtikisa da<br />
31
teqnologiis arCeva, sxvadasxva azris mqoneTa Soris wamoWrili<br />
konfliqtebis gadaWra da a. S.;<br />
• TaTbiris xelmZRvanelma ganxilul sakiTxTa yoveli punqtis mixedviT,<br />
romlebic samuSao davalebas exeba, unda gansazRvros pasuxismgebeli<br />
piri da Sesrulebis vada;<br />
• did TaTbirebze, krebebze, konferenciebze sagangebod momzadebul<br />
rezolucias, dadgenilebas an gadawyvetilebas iReben. Cveulebrivi<br />
TaTbiris Semdeg, roca es saWiroa, oqms adgenen, sadac aRniSnulia<br />
TaTbiris Catarebis dro, adgili, monawileTa Semadgenloba, dRis<br />
wesrigi, calkeul sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, ama Tu im<br />
piris gansakuTrebuli azri, roca is ar eTanxmeba miRebul<br />
gadawyvetilebas. Ooqmi unda iyos lakoniuri, zusti, naTeli. is unda<br />
gaegzavnos TaTbiris monawileebs da yvela sxva dainteresebul pirs.<br />
• xelmZRvanelisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis mier piradad<br />
mopovebul informacias. aseTi uSualo informaciis wyaroebs<br />
miekuTvneba momsvlelTa miReba, saubari TanamSromlebTan, samuSao<br />
adgilebis Semovla, samsaxurebrivi mivlinebebi.<br />
momsvlelTa miRebaze bevri xelmZRvaneli samuSao biujetis 15-20<br />
procents da metsac xarjavs, amitom miRebis saqme kargad unda iyos<br />
organizebuli; kerZod, umjobesia, gamoiyos miRebis dReebi da saaTebi,<br />
momsvlelebs winaswarve unda vacnoboT, Tu vin da rodis miiRebs maT,<br />
Zalze xSirad TiTqmis yvelas pirvel xelmZRvanelTan misvla surs, maSin<br />
roca bevri sakiTxi uSualod misma daqvemdebarebulebma unda gadawyviton;<br />
am mxriv didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvanelis kompetenciasa da<br />
organizebulobas. magaliTad, CexoslovakaiaSi Catarebuli erT-erTi<br />
gamokvlevis mixedviT kargad momzadebulma mdivnebma miRebaze mosulTa 23<br />
procents TviTonve miawodes maTTvis saWiro informacia, sxva muSakebTan<br />
gaagzavnes aseve 23 procenti, xolo uSualod xelmZRvanelma mosulTa<br />
mxolod 54 procenti miiRo.<br />
xelmZRvanelebma didi yuradReba unda dauTmon TanamSromlebTan<br />
uSualo, pirad kontaqts; isini periodulad unda xvdebodnen maT, midiodnen<br />
ganyofilebeSi, samuSao adgilze, piradad unda darwmundnen, Tu rogor<br />
sruldeba davalebebi, ganixilon rogorc momuSaveTa winadadebebi SromiT<br />
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, ise gancxadebebi, saCivrebi da a.S.<br />
operaciuli amocanebi da TaTbirebis tipologia<br />
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi Casatarebeli sxvadasxva tipis<br />
TaTbirebis organizebisa da marTvis procesebis gasaadvileblad saWiroa<br />
arsebobdes maTi klasifikaciis kriteriumebi.<br />
rekomendebulia ori tipologiis gamoyeneba:<br />
• operaciul (funqciur) amocanebze damyarebuli tipologia;<br />
• monawileTa tipze damyarebuli tipologia.<br />
operaciul amocanebze damyarebuli saorientacio tipologia ase<br />
SeiZleba warmovidginoT:<br />
yvela TaTbirs, Temis, monawileebis, droisa da adgilis garda, aqvs<br />
operaciuli tipis specifikuri mizani. qvemoT mocemulia operaciuli<br />
32
miznebis tipologia, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TaTbirebis<br />
miznebis dasadgenad:<br />
• gareSe pirTa informireba;<br />
• gareSe pirTagan informaciis miReba;<br />
• erTi da imave sakiTxze an Temaze arsebuli informaciis Sedareba;<br />
• Tvalsazrisis an/da pirovnuli poziciis garkveva;<br />
• Ppoziciebis urTierTgacvla;<br />
• winaswari poziciis Secvla, romelic erT an ramdenime damswres aqvs<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
• momavali moqmedebebis gansazRvra;<br />
• Ppoziciebis SeTanxmeba;<br />
• Ggadawyvetilebebis erToblivad miReba;<br />
• operaciuli qmedebebis koordinireba.<br />
am tipologiis ganxilviT cxadi xdeba, rom arsebobs miznebis<br />
mravalferovneba. xSirad TaTbirs aqvs erTi an meti operaciuli xasiaTis<br />
amocana, romlebic unda iyos obieqturad warmodgenili momwvevis mier.<br />
amasTan, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom Sexvedraze ara mxolod momwvevma unda<br />
wamoayenos erTi an meti operaciuli amocana, aramed mxedvelobaSi unda<br />
iqnes miRebuli, rom TiToeul damswres SeiZleba hqondes sakuTari miznebi<br />
da amocanebi ZiriTadi miznis misaRwevad.<br />
treningebis sistemis organizeba da marTva<br />
treningebis mizani, amocanebi, maTi adgili da roli personalis<br />
marTvis sistemaSi<br />
Tavdapirvelad TviT cneba “treiningis” Sesaxeb. <strong>saxelmZRvanelos</strong><br />
avtorebi sTxoven mkiTxvels am sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli terminis<br />
xmareba araviTar SemTxvevaSi qarTuli enis upativcemulod ar CaTvalon. aq,<br />
Cveni azriT, mTavari isaa rom es inglisuri sityva Zalze tevadia da<br />
erTdroulad aRzrdas, swavlebas, momzadeba-gadamzadebas, kvalifikaciis<br />
amaRlebasa da wvrTnas niSnavs;<br />
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad dReisaTvis mimdinare<br />
arnaxuli samecniero da teqnologiuri progresisa, ramac met-naklebad<br />
mTeli msoflio moicva da globalizaciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan xelSemwob<br />
faqtorad iqca, adamiani iyo, aris da yovelTvis iqneba am progresis<br />
wamomwyebi, ganmaxorcielebeli da ganmaviTarebeli mTavari da Seucvleli<br />
faqtori; metic, Tanamderove teqnologiur, sawarmoo, politikur,<br />
socialur, menejerul da sxva nebismier procesebSi adamianis faqtoris, mis<br />
moqmedebaTa saimedoobis roli ganuzomlad gaizarda. mxolod erTi<br />
martivi magaliTi: xeliT Sromis dros, magaliTad, roca adamiani CaquCiT<br />
aWedebs lursmans, adamianis Secdomis Sedegi yvelaze meti moRunuli<br />
lursmani an gaWeWyil-Calurjebuli TiTi SeiZleba iyos; warmoidgineT (da<br />
amis araerTi samwuxaro faqtia cnobili), ra SeiZleba gamoiwvios adamianis<br />
Secdomam, roca is atomur reaqtors, xalxiT savse TviTmfrinavs an gems,<br />
kosmosur xomalds, damRupveli radiaciisa Tu virusebis gavrcelebis<br />
SemzRudvel procesebs marTavs da a. S.<br />
33
moxeleTa treningis sistema sxvadasxva konceptualur midgomasa da<br />
princips unda efuZnebodes; maTgan xazi unda gaesvas Semdegs:<br />
• moxeleTa treningis sistemis yovelma rgolma da am sistemaSi<br />
momuSave yovelma pirma samoqmedo kredod unda gaixados sistemis<br />
upirvelesi miznis miRweva _ maRali profesiuli donis, pirovnuli da<br />
saqmiani Tvisebebis, Tanamedrove mentalitetisa da qcevis wesebis mqone<br />
patiosani moxeleebis aRzrda;<br />
• moxeleTa treningis sistemis yvela rgoli erTiani sistemis organul<br />
nawils unda warmoadgendes; sistemis erTianobas unda mivaRwioT<br />
miznebis, strategiis, moxeleTa treningis meTodologiisa da mTeli am<br />
procesis marTvis erTianobiT da, rasakvirvelia, Sesabamis funqciaTa<br />
gamxorcieleblis oficializebiTa da institucionalizebiT;<br />
• moxeleTa treningis mTeli sistemis da misi calkeuli rgolis<br />
funqcionireba unda xdebodes programuli dagegmvisa da marTvis<br />
modeliT;<br />
• mTeli es sistema unda funqcionirebdes sajarod da unda iyos<br />
gamWvirvale;<br />
• naTlad unda iyos gamokveTili sistemis Semadgeneli yoveli rgolis<br />
funqciebi, miznebi da konkretuli amocanebi; ufleba-movaleobebi,<br />
pasuxismgeblobebi;<br />
• unda moxdes saerTod moxeleTa treningis, maT Soris zogadi (saerTo)<br />
da specialuri treningebis formebis, ZiriTadi sferoebisa da maTi<br />
ganmaxorcielebeli ZiriTadi saswavlo dawesebulebebis<br />
identificireba;<br />
• mizanSewonilia operatiulad Casatarebeli specialuri treningebis<br />
organizebisas (risi saWiroebac TviT sajaro dawesebulebaTa<br />
specifikidan gamomdinare sakmaod xSiria da permanentulad<br />
warmoiqmneba) ZiriTadi aqcenti TviT am dawesebulebaTa<br />
Sidainteleqtualur potencialze gakeTdes;<br />
• moxeleTa treningi ar SeiZleba akeTebdes kampaniur xasiaTs; yoveli<br />
konkretuli moxelis SemTxvevaSi treningis aucilebloba<br />
dasabuTebuli unda iyos, radgan muSaobis arasaTanado Sedegebi<br />
yovelTvis dabali kvalifikaciis brali rodia;<br />
• moxeleTa treningis, rogorc mTeli sistemis, ise misi calkeuli<br />
rgolis muSaobis efeqtianoba konkretuli kriteriumebis mixedviT<br />
unda Sefasdes; aq didia saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis da maTi<br />
qvedanayofebis roli, romlebmac unda Seafason, Tu konkretulad ra<br />
misca treningma maT nebismier moxeles da konkretulad rogor<br />
gamoixata es maTi Sromis SedegebSi;<br />
• moxeleTa treningis meTodologiuri srulyofisa da materialurteqnikuri<br />
uzrunvelyofisaTvis mniSvnelovania organizaciebisa da<br />
dasavleTis qveynebis teqnikuri daxmareba; amasTan, aucilebelia<br />
teqnikuri daxmareba am sferoSi saerTo strategiasa da midgomebs<br />
Seesabamebodes da aucileblad moxdes am samuSaoTa koordinireba, miT<br />
umetes, roca saqme sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis proeqts<br />
exeba;<br />
34
• aucilebeli da Zalze mniSvnelovania treningiTa da misi konkretuli<br />
SedegebiT moxeleTa saTanado motivirebis mofiqrebuli sistemis<br />
Seqmnac;<br />
• aucilebelia yoveli dawesebulebis biujetSi saTanadod aisaxos<br />
treningebis organizebisa da Catarebis xarjebi.<br />
treningis saWiroebaTa gansazRvris meToduri midgomebi<br />
aqsiomaa, rom yoveli organizaciis mier Tavisi miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi, adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebasTan<br />
dakavSirebul sxva faqotrebTan erTad, gadamwyvet rols am miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis Semsrulebeli adamianebi, maTi kvlaifikacia, profesionalizmi,<br />
gamocdileba TamaSobs. imis miuxedavad, rom dasavleTSi (da ara marto<br />
dasavleTis qveynebSi) adamianis faqtors Zalze did yuradRebas aqceven,<br />
iqaur literaturaSi mainc SexvdebiT aseT azrs: “bevri menejeri ki ambobs,<br />
rom adamianebi maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursia, magram es sfero mainc<br />
ufro naklebad aqvT xolme ganviTarebuli, vidre, magaliTad, finansebis,<br />
warmoebis, materialuri resursebis menejmenti”. qarTul sinamdvileSi, am<br />
mxriv, jer mxolod pirveli nabijebi idgmeba, isic ekonomikis ganviTarebis,<br />
adamianTa dasaqmebis, motivirebis, anazRaurebis, cxovrebis donis Zalze<br />
cud fonze.<br />
aRniSnulis miuxedavad, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda iTqvas Semdegi:<br />
adamianuri resursebis Tanamedrove civilizebul moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad<br />
ganviTareba, momuSaveTa, upirvelesad ki saxelmwifo moxeleTa<br />
profesionalizmi, gamocdileba, pasuxismgebloba, motivireba da, saerTod,<br />
saxelmwifo samsaxurisa da personalis marTvis maRali done saqarTvelos<br />
socialur-ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani progresis<br />
miRwevis erT-erTi prioriteti, upirvelesi winapirobaa.<br />
treningebis nebismieri sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli procedurebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani treiningis<br />
saWiroebaTa gansazRvraa.<br />
moxeleTa treningis periodul aucileoblobas sakmaod bevri<br />
obieqturi faqtori ganapirobebs, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:<br />
• konkretul sferoSi (mag. safinanso-sabiujeto, sagadasaxado, sabaJo,<br />
komunikaciebis, ganaTlebis da sxv.) Teoriul-meTodologiuri codnisa<br />
da praqtikuli midgomebis perioduli srulyofa-ganviTarebis<br />
aucilebloba;<br />
• Tanamedrove dawinaureba;<br />
• axali sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli bazis Seqmna, misi srulyofaganviTareba;<br />
• mocemuli Tanamdebobebis Sesabamisi funqciebis gafarToeba,<br />
profesiuli kvalifikaciis axali moTxovnebis Camoyalibeba;<br />
• samuSaoze axalmiRebulTa adaptirebis aucilebloba;<br />
• samuSaos moTxovnebTan moxelis profesiuli kvalifikaciis donis<br />
Seusabamoba (mag., uSualo menejeris, saatestacio komisiis SefasebiT);<br />
• momuSaveTa Sromis efeqtianobis regularuli Sefaseba, maT Soris,<br />
atestirebis gziT, roca irkveva, rom Sromis realuri Sedegebi araa<br />
damakmayofilebeli da bevri gamouyenebeli rezervia;<br />
35
• Aadamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis aucilebloba – organizaciis<br />
mokle- da grZelvadiani miznebisa da konkretuli amocanebis<br />
gadawyveta personalis profesiuli kvalifikaciis donis arsebiT<br />
srulyofa-ganviTarebas moiTxovs;<br />
• organizaciis efeqtiani saqmianobis xelSemSleli problemebis<br />
aRmofxvris aucilebloba, raSic adamianis faqtori mniSvnelovan<br />
rols TamaSobs;<br />
• Sromis organizebis, personalis marTvis axali, Tanamedrove<br />
procedurebis danergvis aucilebloba da sxv.<br />
samuSaoze axalmiRebuli personalisTvis treningis saWiroebaTa<br />
gansazRvra SedarebiT advilad xdeba. erTi mxriv, cnobili, Camoyalibebuli<br />
da SeTanxmebulia (unda iyos) yoveli samuSaos aRwera, anu ra konkretuli<br />
funqciebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs esa Tu is Tanamdeboba, xolo, meore<br />
mxriv, Tu ra profesiuli kvalifikaciis moTxovnebs uyenebs es samuSao mis<br />
Semsrulebels; momuSavis samuSaoze misaReb konkursSi unda gairkves, Tu<br />
ramdenad Seesabameba momuSavis profesiuli kvalificiis done da Sesabamisi<br />
unar-SesaZleblobebi Sesasrulebeli samuSaos moTxovnebs; swored maT<br />
Soris gansxvavebaa is sfero, romelSic saWiroa axalmiRebuli momuSavis<br />
treiningi-momzadeba, gadamzadeba Tu kvalifikaciis amaRleba<br />
treningebis sistemis organizeba<br />
nebismier saxelmwifo (da ara mxolod saxelmwifo) uwyebaSi<br />
treningebis efeqtiani sistemis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, dRevandeli<br />
realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia Seiqmnas:<br />
• meTodologiuri baza da Sesabamisi strategia;<br />
• organizaciuli baza;<br />
• aucilebeli resursebis baza;<br />
• treningebis sistemis marTvis efeqtiani meqanizmi;<br />
• Sesabamisi normatiuli baza.<br />
maSasadame, zemoaRniSnuli treningebis sistemis Seqmna, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, saTanado strategiisa da Sesabamisi meTodologiuri bazis, anu<br />
meTodologiuri winamZRvrebis, safuZvlebis SemuSavebas gulisxmobs.<br />
treningebis sistemis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis strategia, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, treningebis sistemis ZiriTadi miznebisa da amocanebis miRwevis<br />
procesis saTanado kvalifikaciis, gamocdilebis, ganaTlebis, mentalitetis,<br />
qcevis wesebis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnobisa da sxva aucilebel moTxovnaTa<br />
Sesabamisi adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofa da adamianuri kapitalis<br />
permanentuli srulyofa-ganviTarebaa.<br />
treningebis strategia maSin iqneba swori da efeqtiani, Tu is,<br />
upirvelesad, konkretul uwyebaSi treningebis sistemis Seqmnisa da<br />
funqcionirebis swor meTodologiur principebsa da midgomebs daefuZneba.<br />
maTgan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:<br />
• Aaucilebelia SemuSavdes mocemul uwyebasa da mis struqturul<br />
qvedanayofebSi moxeleTa treningis saWiroebis (aucileblobis)<br />
36
gansazRvris meTodika da konkretulad ganisazRvros, Tu vis, ratom, ra<br />
formiT, ra sakiTxebSi da a. S. sWirdeba treningi;<br />
• gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces treningebis sferoebsa da<br />
Tematikas, risi safuZvelic dawesebulebis struqturuli qvedanayofebis<br />
mier moxeleTa treningis saWiroebis Sesaxeb personalis marTvis<br />
samsaxurisTvis, an saswavlo centrisTvis mowodebuli konkretuli<br />
informacia unda iyos. arsebuli realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,<br />
treningebi or ZiriTad sferos unda Seexos: saerTo (zogad) da specialur<br />
sakiTxebs; Sesabamisad unda moxdes treningebis Tematikis SeTanxmeba da<br />
specifikacia. magaliTad, saerTo, zogadi treningi SeiZleba Seexos iseT<br />
sferoebs, rogoricaa: saerTo menejmenti, personalis menejmenti,<br />
saxelmwifos marTvisa da sajaro samsaxuris sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli<br />
baza, adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba, administrirebis procedurebis<br />
racionalizeba, ucxo enebisa da kompiuterTan muSaobis Seswavla da sxv.<br />
• saWiroa realuri amocanebidan, viTarebidan da SesaZleblobebidan<br />
gamomdinare ganisazRvros moxeleTa treningis prioritetuli formebi,<br />
magaliTad, gansazRvrul periodSi romel formebze gakeTdeba aqcenti:<br />
centralizebulze, decentralizebulze, Sereulze, rangirebul treningze<br />
moxeleTa rangirebis gaTvaliswinebiT da a. S.<br />
• saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces samuSaodan mowyvetiT da uSualod<br />
samuSao adgilze swavlebis konkretul meTodebs, rogoricaa: leqciebi,<br />
seminarebi, specialuri kursebi, saqmiani TamaSebi, gunduri muSaoba,<br />
distanciuri swavleba, TviTganviTareba (individualuri swavleba) da sxva.<br />
• treningebis organizebulad da efeqtianad Casatareblad aucilebelia<br />
yoveli konkretuli treningisTvis Sedges saswavlo programa da SeTanxmdes<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvanelobasTan; aq gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos rogorc<br />
treningis uSualod Camtareblis (“treneris”), ise konkretuli sferos<br />
uSualo xelmZRvanelis, sakonkurso-saatestacio komisiisa da<br />
treninggasavlel moxeleTa azri;<br />
• aucilebelia realuri viTarebidan da treningis Taviseburebebidan<br />
gamomdinare SemuSavdes treningis Sedegebis efeqtianobis Sefasebis<br />
meTodika; aq saWiroa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iseTi midgomebi, rogoricaa:<br />
treningis efeqtianobis uSualo menejeris mier Sefaseba, Sromis<br />
konkretuli Sedegebis Sedareba treningis gavlamde da mis Semdeg,<br />
pasuxismgeblobis done, Tanamdebobrivi dawinaureba, sakonkursosaatestacio<br />
komisiis Sefaseba, profesiul-kvalifikaciuri winsvlis<br />
vizualuri Sefaseba (muSaobs kompiuterTan, flobs enas da a. S.),<br />
saatestacio komisiis Sefaseba da sxv.;<br />
• rasakvirvelia, treningis yoveli ciklisaTvis unda ganisazRvros misi<br />
xangrZlivoba – ramdeni saaTi, kvira an Tve dasWirdeba treningis<br />
srulyofil realizebas; amasTan, unda gadawydes da mogvardes mTeli rigi<br />
organizaciuli sakiTxebi, romlebic dawvrilebiT qvemoTaa ganxiluli.<br />
• treningebis sistemis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofa<br />
meTodologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis Semdeg aucilebelia TandaTan<br />
identificirebul da gadawyvetil iqnes treningebis Catarebis<br />
organizaciuli sakiTxebi, romlebic treningebis sistemis efeqtiani<br />
funqcionirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. Aam sakiTxebidan<br />
aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:<br />
37
• treningebis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofis makoordinirebel<br />
funqciebs dawesebulebis marTvis samsaxuri da saswavlo centri unda<br />
axorcielebdnen;<br />
• saswavlo centrma unda moamzados, organizaciis xelmZRvanelobasTan<br />
SeaTanxmos da departamentebisa da sxva damoukidebeli struqturuli<br />
qvedanayofebis xelmZRvanelebs daurigos treningebis dagegmvis,<br />
organizebisa da marTvis kiTxvari. maT personalis marTvis samsaxurs<br />
saTanado formiT unda warudginon Sesabamisi informacia TavianT<br />
personificirebul moxeleTa trenigis konkretul saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb; am<br />
informaciis safuZvelze unda Sedges, resursebiT da organizaciulad<br />
uzrunvelyofil iqnes da SeTanxmdes organizaciaSi moxeleTa treningebis<br />
programa da operaciuli gegma<br />
• treningebis sistemis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofis etapze saTanado<br />
yuradReba unda mieqces treningebis damkveTTa identificirebasac, anu<br />
visgan modis iniciativa, vin da ramdenad safuZvlianad gansazRvravs, Tu vis<br />
raSi da ra formiT sWirdeba treningi; aseTi damkveTebi SeiZleba iyvnen:<br />
organizaciis xelmZRvaneloba, moxelis uSualo xelmZRvaneli, am<br />
ukanasknelis ufrosi (magaliTad, departamentis ufrosi), saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis proeqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi da individualuri moxele;<br />
• calke aqcenti unda gakeTdes TviTganviTareba-TviTganaTlebaze, roca<br />
moxele pirovnulad, xelmZRvanelobasTan formaluri SeTanxmebis gareSe,<br />
sakuTari surviliTa da resursebiT imaRlebs kvalifikacias.<br />
TviTganviTarebis forma, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda moxeleebSi<br />
(upirvelesad kompiuteris, enebis, aseve, specialuri disciplinebis<br />
Seswavla), Cveni azriT, sakmaod farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris<br />
sazRvargareT treningisa da swavlebis formiTac; am procesebs ara mxolod<br />
unda mivesalmoT, aramed nebismierma dawesebulebam saTanadod unda<br />
aRricxos, sistematizeba da analizi moaxdinos da garkveuli formebiT<br />
xelic Seuwyos am process, Tundac konkursebisa da atestirebis dros,<br />
anazRaurebuli an uxelfaso Svebulebebis micemiT da a. S.<br />
• calke gansjis, mxardaWerisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sagnad<br />
unda iqces saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da sazRvargareTis qveynebis<br />
mxardaWeriT dasavleTis qveynebSi moxeleTa treningis SesaZleblobaTa<br />
analizi, treningebis efeqtiani programebis SemuSaveba, am procesebis<br />
koordinireba da saTanado rekomendaciebis momzadeba;<br />
• realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia<br />
dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobam aqcenti gaakeTos, upirvelesad, treningebis<br />
ZiriTad instituciur rgolebze, moaxdinos maTi identificireba, meTodurpraqtikul-organizaciul<br />
sakiTxebze da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba;<br />
aseT rgolebad unda miviCnioT:<br />
1. upirvelesad da umTavresad uSualod dawesebuleba, misi saswavlo<br />
centri (Tu aqvs) da dawesebulebis Sidapotenciali - rogorc wesi,<br />
specialuri da operatiuli treningebis sferoSi. Cveni azriT, es sakiTxi<br />
sagangebo Seswavlasa da operatiul moqmedebas moiTxovs;<br />
2. saqarTvelos wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebi da saswavlo centrebi<br />
maTi unar-SesaZleblobebis, swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da<br />
gamocdilebis zedmiwevniT gacnobis Semdeg-ZiriTadad, saerTo, zogadi<br />
treningebis sferoSi. A<br />
38
adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia da politika A<br />
adamianuri resursebis marTva rogorc strategiuli funqcia<br />
nebismieri organizaciis personalis marTvisas yvelas da gansakuTrebiT<br />
xelmZRavnelebs aucileblad unda axsovdeT, rom es ara mxolod da ara<br />
imdenad teqnologiebi, procedurebi, dokumentebi da reglamentia,<br />
ramdenadac xelovneba. adamianebis marTva, miT umetes, roca isini moxeleebi<br />
arian, SeuZlebelia ganxorcildes standartuli meTodebiT, receptebiT,<br />
rom esa Tu is saqme “mxolod ase unda gakeTdes”; Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes “standartuli adamiani”, swored amitom adamianTa marTva<br />
xelovnebaa, romelic ara mxolod maT funqciur valdebulebebsa da<br />
uflebamosilebebs, aramed maT grZnobebs, ganwyobas, sulierebas da sxva<br />
pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsac ukavSirdeba. Ees Taviseburebebi aucilebelia<br />
saTanadod iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli personalis marTvis strategiisa da<br />
politikis SemuSavebisa da realizebisas nebismier organizaciaSi.<br />
strategia berZnuli sityvaa da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT jaris gaZRolas<br />
niSnavs; Tanamedrove gagebiT esaa marTebul principebsa da swor,<br />
Sorsmimaval prognozebze dafuZnebuli marTvis xelovnebis dagegmva; es<br />
aris organizaciis misiisa da miznebis ganxorcielebis Sorsgamiznuli<br />
koncefcia. rac Seexeba politikas, esec berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da<br />
saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebas niSnavda; es aris saqmianobis miznebisa da<br />
maTi miRwevis saSualebebis, formebisa da Sinaarsis gansazRvra; sxvagvarad,<br />
rom vTqvaT, esaa im principebis erToblioba, romlebic unda dacul iqnes<br />
marTvis nebismier sferoSi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi-personalis marTvis nebismieri<br />
proceduris ganxorcielebisas.<br />
N nebismieri organizaciis saqmianoba, Tu is ar ukavSirdeba xangrZliv<br />
perspeqtivaze gaTvlil miznebsa da konkretuli strategiis realizebas,<br />
qaosuri, SemTxveviTi xasiaTisaa da Sesabamisad –naklebwarmatebuli.<br />
sazogadod, strategiuli dagegmvis procesi Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs moicavs.<br />
strategiuli dagegmvis procesi<br />
1. organizaciis misiis gansazRvra<br />
2. organizaciis miznebis gansazRvra<br />
3. Sida da gare faqtorebis analizi da Sefaseba<br />
4. strategiis Sefaseba<br />
5. strategiis realizeba<br />
6. strategiis arCeva<br />
7. strategiuli alternativebis analizi<br />
rogorc vxedavT, organizaciis strategiis gansazRvra uSualod am<br />
organizaciis misiidan da miznebidan gamomdinareobs. Sesabamisad,<br />
personalis marTvis strategiac organizaciis misiisa da miznebis miRwevis<br />
adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofas ukavSirdeba; es mTeli organizaciis<br />
strategiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da prioritetuli komponentia, radgan<br />
adamianuri kapitalis, adamianuri faqtoris gareSe organizaciis verc erTi<br />
mizani da amocana ver gadawydeba; Sesabamisad, adamianuri resursebis marTva<br />
nebismieri organizaciis strategiuli funqciaa<br />
39
organizaciis misiisa da strategiis adgili adamianuri resursebis<br />
marTvaSi<br />
organizaciis misia arsebiTad igivea, rac cxovrebis azri adaamianisaTvis;<br />
esaa organizaciis kredo, koncentrirebulad gamoxatuli azri misi<br />
arsobisa. Oorganizaciis marTebulad formulirebuli misia marTvis sul<br />
cota sami amocanis gadawyvetis saSualebas iZleva, kerZod:<br />
• misia aiZulebs organizaciis xelmZRvanelobas sistematurad<br />
aanalizos saqmianobis statusi da Zlieri mxareebi da organizaciis<br />
efeqtian funqcionirebaze izrunos;<br />
• organizaciis momuSaveTa mier gaziarebuli da gaTavisebuli misia<br />
xels uwyobs maT Tanamoazreobas, integrirebas da nayofieri, intensiuri<br />
muSaobisaTvis motivirebas<br />
• naTlad Camoyalibebuli da konkretuli saqmianobiT dadasturebuli<br />
misia xels uwyobs organizaciis kargi imijis Seqmnas<br />
adamianuri resursebis marTvasTan, rogorc strategiul funqciasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia or mniSvnelovan momentze iqnes<br />
gamaxvilebuli yuradReba<br />
• adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia maqsimalurad unda iyos<br />
orientirebuli momavalze, radgan icvleba da viTardeba organizaciis<br />
misia, misi struqtura, politikuri, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri,<br />
socialuri, organizaciuli garemo, icvlebian da viTardebian TviT<br />
adamianebic;<br />
• adamianuri resursebis marTva, rogorc strategiuli funqcia, ufro<br />
metad problemebis warmoSobis profilaqtikaze, winaswar regirebasa da<br />
problemebis Tavidan acilebaze unda iyos orientirebuli, vidre ukve<br />
warmoSobil problemebze<br />
adamianuri resursebis strategiuli marTva<br />
adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia esaa koncefcia, ZiriTadi gza, Tu<br />
rogor unda iqnes miRweuli personalis marTvis ZiriTadi miznebi da<br />
amocanebi, rasakvirvelia, TviT organizaciis misiis, misi ganviTarebis<br />
strategiis, organizaciuli da sakadro potencialisa da sakadro<br />
politikis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
saerTod, strategia unda ganvixiloT rogorc marTviT da organizaciul<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa sistema, romelic mimarTulia dawesebulebis<br />
(organizaciis) misiis, miznebisa da amocanebis realizebis, ganviTarebis an<br />
gardaqmnisaken. nebismieri strategia unda iyos Sinaganad mTliani,<br />
sistemuri, organizaciis Taviseburebebsa da garemosTan Tavsebadi,<br />
yvelanairi resursebiT dabalansebuli, realisturi, mokle, saSualo da<br />
grZelvadiani urTierTSeTanxmebuli miznebiT ganmtkicebuli.<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyos strategiis sami mTavari elementi:<br />
1. miznebis sistema, romelSic Sedis organizciis misia, saerTo<br />
organizaciuli da specifikuri miznebi;<br />
2. prioritetebi, anu resursebis (adamianuri resursebis)<br />
ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi<br />
40
3. marTviTi moqmedebebis wesebi<br />
adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia uSualod gamomdinareobs<br />
organizaciis misiidan, misi miznebidan da strategiidan, radgan swored<br />
adamianuri kapitalia organizaciis miznebisa da amocanebis miRwevis<br />
upirvelesi berketi. TviT personalis strategiuli marTva, rogorc wesi,<br />
marTvis am sistemis yvela komponentsa da mimarTulebas, yvela mniSvnelovan<br />
proceduras SeiZleba moicavdes. ase magaliTad, organizaciis strategiuli<br />
miznebisa da amocanebis misaRwevad adamianuri resursebis strategiulma<br />
marTvam SeiZleba moicvas Semdegi konkretuli mimarTulebebi:<br />
• personalis mozidvisa da SerCevis procedurebis modernizeba;<br />
• personalis gaaxalgazrdaveba sapensio asaks gadacilebulTa<br />
xarjze;<br />
• moxeleTa rezervis Seqmnisa da marTvis efeqtiani sistemis<br />
SemuSaveba<br />
• personalis motivirebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis Tanamedrove<br />
sistemis Seqmna<br />
• personalis raodenobis Semcireba Sromis Tanamedrove<br />
kulturisa da drois menejmentis principebis praqtikuli<br />
realizebis Sedegad;<br />
• organizaciis axali strategiidan da miznebidan gamomdinare,<br />
personalis didi nawilis gadamzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba,<br />
treningebis axali, Tanamedrove sistemis Seqmna; axali profesiebis<br />
moxeleTa mozidva;<br />
• organizaciis xaziT menejerTa mier personalis marTvis dabali<br />
donis gamo am sferoSi maTi sagangebo treningi;<br />
adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis Sesabamisad da misgan<br />
gamomdinare, unda SemuSavdes strategiis realizebis strategiuli da<br />
miznobrivi programebi da maTgan gamomdinare operaciuli gegmebi. maTSi<br />
dakonkretebuli unda iyos strategiis praqtikuli realizebis<br />
mimarTulebebi, RonisZiebebi, moqmedebebi, maTi Sesrulebis vadebi,<br />
pasuxismgeblebi da saWiro finansuri, adamianuri Tu organizaciulteqnikuri<br />
resursebi.<br />
Ppersonalis ekonomika<br />
dasavleTSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia, e.w. adamianuri kapitalis Teoria. Aam<br />
Teoriis mixedviT, momuSaveTa codna da kvalifikacia miCneulia TviT maT<br />
kuTvnilebad, romelsac moaqvs Semosavali; am codnisa da Cvevebis miRebaze<br />
droisa da xarjebis danaxarjebi miCneulia investiciebad. amJamad adamianur<br />
kapitalSi dabandebaTa aRricxvis ori saxis modeli arsebobs; aqtivebis<br />
41
modelebi, roca xdeba adamianur kapitalSi danaxarjebis aRricxva da<br />
sargeblianobis modeli, roca xdeba aseTi danaxarjebis efeqtianobis<br />
Sefaseba. da sakvirvelia, es orive modeli erTmaneTs unda avsebdes.<br />
A adamianur kapitalze organizaciis mier gaweuli xarjebidan<br />
upirvelesad unda gamoiyos :<br />
• personalis mozidvis, SerCevisa da konkursebis Catarebis<br />
xarjebi (am procedurebis nawils sakmaod xSirad da bevr<br />
organizaciaSi mowveuli eqspertebi atareben);<br />
• axalmiRebulTa adaptirebaze da rogorc axalmiRebulTa, ise<br />
ZiriTadi personalis treningebze gaweuli xarjebi;<br />
• xelfasi da maTze (xelfasis fondze) sxvadasxva saxis<br />
danaricxebi;<br />
• premiebi, sxvadasxva saxis waxalisebebi;<br />
• socialuri daxmarebebi<br />
• momuSaveTa atestirebaze gaweuli xarjebi;<br />
• Sromis keTilsasurveli garemo pirobebisa da fsiqologiuri<br />
klimatis Seqmnis xarjebi;<br />
• Sromis keTilsasurveli garemo pirobebisa da fsiqologiuri<br />
klimatis Seqmnis xarjebi;<br />
• samuSao adgilis dagegmarebis, Seqmnisa da aRWurvis xarjebi;<br />
• samuSao Zalis moZraobisa da denadobiT gamowveuli xarjebi<br />
(danakargebi) da sxva.<br />
A adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebaSi dabandebuli kapitali erTerTi<br />
Zvirad Rirebuli investiciaa, magram, rogorc msoflios mowinave qveynebis<br />
gamocdileba adasturebs, es, amavdroulad, yvelaze efeqtiani, momgebiani<br />
investiciebia. rasakvirvelia, adamianuri resursebis ganviTrebaSi<br />
dabandebuli kapitalis efeqtianoba SedarebiT advilad da konkretulad<br />
SeiZleba Sefasdes saqmianobis iseT sferoebSi (upirvelesad warmoebaSi,<br />
aseve momsaxurebis sferoSi), sadac Sromis efeqtianoba misi uSualo<br />
SedegebiT da konkretuli raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi parametrebiT<br />
ganisazRvreba; magaliTad treningamde momuSave dReSi uSvebda 200 nawarms,<br />
romelTagan uxarisxo iyo 6 cali, xolo treningebis Semdeg uSvebs 250-s,<br />
romelTagan uxarisxo 5-ia; e. i. Sromis nayofiereba 25 prcentiT gazrdila,<br />
xolo wundebuli nawarmis wili 3 procentidan 2 procentamde Semcirda;<br />
Sromis efeqtianoba sxvanairadac SeiZleba Sefasdes – magaliTad, erTi<br />
nawarmis damzadebaze treningamde momuSave 20 wuTs xarjavda, treningis<br />
Semdeg -15 wuTs.<br />
rasakvirvelia, bevrad rTuli da umravles SemTxvevaSi aseTi<br />
konkretuli cifrobrivi maCveneblebiT ver Sefasdeba moxeleTa SromiTi<br />
saqmianoba da maTze gaweuli kapitalur dabandebaTa efeqtianoba. mTlianad,<br />
organizaciis masStabiT, am SemTxvevaSi, upirvelesad, misma xelmZRavnelebma,<br />
aseve personalis menejerebma da Sesabamisma samsaxurma yuradReba unda<br />
miaqcion da saTanadod Seafason Semdegi parametrebi da tendenciebi:<br />
• organizaciis mier arCeuli strategiisa da politikis<br />
marTebuloba da maTi realizebis, dasaxuli miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis miRwevis efeqtianobis gazrda;<br />
• gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da Sesrulebis procesis gaumjobeseba;<br />
• marTvisa da administrirebis procedurebis gamartiveba;<br />
42
• Sidauwyebriv da uwyebaTaSoris urTierTobaTa racionalizeba;<br />
• Ddokumentbrunvis racionalizeba, droisa da saxsrebis<br />
mniSvnelovani ekonomia;<br />
• uflebamosilebaTa da pasuxismgeblobebis gamijvna, delegireba,<br />
menejerebi (moxeleebi) aRar asruleben daqvemdebarebulTa<br />
funqciebs;<br />
• muSaobis moculobis gafarToeba da xarisxis gaumjobeseba;<br />
• momuSaveTa denadobis maCvenebelTa dinamika da maTi struqturuli<br />
analizi;<br />
• momuSaveTa denadobis maCvenebelTa dinamika da maTi sruqturuli<br />
analizi;<br />
• momuSaveTa motivirebisa da stimulirebis analizi da tendenciebi;<br />
• drois menejmentis srulyofa , ufro efeqtiani da nayofieri<br />
saqmianobis profesiaTa da funqciaTa Sefasebis Sedegad<br />
dasaqmebulTa ricxvis Semcireba;<br />
• Sromis eTikuri normebis dacva da organizaciuli kulturis<br />
ganviTareba;<br />
• konfliqturi situaciebis analizi d misi dinamika;<br />
• axali ideebis da inovaciebis ganviTreba (mateba, Semcireba)<br />
organizaciis miznebis ukeT misaRwevad;<br />
uSualod individebze, konkretul moxeleebze organizaciis danaxarjebis<br />
efeqtianobis Sefaseba, upirvelesad da umTavresad maTma uSualo<br />
menejerebma unda moaxdinon, magaliTad: atestirebis Tu treningebis ciklis<br />
gavlis Semdeg rogoria moxelis profesiul-kvalifikaciuri donis<br />
Sesabamisoba Tanamdebobriv moTxovnebTan, ra daskvnebis gakeTebis<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs moxelis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefaseba, rogor<br />
gamosworda atestirebisas dafiqsirebuli moxelis susti adgilebi,<br />
ramdenad amaRlda misi pasuxismgebloba, analitikuri azrovneba,<br />
iniciativianoba, SemoqmedebiTi midgoma da sxva.<br />
roca adamianur kapitalsa da adamianuri resursebis ganviTrebazea saubari,<br />
mTeli principulobiT unda iTqvas – am sferoSi kapitaldabandebaTa Tu<br />
investiciebis SezRudva, adamianis faqtoris ignorireba, moxeleTa<br />
arasaTanado motivireba, maTi saarsebo minimumze dabali xelfasi da<br />
socialuri daucveloba bumerangiviT ubrundeba da angrevs saxelmwifos,<br />
mis demokratiul ganviTrebas, sazogadebriv rwmenasa da faseulobebs,<br />
axdens xelisuflebis diskretirebas, korufciis, kalnurobis, kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis ugulebelyofis mniSvnelovani mizezi da stimulatori xdeba.<br />
Aadamianis strategiuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli testi<br />
strategiis arCeva garkveulwilad yovelTvis riskTanaa dakavSirebuli;<br />
qvemoT motanili testi saSulebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT, Tu ramdenad<br />
Segvwevs unari SevimuSavoT yovelmxriv kargad mofiqrebuli strategia.<br />
aucilebelia obieqturad, gulwrfelad gavceT pasuxi qvemoT motanil<br />
kiTxvebs da daviweroT Sesabamisi balebi, kerZod: pasuxze “ki” -1 bali,<br />
xolo pasuxze “ara” – 2 bali.<br />
43
kiTxvebi<br />
1. roca sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebas iRebT mxolod sakuTar<br />
Tavs eyrdnobiT Tu ara?<br />
2. xSirad emTxveva Tu ara Tqveni pozicia Tqveni xelmZRvanelis<br />
mosazrebas?<br />
3. migaCniaT Tu ara Tqven, rom ar arsebobs gamouvali mdgomareoba,<br />
situacia?<br />
4. rogor fiqrobT, yovelTvis marTali xarT?<br />
5. swrafad iTvisebT Tu ara axali saxis samuSaoebs?<br />
6. adamianTa Sefasebisas ZiriTadad Tqvens sakuTar azrs eyrdnobiT<br />
Tu ara?<br />
7. bevrs fiqrobT Tu ara sanam mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas<br />
miiRebT?<br />
8. miiswrafviT Tu ara bolomde miiyvanoT dawyebuli saqme?<br />
9. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom rac SeiZleba naklebad iaqtiuroT, raTa<br />
usiamovnebebi Tavidan aiciloT?<br />
10. Zvirfasi nivTebis SeZenisas ekiTxebiT Tu ara rCevebs sxvebs?<br />
11. iswrafviT Tu ara mogebisken, gamarjvebisken, roca raimes<br />
TamaSobT?<br />
12. fiqrobT Tu ara momavalze?<br />
13. cdilobT Tu ara rTuli problemis gadawyvetisas SeafasoT<br />
yvela SesaZlo alternativa?<br />
14. xSirad gamoTqvamT Tu ara sajarod saerTo azrisagan<br />
gansxvavebul, sawinaaRmdego azrs?<br />
15. specialurad emzadebiT Tu ara gamosvlebisaTvis?<br />
16. darwmunebuli xarT, rom dRemde mniSvnelovani Secdoma ar<br />
dagiSviaT?<br />
17. xSirad ocnebobT raime ganuxorcielebelze?<br />
18. Tu fiqrobT xolme, ramdenad damajerebelia kamaTis dros<br />
Tqveni argumentebi?<br />
19. SegiZliaT Tu ara daTmoT Tqveni principebi, Tu amas saqmis<br />
interesebi moiTxovs?<br />
20. gaqvT Tu ara kargi urTierTobebi xelmZRvanelobasTan?<br />
21. marTebulia xolme Tu ara Tqveni Tavdapirveli azrebi?<br />
22. xdeba Tu ara, rom araoficialur garemoSi Tqven SeiZleba Tavi<br />
gamoiCinoT eqstravaganturi qceviT?<br />
23. xom ar xdeba xolme, rom Tqveni arsebiTad marTebuli qceva<br />
garegnulad aralogikuri da gaugebari aRmoCndes Tqveni garSemo<br />
myofTaTvis?<br />
24. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom Tqven ukve moaswariT cxovrebaSi raime<br />
mniSvnelovanis gakeTba?<br />
25. Znelia Tu ara Tqveni darwmuneba, raTa azri SeicvaloT?<br />
26. miiswrafviT Tu ara principuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />
wvrilmanebamde gaazrebisaken?<br />
27. mzad xarT Tu ara saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare gariskoT<br />
xolme, roca warmatebis Sansebi mcirea?<br />
28. cxovrobT Tu ara mxolod dRevandeli dRiT?<br />
29. bevrs andobT, uziarebT xolme Tqvens saqmeebs Tu ara?<br />
44
Sefaseba<br />
30. dgamT Tu ara gadamwyvet nabijebs, roca ar xarT darwmunebuli<br />
koleqtivis mxardaWeraSi?<br />
31. migakuTvneben Tu ara garSemo myofni “perpeqtiulTa” kategorias?<br />
32. axal situaciebSi upiratesobas qcevis tradiciuli wesebis<br />
dacvas xom ar aniWebT?<br />
33. xSirad agvianebT?<br />
34. iRebT Tu ara axloblebisgan rCevebs mniSvnelovani piradi<br />
sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas?<br />
35. SegiZliaT Tu ara situaciis sakmaod zusti prognozireba 1-2<br />
wliT adre?<br />
36. xom ar gqoniaT SemTxvevebi, rom arCevani gagekeTebinaT?<br />
37. SeiZleba Tqven Tavisuflad gendon adamianebi?<br />
38. misdevT Tu ara Tqven TviTanalizs?<br />
39. axdenT Tu ara Tqveni saqmianobis perspeqtiul dagegmvas?<br />
40. xarT Tu ara TavdazRveuli?<br />
41. xarT Tu ara ukompromiso?<br />
42. SegiZliaT Tu ara imegobroT imasTan, vinc Tqvens xasiaTs ar<br />
Seesabameba?<br />
43. yovelTvis asrulebT Tu ara Tqvens danapirebs?<br />
44. SegiZliaT Tu ara isaubroT iseT rameebze, risic araferi<br />
gagegebaT?<br />
45. yvelaferSi da yovelTvis eTanxmebiT Tu ara xelmRvanelobas?<br />
• saerTo Sedegis gasarkvevad, aucilebelia ganisazRvros im pasuxTa<br />
procenti pasuxTa saerTo raodenobidan, romlebic 1 baliT<br />
Sefasdnen. Ees gviCvenebs, riskisadmi Tqvens saerTo midrekilebas;<br />
• SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes agreTve:<br />
1. Tqveni xasiaTis simtkiis done, razec miuTiTebs qvemoT moyvanili<br />
kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%) – 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 27,<br />
30, 34, 40 kiTxvebi;<br />
2. upasuxismgeblobis done, razec miuTiTebs qvemoT mocemuli<br />
kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%)-1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 27, 30,<br />
34, 40 kiTxvebi<br />
3. strategiuli saqmianobisa da azrovnebisaken midrekileba, razec<br />
CamoTvlili kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%)<br />
miuTiTebs -11, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24, 28, 35, 39 kiTxvebi;<br />
4. gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas intuiciis grZnoba, razec qvemoT<br />
mocemuli kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%)<br />
miuTiTebs – 6, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 38 kiTxvebi;<br />
5. SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisa da originalur gaawyvetilebaTa miRebis<br />
unarebi, razec qvemoT CamoTvlili kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli<br />
kiTxvebis wili (%) miuTiTebs -1, 3, 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 32, 45 kiTxvebi.<br />
testis Sedegebis analizi sxva konkretuli mimarTulebebis mixedviTac<br />
SeiZleba moxdes; amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom idealuri adamianebi ar<br />
arseboben da xuTi zemoT gamoyofili Tvisebis sawinaaRmdegod Tvisebebi,<br />
45
kerZod: sifrTxile, pasuxismgebloba, racionaluroba, konservatiuloba da<br />
taqtikuri gadawyvetilebebisaken midrekileba cud Tvisebebs ar<br />
warmoadgenen. zemoT aRniSnul TvisebaTa Sefasebisas maTi 35-36 procentiani<br />
gamovlena normalurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />
testi “marTvis efeqtianoba”<br />
1. cdilobT Tu ara Tvens saqmianobaSi gamoiyenoT Tqveni profesiuli<br />
sferos uaxlesi miRwevebi?<br />
2. miiswrafviT Tu ara sxvebTan TanamSromlobisken?<br />
3. mokled, gasagebad da zrdilobianad elaparakebiT Tu ara<br />
daqvemdebarebulebs?<br />
4. xsniT xolme Tu ara mizezebs , romlebmac ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba gaiZules?<br />
5. gendobian Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebi?<br />
6. uxmobT Tu ara davalebis yvela Semsrulebels miznebis, vadebis,<br />
meTodebis, pasuxismgeblobisa da sxva sakiTxTa ganxilvisas?<br />
7. axalisebT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs iniciativas gamoCenisTvis, axali<br />
winadadebebisa da SeniSvnebis warmodgenisTvis da a. S.<br />
8. gaxsovT Tu ara yvela im adamianis saxeli, romlebTanac xSiri<br />
kontaqtebi gaqvT?<br />
9. aZlevT Tu ara dasaxuli miznebis misaRwev moqmedebaTa Tavisuflebas<br />
Semsrulebels da a. S.<br />
10. mxolod maSin exmarebiT daqvemdebarebulebs, roca isini amas gTxoven?<br />
11. yoveli kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis gamoxatavT Tu ara<br />
madlierebis grZnobas daqvemdebarebulTa mimarT?<br />
12. akontrolebT Tu ara davalebaTa Sesrulebis mimdinareobas?<br />
13. cdilobT Tu ara ipovoT adamianebSi ukeTesi Tvisebebi?<br />
14. iciT Tu ara rogor SeiZleba ufro efeqtianad gamoiyenoT yoveli<br />
daqvemdebarebulis SesaZleblobebi?<br />
15. iciT Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebis interesi da midrekilebebi?<br />
16. SegiZliaT Tu ara iyoT yuradRebiani msmeneli?<br />
17. uxdiT Tu ara TanamSromels madlobas misi kolegebis TandaswrebiT?<br />
18. eubnebiT Tu ara Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebs kritikul SeniSvnebs?<br />
19. aRniSnavT Tu ara Tqveni samsaxuris karg muSaobas, roca Tqvens<br />
xelmZRvanels angariSs an moxsenebiT baraTs udgenT?<br />
20. endobiT Tu ara Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebs?<br />
21. cdilobT Tu ara miawodoT Tvqens TanamSromlebs mTeli informacia,<br />
romelsac administraciuli da marTviTi arxebiT iRebT?<br />
22. uxsniT Tu ara Tqvens TanamSromlebs, Tu organizaciis miznebsa da<br />
amocanebTan dakavSirebiT ra mniSvneloba aqvs maTi Sromis Sedegebs?<br />
23. itovebT Tu ara TqvenTvis da utovebT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs dros<br />
samuSaoTa dasagegmad?<br />
46
24. gaqvT Tu ara Tundac sul cota erTi wliT adre dagegmili Tqveni<br />
TviTganviTarebis gegma?<br />
25. arsebobs Tu ara dRevandel moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi personalis<br />
treningebis gegma?<br />
26. regularulad kiTxulobT Tu ara specialur literaturas?<br />
27. gaqvT Tu ara sakmaod seriozuli biblioTeka Tqveni specialobis<br />
sferoSi?<br />
28. zrunavT Tu ara Tqvens janmrTelobasa da Sromis unarianobaze?<br />
29. giyvarT Tu ara rTuli, magram saintereso samuSaoebis Sesruleba?<br />
30. efeqtiania Tu ara Tqveni saubrebi Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebTan maTi<br />
muSaobis srulyofis sakiTxebze?<br />
31. iciT Tu ara momuSavis ra Tvisebebs unda mieqces gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba mis samuSaoze miRebisas?<br />
32. giWiravT Tu ara distancia daqvemdebarebulebTan?<br />
33. mzad xarT Tu ara yovelTvis ganixloT Tqvens daqvemdebarebulTa<br />
problemebi, SekiTxvebi da saCivrebi?<br />
34. pativiscemiTa da yuradRebiT epyrobiT Tu ara Tqvens<br />
daqvemdebarebulebs?<br />
35. darwmunebuli xarT Tqvens TavSi?<br />
36. kargad iciT Tveni Zlieri da susti mxareebi?<br />
37. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas xSirad iyenebT Tu ara<br />
originalur SemoqmedebiT midgomebs?<br />
38. regularulad imaRlebT Tu ara Tqvens kvalifikacias seminarebze,<br />
specialur kursebze da a. S.?<br />
39. xarT Tu ara sakmarisad moqnili Tqvens qcevaSi, adamianebTan<br />
urTierTobaSi?<br />
40. mzad xarT Tu ara SecvaloT xelmZRvanelobis Tqveni stili, raTa is<br />
ufro efeqtiani gaxdes?<br />
Sefaseba<br />
daiTvaleT ramdenia “ki” da “ara” pasuxebi da SeafaseT Tqveni Tavi:<br />
• 40 “ki” umaRlesi, idealuri marTviTi potencialis maCvenebelia, radgan<br />
yvela, ormocive kiTxva warmatebuli marTvis kriteriumia. rogorc yvela<br />
ideali, esec praqtikulad miuRwevadia (Tu Tqven ar “ieSmakeT” da<br />
keTilsindisierad upasuxeT yvela kiTxvas); mniSvnelovania romel kiTxvebze<br />
upasuxeT “ara” –es Tqveni susti adgilebia;<br />
• roca “ki” pasuxTa jami 33-s aWarbebs, es kargi marTviTi potencialis<br />
maCvenebelia.<br />
47
drois marTvis principebi<br />
drois marTvisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis arsi da mniSvneloba<br />
drois marTva rogorc calke pirovnebis, ise organizaciisaTvis<br />
warmatebuli saqmianobisa da dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis erTerTi yvelaze<br />
mTavari iaraRia; yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom dro gansakuTrebuli<br />
fenomenia- dro Seuqcevadia, mas ver davagrovebT, ver SevinaxavT, ver<br />
gavamravlebT, ver SevaCerebT, ver gadavcemT; dro mxolod midis, mas ukan<br />
verasodes davabrunebT; swored amitom unda dros gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba da faqizi damokidebuleba, yovelmxriv miTiTebuli dagegmva da<br />
marTva.<br />
Zalze martivi magaliTi – davuSvaT, moxele Tavisi samuSao drois mxolod<br />
10 procents iyenebs aracionalurad da, faqtobrivad kargavs mas, rac<br />
realur sinamdvilesTan SedarebiT sakmaod karg mdgomareobadac ki<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos da ara mxolod qarTul sinamdvileSi; magram samuSao<br />
drois es dakarguli 10 procenti kviraSi 4 saaTia, weliwadSi (11 TveSi, anu<br />
daaxloebiT 48 kviraSi) ki -192 saaTi, anu 24 sruli samuSao dRe ; SeiZleba<br />
sakmao albaTobiT davuSvaT, rom erTi moxele Tu samuSao drois 10<br />
procents kargavs, es weliwadSi erT Tves uaxlovdeba, xolo saqarTvelos<br />
sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli 46 aTasamde momuSavisTvis es danakargi<br />
katastroful cifrs – 1. 1 milion kacs aRwevs, rac daaxloebiT igivea, rom<br />
TiTqmis 5 aTasi moxele mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi arafers akeTebs. Aaq,<br />
rogorc ityvian, komentari zedmetia da naTelia samuSao drois<br />
racionaluri, efeqtiani gamoyenebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba.<br />
imisaTvis, rom kargad gaverkveT drois marTvis<br />
mniSvnelobisa da misi racionalizebis sakiTxebSi, sasurvelia ganvixiloT<br />
cnobili mecnieris , stefan qoveis SemoTavazebuli drois marTvis matrica<br />
drois marTvis matrica<br />
mniSvnelovania<br />
saswrafo moqmedebebi<br />
• krizisuli moqmedebebi<br />
• problemebi, romlebic gvwnexaven<br />
• saqmeebi, romelTa Sesrulebasac<br />
vada gasdis<br />
48<br />
Aarasaswrafo moqmedebebi<br />
• raRacis Tavidan acileba,<br />
gafrTxileba, winaswari zomebis miReba<br />
• adamianebTan urTierTobebis ageba<br />
• axali amocanebis, unar-<br />
SesaZleblobebis amocnoba<br />
• dagegmva, SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba
aramniSvnelovania<br />
moqmedebebi<br />
• viRaceebma Segawyvetines, darekes<br />
• zogierTi werili, zogierTi angariSi<br />
• zogierTi Sexvedra<br />
• zogierTi problema , romelic gvwnexavs,<br />
“gvaxrCobs”<br />
• zogierTi popularuli, yoveldRiuri<br />
moqmedeba (angariSebi)<br />
49<br />
A<br />
moqmedebebi<br />
• yoveldRiuri monotonuri<br />
samuSao<br />
• zogierTi werili<br />
• zogierTi satelefono zari<br />
• drois gamflangveli<br />
moqmedebebi<br />
• zogierTi sasiamovno moqmedeba<br />
rogorc vxedavT, Cven dros vmarTavT oTxidan erTerTi gziT: vasrulebT an<br />
saswrafo da mniSvnelovan, an arasaswrafo da mniSvnelovan, an saswrafo da<br />
aramniSvnelovan , anda arasaswrafo da aramniSvnelovan samuSaoebs<br />
saswrafo moqmedebebi iseTebia, romlebic saswrafo reagirebas moiTxoven,<br />
e.i. axlave; isini moqmedeben Cvenze, mag: adamianTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia<br />
ar aiRos telefonis yurmili; saswrafo, gadaudebeli saqmeebi Cveulebriv,<br />
xilulia, Cven winaa, xSirad sasiamovno da advilia maTi Sesruleba, magram<br />
aseve xSirad isini aramniSvnelovanni arian; mniSvnelovani ki is saqmeebia,<br />
romlebic Sromis Sedegebs, Cvens misias, faseulobebs da priotitetul<br />
miznebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
pirvel kvadratSi orivea – saswrafo da mniSvnelovani saqmeebic; am<br />
kvadratis moqmedebebs xSirad krizisuls an problemurs vuwodebT;<br />
metnaklebad yvelani varT xolme pirvel kvadratSi –erT problemas rom<br />
gadavwyvetT, meore warmoiSveba da ase “avardna-CavardnaSi” varT; zogs es<br />
yoveldRiuri problemebi dabla scemen, maTi Svebaa mimarTon meoTxe<br />
kvadratis arasaswrafo aqtivobebs; drois did nawils (daaxloebiT 90<br />
procenti) isini pirvel kvadratSi atareben, danarCens-meoTxeSi da TiTqmis<br />
ar uTmoben yuradRebas meore da mesame kvadratebs; aseTi xalxi krizisuli<br />
cxovrebiT cxovrobs – stresebiT, iwvis, mudmivad krizisul da problemur<br />
viTarebaSia.<br />
Aarian sxva momuSaveebi, romlebic did dros xarjaven mesame kvadratis<br />
saswrafo, magram aramniSvnelovan aqtivobebze da Tan hgoniaT, rom pirvel
kvadratSi arian da saswrafosTan erTad mniSvnelovan saqmeebsac akeTeben;<br />
realoba ki isaa, rom am saqmeebis swrafad gadawyveta sxvaTa<br />
prioritetebiTa da karnaxiTaa ganpirobebuli; amis Sedegebia: yuradRebis<br />
moklevadiani fokusireba, krizisuli situaciebi, miznebisa da<br />
amocanebisTvis naklebi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, sakuTari Tavis<br />
ukontroloba, zedapiruli da aramyari urTierTobebi.<br />
isini, romlebic ZiriTad dros mesame da meoTxe kvadratebis moqmedebebze<br />
xarjaven, upasuxismgeblod cxovroben, aramniSvnelovan da arasaswrafo<br />
saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni; amis Sedegebia: sruli upasuxismgebloba,<br />
sxvebze damokidebuleba, davalebis Seusrulebloba da a. S.<br />
efeqtianad, sworad momuSaveni cdiloben mesame da meoTxe kvadratebs gareT<br />
darCnen, radgan saswrafoa Tu ara, es saqmeebi araa mniSvnelovani; isini,<br />
agreTve, amcireben pirvel kvadratSi yofnis dros, raTa meti dro daxarjon<br />
meore kvadratSi.<br />
swored meore kvadratia sakuTari Tavis efeqtiani marTvis guli; es exeba<br />
saqmeebs, romlebic araa saswrafo, magram mniSvnelovania; aseTebia:<br />
urTierTobebis damyareba, davalebebis gansazRvra, perspeqtiuli dagegmva,<br />
Semowmeba, momzadeba; es is saqmeebia, romlebic viciT, rom aucileblad<br />
unda gavakeToT, magram iSviaTad vakeTebT, radgan ar arian saswrafoni.<br />
Eefeqtianad moqmedi momuSaveni problemebze ar arian orientirebulebi,<br />
isini orientirebulni arian SesaZleblobebze, maTgan gamodian da Tavidan<br />
icileben problemebs; isini profilaqtikurad, problemebis Tavidan<br />
acilebis midgomiT fiqroben da moqmedeben; ase rom, unda vimuSaoT meore<br />
kvadratSi, radgan pirveli da mesame kvadratebi “Cvenze muSaoben”,<br />
gvwnexaven; unda daveTanxmoT meore kvadratis prioritetebs da viswavloT<br />
vTqvaT “ara” sxva saqmianobebeze, zogjer da nawilobriv – saswrafo<br />
saqmeebzec ki da maSinac, roca sxvebi da garemoebebi Cveni drois xelyofas<br />
cdiloben. E<br />
xelmRvanelTa muSaobis efeqtianobis erTerTi mTavari maCvenebelia dasaxul<br />
amocanaTa gadawyvetisas droSi winswreba. Aaranormaluria, roca guSindel<br />
saqmes dRes vakeTebT, normaluria, roca dRes dRevandeli saqme keTdeba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT kargia, roca dRes saxvalio saqmes vakeTebT da win<br />
viyurebiT. samwuxarod, Zalze bevr organizaciaSi marTvis maRal safexurze<br />
mdgari xelmZRvaneli bevr dros xarjavs operatiuli problemebis<br />
gadawyvetaze. is, rac karga xniT adre unda gagvekeTebina, imis gamo, rom ar<br />
gavakeTeT, operatiuli gadasawyveti gaxda; dRes ki, roca did dros<br />
vandomebT am operatiul amocanaTa gadawyvetas da ar vfiqrobT<br />
perspeqtiul problemebze, dro rom mova, isinic operatiulad gadasawyveti<br />
xdeba. Aase ikvreba Sromis cudi organizaciis gamo naklovanebaTa wre,<br />
TandaTan Cvevad iqceva muSaobis mankieri stili.<br />
xelmRvanelma, rasakvirvelia, unda icodes daqvemdebarebul safexurebze<br />
yvela uwesrigobaTa Sesaxeb, magram misi Careva aucilebelia mxolod maSin,<br />
roca darRvevebi da naklovanebebi sistemad iqceva da qvemdgom rgolebs ar<br />
ZaluZT maTi aRmofxvra. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki zemdgomma rgolma ar unda<br />
Sewyvitos perspeqtiul mimarTulebebze muSaoba.<br />
Sromis pirobebis srulyofa<br />
50
samuSao drois racionaluri gamoyenebisa da, saerTod, muSaobis<br />
efeqtianobis amaRlebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa organizaciasa da mis<br />
struqturul qvedanayofebSi Sromis normaluri pirobebisa da Sromisa da<br />
dasvenebis racionaluri ganwesis damkvidreba.<br />
Sroma normalur, keTilsasurvel pirobebSi unda mimdinareobdes, xolo<br />
samuSao adgilebis organizeba (dagegmareba, aRWurva) maqsimalurad unda<br />
iTvalisiwnebdes mecnierebisa da praqtikis Tanamedrove miRwevebs. Sromis<br />
normaluri pirobebi da samuSao adgilebis racionaluri organizeba<br />
arsebiTad uwyobs xels daRlilobis Semcirebas, drois dazogvas,<br />
koncentrirebul da intensiur muSaobas, Sromisunarianobis amaRlebas,<br />
sabolood, Sromis efeqtianobis zrdas.<br />
samuSao adgilebis organizebisa da Sromis pirobebis srulyofis ZiriTadi<br />
amocanebia muSaobis procesSi aucilebeli komfortis Seqmna, samuSao<br />
avejisa da samuSao adgilebis racionaluri gabaritebis, konstruqciisa da<br />
formis yvela saWiro sagniT uzrunvelyofa, xelebiT misaRwevi optimaluri<br />
zonis dacva, samuSao adgilebis dagegmarebisa da maTi parametrebis<br />
gansazRvrisas momuSaveTa anTropometruli da fsiqofiziologiuri<br />
Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba, samuSao zonaSi ganlagebuli sagnebis kargi<br />
xedva, advili miRwevadoba, Sromis pirobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa<br />
optimalur doneze SenarCuneba da sxva.<br />
Sromis efeqtianobasa da drois racionalur gamoyenebaze mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdens Sromis optimaluri garemo pirobebis (sanitarulhigienuri<br />
da socialur-fsiqologiuri pirobebis) uzrunvelyofa.<br />
Uupiratesad gonebrivi SromiTi dakavebuli momuSaveebi mTeli informaciis<br />
80-90 procents mxedvelobis saSualebiT iReben; amitom gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs maTi samuSao adgilis racionalur ganaTebas. ganaTebis<br />
done, upirvelesad, TviT Sesasrulebeli samuSaos xasiaTzea damokidebuli ;<br />
rac zustia mxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT samuSao, ganaTebis miT maRali<br />
donea saWiro. sazogadod miRebulia, rom samuSao zedapiris ganaTebis done<br />
(saerTo ganaTeba) luminescenciuri naTurebis gamoyenebisas 300 luqsze<br />
naklebi ar unda iyos, xolo varvarebis naTurebis gamoyenebisas – 150<br />
luqsze naklebi. zusti samuSaoebis Sesrulebisas saerTo ganaTebasTan<br />
erTad, roca sinaTlis wyaro mTel oTaxs anaTebs, adgilobrivi (samuSao<br />
adgilis) ganaTebac unda gamoviyenoT.<br />
momuSaveTa Sromisunarianobis maRal doneze SesanarCuneblad didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs haeris normaluri temperaturisa da SefardebiTi<br />
tenianobis uzrunvelyofas; maTi reglamentireba specialuri sanitaruli<br />
normebiT xdeba. gonebrivi Sromisas, roca met-naklebad seriozul fizikur<br />
daZabulobas adgili ara aqvs, haeris normalur temperaturad 18-20<br />
gradusi iTvleba, xolo tenianobad – ara umetes 60 procentisa. zafxulis<br />
TveebSi, roca SenobaSic ki temperatura 30 graduss aWarbebs, didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs saventiliacio da haeris kondicirebis danadgarebis<br />
gamoyenebas.<br />
samuSao drois racionaluri gamoyeneba da Sromis efeqtianoba metad<br />
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli adamianis Sromisisunarianobaze. Aadamianis<br />
muSaobisunarianoba, marTalia, individualuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba,<br />
magram arsebobs yvelasaTvis saerTo kanonzomierebebi, romlebic nebismier<br />
adamians axasiaTebs da mravali saxis fsiqologiuri, Sromis Sedegobrivi<br />
Tu sxva maCveneblebiT dasturdeba<br />
51
unda gamoiyos samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi adamianis Sromisunarianobis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli sami periodi, kerZod:<br />
1. muSaobis tempSi Sesvlis periodi, romelic samuSaos dawyebis pirveli<br />
etapia da daaxloebiT 30-60 wuTs grZeldeba; am dros adamiani da misi<br />
fsiqofiziologiuri, SromiTi potencia TandaTanobiT Sedis muSaobis<br />
tempSi, radgan xangrZlivi Sesvenebis gamo samuSaos SesrulebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli pirobiT-refleqsuri kavSirebis warmoSobas gansazRvruli<br />
dro sWirdeba. muSaobis tempSi Sesvlis periodSi TandaTan umjobesdeba<br />
adamianis rogorc fiziologiuri (fizikuri), ise fsiqikuri (mag. yuradRebis<br />
koncentrireba, azrovnebis siswrafe, gareSe gamaRizianeblebze reagireba)<br />
da SromiTi maCveneblebi<br />
2. amis Semdeg iwyeba maRali da myari Sromisunarianobis periodi, roca<br />
adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da SromiTi maCveneblebi TavianT saukeTeso<br />
dones aRweven; es periodi daaxloebiT 1.5-2 saaTs grZeldeba;<br />
3. dabali Sromisunarianobis periodi, romelic muSaobis dawyebidan<br />
daaxloebiT sami saaTis Semdeg iwyebs gamovlenas, gansakuTrebiT TvalSi<br />
sacemi ki samuSao dRis bolos saaTebSi xdeba da daRlilobis procesis<br />
dawyebiTaa ganpirobebuli; am dros TandaTan uaresdeba adamianis<br />
organizmis qmedunarianobisa Tu mis saqmianobis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
maCveneblebi.<br />
Uunda aRiniSnos, rom samuSao dRis meore naxevarSi (Sesvenebis Semdeg)<br />
adamianis Sromisunarianobis dinamika imave kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba,<br />
riTac dRis pirvel naxevarSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom dRis meore<br />
naxevarSi miRweuli Sromisunarianobis maqsimaluri done CamorCeba dRis<br />
pirveli naxevris analogiur maCvenebels, xolo samuSao dRis bolos es<br />
maCveneblebi yvelaze uaresia, maT Soris, dRis pirveli naxevris bolos, anu<br />
Sesvenebis wina periodis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT.<br />
testi : samuSo drois gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
upasuxeT qvemoT CamoTvlil kiTxvebs; dadebiTi pasuxi (“k”) SeafaseT 2<br />
baliT, pasuxi “zogjer” – 1 baliT, xolo uaryofiTi pasuxi (“ara”) -0<br />
baliT.<br />
1. winaswar gegmavT Tu ara momavali kviris saqmeebs?<br />
2. sakmarisia Tu ara Tqvendami daqvemdebarebulTa raodenoba dasaxul<br />
amocanaTa gadasawyvetad?<br />
3. winaswar gegmavT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulTa Soris samuSaos<br />
ganawilebas?<br />
4. ritmulad muSaoben Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebi?<br />
5. sakmarisad kompetenturni da momzadebulebi arian Tu ara Tqveni<br />
daqvemdebarebulebi?<br />
6. momzadebulia Tu ara Tqveni TanaSemwe rTul problemaTa<br />
gadasawyvetad?<br />
7. cdilobT Tu ara, rac SeiZleba SeamciroT Tqven mier Catarebuli<br />
TaTbirebis raodenoba?<br />
8. gyavT Tu ara TanaSemwe, romelsac SeuZlia saWiro dros SegcvaloT?<br />
52
9. sakmarisad gaqvT Tu ara efeqtiani muSoabis teqnikuri TaTbirebis<br />
raodenoba?<br />
10. ixmarT Tu ara Tqvens mdivans saqmiani Sexvedrebis dasaniSnad?<br />
11. TviT Tqveni mdivani niSnavs Tu ara Tqvens saqmian Sexvedrebs?<br />
12. icis Tu ara mdivanma vin SeiZleba pirdapir da uSualod<br />
dagakavSiroT Tqven?<br />
13. winaswar amzadebT Tu ara davalebebs mdivnisTvis, raTa man droulad<br />
Seasrulos isini?<br />
14. sargeblobT Tu ara diqtofoniT?<br />
15. sakmaod naTel amocanebs usaxavT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs?<br />
16. SeuZliaT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs konsultirebis aucileblobisas<br />
umtkivneulod, advilad dagikavSirdnen Tqven?<br />
17. punqtualuri xarT Tu ara samsaxurebriv saqmeebSi?<br />
18. iwyebT Tu ara Tvens samuSao dRes gadaudebeli saqmeebis keTebiT?<br />
19. axerxebT Tu ara SeisvenoT xolme muSaobis procesSi, erTgvarad<br />
modundeT, ganitvirToT?<br />
20. yovelTvis axerxebT Tu ara operatiulad miiRoT gadawyvetileba?<br />
21. ebrZviT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulTa usaqmurobis faqtebs?<br />
22. obieqturad afasebT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulTa muSaobis efeqtianobas?<br />
23. iciT Tu ara ra kriteriumebiT afaseben daqvemdebarebulebi Tqveni<br />
saqmianobis efeqtinobas?<br />
24. afasebT Tu ara ramdenad iyenebT Tqvens samuSao dros?<br />
25. axdenT Tu ara Tqveni samuSao drois perspeqtiul dagegmvas?<br />
Sefaseba:<br />
45 balze met – SesaniSnavi Sedegia, Tven Zalze kargad marTavT dros;<br />
26-45 bali – Tqven damakmayofileblad iyenebT Tqvens SesaZleblobebs;<br />
26 balze naklebi – Tqven ki ar marTavT dros, aramed dro gmarTavT Tqven<br />
da aucilebelia SecvaloT muSaobis stili.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebi da disciplina<br />
A am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT TanamSromelTa uflebebs, samuSao adgilis<br />
Taviseburebebsa da TanamSromelTa disciplinas. xelmZRvanelebi aRniSnaven,<br />
rom es Temebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens rogorc TanamSromlebis, ise<br />
zedamxedvelebis saqmianobaze. robert j. dini, dasaqmebis iuristi, acxadebs,<br />
rom TanamSromelTa uflebebi da samuSao adgilis Taviseburebani “isev<br />
darCeba SromiTi samarTlis aqtualur Temebad ocdameerTe saukuneSi”.<br />
xelmZRvanelebi amCneven, rom ufleba disciplinisa da TanamSromelTa<br />
samsaxuridan daTxovnis Sesaxeb, romelic xelmZRvanelobis tradiciul<br />
valdebulebas <strong>warmoadgens</strong>, ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebeli xdeba,<br />
radganac TanamSromelTa uflebebs ufro da ufro meti yuradReba eqceva.<br />
53
ufro metic, TanamSromelTa disciplinireba metad rTuli da usiamovno<br />
amocanaa menejerTa da zedamxedvelTa umetesobisTvis; bevri maTgani<br />
acxadebs, rom TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg dasjis qmedebis ganxorcieleba<br />
yvelaze stresuli valdebulebaa, rasac isini asruleben. TanamSromelTa<br />
uflebebisa da disciplinis balansireba ar aris advili, magram es aris<br />
kargi menejmentis sayovelTao moTxovna da mniSvnelovani aspeqti.<br />
radganac TanamSromelTa uflebebis sakiTxebis zrdam gamoiwvia<br />
TanamSromelTa mier Setanil sarCelTa ricxvis zrda, Cven am TavSi aseve<br />
ganvixilavT alternatiuli davebis mogvarebas, rogorc saSualebas<br />
organizaciuli samarTlis dasaxmareblad. radganac disciplinaruli<br />
qmedebebi gamowveulia problemebiT da SesaZloa gauqmdes samTavrobo<br />
uwyebebis an sasamarTloebis mier, xelmZRvanelobam unda SeimuSaos<br />
dadebiTi RonisZieba aseTi qmedebis saWiroebis Tavidan asacileblad. roca<br />
SeuZlebelia disciplinaruli RonisZiebis Tavidan acileba, es qmedeba unda<br />
ganxorcieldes kargad SemuSavebuli adamianuri resursebis politikisa da<br />
praqtikis Sesabamisad. radganac eTika organizaciuli samarTlis<br />
mniSvnelovan elements <strong>warmoadgens</strong>, es Tavi Seicavs TanamSromelTa<br />
urTierTobebSi organizaciuli eTikis ganxilvasac.<br />
organizaciuli disciplinis ganxilvis dros individualuri da<br />
organizaciuli miznebis misaRwevad rCevis micemas specialuri yuradReba<br />
eqceva. Cven aseve ganvixilavT rCeva-darigebis micemis miznebsa da xerxebs am<br />
Tavis danarTSi.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebi da Taviseburebani<br />
M mravali antidiskriminaciuli kanoni, xelfasi da saaTobrivi statusi,<br />
usafrTxoeba da jandacvis kanonmdeblobiTi aqti uzrunvelyofs<br />
TanamSromelTa ZiriTad uflebebs da muSaobis gaumjobesebas.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb dava exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebi usamarTlo disciplinaruli qmedebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
genetikuri analizis Catarebis Sesaxeb, maTi piradi saqmeebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb, damsaqmeblis dakvirvebebisa da zedamxedvelobis,<br />
damsaqmeblis mier dasjis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebisadmi yuradRebis miqceva socialur, SromiT<br />
da biznesinteresTa evoluciis bunebrivi Sedegia. TanamSromelTa uflebebi<br />
SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc samarTliani mopyrobis garantia, rasac<br />
TanamSromlebi moelian TavianTi SromiTi statusis dacvis dros. Ees<br />
molodini gadaiqceva uflebebad, roca isini mieniWeba TanamSromlebs<br />
sasamarTloebis, kanonmdeblobis an damsaqmeblis mier. TanamSromelTa<br />
uflebebSi xSirad igulisxmeba damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebulis<br />
konfidencialuri uflebis xelyofa. magaliTad, muSakebma SeiZleba<br />
CaTvalon, rom maT aqvT gasaidumloebis saTanado molidini maT pirad<br />
satelefono saubrebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic ganxorcielda samsaxuris<br />
telefonidan, samsaxurSi sxva damsaqmeblebTan elfostiT miwerili<br />
werilebTan dakavSirebiT, an xelmZRvanelobis mier maTi piradi sakuTrebis<br />
SemTxveviTi gamokvlevebis Tavidan asacileblad. Tumca Tu damsaqmebeli<br />
eubneba TanamSromels, rom maT ar aqvT gasaidumloebis ufleba samsaxurSi,<br />
albaT asea. erT-erTi uflebamosili komentatori ambobs, rom “roca<br />
damsaqmeblebi garkveviT acxadeben, rom gasaidumloebis molodini ar<br />
arsebobs, Znelia daamtkico, rom gonier adamians SeiZleba hqondes aseTi<br />
54
molodini”. amasTanave, gansxvaveba damsaqmeblis gasaidumloebis kanonier<br />
uflebasa da gasaidumloebis moralur an pirad uflebas Soris yovelTvis<br />
ar aris garkveuli. gaurkvevlobas iwvevs konfidencialurobis dacvis<br />
sayovelTao da mudmivi organoebis, kanonebis an sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebebis simcire. ar arsebobs zogadi federaluri an saxelmwifo<br />
kanonebi, romlebic icaven yvela TanamSromlis konfidencialurobas<br />
samsaxurSi.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebi da damsaqmeblis valdebulebebi<br />
B TanamSromlis balansirebuli uflebebis Tanaxmad damsaqmeblis<br />
movaleobaa uzrunvelyos usafrTxo samuSao garemo TanamSromlebisTvis,<br />
maSin roca momxmareblebs uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo, xarisxiani saqonliTa<br />
da momsaxurebiT.Nnarkotikebis momxmarebelma TanamSromelma SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenos misi konfidencialuri ufleba da uari Tqvas testis Catarebaze.<br />
Mmagram aseTma TanamSromelma, narkotikis miRebis gamo, SeiZleba nakliani<br />
produqti daamzados, da damsaqmebeli SeiZleba gaxdes pasuxismgebeli am<br />
produqtiT miyenebuli zianisTvis. Ddamsaqmeblebma didi yuradReba unda<br />
gamoiCinon TanamSromelTa daqiravebis, treningisa da daniSvnis dros.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebi da damsaqmeblis valdebulebebi SeiZleba<br />
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodes. damsaqmebelTa mier TanamSromelTa uflebebis<br />
daucvelobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saCivrebi, organizaciis reputaciis<br />
Selaxva da TanamSromlis moralis Seryeva.Mmagram TanamSromelTa<br />
usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis, momxmarebelTa interesebis daucvelobam<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios dava orive mxridan. TanamSromelTa sarCeli<br />
uyuradRebo daqiravebis Sesaxeb damsaqmebelTa seriozuli zrunvis sagani<br />
gaxda.<br />
uyuradRebo daqiraveba<br />
kanonSi gulgriloba gansazRvrulia, rogorc didi uyuradRebobis<br />
gamoCena, roca es zians ayenebs sxva adamians. Ggulgrili daqiraveba aris<br />
samarTlebrivi dogma, romelic damsaqmebels akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas misi<br />
TanamSromlebis moqmedebebze maTi muSaobis periodSi. damsaqmeblebisTvis<br />
arsebobs zogadi valdebuleba gamoiCinon goniereba da yuradReba, raTa<br />
TanamSromlebma ganzrax ar miayenon ziani sxva TanamSromlebs muSaobis<br />
periodSi.<br />
samwuxarod, roca erTi TanamSromeli Caidens sastik moqmedebas sxva<br />
TanamSromlis mimarT an TanamSromeli ganzrax Seuracxyofs sxva<br />
TanamSromels elfostis saSualebiT samsaxurSi, damsaqmebels SeiZleba<br />
wauyenon sarCeli TanamSromlis uyuradRebod daqiravebis gamo. radganac<br />
mravali adamiani Tvlis uyuradRebo daqiravebis sasamarTlo procesebs,<br />
rogorc “daWera 22-s” damsaqmeblebisTvis (rogor SeuZliaT damsaqmeblebs<br />
winaswar gansazRvron TanamSromelTa momavali moqmedeba), es aiZulebs<br />
damsaqmeblebs damatebiTi yuradReba gamoiCinon samuSao Zalis<br />
dakompleqtebasa da menejmentSi. Aam Tavis momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT<br />
uflebebs, romlebsac TanamSromlebi moelian damsaqmeblebisgan.<br />
samuSao adgilis dacvis uflebebi<br />
55
unebrivia, rom TanamSromlebi TavianT samuSaos miiCneven kuTvnil<br />
uflebad – uflebad, romelic umizezod ar unda gauqmdes. samsaxuris<br />
Sovnis SesaZleblobis gareSe Cveni piradi keTildReoba metad SezRuduli<br />
iqneba. aseTma msjelobam migviyvana im azramde, rom aucilebelia arsebobdes<br />
oTxi kanonieri moTxovna samuSaos usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb: Tavisufali<br />
dasaqmebis principi, kontraqtis cneba, konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba da<br />
sawarmos daxurvis Setyobineba.<br />
kargad unda gavacnobieroT, rom Tumca TanamSromlebs SeiZleba<br />
hqondeT mizezi, rom samuSao miiCnion dadgenil uflebad, ar arsebobs<br />
samarTlebrivi dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofs TanamSromels mudmivi an<br />
xangrZlivi samsaxuriT. Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia ar<br />
iZleva garantias, rom samsaxuri Sedodes TanamSromelTa specialur<br />
sakuTrebaTa uflebebSi. Aamas garda, samsaxuris cneba, rogorc sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba, avaldebulebs xelmZRvanelobas imoqmedos samarTlianad da<br />
Tanasworad yvela TanamSromelTan. TanamSromlebs namdvilad aqvT ufleba<br />
hqondeT jansaRi dasaqmebis molidini da survili moeqcnen maT, rogorc<br />
Rirseul pirovnebebs.<br />
Tavisufali dasaqmeba<br />
D dasaqmebis urTierTobebi tradiciulad mohyva Tavisufali dasaqmebis<br />
saerTo kanonis moZRvrebas. Tavisufali dasaqmebis principi iTvaliswinebs,<br />
rom TanamSromels aqvs ufleba gawyvitosDSromiTi kavSiri ukeTesi<br />
samsaxuris perspeqtivis SemTxvevaSi an sxva piradi mizezebiT.Aaseve<br />
damsaqmebelsac SeuZlia nebismier dros SewyvitosDSromiTi kavSiri<br />
Setyobinebis gareSe raime mizezis gamo, an umizezod, an Tundac<br />
arasaTanado mizeziT. Aamgvarad, amboben, rom TanamSromlebis muSaoba<br />
damokidebulia damsaqmeblis “survilze”.<br />
Tavisufali dasaqmebis kavSiri iqmneba, roca TanamSromeli Tanxmdeba<br />
imuSaos damsaqmeblisTvis ganusazRvreli vadiT. radganac dasaqmeba<br />
ganusazRvreli xangrZlivobisaa, praqtikulad is SeiZleba Sewydes<br />
nebismieri mxaris surviliT. Ees Tavisufleba gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelobis<br />
uflebas calmxrivad gansazRvros samuSao pirobebi da miiRos piradi<br />
gadawyvetilebebi. 1908 wels aSS-Si uzenaesi sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobda<br />
Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvrebiT, da es principi isev rCeba ZiriTad wesad,<br />
romelic marTavs kerZo seqtoris dasaqmebis urTierTobebs.<br />
saxelmwifo seqtoris TanamSromlebs aqvT dasaqmebis uflebebis<br />
damatebiTi konstituciuri dacva konstituciaSi Setanili mexuTe da<br />
meToTxmete cvlilebebis Tanaxmad. mexuTe cvlileba exeba federalur<br />
saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebs, xolo meToTxmete cvlileba – TanamSromlebs,<br />
romlebic muSaoben saxelmwifosTvis, qveynisTvis an adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobebisTvis. Oorive cvlileba moqmedebs, rom SezRudos meTodebi<br />
da mizezebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TanamSromlis dasjis an<br />
ganTavisuflebisTvis saxelmwifo seqtorSi. mexuTe cvlilebis pirobebi<br />
(iseve rogorc meToTxmete cvlileba), romlebic krZalavs cxovrebis,<br />
Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis xelyofas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procesis<br />
gareSe, uzrunvelyofs mTavar konstituciur dacvas saxelmwifo seqtorSi<br />
momuSave moxeleebisTvis. maSin, roca es garantiebi exeba saxelmwifo<br />
seqtorSi momuSave TanamSromlebs, am cvlilebebis SromiTi uflebebi<br />
gavlenas axdens kerZo seqtoris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebze.<br />
56
Asamsaxuridan usamarTlod ganTavisufleba<br />
A amerikaSi samuSao Zalis statistika, romelic damokidebulia<br />
arbitraJis mier ganTavisuflebaze Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvrebis<br />
Tanaxmad, meryeobs 55 milionidan 65 milion TanamSromlamde. yovel wels<br />
daaxloebiT 2 milion muSaks aTavisufleben. TanamSromelTa usamarTlo<br />
ganTavisufleba meryeobs 50.000-dan 200.000-mde weliwadSi. Aam bolo wlebis<br />
manZilze am TanamSromelTa mniSvnelovanma ricxvma uCivla maT yofil<br />
damsaqmeblebs “araswori an usamarTlo ganTavisuflebisTvis”.<br />
usamarTlod ganTavisuflebis sarCelis mniSvneloba imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom isini, Tavisufali dasaqmebis cnebidan gamomdinare,<br />
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben damsaqmeblis uflebas, calmxrivad<br />
gaaTavisuflos TanamSromlebi. Mmravali saxelmwifo sasamarTlo axla<br />
aRiarebs Semdeg sam mniSvnelovan gamonakliss Tavisufali dasaqmebis<br />
moZRvrebisTvis:<br />
1. sajaro politikis darRveva. Ees gamonaklisi xdeba im SemTxvevebSi,<br />
roca TanamSromeli ganTavisuflebulia danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
uaryofisTvis; samTavrobo xelisuflebisTvis kriminaluri saqmianobis<br />
Sesaxeb SetyobinebisTvis; an SromiTi uflebebis gamoyenebisTvis.<br />
(sajaro politikis darRvevis magaliTebisTvis ix. sqema 13.1).<br />
2. KSemoTavazebuli kontraqti. Ees gamonaklisi xdeba, roca<br />
TanamSromlebs aTavisufleben samuSaos dacvis Sesaxeb ufrosis<br />
dapirebis (gamoxatuli an nagulisxmevi) miuxedavad, an<br />
ganTavisuflebis dadgenili pirobebis sawinaaRmdegod. damsaqmeblis<br />
zepiri an werilobiTi gancxadebebi SeiZleba Seicavdes kontraqtul<br />
valdebulebas, Tu isini dakavSirebulia TanamSromlebTan da<br />
TanamSromlebi endobian maT, rogorc samuSao pirobebs.<br />
3. SemoTavazebuli SeTanxmeba (xelSekruleba). Ees gamonaklisi xdeba,<br />
roca naklebad sando da samarTliania damsaqmeblis mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli garigeba. zianis miyenebiT gamarTlebis gareSeE<br />
damsaqmebeli arRvevs SeTanxmebas. ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi<br />
ganicdian stress an difamacias.<br />
amJamad konfliqti da gaurkvevloba damsaqmebelTa tradiciul<br />
uflebebsa (sakuTari survilisamebr Sewyvitos SromiTi kavSiri) da<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebas (daicvas Tavi usamarTlod ganTavisuflebisgan)<br />
Soris jer kidev ar aris mogvarebuli. sakuTari Tavis dasacavad<br />
usamarTlod ganTavisuflebisa da didi jarimisgan, romelic zogjer 1<br />
milion dolars aRemateba, adamianuri resursebis specialistebi<br />
gvTavazoben Semdeg winadadebebs, romlebic mocemulia sqemaze 13.2.<br />
dabezReba<br />
Ddamsaqmeblebma unda gamoiCinon yuradReba, rom ar dasajon an<br />
gaanTavisuflon is TanamSromlebi, romlebic samTavrobo uwyebebs<br />
atyobineben saerTo darRvevebis Sesaxeb. AdabezReba ara mxolod<br />
TanamSromlis daculi uflebaa, aramed es SemTxvevebi iwvevs<br />
damsaqmebelTa gaRizianebas, rom araferi vTqvaT im didi jarimebis<br />
Sesaxeb, risi gadaxdac uwevT damsaqmeblebs damnaSaved cnobis<br />
57
SemTxvevaSi. erT-erTi dabezRebis SemTxvevis dros farmacevtuli<br />
produqtebis kompania federalurma prokurorebma daajarimes 875 milioni<br />
dolariT TaRliTobisTvis – farulad SeuTanxmda eqimebs, rom<br />
moetyuebinaT mTavroba.<br />
samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevebi, romlebic arRvevs sajaro<br />
politikas<br />
damsaqmebels ar SeuZlia TanamSromeli gaaTavisuflos:<br />
• Ddamsaqmeblis saxeliT sasamarTloSi yalbi Cvenebis micemaze<br />
uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi;<br />
• gamoZiebaSi samTavrobo uwyebasTan TanamSromlobisTvis an<br />
Cvenebis micemisaTvis;<br />
• qcevis profesiulii kodeqsis darRvevaze uaris TqmisTvis;<br />
• okupaciuri usafrTxoebisa da jandacvis administraciis<br />
darRvevebis gamJRavnebisTvis;<br />
• im politikuri kandidatisTvis mxardaWeraze uaris TqmisTvis,<br />
romelsac mxars uWers damsaqmebeli;<br />
• “dabezRebisTvis”, an damsaqmeblis ukanoni moqmedebis<br />
gamJRavnebisTvis;<br />
• Tu TanamSromelma momxmarebels Setyobina, rom damsaqmebelma<br />
mohpara momxmarebels qoneba;<br />
• sasamarTloSi gamocxadebisTvis.<br />
rCevebi usamarTlod samuSaos Sewyvetaze sasamarTloebis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad<br />
• gaaTavisufleT TanamSromeli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs<br />
safuZvliani mizezi. Ddamsaqmebelma naTlad unda daasabuTos<br />
TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis advilad gasagebi mizezebi. mizezebi<br />
unda dasaxeldes obieqturad, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, da isini unda<br />
gamomdinareobdes kompaniis wesebidan, politikidan da praqtikidan;<br />
• CamoayalibeT da daicaviT Sewyvetis wesebi da pirobebi. SeamowmeT,<br />
rom yvela ganTavisufleba pasuxobdes dadgenil pirobebs. Ppirobebi<br />
SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanelodan,<br />
zedamxedvelobis saxelmZRvanelodan, an Tundac Sigaganawesidan.<br />
ganTavisuflebamde TanamSromels mieciT sayveduri an gafrTxileba<br />
samuSaos arasaTanadod Sesrulebis gamo, miTiTeba muSaobis<br />
gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da a.S.<br />
• daasabuTeT muSaobis yvelanairi problema. dasabuTebuli problemebis<br />
simcire TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes<br />
rogorc safuZvliani ganTavisuflebis garemoebiTi mtkicebuleba, Tu<br />
TanamSromeli “uceb” gaaTavisufles.<br />
• MiyaviT mtkice TanamSromlebTan msgavs situaciebSi. dokumentebiT<br />
daamtkiceT Yyvelanairi disciplinaruli qmedebis mizezebi, maSinac ki,<br />
Tu isini ar iwvevs ganTavisuflebas. ganTavisuflebulma<br />
TanamSromlebma SeiZleba pretenzia gamoTqvan, rom gamonaklisi<br />
SemTxvevebi diskriminaciulia. Ddetaluri dokumentacia daexmareba<br />
58
damsaqmeblebs ganmarton, Tu ratom ar amarTlebs es “gamonaklisebi”<br />
ganTavisuflebas.<br />
SemoTavazebuli kontraqti<br />
M amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dadgenilia, rom TanamSromelTa 70%<br />
muSaobs samuSao kontraqtis gareSe. Amis miuxedavad, garkveuli pirobebis<br />
Tanaxmad, am TanamSromlebs SeiZleba mieniWoT xelSekrulebiTi SromiTi<br />
uflebebi. Ees SeiZleba moxdes, roca damsaqmeblis piroba TanamSromels<br />
sTavazobs samuSaos dacvis garkveul formas. am SeTavazebuli kontraqtis<br />
uflebebi SeiZleba emyarebodes zepir an werilobiT gancxadebebs samuSaos<br />
dawyebamde an dasaqmebis Semdeg. xSirad es dapirebebi Sedis TanamSromlis<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi, adamianuri resursebis instruqciebSi, an dasaqmebis<br />
gancxadebebSi an isini keTdeba gasaubrebis dros. roca samuSaos dacvis es<br />
zusti Tu arazusti dapirebebi keTdeba, sasamarTloebma praqtikulad<br />
aukrZales damsaqmebels TanmSromlis ganTavisufleba kontraqtis pirobebis<br />
sruli Sesrulebis gareSe. magaliTad, “tousant blu qrossim” da “blu<br />
Sild of miCiganim” miiCnia TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanelo, rogorc<br />
calmxrivad moqmedi kontraqti. qvemoT mocemulia magaliTebi, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba SemoTavazebuli kontraqti gaxdes oficialuri, savaldebulo:<br />
• uTxariT TanamSromlebs, rom maTi samuSao daculi iqneba iqamde, sanam<br />
isini saTanadod Seasruleben da loialuri iqnebian<br />
organizaciisadmi.<br />
• TanamSromelTa saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSneT, rom TanamSromlebi ar<br />
ganTavisufldebian dacvis an gasaCivrebis uflebis gareSe.<br />
• TanamSromeli daarwmuneT, rom datovos sxva organizacia ufro<br />
maRali xelfasis dapirebiT, Semdeg ki uaryaviT es dapirebebi mas<br />
Semdeg, rac daiqiravebT adamians.<br />
sabednierod, damsaqmeblebs SeuZliaT Seamciron maTi problemebi<br />
kontraqtis sarCelebis mimarT mizanSewonili menejeruli praqtikebiT,<br />
treningiT da adamianuri resursebis politikiT. adamianuri resursebis<br />
eqspertebi gvirCeven, rom gamoviyenoT Semdegi RonisZiebebi:<br />
1. supervaizerebisa da menejerebis treningi, rom ar SesTavazon<br />
kontraqti axal TanamSromlebTan gasaubrebis dros;<br />
2. dasaqmebis SemoTavazebebs Soris gancxadeba, rom TanamSromels<br />
SeuZlia survilisamebr Sewyvitos muSaoba Sesabamisi SetyobinebiT da<br />
TanamSromeli SeiZleba ganTavisuflebuli iqnes damsaqmeblis mier<br />
nebismier dros samarTliani mizezis gamo. Aes gancxadeba unda iyos<br />
Sesabamisi, naTeli da advilad gasagebi;<br />
3. Tavisufali dasaqmebis gancxadebebi dasaqmebis yvela dokumentSi,<br />
magaliTad, TanamSromlis saxelmZRvaneloebi, samuSaos gancxadebebi,<br />
da dasaqmebis werilebi;<br />
4. werilobiTi mtkicebulebis arseboba, rom TanamSromlebma waikiTxes<br />
da gaiges Tavisufali dasaqmebis uaryofa.<br />
konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba<br />
U ufro da ufro Cveulebrivi movlena xdeba TanamSromlebis<br />
samsaxuridan wasvla gancxadebuli diskriminaciuli moqmedebebis gamo da<br />
59
amis Semdeg acxadeben, rom maTi SromiTi uflebebi dairRva konstruqciuli,<br />
usamarTlo ganTavisuflebiT. isini “iZulebulni” iyvnen daetovebinaT<br />
damsaqmeblis mier ganzrax Seqmnili autaneli samuSao pirobebis gamo.<br />
Ddamsaqmebelma imoqmeda TanamSromlis samuSao pirobebze ise<br />
mizanSeuwonlad da usamarTlod, rom TanamSromels sxva gza aRar hqonda,<br />
rom ar daetovebina samsaxuri. konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis erT-erT<br />
SemTxvevaSi (kompania “iang and sauzvesTern saivings and loun asosieSein”)<br />
sasamarTlom aRniSna:<br />
saerTo wesia, rom Tu damsaqmebeli ganzrax uqmnis TanamSromels<br />
autanel samuSao pirobebs, raTa TanamSromeli iZulebuli gaxdes datovos<br />
samsaxuri, maSin damsaqmebeli asrulebs konstruqciul ganTavisuflebas da<br />
pasuxs agebs nebismieri arakanonieri qmedebisTvis, TiTqos man formalurad<br />
gaaTavisufla gabrazebuli TanamSromeli.<br />
sasamarTloebi konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis moZRvrebis<br />
CamoyalibebiT cdiloben damsaqmeblebs Tavidan aacilon raime qmedebis<br />
faruli Sesruleba; amaT damsaqmeblebs saSualeba eZlevaT daufaravad<br />
Seasrulon is, rasac kanoniT krZalaven. magaliTad, arawesier damsaqmeblebs<br />
SeiZleba surdeT Tavidan aicilon arasasurveli TanamSromlebi Segnebuli<br />
ZaldatanebiT, arasasurveli, saSineli samuSao pirobebis SeqmniT, ise rom<br />
TanamSromlebs urCevniaT samsaxuridan wasvla, vidre saSineli pirobebis<br />
atana.Aam moqmedebis Tanaxmad, damsaqmebeli SeiZleba Seecados Seamciros<br />
Tavisi pasuximgebloba, xolo TanamSromelma moiTxovos konpensacia<br />
mravali dacviTi SromiTi statusis saSualebiT.<br />
amJamad aSS-s raionuli sasamarTloebi ar gansazRvraven,<br />
TanamSromlebma rogor unda daamtkicon konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis<br />
pretenzia. raionuli sasamarTloebis umetesoba mxars uWers Rirseuli<br />
pirovnebis standarts. Aam standartis Tanaxmad, mosarCelem ubralod unda<br />
aCvenos, rom samuSao pirobebi autaneli iyo “Rirseuli pirovnebisTvis”, da<br />
TanamSromels sxva arCevani aRar hqonda, Tu ara samsaxuridan wasvla.<br />
raionuli sasamarTloebis umciresoba iRebs Rirsebuli pirovnebis<br />
standarts, magram mosarCeleebma damatebiT unda daamtkicon, rom<br />
damsaqmebelma ganizraxa maTi samsaxuridan wasvla. am midgomas uwodeben<br />
damsaqmeblis ganzraxvis standarts. damsaqmeblis ganzraxvis testi metad<br />
subieqturia da amasTanave ufro Zneli TanamSromlis substanciisTvis. unda<br />
iTqvas, rom konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis moZRvreba ar uzrunvelyofs<br />
momsaxure personals dasaqmebis raime axali uflebebiT. konstruqciuli<br />
ganTavisuflebis sarCeliT TanamSromeli mxolod icavs kanonebiTa da<br />
sasamarTlos wesiT adre miniWebul SromiT usafrTxoebas.<br />
HRM 1<br />
Tavisufali dasaqmebis gancxadebebis magaliTebi<br />
SromiTi saxelmZRvaneloebi xSirad Seicavs Ria gancxadebebs, rom<br />
TanamSromlebi saqmdebian Tavisufali vadiT, es niSnavs rom ar arsebobs<br />
xangrZlivobis garantia. aseve zedamxedvelebsa da menejerebs, garda<br />
gansazRvruli pirebisa (igulisxmeba adamianuri resursebis direqtori an<br />
kompaniis prezidenti), aqvT uflebamosileba dapirdnen samuSaos – maT<br />
Soris xelfass, Tanamdebobas da a.S. yvela saxelmZRvanelo unda Seicavdes<br />
Tavisi uflebebis uaryofas, rac pirdapir uzrunvelyofs, rom<br />
60
saxelmZRvaneloSi Sesuli yvela saxis SromiTi politika da sargebeli<br />
damokidebulia mTlian an nawilbriv cvlilebasa da damsaqmeblis<br />
eqskluziur survilze.<br />
warmovadgenT Tavisufali gancxadebebis or magaliTs:<br />
me vaRiareb, rom Tu damiqiraves, viqnebi Tavisufali TanamSromeli. me<br />
vacnobiereb, rom SeiZleba moxdes Cemi ganTavisufleba an dasja raime<br />
mizezis an Setyobinebis gareSe damsaqmeblis neba-surviliT. me vici, rom<br />
prezidentis garda kompaniis sxva warmomadgenels ara aqvs ufleba<br />
Secvalos samuSao pirobebi da aseTi cvlileba SeiZleba moxdes mxolod<br />
werilobiT SromiT xelSekrulebaSi.<br />
me mesmis, rom Cems muSaobas ar marTavs werilobiTi an zepiri<br />
kontraqti da ganixileba, rogorc Tavisufali SeTanxmeba. es niSnavs, rom me<br />
Tavisufali var, iseve rogorc kompania, nebismier dros SevwyvitoT SromiTi<br />
kavSiri raime mizeziT, Tu adgili ara aqvs federaluri an saxelmwifo<br />
kanonis darRvevas. me mesmis, rom Cemi muSaoba ar aris gansazRvruli vadiT<br />
da gulisxmobs Tavisufal SeTanxmebas. es niSnavs, rom me nebismier dros<br />
SemiZlia Sevwyvito muSaoba raime mizeziT, iseve rogorc kompanias, Tu<br />
adgili ara aqvs federaluri an saxelmwifo kanonis darRvevas.<br />
gafrTxileba: radganac Tavisufal dasaqmebas marTavs saxelmwifo<br />
kanonebi, raTa damsaqmebelma SeinarCunos Tavisi Tavisufali statusi, man<br />
unda daicvas samarTlis wesebi. es Seicavs Tavisufali dasaqmebis<br />
werilobiT gancxadebebs.<br />
Ddasjadi (represiuli, samagieros gadaxdis) ganTavisufleba<br />
moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis aqtis VII nawili, diskriminaciis epoqis<br />
SromiTi aqti, qmedobauunaro amerikelebis aqti, da sxva SromiTi kanonebi<br />
ukrZalaven damsaqmeblebs TanamSromlebisTvis samagieros gadaxdas, roca<br />
isini iyeneben TavianT uflebebs am statusis Tanaxmad (ix. meore Tavi).<br />
samwuxarod, sasamarTloSi ufro meti sarCeli Semodis, radganac<br />
mosamarTleebi da marTlmsajulebi xvdebian, rom damsaqmeblebi<br />
uzrunvelyofen arasasurvel samuSao pirobebs TanamSromlebisTvis maSinac<br />
ki, roca diskriminaciis sarCelebi aris daumsaxurebeli. TanamSromlebma<br />
SeiZleba daijeron, rom samagieros mizRveva xdeba, roca menejerebi maT<br />
dabalxelfasian samuSaos aZleven, uars acxadeben xelfasis momatebaze an<br />
dawinaurebaze, aZleven ararealur davalebebs, an xdebian mtrulad<br />
ganwyobilni maT mimarT an kontaqtSi ar Sedian maTTan mas Semdeg, rac<br />
gamoxataven diskriminaciiT ukmayofilebas an iReben saWiro<br />
gadawyvetilebas.<br />
amis Tavidan asacileblad, uiliam kandeli, SromiTi dacvis<br />
warmomadgeneli, mouwodebs damsaqmeblebs ganaxorcielon calkeuli<br />
antirepresiuli politika da treningebi Cautaros menejerebs da<br />
zedamxedvelebs misaRebi da miuRebeli meTodebis Sesaxeb, raTa maT<br />
moagvaron TanamSromelTa ukmayofilebisa da pretenziebis gamomwvevi<br />
problemebi. antirepresiuli politikis mTavar komponents <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
TanamSromlebTan pativiscemiT da Rirseulad moqceva. qvemoT mocemulia<br />
sxva winadadebebi, Tu rogor SevamciroT samagieros gadaxdis mizniT<br />
ganxorcielebuli ganTavisuflebebi:<br />
61
nu Caiden muSaobis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas TanamSromlebTan, roca<br />
isini warmoadgenen diskriminaciis braldebebs. moeqeciT<br />
TanamSromlebs ise, TiTqos araferi momxdara;<br />
iyaviT mtkice da obieqturi TanamSromlebTan urTierTobaSi.<br />
SeafaseT TanamSromlebi maTi muSaobis mixedviT da ara piradi<br />
TvisebebiT;<br />
Nnu gamoxatavT arakeTilganwyobas TanamSromelTa mimarT, roca isini<br />
ayeneben diskriminaciis braldebebs. moeqeciT yovel TanamSromels<br />
ise, rogorc gindaT, rom mogeqcnen Tqven – samarTlianad.<br />
Setyobineba kompaniis daxurvis Sesaxeb<br />
milionobiT samuSao adgili daikarga SeerTebul StatebSi didi<br />
firmebis daxurvis Sedegad. sawarmos daxurva tragikul gavlenas axdens<br />
TanamSromelTa cxovrebaze da maT kavSirebze. dadgenilia, rom sawarmos<br />
daxurvis Sedegad dakarguli yoveli 100 samuSao adgilisTvis<br />
adgilobrivi sazogadoeba kargavs 200-300 samuSao adgils.<br />
federalurma mTavrobam, zogierTma saxelmwifom, da adgilobrivma<br />
iurisdiqciam miiRo kanonmdebloba, romelic zRudavs damsaqmebelTa<br />
calmxriv uflebas daxuros an sxvagan gadaitanos maTi aRWurvilobebi. 1989<br />
wels kongresma miiRo “muSakTa gadamzadebisa da Setyobinebi aqti”,<br />
romelic moiTxovs 100-ze metTanamSromliani organizaciebisgan acnobos<br />
samoci dRiT adre TanamSromlebs daxurvis an warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb,<br />
rac gavlenas axdens ormocdaaT an ufro met srul ganakveTze momuSave<br />
personalze. Setyobineba unda gaegzavnos koleqtiuri morigebis<br />
warmomadgenlebs, TanamSromlebs, Sesabamis saxelmwifo gadaadgilebul<br />
uwyebas da umaRles arCeul adgilobriv Tanamdebobis pirs. TanamSromlebs<br />
individualurad unda ecnoboT werilobiTi formiT. dasaSvebia ramdenime<br />
ganTavisufleba, maT Soris “gauTvaliswinebel garemoebebis gamo”. kanonis<br />
Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi damsaqmebels SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba,<br />
rom damatebiT gadauxados daxmareba, winaswari gadawyvetilebis procenti,<br />
da rwmunebulis safasuri. “muSakTa gadamzadebisa da Setyobinebis aqti” ar<br />
ukrZalavs damsaqmeblebs samsaxuris daxurvas, warmoebis SeCerebas, an<br />
dakargvas; kanoni ubralod cdilobs Seamciros is siZneleebi, rac samuSaos<br />
dakargvas mohyveba.<br />
konfidencialuri (piradi) uflebebi<br />
konfidencialur uflebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos piradi Tavisuflebis<br />
sakiTxi, romelic ar aris garantirebuli mTavrobis an biznesis Carevisgan<br />
pirad saqmeebSi. konfinedciis ufleba – kanoniTa da samarTlebrivi<br />
komentarebiT aRiarebuli ufleba – gulisxmobs “piradi avtonomiis” zogad<br />
princips. is farTod adasturebs, rom pirovnebis ufleba unda darCes<br />
konfidencialuri.<br />
sainteresoa, erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom amerikelTa 89<br />
procentze meti ukmayofiloa Tavisi konfidencialobis darRveviT.<br />
damsaqmebelis problemebma piradi uflebebis mimarT mwvave debatebi<br />
gamoiwvia imaze, Tu adre xelSeuxebeli ZiriTadi uflebebi ramdenad<br />
SeiZleba Semcirdes samsaxuris mier. mediis saSualebiT TanamSromlebi<br />
axla acnobiereben, rom samsaxurSi piradi uflebebi ufro metad<br />
SezRudulia, vidre saxlSi. erT-erTi samsaxuris Tanaxmad “TanamSromlis<br />
62
piraduloba aRiarebulia, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani im<br />
samsaxureobriv sakiTxTagan, romlebic kompaniebis winaSe dgas<br />
dResdReisobiT”.<br />
damsaqmeblebi icaven TavianT uflebas Caerion TanamSromlis pirad<br />
saqmeSi da aRniSnaven, rom maT kanonieri interesi aqvT TanamSromelTa<br />
zogierTi piradi saqmis mimarT, kerZod, am saqmeebma (narkonitis gamoyeneba,<br />
kriminaluri saqmianoba, an TanamSromlis sakuTreba) uSualod sad<br />
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos TanamSromlis produqtiulobaze, samuSao<br />
adgilis usafrTxoebaze da/an moralze. sasamarTlo SemTxvevebi samuSao<br />
adgilis konfidencialurobasTan dakavSirebiT praqtikulad cdilobs<br />
moawesrigos (damsaqmeblis zedamxedvelobis saWiroebis winaaRmdeg)<br />
TanamSromlis kanonieri konfidenciis molodinsa da organizaciis efeqturi<br />
muSaobis kontrols Soris kavSiri. naSromis am nawilSi Cven SevexebiT<br />
samuSao adgilis konfidencialurobis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs narkotikebis<br />
moxmarebasTan, gamokvlevebTan, zedamxedvelobasTan, pirad saqmeebSi<br />
CarevasTan, werilebis konfidencialurobasTan, samsaxuris gareT<br />
TanamSromlis moqmedebasTan da genetikur analizTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
Nnarkotikebis moxmareba da narkologiuri analizi<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtebi: Nnarkotikebis momxmarebeli<br />
TanamSromlebi sxva TanamSromlebTan SedarebiT<br />
• eqvsjer ufro metad gamoTqvamen kompensaciis pretenziebs;<br />
• Teqvsmetjer metad sargebloben samedicino daxmarebebiT;<br />
• samjer ufro xSirad acdenen samsaxurs;<br />
• orjer met Secdomebs uSveben;<br />
• xvdebian im TanamSromelTa 65 %-Si., romlebsac ubeduri SemTxvevebi<br />
emarTebaT samsaxurSi.<br />
D dadgenilia, rom TanamSromlebis mier narkotikis moxmareba aSS-s<br />
damsaqmeblebs 75 milioni dolari ujdebaT yovel wels usafrTxoebis<br />
riskebis, qurdobis, Semcirebuli produqtiulobis, ubeduri SemTxvevebisa<br />
da xarjebis gamo. amasTanave am sadavo periodSi Tu damsaqmebeli ver<br />
uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo da narkotikiT Tavisufal samuSao adgils, aman<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios pasuxismgeblobis saCivrebi imis gamo, rom<br />
momxmareblebi ukmayofilo darCnen TanamSromlis uyuradRebobiT an<br />
naklovani produqtiT. sul ufro meti kompaniebi ebrZvian problemas<br />
narkotikebisgan Tavisufali samuSao adgilis politikiT, TanamSromlis<br />
ganaTlebiT, narkologiuri testiT, TanamSromelTa dasaxmarebeli<br />
programebiT.<br />
Nnarkologiuri Semowmebis Catareba TanamSromlebSi yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebulia “specifiur Tanamdebobebze” saxelmwifo seqtorSi,<br />
organizaciebSi, romlebic TanamSromloben federalur mTavrobasTan, da<br />
saxelmwifo da kerZo transportirebis dawesebulebebSi. specifikuri<br />
Tanamdebobis ganmarteba Camoyalibda sasamarTloebis mier, da gulisxmobs<br />
TanamSromlebs, romelTac ukaviaT iseTi Tanamdebobebi, romlebic moiTxovs<br />
erovnuli saidumloebis dacvas, aseve imaTac, romlebic muSaoben iseT<br />
Tanamdebobaze, sadac mkacrad ikrZaleba saSiSi narkotikebi: policielebi,<br />
63
mexanZreebi, da transportis usafrTxoebis Tanamdebobebze momuSave<br />
TanamSromlebi. am TanamSromlebs SeiZleba mosTxovon narkologiuri<br />
testis wardgena narkotikis moxmarebis “individualuri eWvis” ararsebobis<br />
SemTxevaSic ki.Ffederaluri saaviacio sammarTvelos (FAA) safreni ekipaJis<br />
wevrebisTvis, gamcileblebisTvis, sahaero moZraobis makontroleblebisTvis,<br />
damxmare personalisTvis, TviTmfrinavis dispetCerebisTvis da saaviacio<br />
usafrTxoebisTvis ganxorcielda narkologiuri analizis programa<br />
kompania “blueStein v skinerSi”.<br />
Aam SemTxvevebSi sasamarTloebi acxadeben, rom TanamSromlis interesi<br />
_ SeinarCunos narkotikebisgan Tavisufali samuSao adgili _ gadawonis<br />
nebismier pirad interess, rac SeiZleba TanamSromels hqondes.<br />
narkotikebisgan Tavisufali samuSao adgilis 1988 wlis aqti federalur<br />
doneze moiTxovs, rom organizaciebma 25.000 dolaris an meti Rirebulebis<br />
samTavrobo kontraqtebiT gamoaqveynon da miawodon TanamSromlebs<br />
politikis oficialuri gancxadeba, romelic krZalavs narkotikebis<br />
moxmarebas samsaxurSi, SeimuSaos gacnobis programebi da acnobos<br />
federalur uwyebas im TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac Caidines<br />
narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri darRveva.<br />
Ddamsaqmeblebma unda daicvan kanonis debulebebi narkotikebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. ADA pirdapir aTavisuflebs nebismier TanamSromelsa da<br />
samuSaos msurvels, vinc “amJamad CarTulia narkotikebis arakanonier<br />
moxmarebaSi”. Nnarkotikebis momxmareblebi ar iTvlebian “qmedobauunaro<br />
pirovnebebad”. Tumca kanonis debulebebi exeba gankurnebul narkomanebsac.<br />
Kkanoni acxadebs, rom<br />
Uuunaro adamianad ar CaiTvleba is piri, romelmac<br />
(1) warmatebiT daasrula reabilitaciis programa an sxvamxriv<br />
warmatebiT gaiara reabilitacia da aRar aris CarTuli<br />
narkotikebis moxmarebaSi;<br />
(2) an romelic monawileobas iRebs reabilitaciis programaSi da aRar<br />
aris CarTuli narkotikebis moxmarebaSi.<br />
ADA aseve icavs TanamSromlebs, romlebic kanonierad moipoveben<br />
kanonier narkotikebs. magaliTad, TanamSromeli, romelic kanonierad iRebs<br />
tkivilgamayuCebel medikaments da Semdeg eCveva am wamals, akmayofilebs<br />
ADA –s ganmartebas qmedobauunaro piris Sesaxeb.<br />
Mmenejerebma da zedamxedvelebma unda gaacnobieron, rom kanoni<br />
narkologiuri testis Sesaxeb kerZo seqtorSi gansxvavebulia da<br />
regulirdeba calkeuli saxelmwifoebis mier. saxelmwifoebi SezRuduli<br />
narkologiuri testis Sesaxeb kanonebiT zogadad krZalaven narkotikebze<br />
testis Catarebas, garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa. Nnarkologiuri<br />
analizis mxardamWeri saxelmwifoebi zogadad uSveben testis Catarebas, im<br />
pirobiT, rom zusti testis procedurebi iqneba daculi. saxelmwifo an<br />
adgilobrivi kanonebi Tu ar zRudaven an krZalaven narkologiur<br />
Semowmebas, kerZo damsaqmeblebs aqvT ufleba mosTxovon TanamSromels<br />
waradginos Sardis da sisxlis analizi, Tu arsebobs Sesabamisi eWvi an<br />
mizezi. savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba moicavdes dakvirvebis, usafrTxoebis,<br />
moqmedebis an saqmianobis problemebs;: gadaWarbebul gacdenebs an<br />
sizarmaces; an gazrdil siZneleebs samsaxurSi TanamSromlebTan da<br />
zedamxedvelebTan urTierTobaSi. Ddamsaqmeblebi, romelTac surT<br />
64
ganaxorcielon uflebamosileba an narkologiuri Semowmebis programebi,<br />
SeiZleba saxelmwifo sasamarTlos ufro mkacri winaaRmdegobebis winaSe<br />
dadgnen. organizaciebs Cveulebriv ar SeuZliaT yvela TanamSromlis<br />
narkologiuri Semowmebis Catareba; Semowmeba unda iyos fokusirebuli erT<br />
individze (narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebze uaxlesi monacemebis<br />
mopovebisTvis saukeTeso gzaa Tqvens qveyanaSi mimarToT adgilobriv<br />
biblioTekas an moiTxovoT informacia Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebisgan).<br />
13.3 sqemaze mocemulia narkologiuri SemowmebisTvis cnobili mizezebi.<br />
Sardis analizi narkologiuri Semowmebis yvelaze Cveulebrivi<br />
formaa, Tumca damsaqmeblebi aseve iyeneben sisxlis analizs da Tmis<br />
analizs. Nnarkologiur Semowmebaze zogierTi yvelaze mwvave kritika exeba<br />
am Semowmebis meTodebis sandoobas, raTa daadginon, rom pirovneba<br />
impyofeba narkotikis zemoqmedebis qveS. saSiSi nivTierebebi SardSi rCeba<br />
garkveuli periodiT: kokaini _ daaxloebiT samocdaTormeti saaTiT,<br />
marixuana – sami kviris ganmavlobaSi an metxans. Tmis analizi iZleva<br />
pasuxs narkotikebis warsuli moxmarebis Sesaxeb. radganac Tma izrdeba<br />
daaxloebiT naxevari inCiT TveSi, Sesabamisad mokle nawils SeuZlia<br />
mogvces narkotikebis moxmarebis xangrZlivi monacemebi. Tumca,<br />
TanamSromlis warsulSi narkotikebis moxmarebam SeiZleba gavlena ar<br />
moaxdinos amJamindel samuSaos Sesrulebaze. Aaseve Sardis analizi<br />
problematuri xdeba, roca testis aparati ar aris Semowmebuli an<br />
saTanadod ar aris gawmendili, aRebuli sinjebi isvreba da warmoiSoba<br />
jaWvuri dacvis problemebi. (jaWvuri dacvis dokumentacia gulisxmobs<br />
yoveli Sardis sinjis (nimuSis) erTobliobas misi SexebiTa da SenaxviT<br />
Segrovebis adgilidan saboloo daniSnulebis adgilamde). am siZneleebma<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios dadebiTi testis araswori pasuxi, rodesac<br />
konkretuli narkotiki arasworad gamovlindeba sinjSi.<br />
narkologiuri Semowmebis mizezebi<br />
• dasaqmebamde: yvela ganmcxadeblis an axali TanamSromlis Semowmeba;<br />
• usafrTxoebis damcavi gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobebi: safrTxis<br />
Tavidan acileba TanamSromlebisgan, romelTa arasworma moqmedebebma<br />
SeiZleba daarRvios usafrTxoeba;<br />
• usafrTxoebis damcavi gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobebi: TanamSromlebis<br />
Semowmeba, romlebic marTaven gansakuTrebulad konfidencialur<br />
masalebs ab inaxaven didi raodenobiT Rirebul masalebs, rac<br />
krZalavs narkotikebs an cecxlsasroli iaraRis tarebas;<br />
• safuZvliani eWvi: daasabuTeT eWvi da moZebneT savaraudo mizezi imis<br />
dasamtkiceblad, rom TanamSromlebi CarTulni arian narkotikebis<br />
moxmarebaSi;<br />
• ubeduri SemTxvevis Semdeg: SemTxvevis Semdeg dauyovnebliv SeamowmeT,<br />
ram gamoiwvia seriozuli ziani an qonebis dazianeba;<br />
• Tanamdebobaze dabruneba: narkotikebis ararsebobis damtkicebis<br />
Semdeg TanamSromeli ubrundeba samuSaos reabilitaciis Sedegad;<br />
• zedamxedveloba: SeamowmeT, TanamSromelma gaikeTa Tu ara<br />
Tavdapirveli narkologiuri testi;<br />
• SemTxveviTi: narkotikebis moxmarebisgan Tavis Sekaveba<br />
gamoucxadebeli narkologiuri Semowmebis saSualebiT.<br />
65
narkologiuri Semowmebis saSualebiT SegiZliaT SeafasoT<br />
TanamSromlis Sesabamisoba samsaxurTan. egreT wodebuli movaleobisTvis<br />
Sesaferisobis an saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli Semowmeba gansazRvravs, aris Tu<br />
ara TanamSromeli sakmarisad momzadebuli muSaobisTvis. erT-erTi<br />
“gauaresebis” testi TanamSromlisgan moiTxovs misdios kursors video<br />
TamaSis dros (rogorc modelireba). sxva Semowmebis teqnika afasebs<br />
TanamSromlis Tvalis moZraobebs. testis Sedegebis Sedareba TanamSromlis<br />
Sesaxeb adre Segrovil monacemebTan emsgavseba gonivrul tests savaraudo<br />
mizezis garkvevisaTvis. am testis erT-erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom is<br />
fokusirebulia samsaxurebriv saqmianobaze da ara arasamsaxurebrivi<br />
movaleobis Sesrulebisas gamoxatul qcevaze. is aseve gamoavlens iseT<br />
TanamSromlebs, romlebic Seamcires im problemebis gamo, rom<br />
narkologiurma Semowmebam ver gamoavlina: gadaRla, stresi da<br />
alkoholizmi.<br />
saerTo jamSi, narkologiuri Semowmebis dros damsaqmeblebi<br />
frTxilad unda iyvnen, rom tyuilad ar daabralon narkotikebis gamoyeneba<br />
TanamSromels an aplikants. aq sakiTxi exeba narkologiuri Semowmebis<br />
Sedegebis gamovlenas an vinmes narkologiuri problemis “prognozirebas”.<br />
ciliswamebis sarCeli Cveulebriv gulisxmobs fulad zarals.<br />
narkologiuri Semowmebis pasuxebi miawodeT mxolod maT, vinc unda icodes<br />
amis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, zedamxedvelebs an adamianuri resursebis<br />
personals, da ara sxva TanamSromlebs an aradainteresebul menejerebs.<br />
boingi, 3M, gaerTianebuli aviaxazebi da motorola iyeneben damoukidebeli<br />
samedicino ganxilvis TanamSromels, (MRO) raTa uzrunvelyon maTi<br />
narkologiuri testebis programebis erTianoba. MRO –s zogierT<br />
saxelmwifoSi sTxoven federaluri mTavrobis mier dadgenil testebs.<br />
TanamSromlebis gamokvlevebi da zedamxedveloba<br />
• Ppawawina eleqtronuli videoTvalis damontaJeba kedlebSi da Werze<br />
danaSaulSi eWvmitanil TanamSromelTa dakvirvebisTvis;<br />
• Dduponti iyenebs Sori manZilis kamerebs, raTa akontrolos misi<br />
gadmotvirTvis platforma;<br />
• Mmervinis departamentis sawyobebi uSvebs TanamSromelTaTvis<br />
gamWvirvale celofnis parkebs piradi nivTebis satareblad; CanTebs<br />
amowmeben samsaxurSi Sesvlis da gamosvlis dros;<br />
• 2001 wels amerikuli menejmentis asociaciis mier Catarebulma kvlevam<br />
aCvena, rom aSS-is kompaniebis 77 % awarmoebs zedamxedvelobas<br />
TanamSromelTa moqmedebis gasakontroleblad.<br />
E<br />
es da sxva kompaniebi ratom akontroleben da akvirdebian TavianT<br />
TanamSromelTa saqmianobas? pasuxi aris TanamSromelTa qurdoba. aSS-s<br />
savaWro palatam Seafasa, rom TanamSromelTa qurdoba (saqonlis, maragis an<br />
aRWurvilobis moparva; informaciis gayidva, gaflangva; “drois moparva”;<br />
kompiuteruli danaSauli da a.S.) aSS-is bizness yovelwliurad ujdeba 40<br />
miliardi dolari. Kkvlevebi aCvenebs, rom muSakTa 33 % qurdavs TavianT<br />
damsaqmeblebs.<br />
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TanamSromelTa danaSaulebasTan brZolaSi dasaxmareblad<br />
sasamarTloebma dauSves calkeuli oTaxebis, magidebis, Cemodnebis,<br />
iaraRebis, yuTebis da zogadad samuSao adgilebis Cxreka, sadac adekvaturi<br />
gamarTleba arsebobs da TanamSromlebma miiRes Sesabamisi Setyobineba<br />
winaswar. TanamSromlebs ara aqvT swori warmodgena gasaidumloebis<br />
molodinze iseT adgilebSi, sadac moqmedebs samuSao wesebi, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofs Semowmebebs. isini unda daemorCilon damsaqmeblis mier<br />
Catarebul Cxrekas; SeiZleba isini Sesabamisad daisajon<br />
daumorCileblobisTvis an Cxrekis moTxovnaze uaris TqmisTvis.<br />
mniSvnelovania Semdegi: Tu adgili ara aqvs sagangebo an sxva specialur<br />
garemoebebs, maSin TanamSromelTa piradi nivTebis an kompaniis<br />
aRWurvilobis SemTxveviT Cxrekas Tavi unda avaridoT. SemTxveviTi Cxreka<br />
gamoiwvevs TanamSromelTa ganrisxebas da pretenziebs, rom irRveva maTi<br />
piradi uflebebi (Tanmxlebi xarjebiT produqtiulobaSi).<br />
Mmenejerebi unda iyvnen koreqtulebi TanamSromelTa Cxrekis<br />
Catarebisas. arasaTanado Cxrekebs SeiZleba mohyves TanamSromlTa saCivrebi,<br />
damsaqmeblis dadanaSaulebiT, rom man daarRvia maTi piradi uflebebi,<br />
cili daswama da miayena emociuri stresi. damsaqmeblebs urCeven, rom<br />
SeimuSaon adamianuri resursebis politika, romelic Semdeg principebze<br />
iqneba dafuZnebuli:<br />
1. Cxrekis politika unda iyos sajaro da unda dasaxeldes Cxrekis<br />
savaraudo mizezi;<br />
2. Cxrekis politika unda iyos gonivruli da obieqturi;<br />
3. sadac SesaZlebelia, Cxreka unda Catardes calke, izolirebulad;<br />
4. Ddamsaqmebeli unda Seecados daiTanxmos TanamSromeli Cxrekaze;<br />
5. Cxreka unda Catardes eTikis normebis dacviT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT<br />
emociuri stresi;<br />
6. Cxrekaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi unda ganisazRvros jarima.<br />
zedamxedvelobis, dakvirvebis gziT TanamSromelTa moqmedebis<br />
kontroli damsaqmeblebisTvis Cveulebrivi saqmea. samuSao adgilis<br />
dakvirvebas umetes SemTxvevaSi unda hqondes kanonieri, saqmiani mizani,<br />
Zalian mcire federaluri samarTlebrivi kontroli icavs TanamSromlebs<br />
TvalTvalisgan. Tumca saxelmwifo kanonebi adgenen sakuTar normebs, Tu<br />
ramdenad tolerantulebi unda iyvnen TanmSromlebi.<br />
Eufrosebis mier eleqtronuli dakvirvebis, TvalTvalis erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze miRebuli saSualebaa satelefono zedamxedveloba qurdobis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad an imisaTvis, rom darwmundnen momxmarebelTa<br />
moTxovnebi sruldeba Tu ara saTanadod. xelmZRvanelobas aqvs ufleba<br />
gaakontrolos TanamSromlebi, im pirobiT, rom isini amas akeTeben maTi<br />
saqmianobisTvis da TanamSromlebs unda acnobon, rom maTi satelefono<br />
zarebi kontroldeba. Tumca federaluri kanoni, eleqtronuli<br />
komunikaciebis gasaidumloebis aqti (ECPA) adgens ramdenime ZiriTad<br />
SezRudvas am uflebasTan dakavSirebiT. ECPA xelmZRvanelobas uzRudavs<br />
zepiri an eleqtronuli komunikaciebis mosmenas. Kkanonis Tanaxmad, Tu<br />
TanamSromeli iRebs pirad zars, damsaqmebelma unda dakidos yurmili<br />
maSinve, rogorc ki mixvdeba, rom es zari piradulia. rogorc aRniSnavs<br />
erT-erTi xelmZRvaneloba, “ufrosma SeiZleba gaakontrolos piradi zari,<br />
Tu TanamSromelma icis, rom konkretuli zari ismineba – da igi eTanxmeba<br />
67
amas. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT uCivlon pirad cxovrebaSi CarevisTvis,<br />
magram sasamarTloebi amas akeTeben zaralis asanazRaureblad,<br />
TanamSromelma unda daasabuTos, rom konfidencialurobis saTanado<br />
molodinebi gadawonis (aWarbebs) organizaciis zedamxedvelobis mizezs.<br />
Ppirad saqmeebSi Careva<br />
TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi Senaxul infomacias SeiZleba didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqondes (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) karieris ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
piradi saqmeSi, romelic inaxeba adamianuri resursebis departamentSi,<br />
SeiZleba iyos Semdegi dokumentebi: saqmianobis Sefasebebi, xelfasis<br />
cnobebi, gamoZiebis oqmebi, sakredito Cekebi, kriminaluri oqmebi, testis<br />
Sefasebebi, da monacemebi ojaxis Sesaxeb. unarSezRuduli amerikelebis aqti<br />
(ganxilulia meore TavSi) moiTxovs, rom TanamSromlis samedicino istoria<br />
inaxebodes sxva piradi informaciisgan gancalkevebiT. Secdomebma, pirad<br />
saqmeebSi raimes gamotovebam an arauflebamosili piris mier am saqmeebis<br />
xelSi Cagdebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios samsaxurebrivi an piradi problemebi.<br />
Kkanonmdebloba federalur doneze (ix. cxrili 13.4) da kanonebi<br />
msoflioSi, daaxloebiT saxelmwifoebis 50 %-Si nebas aZleven<br />
TanamSromlebs Seamowmon TavianTi piradi saqmeebi. ramdenad xelmisawvdomia<br />
es maTTvis, es ukve saxelmwifozea damokidebuli. magaliTad,<br />
xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba aukrZalos TanamSromlebs im informaciis naxva,<br />
romelmac SeiZleba daarRvios sxvebis konfidencialuroba. amgvari<br />
dokumentebia daxasiaTebebi da kriminaluri gamoZiebis oqmebi. saxelmwifo<br />
kanonma SeiZleba SeuzRudos TanamSromels uflebebi im dokumentebis<br />
aslebze, romlebsac man moawera xeli. aseTebia saqmianobis Sefasebebi an<br />
samuSaos aplikaciebi. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic TanamSromlebs aniWeben<br />
uflebas naxon TavianTi piradi saqmeebi, zogadad uzrunvelyofen:<br />
• Uuflebas icodes, arsebobs Tu ara misi piradi saqme;<br />
• Uuflebas Seamowmos Tavisi piradi saqme;<br />
• Uuflebas Seasworos araswori monacemebi saqmeSi.<br />
kanonebi konfidencalurobis uflebis Sesaxeb<br />
kanoni moqmedeba<br />
eleqtronuli komunikaciebis rZalavs farul mosmenas, Caweras an<br />
konfidencialurobis aqti (1986) eleqtronuli da zepiri kavSirebis<br />
gamJRavnebas nebismieri eleqtronuli,<br />
meqanikuri an sxva saSualebiT. Ffaruli<br />
mosmena SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, roca<br />
ufrosi akontrolebs satelefono zars,<br />
damsaqmebels aZlevs kontrolis nebas<br />
68
kanonieri saqmianobis miznebisTvis.<br />
konfidencialurobis aqti (1974) mimarTavs federalur uwyebebsa da<br />
organizaciebs da awvdis saqonelsa da<br />
servisebs federalur mTavrobas; calkeul<br />
pirebs aZlevs uflebas Seamowmon cnobebi<br />
samsaxuris gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
nebas aZlevs TanamSromlebs gadaxedon<br />
TavianT pirad saqmeebs sizustisaTvis. D<br />
damsaqmebleblebi, romlebic ganzrax arRveven<br />
aqts, eqvemdebarebian samoqalaqo sarCels.<br />
saojaxo ganaTlebis uflebebi<br />
da konfidenciis aqti – buklis cvlileba (1974)<br />
ukrZalavs saganmanaTleblo instituciebs<br />
miawodon studentebs informacia winaswari<br />
Tanxmobis gareSe. studentebs aqvT ufleba<br />
Seamowmon TavianTi saswavlo Canawerebi.<br />
samarTliani sandoobis<br />
angariSis aqti (1970)<br />
nebas aZlevs samuSaos msurvelebsa da<br />
TanamSromlebs icodnen, maT saxelze<br />
inaxeba Tu ara sando saqmeebi da rogoria<br />
maTi Sinaarsi. TanamSromlebs aqvT ufleba<br />
icodnen xelmZRvanelobis mier Sedgenili<br />
sagamoZiebo momxmareblis angariSis<br />
arsebobisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.<br />
F faqtobrivad Tu saxelmwifo kanoni nebas aZlevs TanamSromlebs<br />
Seamowmon TavianTi saqmeebi, administracias SeuZlia moiTxovos, rom<br />
nebismieri piri adamianuri resursebidan an supervaizeri daeswros imis<br />
dasamowmeblad, rom aranairi informacia ar aris Secvlili an damatebuli.<br />
specialuri kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki damsaqmebelTa<br />
umetesoba TanamSromlebs aZlevs maTi piradi saqmeebis xelmisawvdomobis<br />
SesaZleblobas. profesionalebi gvirCeven, rom organizaciebma unda<br />
SeimuSaon politika TanamSromelTa saqmeebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seicavs 13.5<br />
sqemaSi mocemul punqtebs, rogorc minimums.<br />
damsaqmeblebma damatebiT unda izrunon, rom daicvan TanamSromelTa<br />
piradi uflebebi, roca piradi monacemebi inaxeba eleqtronulad.<br />
usafrTxoebis dacva uzenaesia. Unda dagindes, daculia Tu ara kompiuteris<br />
parolebi; mowesrigebulia Tu ara monacemTa sistemaSi SeRweva; A Tavis<br />
adgilzea dacvis sistema Tu ara; ician Tu ara TanamSromlebma<br />
konfinecialurobis valdebulebebi; Aarsebobs Tu ara Sida auditis<br />
procedurebi Seyvanil monacemTa sizustis uzrunvelsayofad; Ees icavs<br />
TanamSromelTa konfidecialuri informaciis nakads, rom is xelSi ar<br />
Cauvardes arakompetentur pirebs.<br />
Eeleqtronuli fosta, interneti da xmovani fostis konfidencialuroba<br />
69
E eleqtronuli fostis, internetisa da xmovani fostis gamoyenebis<br />
mravali saSualeba arsebobs; isini uzrunvelyofen Setyobinebebis<br />
momentalur gagzavnas, exmarebian samuSao jgufs, gvTavazoben globaluri<br />
informaciis mopovebas, xels uwyoben drois efeqturad gamoyenebas da<br />
fleqsiur muSaobas. samwuxarod, teqnologia TanamSromlebs amave dros<br />
saSualebas aZlevs imoqmedon arakeTilsindisierad, arasaTanadod da<br />
kompetenciis gareSe, rac xelmZRvanelobas uqmnian eTikur, samarTlebriv da<br />
produqtiulobis problemebs. teqnologiis arakanonieri gamoyeneba Sedegad<br />
iwvevs imas, rom damsaqmeblebi akontroleben TanamSromelTa moqmedebebs,<br />
igeben mniSvnelovan konfidencialur sakiTxebs rogorc TanamSromlebis,<br />
aseve menejerebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Aadamianuri resursebis menejmentis mier Catarebul kvlevaSi<br />
gamokiTxulTa 74 procentma ganacxada, rom isini akontroleben TavianTi<br />
TanamSromlebis internetis moxmarebasa da eleqtronuli fostis<br />
Setyobinebebs.<br />
piradi saqmeebi: politikis miTiTebebi<br />
• uzrunvelyaviT Sesabamisoba moqmed saxelmwifo kanonebTan;<br />
• zustad gansazRvreT, ra informacia unda inaxebodes TanamSromelTa<br />
saqmeSi;<br />
• SeimuSaveT piradi informaciis sxvadasxva kategoriebi samarTlebriv<br />
moTxovnebsa da organizaciis principebze dayrdnobiT;<br />
• gansazRvreT sad, rodis, rogor da ra pirobebSi SeuZliaT<br />
TanamSromlebs gadaxedon TavianT saqmeebs an gadaiRon maTi aslebi;<br />
• gansazRvreT kompaniis romel TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT piradi<br />
saqmeebis naxva;<br />
• akrZaleT iseTi informaciis Segroveba, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
diskriminaciad an gaxdes konfidencialurobis darRvevis safuZveli;<br />
• SeamowmeT samuSao oqmebi regularulad, raTa amoiRoT araswori,<br />
moZvelebuli an arazusti informacia.<br />
K konfidencialurobis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom aSS-is 14 milioni<br />
mosasaxure mudmivi kontrolis qveS imyofeba. ratom akontroleben<br />
ufrosebi TanamSromlebs? Mmizezi mravalnairia: TanamSromleTa saziano<br />
an saSiSi saqcielis Tavidan asacileblad, kompaniis drois efeqturad<br />
gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofad, TanamSromleTa Woraobis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad, TanamSromelTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad internetSi<br />
pornografiuli vebgverdebis naxvisa da serfingis aRmosafxvrelad, rom<br />
TanamSromlebi ar iyvnen dakavebulebi piradi saqmeebiT samuSao drois<br />
periodSi. TanamSromelTa kontroli aseve xorcieldeba imisaTvis, rom<br />
piradi informacia ar gaxdes xelmisawvdomi cnobismoyvareTaTvis an<br />
“xakerebisTvis”, visac SeuZlia es infomacia borotad gamoiyenos.<br />
xelmZRvanelobas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs akontrolos sakuTari<br />
aRWurviloba. sasamarTlo wesebi, romlebic marTavs eleqtronul fostasa<br />
da internetTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, xelmZRvanelobas zogadad aniWebs<br />
uflebas gaakontrolos saqmesTan dakavSirebuli miznebisaTvis Seqmnili,<br />
70
miRebuli an gagzavnili masalebi. TanamSromlebma, romlebic anadgureben<br />
TavianT Setyobinebebsa da werilebs, SeiZleba arasworad ivaraudon, rom<br />
isini waiSala. Tumca TanamSromlebma SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom maTi piradi<br />
uflebebi vrceldeba el.fostaze, internetze an xmovan fostaze. Uufro<br />
metic, isini SeiZleba daisajon kidec an gaaTavisuflon samsaxuridan<br />
elfostis an internetis arasaTanado gamoyenebisTvis. adamianuri<br />
resursebis eqspertebi da samarTlebrivi organoebi mxars uWeren<br />
xelmZRvanelobas SeimuSaos zusti politika da principebi, romlebic<br />
TanamSromlebs gaacnobs, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenon elfosta, interneti an<br />
xmovani fosta, amave dros acnobebs, rodis da ra pirobebSi moxdeba maTi<br />
gakontroleba. (ix. sqema 13.6.), TanamSromlebma unda moaweron xeli formas<br />
(iseve, rogorc SromiTi politikis sxva dokumentebs) imis dasturad, rom<br />
maT waikiTxes da eTanxmebian mas.<br />
TanamSromelTa saqcieli samsaxuris gareT<br />
ganixileT Semdegi SemTxveva. orSabaTs diliT “eibisi” korporaciis<br />
mepatrone kiTxulobs gazeTSi, rom kompaniis TanamSromeli eWvmitanilia<br />
qurdobasa da adgilobrivi maRaziis mepatronis TavdasxmaSi. TanamSromeli<br />
gaaTavisufles sasamarTlo procesis dros. TanamSromlis zedamxedvelTan<br />
darekilma satelefono zarma gamoavlina, rom TanamSromeli kvlav<br />
ganagrZobs muSaobas. rogor unda moiqces mepatrone?<br />
elfosta, interneti, xmovani fosta; politikis principebi<br />
elfostis, internetis, xmovani fostis politika cdilobs Seamciros<br />
TanamSromlis konfidencialurobis molodini imis fonze, rom damsaqmebels<br />
aqvs mizezebi TanamSromleTa saqcielis legitimurad gakontrolebisaTvis.<br />
elfostis, internetis, xmovani fostis sayovelTao politika moicavs Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebs:<br />
• uzrunvelyaviT Sesabamisoba sakuTar federalur da saxelmwifo<br />
kanonmdeblobasTan;<br />
• gansazRvreT pirobebi, rodesac SeiZleba sistemis gamoyeneba piradi<br />
saqmisTvis.<br />
• gansazRvreT is konfidecialuri informacia, romelic ar unda<br />
gaigzavnos qselSi.<br />
• daadgineT pirobebi, rodis unda ganxorcieldes monitoringi, vis mier,<br />
ra sixSiriT da rogor unda SeatyobinoT TanamSromlebs;<br />
• daadgineT, rom elfostisa da xmovani fostis informacia gaegzavnos<br />
mxolod im momxmarebels, visac sWirdeba es samuSao miznebisTvis;<br />
• Mmkacrad akrZaleT elfostis an xmovani fostis gamoyeneba sxvebis<br />
Sesawuxeblad an anonimuri Setyobinebebis gagzavna;<br />
• auxseniT TanamSromlebs, rom maT ara aqvT konfidencialurobis<br />
ufleba nebismier masalasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gaigzavna an<br />
miRebul iqna elfostiT an xmovani fostiT;<br />
• gansazRvreT, politikis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi romeli<br />
TanamSromlebi eqvemdebarebian dasjis sxvadasxva formas, maT Soris _<br />
ganTavisuflebas.<br />
71
samarTlebrivi samsaxurebi zogadad miiCneven, rom TanamSromelTa<br />
saqcieli samsaxuris gareT ar eqvemdebareba dasjas ufrosis mier. Kkanonis<br />
Tanaxmad, cudi saqcielis Cadena samsaxuris Semdeg, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeiZleba ar iyos kanonieri safuZveli TanamSromlis dasjisTvis.<br />
Oorganizaciebma, romelTac surT TanamSromelTa dasja samsaxuris gareT<br />
Cadenili moqmedebisTvis, unda daadginon zusti kavSiri Cadenil cud<br />
saqcielsa da im uaryofiT gavlenas Soris, romelic man moaxdina sxva<br />
TanamSromlebze an organizaciaze. Ees SeiZleba dadgindes, magaliTad, im<br />
SemTxvevebSi, roca samsaxuris gareT kriminaluri moqmedeba (rogoricaa<br />
bavSvis gaupatiureba) warmoSobs gamanadgurebel Sedegs, axdens uaryofiT<br />
gavlenas samsaxurze. Mmeore magaliTi SeiZleba iyos, roca TanamSromlis<br />
sajaro samsaxuri (rogoricaa policiis an saxanZro departamentis<br />
personali) warmoSobs warmosaxviT problemas organizaciisTvis. Tumca,<br />
zogadad rac ar unda mcire danaSauli Caidinos TanamSromelma samsaxuris<br />
gareT, mainc eqvemdebareba dasjas ufrosis mier.<br />
samsaxurebrivi romanebi gansakuTrebul problemas uqmnis<br />
organizaciebs. xelmZRvanelobas eqmneba problema, Tu TanamSromlis,<br />
zedamxedvelis an sxva Tanamdebobis piris romani gadadis cud formebSi,<br />
rasac mivyavarT samsaxurSi seqsualuri Zaladobis faqtebamde an<br />
braldebebamde.<br />
samsaxurebrivi romanebi agreTve favoritizmis braldebebs iwveven im<br />
TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg, romelic CarTulia zedamxedvelisa da masze<br />
dabali Tanamdebobis mqone TanamSromlis romanSi. samsaxurebrivma<br />
romanebma SeiZleba warmoSvan moraluri problemebic, roca sxva<br />
TanamSromlebi grZnoben, rom usamarTlod eqcevian; aseTi situaciebi iwveven<br />
eWvianobas, gaRizianebas da cud grZnobebs. zedamxedvelis romanebs<br />
SeiZleba organizaciisaTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyves<br />
Ggenetikuri analizi<br />
G genetikuri kvlevebis winsvla axla ukve SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs<br />
ganvsazRvroT adamianis daavadebebaTa genetika. genetikuri monacemebi<br />
SesaZleblobas iZleva individualuri prevenciuli strategiisTvis, agreTve<br />
adreuli gamovlenisa da mkurnalobisTvis. samwuxarod, genetikuri<br />
testisgan miRebuli monacemebi aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes<br />
damsaqmeblebis mier, raTa diferenciacia moaxdinos an Seuracxyofa<br />
miayenos im pirovnebebs, romlebmac samuSaosTvis mimarTes an im<br />
pirovnebebs, romlebic ukve muSaoben. magaliTad, genetikur analizs<br />
SeuZlia gamoavlinos iseT daavadebaTa riski, rogoricaa kibo, gulis<br />
daavadeba an diabeti.<br />
radganac TanamSromlis daavadebebi da avadmyofoba warmoSobs<br />
samsaxuris xarjebs, damsaqmebelma SeiZleba Tavidan aicilos iseTi pirebis<br />
daqiraveba an SenarCuneba, romlebic, maTi varaudiT, SesaZloa gaxdnen avad.<br />
amiT Tavidan icileben damatebiTi kadrebis Seqmnas, trenings da samedicino<br />
xarjebs. gasakviri ar aris, rom roca xelmZRvaneloba iyenebs genetikur<br />
testebs, rogorc TanamSromlisTvis samuSaoze uaris Tqmis saSualebas,<br />
analizebi warmoSobs mniSvnelovan moralur da eTikur problemebs, rom<br />
aRaraferi vTqvaT konfidencialobis sakiTxebze. Tumca, ufrosebma unda<br />
daimaxsovron, rom ar arsebobs mecnieruli mtkicebuleba moulodnel<br />
72
genetikur faqtorebsa da adamianis SesaZleblobas Soris kavSiris,<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
ramdenime federaluri an saxelmwifo kanoni an sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebebi marTavs damsaqmeblis mier genetikuri informaciis<br />
gamoyenebas. Tumca Ggenetikuri testi arRvevs moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis<br />
aqtis VII Tavis da qmedobauunaro amerikelebis aqtis antidiskriminaciis<br />
mandatebs. 2000 wels EEOC –m uCivla “berlingTon norsen santa fe”<br />
korporacias TanamSromlebze genetikuri testebis saidumlod<br />
CatarebisTvis, romlebmac Seitanes karpalis (mtevnis) tunelis sindromis<br />
Taobaze TanamSromlis kompensaciis sarCeli. berlingTon norseni dapirda<br />
EEOC –s, rom aRar Caatarebda genetikur testebs da samagieros ar<br />
gadauxdida im TanamSromlebs, vinc uari ganacxades testis Catarebaze.<br />
SesaZloa momavali kanonebi – federaluri an saxelmwifo – akrZalavs<br />
genetikur diskriminacias samsaxursa da janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi.<br />
Ddisciplinaruli strategiebi da principebi<br />
menejerTa uflebebi, dasajon da gaaTavisuflon TanamSromlebi,<br />
metad SezRudulia. Mmenejerebma yvela doneze kargad unda gaacnobieron<br />
dasjis meTodika. TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli disciplinaruli<br />
moqmedeba unda iyos ganpirobebuli samarTliani mizezebiT, da unda<br />
arsebobdes efeqturi politika da meTodebi misi gamoyenebis marTvisTvis.<br />
aseTi strategiebi da procedurebi exmareba maT, vinc pasuxismgebelia<br />
disciplinaruli moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze da uzrunvelyofs<br />
TanamSromlebisadmi samarTlian da konstruqciul mopyrobas. Aaseve<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom es miTiTebebi exmareba disciplinaruli moqmedebis<br />
prevencias.<br />
disciplinaruli strategiebi da meTodebi unda vrceldebodes mraval<br />
mniSvnelovan sferoze. 13.7. sqemaze warmodgenilia koreqciuli modeli,<br />
romelic gviCvenebs sferoebs, romlebSic unda damkvidrdes debulebebi.<br />
Mmodeli aseve gviCvenebs logikur Tanamimdevrobas, romlis mixedviTac<br />
unda ganxorcieldes koreqciuli etapebi saWiro gadawyvetilebebis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
adamianuri resursebis departamentis mTavar pasuxismgeblobas<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> SeimuSaos disciplinaruli strategiebi, meTodebi da<br />
xelmZRvanelobisgan miiRos misi dadastureba. adamianuri resursebis<br />
departamenti aseve pasuxismgebelia uzrunvelyos, rom koreqciuli<br />
politikis, iseve rogorc TanamSromlebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZiebis Sesabamisoba SromiT xelSekrulebasTan<br />
(arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da moqmed kanonebTan. Tumca, disciplinaruli<br />
problemebis gamosworebaze an mis Tavidan acilebaze pirveladi<br />
pasuxismgebloba ekisreba TanamSromlis supervaizers. Eam pirovnebas<br />
yvelaze kargad SeuZlia daakvirdes aradamakmayofilebel saqciels an<br />
samuSaos Sesrulebas da ganixilos es sakiTxi TanamSromelTan. Gganxilva<br />
xSirad saWiroa problemebis gamosasworeblad da amis Sedegad<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZieba aRar xdeba saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, roca<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZieba aucilebelia, zedamxedveli unda Seecados<br />
problemis mogvarebas. Pproblemis gamomwvevi mizezebi iseve mniSvnelovania,<br />
rogorc Tavad problema da nebismieri mcdeloba misi ganmeorebis Tavidan<br />
73
asacileblad maT safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. xSirad<br />
zedamxedvelebisTvis Znelia obieqturi damokidebuleba SeinarCunon<br />
TanamSromelTa darRvevebis mimarT. Mmagram Tu zedamxedvelebs SeuZliaT<br />
problemis mogvarebis gamoyeneba, isini mivlen diagnozamde, romelic ufro<br />
axlosaa simarTlesTan, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini iuristis Carevas<br />
gamoiyenebdnen<br />
disciplinaruli modeli<br />
organizaciis disciplinaruli politika, strategiebi - dasjis<br />
gansazRvra – organizaciis wesebis darRveva – TanamSromlis darRvevis<br />
gamokvleva – koreqciuli saubari – progresuri koreqcia – Sesabamisi<br />
procesi – sasamarTlos saqme – ganTavisufleba<br />
Uumoqmedobis Sedegebi<br />
sqema 13.8 menejerebis mier gansazRvrul Cveulebriv disciplinarul<br />
problemebs gviCvenebs. Ddisciplinaruli RonisZiebis Seusrulebloba am<br />
sferoebSi mxolod problemis gamZafrebas emsaxureba, rac faqtobrivad<br />
unda mogvardes. Uumoqmedoba gulisxmobs, rom TanamSromlis moqmedeba<br />
damakmayofilebelia. Tu disciplinaruli RonisZieba faqtobrivad<br />
Sesrulda, Seferxeba ufro gaaZnelebs moqmedebis gamarTlebas gasaCivrebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. aseTi gasaCivrebis dacvis dros, xelmZRvanelobas SeekiTxebian,<br />
Tu ratom aCerebdnen saxelfaso uwyisSi iseT TanamSromels, romelic ar<br />
asrulebda movaleobebs an iqceoda aradamakmayofileblad. Aan ufro mZime<br />
SekiTxva SeiZleba iyos: “ratom iRebda es TanamSromeli damakmayofilebel<br />
samuSao Sefasebebs (an SesaZloa premiebsac ki)?”<br />
praqtikaSi aseT winaaRmdegobebs SeuZliaT daexmaron TanamSromlebs<br />
warmatebiT uaryon menejeris koreqciuli moqmedebebi. samwuxarod,<br />
zogierTi zedamxedveli cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi koreqciuli<br />
moqmedebebi mxolod mas Semdeg, rac man gadawyvita gaaTavisuflos<br />
konkretuli TanamSromeli. qvemoT mocemulia supervaizerebis mier<br />
dasaxelebuli zogadi mizezebi, Tu ratom ver wauyenes disciplinaruli<br />
jarima:<br />
1. zedamxedvelma ver daamtkica adreuli moqmedebebi, ase rom ar<br />
arsebobs Canaweri Sesabamisi koreqciuli moqmedebis gansazRvrisTvis;<br />
2. supervaizerebs sjerodaT, rom isini miiRebdnen mcire mxardaWeras an<br />
saerTod ar miiRebdnen mxardaWeras ufrosi xelmZRvanelebisgan<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZiebisTvis;<br />
3. zedamxedveli ar iyo darwmunebuli faqtebSi, romlebic moiTxovda<br />
disciplinarul RonisZiebas;<br />
4. radganac zedamxedvelma warsulSi ver dasaja Kkonkretuli<br />
darRvevisTvis TanamSromeli, zedamxedvelma axlac uari Tqva<br />
disciplinarul moqmedebaze, raTa gamoCeniliyo mtkice pirovnebad;<br />
5. zedamxedvels surda gamoCeniliyo, rogorc kargi pirovneba.<br />
zogadi disciplinaruli problemebi<br />
daswrebis problemebi<br />
74
arasapatio gacdena;<br />
mudmivi gacdenebi;<br />
arasapatio/gadaWarbebuli dagvianebebi;<br />
nebarTvis gareSe wasvla.<br />
arakeTilsindisiereba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi<br />
qurdoba;<br />
samuSao gancxadebis gayalbeba;<br />
organizaciis qonebisadmi ganzrax zianis miyeneba;<br />
sxva TanamSromlisTvis drois dakargvineba;<br />
samuSao Canawerebis gayalbeba.<br />
samuSaos SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi<br />
dakisrebuli movaleobebis Seusrulebloba;<br />
arastandartuli produqtebisa da servisebis warmoeba;<br />
dadgenili produqciis moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba.<br />
samsaxurSi moqcevis problemebi<br />
intoqsikacia samsaxurSi;<br />
daumorCilebloba;<br />
xmauris gamowveva;<br />
sigaretis moweva akrZalul adgilebSi;<br />
Cxubi;<br />
azartuli TamaSebi;<br />
usafrTxoebis danadgarebis arasworad gamoyeneba;<br />
dazianebis Sesaxeb ar Setyobineba;<br />
uyuradReboba;<br />
samsaxurSi Zili;<br />
bilwi sityvebis gamoyeneba an muqariT saubari zedamxedvelebTan;<br />
narkotikebisa da alkoholis miReba;<br />
cecxlsasroli an sxva iaraRis floba;<br />
seqsualuri Zaladoba.<br />
organizaciis wesebis SemuSaveba<br />
organizaciis wesebis SemoReba <strong>warmoadgens</strong> efeqturi disciplinaruli<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas. Ees wesebi marTavs TanamSromelTa qcevis tips. iseT<br />
organizaciebs, rogoricaa “gerber produqti”, “val-marti”, “stiilqazi” da<br />
“piTni bousi”, aqvT dawerili principebi, romlebic ganmartavs, Tu rogori<br />
saqcieli moeTxovebaT TanamSromlebs. vinaidan TanamSromelTa moqmedebis<br />
standartebi dadgenilia organizaciis wesebiTa da debulebebiT, Semdegi<br />
miTiTebebi dagexmarebaT am sferoSi problemebis SemcirebaSi:<br />
1. wesebi farTod unda iyos gavrcelebuli da yvela TanamSromeli<br />
unda gaecnos mas. Aar unda gvegonos, rom TanamSromlebma ician<br />
yvela wesi;<br />
2. wesebs periodulad unda gadavxedoT, SesaZloa yovel wels,<br />
gansakuTrebiT im wesebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania saqmianobis<br />
warmatebisTvis;<br />
75
3. wesebis mizezebi yovelTvis unda ganvumartoT TanamSromlebs;<br />
organizaciis wesebs ufro metad aRiareben, roca TanamSromlebs<br />
kargad esmiT maTi mniSvneloba;<br />
4. wesebi yovelTvis unda iyos warmodgenili werilobiTi formiT.<br />
gaurkvevloba unda aviciloT Tavidan, radganac aman SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios wesebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi sxvadasxva<br />
zedamxedvelis mier;<br />
5. normebi unda iyos gonivruli da iTvaliswinebdes organizaciis<br />
usafrTxo da efeqtur moqmedebas. normebi ar unda SemuSavdes<br />
piradi survilebis mixedviT;<br />
6. Tu xelmZRvaneloba sustia wesis dacvaSi, maSin xelaxla unda<br />
gamocxaddes es wesi (misi daRvevis Sedegebis mixedviT), sanam<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZieba gatardeba;<br />
7. TanamSromlebma xeli unda moaweron dokuments imis dasamowmeblad,<br />
rom maT waikiTxes da gaecnen organizaciis wesebs.<br />
TanamSromelTa winaaRmdeg gatarebuli disciplinaruli RonisZieba ar<br />
unda CaiTvalos sasjelad. Ddisciplinaruli RonisZiebis gatarebisas<br />
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sasjeli, rogorc sasurveli Sedegis miRebis<br />
saSualeba, Tumca dasja ar unda iyos disciplinaruli RonisZiebis mizani.<br />
disciplinis, wesrigis mizani unda iyos SemdgomSi TanamSromelTa<br />
saqcielis gamosworeba. wesrigis damyareba sxva gziT, rogoricaa dasja an<br />
TanamSromlebis mxileba, mxolod problemebs Seuqmnis xelmZRvanelobas.<br />
roca zedamxedvelebi aradamakmayofilebeli saqcielis mizezebs eZeben,<br />
maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom SeiZleba TanamSromlebma ar icodnen<br />
muSaobis garkveuli normebi. Nnebismieri disciplinaruli RonisZiebis<br />
dawyebamde aucilebelia zedamxedvelebma gaarkvion miscen Tu ara<br />
TanamSromlebs saWiro orientacia wesebsa da pirobebSi gasarkvevad.<br />
sinamdvileSi, organizaciis wesebisa da pirobebis saTanado kavSiri imdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom SromiTi mosamarTleebi asaxeleben komunikaciis wesebis<br />
ugulebelyofas, rogorc mTavar mizezs disciplinaruli RonisZiebis<br />
SecvlisTvis.<br />
“cxeli Rumelis” damokidebuleba wesebis dacvaSi<br />
Mmiuxedavad disciplinaruli RonisZiebis mizezisa, is mainc unda<br />
gatardes maqsimalurad swrafad .mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba darRveva da<br />
Catardeba sruli gamokvleva. Aadamianuri resursebis specialistebi xSirad<br />
iyeneben “cxeli Rumelis” wess, raTa axsnan dasjis swori gamoyeneba. cxeli<br />
Rumeli gvaZlevs gafrTxilebas, rom ar unda SevexoT mas. is, vinc ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs am gafrTxilebas da exeba mas, darwmunebulia, rom daiwveba.<br />
Ddasja aris wesis darRvevis dauyovnebeli da pirdapiri Sedegi, rom<br />
aRarasodes Seexo cxel Rumels. Aamis msgavsad, samuSao wesi unda<br />
vrceldebodes yvela TanamSromelze da mtkiced, miukerZoeblad da<br />
obieqturad unda iqnes daculi. TanamSromlebma unda icodnen wesis<br />
darRvevis mosalodneli Sedegebi, ase rom mas aqvs prevenciuli<br />
mniSvneloba.<br />
76
sasjelis gansazRvra<br />
am teqstis avtorebis mier Catarebuli menejmentis seminarebSi, roca<br />
menejerebs ekiTxebian ganmarton sityva “disciplina”, maTi pasuxia, rom<br />
disciplina niSnavs dasjas. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom pasuxi sworia, is<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> mxolod misi sami mniSvnelobidan erT-erTs. Cveulebriv sityvas<br />
“disciplina” aqvs Semdegi mniSvnelobebi:<br />
1. Ddasja;<br />
2. wesrigi organizaciaSi;<br />
3. treningi, romelic ayalibebs da aZlierebs sasurvel moqmedebas an<br />
asworebs arasasurvel moqmedebas da aviTarebs TviTkontrols.<br />
zogierTi menejerisTvis es sityva asocirdeba ZaldatanebasTan. isini<br />
termins ukavSireben im TanamSromelTa dasjas, romlebic arRveven wesebs an<br />
normebs. sxva menejerebi disciplinas Tvlian, rogorc saqmeTa zogad<br />
mdgomareobas – mowesrigebul garemoebas, sadac TanamSromlebi moqmedeben<br />
miRebuli saqcielis standartebis Sesabamisad. Aamgvarad gansazRvruli es<br />
sityva SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadebiTad, roca TanamSromlebi survilisamebr<br />
iyeneben TviTkontrols da icaven organizaciis wesebs.<br />
Mmesame ganmarteba gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelobis iaraRs, romelic<br />
TanamSromelTa arasasurveli saqcielis gamosasworeblad gamoiyeneba<br />
disciplinas mimarTaven rogorc konstruqciul saSualebas, romliTac<br />
uzrunvelyofen TanamSromlebis saqmianobis Sesabamisobas aRiarebul<br />
standartebTan. Mmravali organizacia, rogoricaa “godiar aerosfeisi” da<br />
arizonas saxelmwifo universiteti, gansazRvaravs am termins Tavisi<br />
politikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rogorc trenings, romelic “asworebs,<br />
ayalibebs an srulyofs codnas, urTierTobebs, damokidebulebebs, qcevas, an<br />
marTvas maT”. disciplina ganixileba, rogorc saSualeba TanamSromelTa<br />
susti muSaobis gamosasworeblad, da ara rogorc ubralod dasja<br />
darRvevisTvis. rogorc es organizaciebi aRniSnaven, disciplina unda<br />
CaiTvalos, rogorc TanamSromelTa treningis meTodi maTi samsaxurebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis an muSaobis procesis gasaumjobeseblad. Aaseve sainteresoa<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom sityva “disciplina” warmoSobilia sityva “disciple”-isagan,<br />
rac niSnavs “mxardamWers” an “moswavles”. mkvlevarTa Zalian mcire nawilis<br />
azriT, amis gavlenaa is, rom kargi disciplina dafuZnebulia karg<br />
zedamxedvelobiT xelmZRvanelobaze.<br />
D<br />
disciplinaruli problemis Semowmeba<br />
iSviaTia iseTi menejeri, romelic intuiciurad grZnobs, Tu rogor<br />
unda gamoikvlios TanamSromlis araswori moqmedeba. Zalian xSirad<br />
gamokvlevebi tardeba SemTxveviTi gziT; uares SemTxvevaSi, isini<br />
uTvalTvaleben, akvirdebian erT an met Semowmebis obieqts. TanamSromleze<br />
77
dakvirvebebis Catarebis dros mniSvnelovania viyoT obieqturebi da Tavi<br />
avaridoT varaudebs da cilis wamebas, rac xSirad Tan sdevs aseT<br />
SemTxvevebs. sqema 13.9 warmogvidgens Svid kiTxvas, rom ganvixiloT<br />
gamoZiebis dros TanamSromlis darRveva. TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema<br />
sando informaciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofs srul da<br />
samarTlian Semowmebas, piradi ciliswamebis gareSe.<br />
TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis dokumentebiT damtkiceba<br />
“es metad rTulia”. “me dros arc ki vkargav amaSi”. “me ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani saqmeebi maqvs gasakeTebeli”, _ amgvar sababebs xSirad iyeneben<br />
menejerebi, romlebmac ver daamtkices dokumentebiT TanamSromlis araswori<br />
moqmedebis SemTxvevebi. araadekvaturi dokumentaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
mizezia is, rom menejerebs warmodgena ara aqvT, ras unda moicavdes kargi<br />
dokumentacia. samwuxarod, radganac menejerebs ar SeuZliaT TanamSromlis<br />
araswori moqmedebis zustad dafiqsireba, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios Semdgomi<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZiebis gauqmeba. zusti da srulyofili samuSao<br />
Canawerebis mopoveba efeqturi disciplinaruli sistemis mniSvnelovan<br />
nawils <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. srulyofili dokumentaciisTvis is unda moicavdes<br />
Semdeg rva punqts:<br />
1. SemTxvevis (SemTxvevebis) TariRi, dro da adgili;<br />
2. TanamSromlis uaryofiTi moqmedeba an saqcieli – problema;<br />
3. Aam moqmedebis an saqcielis Sedegebi TanamSromlis mier samuSaos<br />
Sesrulebaze da/an TanamSromlis samuSao jgufis saqmianobaze;<br />
4. winaswari ganxilvebi TanamSromelTan problemis Sesaxeb;<br />
5. Ggasatarebeli disciplinaruli RonisZieba da mosalodneli<br />
specialuri gaumjobeseba;<br />
6. Sedegebi, Tu gaumjobeseba ar iqna miRebuli da Sesabamisi TariRi;<br />
7. TanamSromlis reaqcia zedamxedvelis mcdelobaze Secvalos misi<br />
saqcieli;<br />
8. SemTxvevis mowmeTa saxelebi (Tu SesaZlebelia).<br />
D<br />
dokumentaciis momzadebis dros mniSvnelovania menejerma Caiweros,<br />
daafiqsiros SemTxveva darRvevis moxdenisTanave, roca jer kidev kargad<br />
axsovs faqti da uzrunvelyos, rom Canaweri iyos zusti da srulyofili.<br />
Ddokumentacia ar unda iyos vrceli, magram is unda Seicavdes zemoT<br />
naxseneb rva sakiTxs. daimaxsovreT: menejeris mier gakeTebuli Canawerebi<br />
TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis Sesaxeb <strong>warmoadgens</strong> saqmis dokumentebs,<br />
da isini unda iyos misaRebi, rogorc mtkicebuleba arbitraJis dakiTxvebSi,<br />
administraciul procesebze da sasamarTloebSi. rogorc erT-erTma<br />
menejerma seminarze aRniSna disciplinis Sesaxeb, “roca gamosasworebel<br />
RonisZiebas vatarebT TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg, srulyofili da obieqturi<br />
disciplinaruli Canaweris mopovebas imdenad didi roli eniWeba, rom misi<br />
mniSvnelobis Sefaseba ubralod SeuZlebelia”.<br />
disciplinaruli Semowmebebis, gamokvlevebis ganxilva<br />
1. ras <strong>warmoadgens</strong> darRveva gansakuTrebul pirobebSi?<br />
78
• darwmunebulia Tu ara xelmZRvaneloba, rom kargad acnobierebs<br />
TanamSromlis mimarT wayenebul sasjels;<br />
• TanamSromeli namdvilad gaaTavisufles daumorCileblobisTvis,<br />
Tu ubralod uari Tqva xelmZRvanelobis moTxovnaze;<br />
2. icoda Tu ara TanamSromelma, rom igi arasworad iqceoda<br />
• romeli wesi an debuleba dairRva;<br />
• saidan unda scodnoda TanamSromels am wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb;<br />
• gafrTxilebuli iyo Tu ara TanamSromeli mosalodneli Sedegis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
3. damnaSavea Tu ara TanamSromeli<br />
• faqtebis ra wyaroebi arsebobs;<br />
• Aarsebobs Tu ara danaSaulis pirdapiri mtkicebuleba Tu mxolod<br />
arapirdapiri mtkicebuleba arsebobs;<br />
• daelaparaka Tu ara vinme TanamSromels da gaigo Tu ara misi<br />
pozicia SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
4.Aarsebobs Tu ara Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi<br />
• sxvadasxva zedamxedvelebma urTierTsawinaaRmdego brZanebebi misces<br />
Tu ara;<br />
• hqonda Tu ara vinmes am TanamSromlis “gagdebis” raime mizezi;<br />
• Hhqonda Tu ara adgili raime provokacias menejeris an sxva<br />
TanamSromlis mxridan TanamSromlis mimarT;<br />
5. wess yvela Tanabrad icavda Tu ara;<br />
• Ymtkiced icavda yvela menejeri am wess Tu ara<br />
• Aaqamde ra sasjels iRebda damrRvevi piri;<br />
• Aam darRvevaSi sxva TanamSromlebic iyvnen CarTulni Tu ara;<br />
6. dakavSirebulia Tu ara darRveva samuSaosTan<br />
• arsebobs Tu ara mtkicebuleba, rom darRvevam ziani miayena<br />
organizacias;<br />
• xelmZRvaneloba moralur daskvnebs akeTebs Tu saqmianobis<br />
daskvnebs;<br />
7. rogoria TanamSromlis muSaobis warsuli monacemebi<br />
• ramdeni welia, rac TanamSromeli organizaciaSi muSaobs;<br />
• ramdeni weli an Tvea, rac TanamSromels ukavia amJamindeli<br />
Tanamdeboba;<br />
• rogoria TanamSromlis piradi saqme saerTod, gansakuTrebiT misi<br />
disciplinaruli monacemebi.<br />
sagamoZiebo saubari<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZiebis gatarebamde unda moxdes gasaubreba,<br />
raTa gavigoT, TanamSromlebi garkveulni arian Tu ara srulad am<br />
darRvevaSi. Ees gasaubreba saWiroa, radganac SeiZleba zedamxedvelis<br />
79
varaudebi TanamSromlis saqcielis Sesaxeb ar aRmoCndes zusti. Ees<br />
gasaubreba gaarkvevs, am darRvevam rogor imoqmeda saqmianobasa da samuSaos<br />
qceviT standartebze. is ar unda Caerios pirad saqmeSi da ar unda Seexos<br />
iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli samsaxurTan. rac yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovania, TanamSromels unda mieces sruli SesaZlebloba Tavis mxriv<br />
axsnas sakiTxi, ise rom gamovlindes is naklovanebebi, romlebzedac<br />
pasuxismgebelia organizacia.<br />
Kkompania “NLRB v Weingarten”–is SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />
daexmara SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnul sabWos, romelic icavs<br />
TanamSromlis uflebas organizaciaSi sagamoZiebo gasaubrebis dros.<br />
sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom profkavSiris warmomadgenlis daswreba kargi<br />
iqneboda TanamSromlebsa da xelmZRvanelobas Soris uflebamosilebis<br />
dabalansebisTvis, vinaidan kavSiris warmomadgenels SeeZlo daxmareboda<br />
TanamSromels, romelic iyo “metismetad SeSinebuli an zustad ver yveboda<br />
incidents, an ver asaxelebda Semamsubuqebel faqtorebs”. “veingarTenis”<br />
SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetileba: TanamSromels<br />
mizezi hqonda daeSva, rom sagamoZiebo dakiTxvas SeiZleba mohyoloda iseTi<br />
RonisZieba, rac riskis qveS daayenebda misi samuSaos dacvas. Amis gamo mas<br />
mieca warmomadgenlis yolis ufleba.<br />
mniSvnelovania aseve aRvniSnoT, rom TanamSromlis warmomadgenlis<br />
yolis ufleba organizaciaSi ar vrceldeba xelmZRvanelobasTan mimdinare<br />
yvela gasaubrebaze. A“veingarTenis” SemTxveva warmogvidgens kargad<br />
gansazRvrul SezRudvebs TanamSromlis warmomadgenlis yolis uflebebze.<br />
am uflebebis SemzRudveli wesebi Semdegia:<br />
1. warmomadgenlis yolis uflebebi vrceldeba mxolod sagamoZiebo<br />
dakiTxvebze, da ara samuSao pirobebis rigiT ganxilvebze;<br />
2. Uuflebebi warmoiSoba mxolod incidentebis SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />
TanamSromeli saWiroebs warmomadgenlis yolas da TanamSromels<br />
sjera, rom dakiTxvas SeiZleba mohyves dasja;<br />
3. xelmZRvaneloba ar aris valdebuli molaparakeba awarmoos<br />
TanamSromlis warmomadgenelTan.<br />
Tu TanamSromlebi da administracia am wesebs asruleben, menejerebs<br />
ar sWirdebaT sagamoZiebo dakiTxvebis warmoeba. “veingarTenis”<br />
gadawyvetileba TanamSromels ar aZlevs sagamoZiebo dakiTxvis garantias;<br />
is mxolod aniWebs warmomadgenlis yolis uflebas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
Kkanoni TanamSromlebs ar aZlevs nebas gaauqmon sagamoZiebo gasaubreba,<br />
Tu saWiro gaxda warmomadgenlis yola, da maSin xelmZRvaneloba<br />
gaagrZelebs gamoZiebas sxva saTanado saSualebebiT. menejerebs urCeven, rom<br />
konsultacia aiRon samarTlebriv sferoSi raime RonisZiebis gatarebamde.<br />
Ddisciplinaruli RonisZiebis mimarTulebebi, damokidebulebebi<br />
Tu mTlianad gamoZiebam aCvena, rom TanamSromelma daarRvia<br />
organizaciis wesi, maSin unda gatardes disciplinaruli RonisZieba.<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZiebis ori mimarTuleba arsebobs: progresuli dasja<br />
da pozitiuri dasja.<br />
Pprogresuli dasja<br />
80
saerTod dasjas progresuli Tvisebebi aqvs. ganmartebis mixedviT,<br />
“progresuli disciplina” gulisxmobs gamosasworebeli RonisZiebebis<br />
gamoyenebas mzardi xarisxebiT. progresuli disciplina gankuTvnilia, rom<br />
gamoasworos TanamSromlis araswori moqmedeba bunebrivad. teqnika miznad<br />
isaxavs problemis mogvarebas adreul etapze, mxolod sakmarisi<br />
gamosasworebeli RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT, raTa aRmovfxvraT da<br />
~vumkurnaloT~ am darRvevebs. Tumca disciplinaruli moqmedebis Sedegi da<br />
simkacre damokidebulia darRvevis tipze da Semamsubuqebel garemoebebze.<br />
radganac yoveli situacia Taviseburad gansakuTrebulia, mravali faqtori<br />
unda iqnes miRebuli mxedvelobaSi disciplinaruli moqmedebis xarisxis<br />
gansazRvris dros. zogierTi faqtori mocemulia 13.9 sqemaze.<br />
tipuri progresuli dasjis meTodi moicavs oTx safexurs. zepir<br />
gafrTxilebas (an rCevas), rom aradamakmayofilebeli saqcieli an moqmedeba<br />
SemdgomSi ar iqneba dausjelad datovebuli, mas SeiZleba mohyves<br />
werilobiTi gafrTxileba, suspensia gadasaxadis gareSe da ganTavisufleba.<br />
“Banner Health System” –is mier gamoyenebuli progresiuli dasja naCvenebia<br />
HRM 2-Si. ganTavisuflebis “mTavari dasja” gamoiyeneba rogorc saboloo<br />
damokidebuleba. organizaciebi Cveulebriv iyeneben disciplinaruli<br />
moqmedebebis sust formebs SedarebiT martivi SromiTi problemebisTvis.<br />
menejerebma unda daimaxsovron, rom sami mniSvnelovani ram xdeba<br />
progresuli disciplinis saTanadod gamoyenebis dros:<br />
1. TanamSromlebma yovelTvis ician, ra moeliT darRvevis SemTxvevaSi;<br />
2. TanamSromlebma ician, ra gaumjobesebaa maTgan mosalodneli;<br />
3. TanamSromlebi acnobiereben, ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
gaumjobeseba ar iqneba miRweuli.<br />
P<br />
pozitiuri dasja<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom progresuli disciplina yvelaze popularuli<br />
damokidebulebaa TanamSromelTa saqcielis gamosasworeblad, am bolo<br />
dros zogierTma menejerma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena misi logika. maT<br />
aRniSnes, rom mas aqvs garkveuli naklovanebebi, maT Soris misi<br />
SemaSinebeli da sawinaaRmdego xasiaTi, romelic xels uSlis sasurveli<br />
miznis miRwevas. am mizezebis gamo, organizaciebi, rogoricaa “tampa<br />
eleqtrik kompani”, ouSen sprei”, texasis gonebrivi Seferxebebis<br />
ganyofileba, “penzoili” da “bei earia refid tranziti” iyeneben<br />
egreTwodebul “dadebiT” damokidebulebas, anu aradasjad disciplinas.<br />
pozitiuri disciplina dafuZnebulia principze, rom TanamSromlebma unda<br />
ikisron valdebuleba TavianT pirad qcevaze, agreTve samuSaos Sesrulebaze.<br />
pozitiuri disciplina moiTxovs TanamSromlobiT garemos, sadac<br />
TanamSromlebi da maTi zedamxedvelebi CarTulni arian erTobliv<br />
ganxilvasa da problemaTa gadawyvetaSi, raTa moagvaron TanamSromelTa<br />
upasuxismgeblobis incidentebi. Ees damokidebuleba koncentrirebulia<br />
araswori moqmedebis adreul gamosworebaze, da TanamSromelma unda aiRos<br />
sruli pasuxismgebloba problemis mogvarebaze. yvela gadawyvetileba da<br />
damtkiceba erToblivad miiRweva. Aadamianuri resursebis menejerebi xSirad<br />
pozitiur dasjas aRweren, rogorc “aradasjad disciplinas, romelic<br />
muqarebsa da sasjels cvlis mxardaWeriT”.<br />
maSin roca pozitiuri dasja emsgavseba progresul dasjas, misi<br />
mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom amgvari dasjisas TanamSromels<br />
81
sayvedurs ki ar ucxadeben, aramed Seaxseneben ama Tu im wess da amas<br />
iyeneben, rogorc saSualebas saqmianobis gaumjobesebisaTvis. <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
TanamSromels Seaxsenos, rogorc saSualeba saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad,<br />
vidre sayveduri gamoucxados.Ees teqnika xorcieldeba sam safexurad.<br />
Ppirvel etaps <strong>warmoadgens</strong> Sexvedra TanamSromelsa da zedamxedvels Soris.<br />
Sexvedris mizania ganxilvis saSualebiT, TanamSromelTan zepiri<br />
SeTanxmebiT, moZebnon problemidan gamosavali, raTa gaaumjobeson misi<br />
muSaoba. zedamxedveli Tavs ikavebs sayvedurebisgan an Semdgomi<br />
disciplinaruli RonisZiebiT damuqrebisgan. zedamxedvelebs SeuZliaT<br />
Caiweron es Sexvedra, magram es werilobiTi Canaweri ar Seinaxeba<br />
TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi, Tu msgavsi saqcieli ar ganmeorda.<br />
Tu pirvel nabijs ar mohyva gaumjobeseba, supervaizeri atarebs meore<br />
TaTbirs TanamSromelTan, raTa gaarkvios pirvel TaTbirze miRebulma<br />
SeTanxmebam ratom ar gaamarTla. Aam etapze werilobiTi Sexseneba eZleva<br />
TanamSromels. am dokumentSi mocemulia problemis axali an ganmeorebiTi<br />
mogvareba, imis damowmebiT, rom gaumjobeseba <strong>warmoadgens</strong> TanamSromlis<br />
valdebulebasa da muSaobis gagrZelebis pirobas.<br />
Tu ori TaTbiri ar gamoiRebs sasurvel Sedegebs, mesame nabiji unda<br />
ganxorcieldes – TanamSromels unda miscen erTdRiani anazRaurebadi<br />
Svebuleba, raTa miiRos gadawyvetileba. Eam anazRaurebadi Svebulebis<br />
mizania, rom TanamSromelma gadawyvitos, unda Tu ara muSaobis gagrZeleba<br />
organizaciaSi. Oorganizacia uxdis safasurs am SvebulebisTvis, imis<br />
gamosaxatavad, rom surs TanamSromlis SenarCuna. es anazRaureba amave dros<br />
aRmofxvris uaryofiT Sedegebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia TanamSromlis<br />
erTi dRis gacdenasTan. TanamSromlebi, romelTac Svebuleba eZlevaT<br />
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, iZulebulni arian meore dRes dabrundnen<br />
gadawyvetilebiT: aiRon sruli pasuxismgebloba muSaobis gasaumjobeseblad<br />
an datovon organizacia. Tu valdebulebas ar aiRebs Tavis Tavze,<br />
TanamSromeli ganTavisufldeba im mizeziT, rom igi organizacias<br />
upasuxismgeblod ekideba.<br />
Bbaneris jandacvis sistemis koreqciuli moqmedebis procesi<br />
roca saWiro xdeba koreqciuli moqmedeba, menejerebma problemis<br />
gamosasworeblad unda ganaxorcielon yvelaze dabali donis moqmedeba,<br />
maSinac ki, Tu es moiTxovs adre gamoyenebuli RonisZiebis ganmeorebas.<br />
Bbaners sjera, rom progresuli koreqciuli moqmedebis procesi<br />
TanamSromlisa da baneris interess <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. progresuli koreqciuli<br />
moqmedeba ar aris gansazRvruli dasjisTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom<br />
TanamSromlebma, gamoxaton gaumjobesebis saWiroeba. yvela faqti, maT Soris<br />
muSaobis xangrZlivoba, saqmianoba da daswreba gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba.<br />
TanamSromlisTvis araoficialuri rCeva SeiZleba sakmarisi aRmoCndes<br />
saqmianobis an daswrebis problemebis gamosasworeblad da unda iqnes<br />
gamoyenebuli koreqciuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde. Ees saSualebas<br />
iZleva TanamSromelTan erTad ganvixiloT problema, xelmisawvdomi<br />
resursebi da problemis mogvarebis gzebi.<br />
• Ppirveli safexuri: zepiri gafrTxileba. TanamSromelTan erTad<br />
ganixileT problema, aRniSneT, ra aris saWiro problemis<br />
gamosasworeblad. garkveviT uTxariT TanamSromels, rom es aris zepiri<br />
gafrTxileba, da werilobiTi gafrTxileba miecema, Tu saqmianobas an<br />
82
daswrebas ar gaaumjobesebs. es moqmedeba zedamxedvelma unda<br />
daasabuTos da Seinaxos saqmeSi momavali daxasiaTebisTvis. aseTi<br />
gafrTxilebis Canaweri ar inaxeba TanamSromlis oficialur pirad<br />
saqmeSi.<br />
• Mmeore safexuri: werilobiTi gafrTxileba: Tu zepiri gafrTxilebis<br />
gamocxadebis Semdeg ar aRiniSna sakmarisi gaumjobeseba saqmianobasa da<br />
daswrebaSi, maSin amas werilobiTi gafrTxileba mohyveba. Pproblema da<br />
Sesabamisi faqtebi unda iqnes aRwerili koreqciuli moqmedebis formaSi.<br />
TanamSromels unda uTxran, rom Tu saqmianoba an daswreba ar<br />
gaumjobesdeba, ganxorcieldeba Semdgomi koreqciuli RonisZieba<br />
saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxilebis formaSi an suspensiaSi. Aam<br />
gafrTxilebis Canaweri Senaxuli unda iyos TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi.<br />
• Mmesame safexuri: saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxileba da suspensia: Tu<br />
ar aRiniSneba damakmayofilebeli gaumjobeseba werilobiTi<br />
gafrTxilebis Semdeg, zedamxedvelma unda gaagrZelos procesi saboloo<br />
werilobiTi gafrTxilebiT an samsaxuridan droebiTi daTxovniT.<br />
droebiTi daTxovna SeiZleba moxdes erTi an sami dRiT progresuli<br />
moqmedebis procesSi anazRaurebis gareSe. TanamSromlebs unda urCion,<br />
rom suspensia bolo safexuria ganTavisuflebamde da es dro unda<br />
gamoiyenos, rom gadawyvitos, SeuZlia Tu ara Tavisi saqmianobis an<br />
daswrebis problemis gamosworeba. TanamSromels unda auxsnan, rom<br />
saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxileba bolo safexuria ganTavisuflebamde.<br />
suspensiebi da saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxilebebi unda damtkicdes<br />
Sesabamisi informaciiT da wina koreqciuli moqmedebis safexurebis<br />
TariRebi unda dafiqsirdes koreqciuli moqmedebis formaSi.<br />
• meoTxe safexuri: ganTavisufleba. ganTavisuflebis saboloo<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebamde supervaizerma TanamSromelTan erTad unda<br />
ganixilos sakiTxi/SemTxveva, ramac gamoiwvia misi ganTavisuflebis<br />
gadawyvetileba. Tu TanamSromeli iZleva informacias, romelic<br />
saWiroebs gamokvlevas, zedamxedvelma unda gamoyos garkveuli dro amis<br />
Sesasruleblad. Tu ar arsebobs axali informacia, maSin adamianuri<br />
resursebis departamentTan unda ganxorcieldes konsultacia<br />
TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebamde. ganTavisuflebis Setyobinebis forma<br />
unda Seivsos TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis dros. gancxadeba unda<br />
adasturebdes zepiri, werilobiTi da saboloo werilobiTi<br />
gafrTxilebisa da droebiTi daTxovnis dadgenilebis TariRebs. iq aseve<br />
unda iyos aRniSnuli is konkretuli SemTxvevebi, romlebmac ganapiroba<br />
es gadawyvetileba da sxva nebismieri moqmedeba, romelic gatarda an is<br />
pirobebi, romlebic SesTavazes TanamSromels problemis<br />
gamosasworeblad.<br />
Ddauyovnebeli moqmedeba<br />
xandaxan darRveva iseTi seriozulia, rom saWiroa dauyovnebeli<br />
koreqciuli RonisZiebis gatareba ganTavisuflebamde an TviT<br />
ganTavisufleba. Tu saWiro gaxda TanamSromlis samsaxuridan gaSveba,<br />
83
dauyovnebliv SeaCereT misi muSaoba gamosakvlevad, rac ar unda gagrZeldes<br />
ramdenime dReze met xans. Aar arsebobs “samuSao adgilzeve” TanamSromlis<br />
ganTavisuflebis mizezi. gamoZiebam SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom<br />
disciplinaruli moqmedeba ar iyo Sesaferisi. aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
TanamSromels aunazRaurdeba Tanamdebobidan droebiTi gadayenebis<br />
periodis (dReebis) safasuri.<br />
pozitiuri disciplinis procesi<br />
pirveli TaTbiri<br />
(zepiri Sexseneba)<br />
• ganixileT saqmianobis standartebi<br />
an TanamSromlis qceviTi molodini;<br />
• moipoveT TanamSromlis valdebuleba<br />
daakmayofilos standartebi<br />
(miTiTeba zedamxedvelis saqmeSi).<br />
meore TaTbiri<br />
(werilobiTi Sexseneba)<br />
• gansazRvreT, ratom unda mogvardes problema;<br />
• warudgineT TanamSromels problemis werilobiTi gadawyvetileba;<br />
• moipoveT TanamSromlis valdebuleba<br />
daakmayofilos standartebi<br />
(miTiTeba TanamSromlis saqmeSi).<br />
aRiareba da ganmtkiceba<br />
gadawyvetilebis misaRebi Svebuleba/gadawyvetilebis dRe<br />
• mieciT erTi anazRaurebadi Svebulebis dRe;<br />
• moipoveT TanamSromlis valdebuleba<br />
daakmayofilos standartebi an datovos samsaxuri<br />
(miTiTeba TanamSromlis saqmeSi).<br />
ganTavisufleba<br />
TanamSromlebis ganTavisufleba<br />
roca TanamSromlebi ver icaven organizaciis wesebsa da normebs,<br />
saboloo disciplinarul RonisZiebas umetes SemTxvevebSi <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
ganTavisufleba. radganac ganTavisuflebas aseTi seriozuli Sedegebi<br />
mohyveba TanamSromlisTvis (da SesaZloa organizaciisTvisac), is unda<br />
ganxorcieldes mxolod SemTxvevis kargad gaazrebuli da auCqarebeli<br />
84
ganxilvis Semdeg. Tu TanamSromeli gamoagdes, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sarCeli<br />
arasamarTlianad ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rom samsaxuridan daTxovna moxda<br />
arasamarTlianad an arasakmarisi mizeziT, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom<br />
xelmZRvaneloba arasamarTlianad eqceoda.<br />
Tu TanamSromlis ganTavisufleba gamowveuli iyo saTanado mizeziT,<br />
ras niSnavs TanamSromlisadmi samarTliani mopyroba?Eam kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />
gacema advili ar aris, magram standartebi namdvilad arsebobs, romlebic<br />
aregulireben samarTlian ganTavisuflebas SromiTi samarTlis sferoSi<br />
SemuSavebuli wesebis farglebSi. es wesebi Seicavs mTel rig principebs,<br />
romlebsac iyeneben mosamarTleebi ganTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
saqmeebSi, raTa gansazRvron, hqonda Tu ara xelmZRvanelobas safuZvliani<br />
mizezi TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebisTvis. Ees principebi Cveulebriv<br />
Camoyalibebulia kiTxvebis formiT, romelic mocemulia 13.11 sqemaze.<br />
magaliTad, TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebamde menejerma winaswar<br />
gaafrTxila Tu ara SesaZlo disciplinaruli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb? nebismieri<br />
Svidi kiTxvis pasuxis gaucemloba niSnavs, rom is ar iyo safuZvliani da<br />
administraciis gadawyvetileba ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb iyo TviTneburi,<br />
dausabuTebeli, axirebuli an diskriminaciuli. am principebis mniSvneloba<br />
aris is, rom maT mimarTaven aramarto arbitrebi ganTavisuflebis<br />
SemTxvevebSi, aramed mosamarTleebic arasamarTlianad ganTavisuflebis<br />
Sesaxeb sarCelebis ganxilvisas, da EEOC diskriminaciuli darRvevebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa seqsualuri Zaladoba. mniSvnelovania, rom menejerebi<br />
yvela doneze acnobierebdnen am safuZvlian principebs da maT swor<br />
gamoyenebas.<br />
ganTavisuflebis safuZvliani principebi<br />
1. organizaciam winaswar gaafrTxila Tu ara TanamSromeli misi moqmedebis<br />
SesaZlo disciplinarul Sedegebze;<br />
2. menejmentis moTxovnebi TanamSromlis mimarT mizanSewonili iyo<br />
organizaciis saqmianobis mowesrigebul, efeqtur da usafrTxo<br />
muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT Tu ara;<br />
3. xelmZRvaneloba TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebamde saTanadod Seecada Tu<br />
ara daedasturebina, rom TanamSromlis muSaoba aradamakmayofilebeli<br />
iyo;<br />
4. samarTlianad da obieqturad Catarda organizaciis gamoZieba Tu ara;<br />
5. gamoavlina Tu ara gamoZiebam danaSaulis sakmarisi mtkicebuleba;<br />
6. eqceoda Tu ara xelmZRvaneloba TanamSromels iseTive wesebiT,<br />
brZanebebiTa da sasjeliT, rogoriTac sxva TanamSromlebs msgavs<br />
situaciebSi;<br />
7. Seesabameboda Tu ara ganTavisufleba TanamSromlis araswor saqciels<br />
(igulisxmeba damtkicebuli darRvevis seriozuloba, TanamSromlis<br />
muSaobis Canaweri da raime Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi).<br />
TanamSromlisTvis Setyobineba<br />
85
ganTavisuflebis mizezebi unda ganvixiloT TanamSromelTan erTad.<br />
yvelanairad unda vecadoT SevamsubuqoT ganTavisflebis Sedegad<br />
warmoSobili travma. TanamSromels unda ecnobos keTilsindisierad,<br />
taqtianad am moqmedebis zusti mizezebi. aseTi gulwrfeloba daexmareba mas<br />
gaigos problema da ganewyos konstruqciulad mis mimarT.<br />
SeiZleba, menejers surdes, momavali ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi<br />
ganixilos Sexvedraze Tavis kolegebTan erTad. Ees praqtika uzrunvelyofs,<br />
rom menejerisTvis cnobili yvela mniSvnelovani konfidencialuri sakiTxi<br />
daculi iyos. roca menejerebi fiqroben, rom Sexvedris Catareba aris<br />
ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganxilvis erTaderTi swori gza, Semdegi<br />
principebi dagexmarebaT ganxilvis ufro efeqturad warmarTvaSi:<br />
1. midiT adgilze pirveli, ori-sami wuTiT adre, da logikurad<br />
CamoayalibeT ganTavisuflebis yvela mizezi;<br />
2. iyaviT pirdapiri da mtkice, Tumca taqtiani, da darCiT mtkice Tqvens<br />
gadawyvetilebaSi;<br />
3. ganxilva unda moxdes calke, unda iyos saqmiani da, amasTan,<br />
lakoniuri;<br />
4. ar aurioT kargi da cudi erTmaneTSi. problemis Serbileba<br />
TanamSromlisTvis gaurkvevel Setyobinebas ganapirobebs;<br />
5. Tavi SeikaveT braldebebisgan TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg da nu CarTavT<br />
diskusiaSi pirad grZnobebs;<br />
6. nu daasaxelebT raime pirovnul gansxvavebebs Tqvensa da<br />
TanamSromels Soris;<br />
7. miawodeT nebismieri informacia raime anazRaurebis gamoyofasa da<br />
daxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
8. auxseniT, rogor unda marTos muSaoba momaval damsaqmeblebTan.<br />
ganTavisuflebis gansaxilveli Sexvedrebi unda Catardes neitralur<br />
adgilas, rogoricaa sakonferencio oTaxi, rom TanamSromelma ar igrZnos<br />
misadmi usamarTlod moqceva. ganTavisuflebis ganxilvis dros<br />
xelmZRvanelobam arasodes ar unda moaxdinos TanamSromelze provokacia,<br />
TanamSromels ar unda misces saSualeba mtrulad ganewyos administraciis<br />
mimarT. Tu agitaciis an Setevis raime niSnebi gamovlindeba, Sexvedra<br />
dauyovnebliv unda Sewydes da ecnobos dacvas an adamianuri resursebis<br />
departaments. erT-erTi samsaxuri aRniSnavs:<br />
“samuSao adgilis fataluri darRvevis umetesi SemTxvevebi xdeba<br />
TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis an sxvagvarad dasjis Semdeg. Uudavoa, rom<br />
Tu pirovnebas ukve aqvs Zaladobis Cadenisadmi fsiqologiuri midrekileba,<br />
disciplinaruli Sexvedra SeiZleba sakmaod daZabuli iyos. ufro metic,<br />
damsaqmebelma unda uzrunvelyos, rom Sexvedra Catardes aseTi Sedegis<br />
SesaZleblobis minimalizaciiT.<br />
sabolood, TanamSromelTa ganTavisufleba ar unda iyos<br />
Seuracxmyofeli. menejerebma ar unda gamoxaton, rom ganTavisuflebuli<br />
TanamSromlebi arakeTilsindisierni an arasando pirovnebebi iyvnen.Uufro<br />
metic, menejerebma arasodes ar unda ganixilon ganTavisufleba, cudad ar<br />
unda moixsenion ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi sxva TanamSromlebTan,<br />
momxmareblebTan an sxva pirebTan. Mmenejerebi am sakiTxSi metad<br />
sityvaZunwebi unda iyvnen. ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi ufro da ufro<br />
86
metad uCivian sasamarTloSi imis dasamtkiceblad, maTi ganTavisufleba<br />
ganpirobebuli iyo Tu ara saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli mizezebiT.<br />
Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedura<br />
xelmZRvanelobas tradiciulad aqvs ufleba mimarTos TanamSromlebs<br />
da gaataros koreqciuli RonisZieba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca isini<br />
amtkiceben, rom TanamSromlebma daarRvies organizaciis wesebi, mraval<br />
adamians mainc sjera, rom TanamSromlebi ar unda daisajon Sesabamisi<br />
samarTlebrivi proceduris dacvis gareSe. Aadamianuri resursebis<br />
menejerebi Cveulebriv gansazRvraven “Sesabamis samarTlebriv proceduras”,<br />
rogorc TanamSromlis uflebas mousminon mas - TanamSromlis uflebas<br />
daafiqsiros Tavisi pozicia SemTxvevasTan, organizaciis wesebis<br />
dadasturebul darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisi procesi emsaxureba<br />
imas, rom xdeba TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis sruli da saTanado<br />
gamoZieba. Cveulebriv Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedura miewodebaT<br />
TanamSromlebs damsaqmeblis saapelacio procedurebis saSualebiT. Tumca<br />
aqtiuri ufrosebi damatebiT iyeneben Semdeg principebs an uflebebs<br />
Sesabamisi procesis TavianTi interpretaciiT:<br />
1. ufleba icode samsaxuris molodinebi da am molodinebis<br />
Seusruleblobis Sedegebi;<br />
2. ufleba wesebis darRvevisTvis xelmZRvanelobis mosalodneli mkacri<br />
moqmedebis Sesaxeb;<br />
3. ufleba samarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb, romelic dafuZnebulia faqtebze,<br />
ufleba am faqtebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebis Sesaxeb, da dacvis<br />
ufleba;<br />
4. ufleba disciplinaruli moqmedebis gasaCivrebis Taobaze;<br />
5. ufleba progresuli dasjis Sesaxeb.<br />
alternatiuli davebis mogvarebis meTodebi<br />
faqtobrivad yvela SromiT xelSekrulebaSi saCivris (davebis)<br />
pirobebi gansazRvrulia. NaraprofkavSirულ organizaciebSi alternatiuli<br />
davebis mogvarebis (ADR) principebi axlaxans SemuSavda. damsaqmeblis<br />
interesს warmoSobs survili, daakmayofilos TanamSromelTa molodini, rom<br />
maT samarTlianad moepyron samsaxurSi, amgvari ;mopyrobis garantias<br />
damsaqmeblebi aZleven diskriminaciis pretenziebis an arasworad<br />
ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb saCivrebis minimalizaciis imediT. ADR principebma<br />
mowoneba daimsaxures aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlosga “Gilmer v Interstate/Jonson<br />
Lane Corp.” Kkompaniis SemTxvevis ganxilvisas. sasamarTlom daicva kerZo<br />
xelSekruleba, romelic moiTxovda asakobrivi diskriminaciis pretenziebis<br />
arbitraJs. arbitraJis uflebamosilebis gamoyenebam SromiTi davebis<br />
mosagvareblad miiRo damatebiTi mxardaWera 2001 wlis martSi, roca aSS-is<br />
uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom damsaqmeblebs SeuZliaT<br />
TanamSromlebs mosTxovon samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli davebi warudginon<br />
arbitrs. Ees mTavari gadawyvetileba xelmZRvanelobas saSualebas aZlevs<br />
arbitraJis programebi daadginos, rogorc TanamSromlisTvis erTaderTi<br />
saSualeba SromiTi pretenziebis mosagvareblad, sasamarTlo moqmedebis<br />
87
Secvla _ rogorc arCevani. 1991 wlis samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis 118-e<br />
nawilic mxars uWers ADR principebs, maT Soris arbitraJis gamoyenebas.<br />
zogierTi organizacia icavs am principebs, rogorc<br />
TanamSromlebisTvis zeviT mimarTuli komunikaciis saSualebas da rogorc<br />
samuSao Zalis xasiaTis Sefasebis saSualebas. sxvebi ki am sistemebs<br />
miiCneven mcire problemebis mogvarebis saSualebad manam, sanam isini mTavar<br />
sakiTxebad gadaiqceva, amgvarad, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlis moralis<br />
gaumjobesebasa da produqtiulobis gazrdas.<br />
gasaCivrebis procedurebi, romlebic am TavSi ganixileba etapobrivi<br />
ganxilvis sistemas <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. kolegebTan ganxilvis sistemas, momsmeni<br />
moxelis gamoyenebas, Ria politikas, saxalxo damcveliT sargeblobas,<br />
Suamavlobasa da arbitraJs.<br />
Eetapobrivi ganxilvis sistema<br />
Eetapobrivi ganxilvis sistema, romelic Seqmnilia menejmentis maRali<br />
doniT TanamSromelTa saCivrebis gansaxilvelad, dafuZnebulia winaswar<br />
Camoyalibebul mTel rig etapebze (Cveulebriv _ oTxze). Ees meTodebi<br />
profkavSiris saCivrebis sistemis safuZvelze SemuSavda, romelsac me-14<br />
TavSi ganvixilavT. magaliTad, am meTodebis mixedviT, TanamSromlis<br />
saCivari unda gaformdes, rogorc werilobiTi gancxadeba. menejerebma<br />
sruli reagireba unda moaxdinon ama Tu im ukmayofilebaze gansazRvrul<br />
periodSi, SesaZloa, sami an xuTi samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
TanamSromelma zogjer Tavi unda aaridos Tavis uSualo<br />
zedamxedvelTan Sexvedras, Tu TanamSromeli moelis represiebs am<br />
pirovnebisgan. gasaCivrebis sistemebisgan gansxvavebiT, profkavSiris<br />
organizaciebSi gasaCivrebis procedurebze neitraluri mesame mxare<br />
(arbitri) ar gamodis, rogorc bolo instanciis mosamarTle. etapobrivi<br />
ganxilvis umetes sistemebSi prezidenti, ufrosi aRmasrulebeli moxele,<br />
viceprezidenti, an adamianuri resursebis ufrosi moqmedebs, rogorc<br />
saboloo uflebamosilebis mqone piri, da am pirovnebis gadawyvetileba ar<br />
eqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas. zogierTi organizacia TanamSromlebs exmareba<br />
maTi saCivrebis (saqmeebis) momzadebaSi. magaliTad, TanamSromels, romelsac<br />
surs, miiRos rCeva an konsultacia, SeuZlia misi miReba kompetenturi<br />
pirisgan adamianuri resursebis departamentSi manam, sanam am sakiTxs<br />
ganixilavs xelmZRvanelobasTan.<br />
samwuxarod, ganxilvis sistemebma SeiZleba ver miiRon sasurveli<br />
Sedegebi. TanamSromlebma SeiZleba daijeron, rom xelmZRvaneloba agvianebs<br />
reagirebas saCivrebze da rom administraciis reagireba xSirad ar agvarebs<br />
problemas. ufro metic, TanamSromlebma SeiZleba miiCnion, rom miuxedavad<br />
represiebis amkrZalavi strategiisa, zedamxedvelebi mainc mimarTaven maT,<br />
rogorc TavianT uflebebs, rogorc es aRniSnulia ganxilvis sistemebSi. Eam<br />
problemebs ar mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom yvela ganxilvis sistema<br />
uSedegoa da araefeqturi, magram xelmZRvanelobam gamafrTxilebeli zomebi<br />
unda miiRos, rom sistemebma gaamarTlos da mogvces sasurveli Sedegebi.<br />
88
konvenciuli etapobrivi ganxilvis saapelacio principi<br />
TanamSromeli – zedamxedveli – departamentis ufrosi – adamianuri<br />
resursebis departamenti – ufrosi xelmZRvaneloba<br />
PTanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistemebi<br />
P Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistema, e. w. saCivarTa komiteti Sedgeba<br />
TanamSromelTa warmomadgenlebisa da xelmZRvanelobis mier daniSnuli<br />
pirebisagan, romlebic Tanabari raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. TanamSromlebi<br />
warmomadgenlebs Cveulebriv faruli kenWisyriT gansazRvruli vadiT<br />
irCeven, xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgenlebic iniSnebian monacvleobis<br />
safuZvelze. Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistema moqmedebs, rogorc<br />
marTlmsajuleba, radganac misi wevrebi mtkicebulebas afaseben,<br />
argumentebs ganixilaven da ganxilvis Semdeg damoukideblad xmas saboloo<br />
gadawyvetilebas aZleven.<br />
Oorganizaciebi, rogoricaa “Turner Brothers Trucking”, “Northrop-Grumman”,<br />
“Polaroid”, “Citicorp”, PTanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistemis erT-erT<br />
prioritetad miiCneven samarTlianobis grZnobas, rasac is iwvevs<br />
TanamSromlebSi. Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistema SeiZleba<br />
gamoviyenoT, rogorc erTaderTi meTodi TanamSromelTa ukmayofilebis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad, an SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes etapobrivi ganxilvis<br />
sistemasTan erTad. magaliTad, Tu TanamSromeli ar aris kmayofili<br />
xelmZRvanelobis moqmedebiT pirvel da meore etapze (etapobrivi ganxilvis<br />
sistemis gamoyenebisas), mas SeuZlia warudginos saCivari<br />
Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis komitets saboloo gadawyvetilebis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
“Ria karis” politika<br />
“Ria karis” politika Zveli saSualebaa TanamSromlis ukmayofilebis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad. Ffaqtobrivad, menejerTa umetesoba, miuxedavad imisa, maTma<br />
organizaciam formalurad miiRo Tu ara “Ria karis” politika, aRiarebs,<br />
iyenebs mas. tradiciuli “Ria karis” politika gansazRvravs<br />
xelmZRvanelobis sxvadasxva doneebs uSualo zedamxedvelis zemoT, visac<br />
SeiZleba gabrazebuli TanamSromeli daukavSirdes; doneebi SeiZleba<br />
gavrceldes maRal Tanamdebobebze, rogoricaa viceprezidenti, prezidenti,<br />
an ufrosi aRmasrulebeli. Bbunebrivia, adamiani, romelic moqmedebs,<br />
rogorc “bolo instanciis sasamarTlo”, aris adamianuri resursebis<br />
direqtori an kadrebis ufrosi moxele.<br />
problemebi “Ria karis” politikiT kargad gvardeba. aris<br />
sirTuleebic: menejerebs ar surT patiosnad mousminon TanamSromelTa<br />
saCivrebs da piriqiT: TanamSromlebs ar surT mimarTon menejerebs TavianTi<br />
ukmayofilebebiT. erTxel TanamSromelma uTxra am teqstis avtors: “Cems<br />
menejers aqvs “Ria karis” politika, magram kari Riaa mxolod erTi inCiT”.<br />
marTlac es TanamSromeli xvdeba, rom mas Zalian mcire Sansi aqvs raime<br />
gaawyos Tavis menejerTan. am sistemas Tan axlavs sxva problemebic. “Ria<br />
karis” politika ver uzrunvelyofs mtkice gadawyvetilebis miRebas,<br />
vinaidan is, rac samarTliania erTi menjerisTvis, SeiZleba miuRebeli<br />
aRmoCndes meorisTvis. maRali donis menejerebi mxars uWeren supervaizerebs<br />
89
imis gamo, rom uflebamosilebis Sesustebis eSiniaT. rogorc<br />
samarTlianobis sistema, “Ria karis” politikac naklebi ndobiT sargeblobs<br />
TanamSromlebSi. Tumca “Ria karis” politika xSirad warmatebulia, mas<br />
mxars uWers yvela donis xelmZRvaneloba. am sistemiT menejeri cdilobs<br />
SeinarCunos samarTlianisa da obieqturis reputacia.<br />
saxalxo damcvelis sistema<br />
“Rockwell”, “Jonson&Jonson”, “Herman Miller”, “Morley Builders”, “Volvo” is<br />
kompaniebia, romlebic saxalxo damcvelis eqspertizas iyenebe. saxalxo<br />
damcveli aris konkretuli pirovneba, romlisganac TanamSromlebi rCevebs<br />
moelian TavianTi problemebis mosagvareblad. saxalxo damcveli usmens<br />
TanamSromlebis ukmayofilebas da cdilobs moagvaros is TanamSromelsa da<br />
zedamxedvels Soris SuamavlobiT. Ees pirovneba TanamSromlobs orive<br />
mxaresTan SeTanxmebis misaRwevad da problemis gadasawyvetad xSirad<br />
kritikuli damokidebulebis gamoyeneba uwevs. radganac saxalxo damcvels<br />
ara aqvs uflebamosileba sabolood gadawyvitos problema, kompromisebi<br />
ufro metadaa SesaZlebeli, Tanac yvela piri kmayofili unda darCes<br />
SedegiT.<br />
warmatebuli muSaobisTvis saxalxo damcvels unda SeeZlos<br />
konfidencialur garemoSi muSaoba, riTac safrTxe ar eqmneba im menejerebis<br />
an TanaSemweebis usafrTxoebas, vinc CarTulni arian saCivarSi. saxalxo<br />
damcvels ara aqvs ufleba uaryos TanamSromlis zedamxedvelis mier<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetileba, man unda gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, Tu mas<br />
sjera, rom TanamSromels usamarTlod moeqcnen. TanamSromlebisTvis<br />
samarTlianobis miRwevaSi daxmarebis garda saxalxo damcvelebs SeuZliaT<br />
TviTon Seamowmon xelmZRvaneloba.<br />
Suamdgomloba<br />
arbitraJTan erTad Suamavloba ufro da ufro popularuli xdeba<br />
TanamSromelTa problemebis mosagvareblad. Suamdgomloba iyenebs sammxriv<br />
neitralitets (egreTwodebuli mediatori), raTa daexmaros muSakebsa da<br />
xelmZRvanelobas orive mxarisTvis misaRebi SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi.<br />
Suamdgomloba gulisxmobs kompromisze wasvlas, SeTanxmebas. mediatori<br />
Caatarebs Sexvedras TanamSromelTan da xelmZRvanelobasTan, moismens<br />
TiToeuli mxaris pozicias, Seagrovebs faqtebs, da Semdeg ganxilvis,<br />
winadadebebisa da gadamwyveti argumentebis saSualebiT miaRwevs<br />
SeTanxmebas, romelic daakmayofilebs orive mxaris moTxovnebs. Mmediatori<br />
Tavidan moqmedebs, rogorc faqtebis Semgrovebeli da mxareTa Soris<br />
kavSiris damamyarebeli. arbitrisgan gansxvavebiT, mediatorebs ara aqvT<br />
ufleba an uflebamosileba aiZulon romelime mxare SeTanxmebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. maT unda gamoiyenon TavianTi komunikaciis unari da<br />
darwmunebis ufleba, raTa mxareebs maTi problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmaron.<br />
Suamdgomloba fleqsiuri procesia, romelmac SeiZleba<br />
daakmayofilos mxareTa moTxovnebi. agreTve is gamoiyeneba TanamSromelTa<br />
mTeli rigi problemebis gadasawyvetad, maT Soris diskriminaciis<br />
pretenziebis an tradiciuli SromiTi davebis mosagvareblad.<br />
TanamSromlebs moswonT es procesi misi araoficialurobis gamo. erT-erTi<br />
xelmZRvanelobis Tanaxmad, “Suamdgomloba SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc<br />
90
miukerZoebeli mesame mxaris kerZo ganxilva”. Suamdgomlobis saSualebiT<br />
Secvlili gadawyvetilebebi ukve misaRebia orive mxaris mier, amrigad, is<br />
exmareba mxareebs sasurveli SromiTi urTierTobis damyarebaSi.<br />
arbitraJi<br />
kerZo damsaqmeblebma SeiZleba moiTxovon, rom TanamSromlebma<br />
warudginon TavianTi SromiTi davebi mogvarebisTvis arbitraJs (arbitraJi<br />
dawvrilebiT ganxilulia me-14 TavSi). arbitraJs mimarTaven ZiriTadad<br />
diskriminaciis sarCelebis mosagvareblad asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri<br />
Zaladobis da rasis sferoebSi. sxva SromiTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa<br />
promouSenebi, kompensacia, dasja an kompaniis strategiis gamoyeneba,<br />
SeiZleba arbitraJs gadaeces, Tu es dasaSvebia damsaqmeblis arbitraJis<br />
programiT. xelmZRvaneloba asaxelebs arbitraJis gamoyenebis upiratesobebs:<br />
danazogebs davebis xarjebSi, drois dakargvis Tavidan acilebasa da<br />
arasasurvel sajaroobas.<br />
arbitraJis SeTanxmebebi awesrigeben, rom TanamSromlebma gaasaCivron<br />
Tavisi diskriminaciis pretenziebi, xelmZRvanelobasY ar SeuZlia aukrZalos<br />
TanamSromlebs diskriminaciis braldebebis wamoyeneba EEOC-s saSualebiT<br />
da gamoiyenos sxva kanonmdeblobiTi uflebebi samTavrobo uwyebebTan. EEOC-<br />
Si, “Waffle House Inc.” Kkompaniis SemTxvevaSi, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />
mxari dauWira im Tvalsazriss, rom TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT<br />
diskriminaciis sarCelebis wayeneba EEOC-s saSualebiT da mas xels aweren<br />
TanamSromlebi. arbitraJma SeiZleba TanamSromlebs xeli SeuSalos, rom ar<br />
uCivlon administracias sasamarTloSi, magram maT ufleba ara aqvT<br />
TanamSromlebs aukrZalon diskriminaciis braldebebis wayeneba EEOC-s<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
Mmenejeruli eTika TanamSromelTan urTierTobebSi<br />
am wignSi Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT adamianuri resursebis<br />
menejmentis samarTlebriv moTxovnebze. kanonebi, uwyebis gadawyvetilebebi<br />
da sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi gavlenas axdens SromiTi procesis yvela<br />
aspeqtze: dakompleqtebaze, SerCevaze, saqmianobis Sefasebaze, usafrTxoebasa<br />
da janmrTelobaze, SromiT urTierTobebsa da Semowmebaze. Mmenejerebma<br />
samTavrobo normebi unda daicvan, raTa xeli Seuwyon davebisagan<br />
Tavisufali garemos Seqmnas.<br />
Tumca, imis garda, rac kanoniTaa moTxovnili, gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
agreTve organizaciis eTikis sakiTxi da menejerebis eTikuri qcevis<br />
problemebi. eTika SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc miRebuli qcevisa da<br />
moraluri gansjis standartebis erToblioba. eTika uzrunvelyofs<br />
kulturuli, organizaciuli da socialuri principebis dacvas, rac<br />
exmareba pirovnebas saTanado da arasaTanado qcevas Soris arCevanis<br />
gakeTebaSi (gadawyvetalebis miRebaSi). Uufro metic, eTika, adaminauri<br />
resursebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis msgavsad, vrceldeba SromiTi<br />
urTierTobebis yvela aspeqtze. magaliTad, menejerebma SeiZleba mxari<br />
dauWiron organizaciis amocanas daiqiraos maRali klasis<br />
warmomadgenlebi, magram es TanamSromlebi rogor gakontroldebian da<br />
rogor moeqcevian maT - es ukve menejeruli eTikis sakiTxia.<br />
91
kanonebTan da TanamSromelTa qcevasTan urTierToba menejeris<br />
saqmianobis or sruliad gansxvavebul aspeqts <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. eTikuri<br />
problemebi yovelTvis arsebobs TanamSromlebSi. sainteresoa, am bolo<br />
drois gamokvlevam – “eTikuri sakiTxebi TanamSromlisa da ufrosis<br />
urTierTobebSi”, romelic daafinansa finansuri samsaxuris profesionalTa<br />
sazogadoebam _ aCvena, rom damsaqmebelTa 97%-ma da TanamSromelTa 84%-ma<br />
ganacxada, rom TanamSromlebisaTvis micemuli yalbi dapirebebi eTikis<br />
yvelaze seriozuri darRvevaa ufrosebis mxridan. muSaobis periodSi<br />
narkotikebis an alkoholis moxmareba da el.fostis borotad gamoyeneba<br />
sxva TanamSromlis mimarT dasaxelda samsaxurebrivi eTikis darRvevis<br />
yvelaze xSir SemTxvevebad. Cven gvjera, rom menejeruli eTika<br />
TanamSromelTa urTierTobebSi moiTxovs patiosnebas TanamSromelsa da<br />
menejers Soris yvelanair saqmeSi, agreTve ormxriv pativiscemas samuSao<br />
valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dros.<br />
Mmraval organizacias aqvs Tavisi eTikis kodeqsi, romelic awesrigebs<br />
TanamSromlebsa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobebs. Ees kodeqsi<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs eTikur Rirebulebebze da organizaciebsa da<br />
calkeul menejerebs safuZvels uqmnis Seafason TavianTi gegmebi da<br />
moqmedebebi. adamianuri resursebis departamentebs didi roli ekisrebaT<br />
organizaciis Rirebulebebsa da standartebs Soris kavSiris<br />
uzrunvelyofaSi, eTikis kodeqsTan Sesabamisobis SemowmebaSi, agreTve<br />
organizaciaSi standartebis ganmtkicebaSi. amJamad organizaciebs aqvT<br />
eTikis komitetebi da hyavT eTikis damcveli pirebi, raTa<br />
TanamSromlebisTvis uzrunvelyon treningi eTikaSi. am treningis ZiriTadi<br />
mizania TanamSromlebma Tavidan aacilon araeTikuri qceva da saziano<br />
moqmedebebi; moipovon strategiuli upiratesoba, , sxva TanamSromlebs<br />
moeqcnen samarTlianad da obieqturad da aRiqvan isini organizaciis<br />
Rirseul wevrebad.<br />
Mmokle mimoxilva<br />
Aamocana 1. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gamoTqvan pretenzia, rom maT aqvT<br />
kanonieri ufleba moiTxovon samsaxurSi maTdami samarTliani da obieqturi<br />
damokidebuleba. TanamSromelTa uflebebis sakiTxebi sxva problemebTan<br />
erTad gulisxmobs narkologiur Semowmebas an TanamSromlis piradi<br />
saubrebis kontrols. amasTan, xelmZRvaneloba valdebulia uzrunvelyos<br />
usafrTxoeba da daicvas TanamSromlis samuSao adgili saziano<br />
SemTxvevebisgan. roca TanamSromelTa uflebebTan erTad ar igulisxmeba<br />
xelmZRvanelobis Sesabamisi valdebulebebi, SeiZleba warmoiSvas<br />
winaaRmdegoba.<br />
Aamocana 2. TanamSromelsac da ufrossac aqvs garkveuli uflebebi da<br />
molodini SromiT urTierTobebSi. Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvreba exeba<br />
TanamSromlisa da ufrosis uflebebs Sewyviton SromiTi urTierToba, maSin<br />
roca nagulisxmevi kontraqtis cneba <strong>warmoadgens</strong> gamonakliss Tavisufali<br />
dasaqmebis dogmaSi. am cnebis Tanaxmad, ufrosis zepirma an werilobiTma<br />
gancxadebebma SeiZleba Camoayalibos kontraqtuli valdebuleba, ramac<br />
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SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos TanamSromlis avtomatur ganTavisuflebas.<br />
konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba xdeba, roca TanamSromeli Tavisi nebiT<br />
wyvets muSaobas, magram Semdeg amtkicebs, rom igi iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo<br />
samsaxuridan autaneli samuSao pirobebis gamo, romelic Seuqmna<br />
damsaqmebelma. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT pretenzia ganacxadon, rom maT<br />
samagieros uxdian, roca ufrosebi sjian maT TavianTi uflebebis<br />
gamoyenebisTvis kanonis Tanaxmad an zianis miyenebisTvis sasamarTlo<br />
kompensaciebis miRebisas.<br />
amocana 3. TanamSromlebi moelian garkveul konfidencialurobis uflebebs<br />
maT pirad saqmeebSi arasaTanado Carevisgan Tavis dasacavad. Ees uflebebi<br />
iseT sakiTxebsac moicavs, rogoricaa narkotikebis gamoyeneba da<br />
narkologiuri Semowmeba; gamokvlevebi da zedamxedveloba; arasamsaxurebrivi<br />
piradi uflebebi; elfostis, internetisa da xmovani fostis gasaidumloeba<br />
Dda genetikuri analizi.<br />
amocana 4. adamianuri resursebis departamentma sxva menejerebTan erTad<br />
unda SeimuSaos disciplinaruli strategia da politika. es xels Seuwyobs<br />
politikis aRiarebasa da mis gamoyenebas. dasjis saWiroebis Sesamcireblad<br />
organizaciis normebi da principebi farTod unda iyos cnobili, unda<br />
gaformdes werilobiT da ganemartos TanamSromlebs. wesebi unda exebodes<br />
organizaciis usafrTxo da efeqtur muSaobas. roca menejerebi akontroleben<br />
wesebis moqmedebas, maT unda gamoiyenon isini, sanam dasjian TanamSromels.<br />
amocana 5. termins “disciplina” sami mniSvneloba aqvs: dasja, wesrigi da<br />
treningi TanamSromelTa qcevis Sesaxeb. roca viyenebT mas TanamSromelTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, disciplina unda emsaxurebodes TanamSromlis arasasurveli<br />
qcevis gamosworebas, da TanamSromels unda gauCinos TviTkontrolis<br />
survili. Ddisciplinis mesame mniSvneloba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes mxolod<br />
maSin, roca menejerebi TanamSromlis araswori saqcielis srul da<br />
miukerZoebel gamoZiebas atareben. TanamSromlis araswori saqcielis<br />
gamoZieba darRvevis Sesabamisi dokumentebiT damtkicebiT iwyeba. roca<br />
menejerebi TanamSromlis problemebs ikvleven, maT zustad unda hqondeT<br />
Seswavlili darRveva: icoda Tu ara TanamSromelma darRveuli wesis Sesaxeb,<br />
arsebobs Tu ara Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi, ramac SeiZleba gaamarTlos<br />
TanamSromlis saqcieli. roca TanamSromeli unda daisajos, wesi unda<br />
gadaixedos, amasTan ganxilul unda iqnes TanamSromlis ganvlili muSaobis<br />
monacemebi.<br />
amocana 6. disciplinisadmi ori midgoma arsebobs: progresuli disciplina<br />
da pozitiuri disciplina. progresuli disciplina moicavs etapebis jgufebs,<br />
rac damyarebulia koreqciuli moqmedebis xarisxis gazrdaze. gamoyenebuli<br />
koreqciuli moqmedeba unda Seesabamebodes TanamSromlis darRvevis<br />
kategorias, tips. Sexsenebebze dafuZnebuli pozitiuri disciplina aris<br />
TanamSromlobiTi disciplinis mimarTuleba, romlis drosac TanamSromlebi<br />
iReben pasuxismgeblobas qcevis gaumjobesebisTvis. mizani imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom aRmoifxvras TanamSromlis aradamakmayofilebeli saqmianoba, sanam<br />
ukmayofiloba seriozul problemad gadaiqceva.<br />
amocana 7. alternatiuli davis gadawyvetis principebis saSualebiT<br />
TanamSromlebi Sesabamisi procesis uflebebs iyeneben. ADRs-s yvelaze zogadi<br />
formebia etapobrivi ganxilvis sistema, Tanabari ganxilvis sistema, saxalxo<br />
damcvelis sistema, Suamdgomloba da arbitraJi.<br />
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amocana 8. adamianuri resursebis menejmentSi eTika vrceldeba<br />
TanamSromelTa marTvis samarTlebriv moTxovnebze. menejerebi eTikur<br />
normebs icaven, roca TanamSromlebs eqcevian obieqturad da samarTlianad.<br />
Sesabamisad, TanamSromlis piradi da samsaxurebrivi uflebebi daculia.<br />
ZiriTadi terminebi<br />
alternatiuli davis gadawyveta (ADR)<br />
konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba<br />
disciplina<br />
Sesabamisi procesi<br />
TanamSromlis uflebebi<br />
Tavisufali dasaqmebis principi<br />
eTika<br />
“cxeli Rumelis” wesi<br />
Suamdgomloba<br />
mediatori<br />
gulgriloba<br />
saxalxo damcveli<br />
“Ria karis” politika<br />
Tanaswori ganxilvis sistema<br />
pozitiuri anu aradasjadi disciplina<br />
progresuli disciplina<br />
etapobrivi ganxilvis sistema<br />
gansaxilveli sakiTxebi<br />
1. gansazRvreT sami sfero, sadac TanamSromlis uflebebi da ufrosis<br />
movaleobebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. rogor SeiZleba warmoiSvas es<br />
konfliqti?<br />
2. gansazRvreT Tavisufali dasaqmebis principebi. ra aris sasamarTlos<br />
sami ZiriTadi gamonaklisi am dogmidan?<br />
3. ra kanonmdeblobiTi da sasamarTlo SezRudvebi arsebobs<br />
damsaqmeblis narkologiur SemowmebasTan dakavSirebiT kerZo da<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorSi?<br />
4. Tu Tqven mogTxoves disciplinis Sesaxeb politikis SemuSaveba, ra<br />
sakiTxebs gaaerTianebT am politikaSi?<br />
5. ra unda iyos sagamoZiebo gasaubrebis mizani da rogor<br />
damokidebulebas unda mivmarToT misi Catarebis dros?<br />
6. ganixileT, Tu ratom aris mniSvnelovani dokumentacia<br />
disciplinaruli procesisTvis. ra Sedis swor dokumentaciaSi?<br />
7. aRwereT progresuli da pozitiuri disciplina da aRniSneT<br />
gansxvaveba am or mimarTulebas Soris;<br />
8. rogor fiqrobT, ras unda moicavdes efeqturi alternatiuli davis<br />
mogvarebis sistema? ra Sedegebs eliT aseTi sistemisgan? Tu Tqven<br />
gTxoves daareguliroT ganTavisuflebis SemTxveva, ra faqtebs<br />
ganixilavT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad: mxars dauWerT Tu uaryofT<br />
damsaqmeblis moqmedebas?<br />
94
9. marto an gundSi muSaobis dros gansazRvreT eTikuri problemebi,<br />
romlebic warmoiSoba muSaobis procesSi da exeba Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
sxvadsxva sferoSi adamianuri resursebis SerCevas, saqmianobis<br />
Sefasebas, usafrTxoebasa da jandacvas, pirad uflebebs da<br />
kompensacias.<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebis gansazRvra<br />
A adamianuri resursebis mudmivad cvalebad sferoSi savaldebuloa,<br />
rom orive mxare – adamianuri resursebis menejerebic da supervaizerebic _<br />
kargad erkveodnen cvlilebebSi, rac gavlenas axdens organizaciaze da<br />
TanamSromelTa marTvis procesze. radganac TanamSromlebi moiTxoven ufro<br />
met samuSaos da SromiT uflebebs narkologiur SemowmebasTan,<br />
zedamxedvelobasTan, usamarTlo daTxovnasTan, samsaxuris gareT<br />
moqmedebasTan da genetikur analizTan dakavSirebiT, xelmZRvanelobam unda<br />
icodes axali kanonebi, sasamarTlo dadgenilebebi da sxva organizaciebis<br />
strategia, rac gavlenas axdens TiToeul sferoze. Ees codna daexmareba<br />
menejerebs reagireba moaxdinon TanamSromelTa problemebze aqtiurad da<br />
dadebiTad. TanamSromlebis uflebebis daucvelobam SeiZleba migviyvanos<br />
sasamarTlo procesebamde, rasac mohyveba TanamSromelTa ndobis Sesusteba<br />
da moraluri mdgomareobis daqveiTeba.<br />
daniSnuleba<br />
individualurad an gundSi muSaobis dros TanamSromelTa uflebebis<br />
gasacnobad TiToeuli TemisTvis gansazRvreT da ganixileT<br />
TanamSromlebisa da xelmZRvanelobis piradi problemebi. am daniSnulebis<br />
Sesrulebis dros Tqven SeiZleba gsurdeT gadaxedoT adamianTa resursebis<br />
Jurnalebis statiebs, rogoricaa “SromiTi kanonis Jurnali”, “HR Jurnali”,<br />
“samuSao Zala”, an “TanamSromelTa urTierTobebis samarTlis Jurnali”.<br />
upasuxeT ToToeuli Temis Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
• Tavisufali dasaqmeba da araswori ganTavisuflebis saCivrebi;<br />
• narkotikebis gamoyeneba da narkologiuri Semowmeba;<br />
• gamokvlevebi da monitoringi;<br />
• TanamSromlis qceva samsaxuris gareT;<br />
• genetikuri analizi;<br />
• elfosta, interneti;<br />
1. romeli sakiTxi gainteresebT?<br />
2. ratom aris es sakiTxi aqtualuri TanamSromlebisa da<br />
menejerebisTvis?<br />
3. ra uflebebs moiTxoven TanamSromlebi?<br />
4. romeli kanonebi an sasamarTlo saqmeebi axdens gavlenas am uflebaze?<br />
5. zogadad rogor pasuxobs xelmZRvaneloba TanamSromlis am uflebas?<br />
Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 1<br />
ganTavisufleba samsaxuris gareT garkveuli moqmedebis gamo<br />
95
<strong>winamdebare</strong> SemTxveva gviCvenebs TanamSromlis pirad pretenzias da<br />
xelmZRvanelobis uflebas kompaniis reputaciis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
2002 wlis 6 maiss, orSabaTs, ganTavisuflebamde jon hilardi<br />
muSaobda gayidvebis ufros warmomadgenlad kompaniaSi “saukeTeso saswavlo<br />
masalebi” (Advanced Educational Materials) (AEM), iyo maRalxarisxiani saswavlo<br />
wignebisa da umcros- da ufrosklasebisaTvis saswavlo nivTebis<br />
mimwodebeli. Mmisi Tormetwliani muSaobis periodSi jonis aRiarebdnen,<br />
rogorc gamorCeul TanamSromels mWidro samuSao urTierTobebiT<br />
skolebTan, romlebTanac TanamSromlobda. Mmisi gayidvebis monacemebi<br />
saukeTeso iyo. jonis ganTavisufleba ganapiroba, rogorc AEM-m ganacxada,<br />
TanamSromlebis moqmedebis kodeqsis seriozulma darRvevam.<br />
2002 wlis 4 maiss, SabaTs, jonisa da misi menejeris, jin elisonis,<br />
SemTxveviTi Sexvedris dros, menejerma SeamCnia, rom joni gamovida<br />
zrdasrulTa videokasetebis maRaziidan da raRac eWira xelSi. rogorc<br />
menejeri aRwers, pornografiuli Jurnalebi da pornofilmis kaseta iyo.<br />
Semdeg orSabaTs jinma ganixila es SemTxveva AEM-is adamianuri resursebis<br />
warmomadgenelTan da gayidvebis viceprezidentTan. Yyvela daeTanxma, rom<br />
jonis qceva kompaniis TanamSromelTa qcevis kodeqsis seriozul darRvevas<br />
warmoadgenda, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “TanamSromlis samsaxuris gareT<br />
qceva aranairad ar unda aisaxos cudad kompaniaze, mis TanamSromlebze, an<br />
saswavlo masalebis gayidvebze.” AEM tradiciulad aiZulebda gayidvebis<br />
warmoadgenlebs maRali moraluri standartebis dacvas, radgan kompania<br />
masalebs awvdida sajaro skolis administratorebsa da pedagogebs.<br />
Mmisi ganTavisuflebis Sexvedraze jonim mkacrad uaryo, gaaprotesta<br />
Tavisi gagdeba. igi amtkicebda, rom rac man gaakeTa samsaxurisgan Tavisufal<br />
dros, es kompaniis saqme ar iyo da misi moqmedeba cudad ar aisaxa AEM-ze an<br />
misi produqtebis gayidvebze. garda amisa, man ganacxada: “Sesyidvebi<br />
xorcieldeboda, rogorc anegdotebi dauqorwinebelTa wveulebaze.”<br />
wyaro: es SemTxveva <strong>warmoadgens</strong> realuri ganTavisuflebis faqts<br />
samsaxuris gareT Cadenili cudi qcevisTvis. yvela saxeli fiqtiuria.<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
1. mocemuli SemTxvevis faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda<br />
gaeTavisuflebinaT joni Tu ara? pasuxi axseniT.<br />
2. AEM-is gayidvebis warmomadgenlebs moeTxovebaT Tu ara piradi<br />
qcevis ufro maRali standartebis dacva, vidre sxva tipis<br />
organizaciebis gayidvebis warmomadgenlebs? pasuxi axseniT.<br />
3. xelmZRvanelobas unda ganexila Tu ara jonis ganvlili muSaobis<br />
monacemebi ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde?<br />
pasuxi axseniT.<br />
Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 2<br />
“Tqven ver gamagdebT! Mme gavikeTe analizi”<br />
“Cven ar gvqonda sxva arCevani”, _ auxsna supervaizerma, tim valtonma.<br />
“jerim icoda Cveni narkotikuli politikis Sesaxeb da man TviTon airCia,<br />
96
om daerRvia is”. N”narkotikebis Sesaxeb politika yvela TanamSromlisTvis<br />
cnobili iyo”, _ ganacxada valtonma. “narkotikebis moxmarebaSi eWvmitanilma<br />
TanamSromlebma unda waradginon narkologiuri Semowmebis analizi maSin,<br />
roca ufrosi moiTxovs amas. Tu TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gaikeTon analizi,<br />
roca maT undaT, maSin Cven verasodes gamoviWerT narkomanebs.” Kkompania<br />
ADR-is SemTxvevaSi, TanamSromelma jeri baTlerma upasuxa: ”isini ver<br />
gamagdeben! Mme uari vTqvi analizis gakeTebaze, radganac saavadmyofoSi<br />
viweqi.Aamas garda, cudad gavxdi distrofiis gamo, rac gamoiwvia<br />
gadaWarbebulma sicxem shop floor. –Si. meore dRes gavikeTe analizi.” valtonma<br />
upasuxa: “rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, jerim uari Tqva analizis gakeTebaze<br />
da es sakmarisia CvenTvis. aranairi damatebiTi gamoZieba ar aris saWiro.<br />
zogierTi wamali organizmidan gamodis sakmaod swrafad. Cven dauyovneblad<br />
gvWirdeba analizi”.<br />
es problema warmoiSva, roca orma TanamSromelma SeamCnia, rom<br />
TanamSromelTa oTaxSi jeri baTlers TeTri fxvnili eWira cxvirTan. isini<br />
daeWvdnen saSiSi nivTierebis moxmarebaSi da es SemTxveva valtons moaxsenes.<br />
ori dRis Semdeg baTlers mosTxoves waredgina narkologiuri Semowmebis<br />
analizi, maSin roca igi distrofiis gamo iwva adgilobriv saavadmyofoSi.<br />
Mman Tqva, rom Zalian cudad iyo da uari ganacxada analizze. man eqims<br />
auxsna, rom ar SeeZlo analizis gakeTeba avadmyofobis gamo. momdevno dRes<br />
baTlerma gaikeTa analizi da miiRo dadebiTi pasuxi, Tumca kompaniam uari<br />
ganacxada xelaxla ganexila misi ganTavisuflebis gadawyvetileba.<br />
dakiTxvaze jeri baTlerma aseve ganacxada, rom kompaniam igi imitom gaagdo,<br />
rom kompensacia ar gadaexadaT.<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia “Bulletin to Management”–Si gamoqveynebuli<br />
SemTxvevidan (25 Tebervali, 1999). yvela saxeli fiqtiuria.<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
1. Tqven rom gangexilaT es SemTxveva, rogor gadawyvetilebas<br />
miiRebdiT? axseniT srulyofilad.<br />
2. sxva ra informacia iqneboda saWiro am sakiTxis gadaWrisas?<br />
3. qmnis Tu ara kompania eTikur problemebs, roca is TanamSromlebi<br />
jeri baTleris winaaRmdeg mowmeebad gamohyavs? axseniT<br />
srulyofilad.<br />
danarTi<br />
menejeri mrCevlis rolSi<br />
ra Tqma unda, TanamSromlebisTvis rCeva-darigebis micema menejeris<br />
saqmianobis metad mniSvnelovani nawilia. disciplinaruli ganxilvisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romelic xSirad SezRudulia specifikuri informaciis<br />
mopovebasa da micemaSi, rCevis micema <strong>warmoadgens</strong> process, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs dinamiur urTierTobas or mxares Soris, roca adamians SeuZlia<br />
Tavisuflad ganixilos moTxovnilebebi, grZnobebi da problemebi daxmarebis<br />
aRmoCenis mizniT. rogorc 13.a sqemazea naCvenebi, konsultacia Seicavs mraval<br />
cvlilebas rogorc damxmares, ise dasaxmareblis mxareze. kavSiri,<br />
97
urTierToba dasaxmareblis problemebis mogvarebis mTavari saSualebaa,<br />
damxmaris rCeva-darigebis gamoyenebiT. rCevis micemiT SegviZlia davexmaroT<br />
TanamSromlebs piradi problemebis mogvarebaSi, rogoricaa: susti<br />
janmrTeloba, narkotikebis an alkoholis moxmareba, ojaxuri problemebi an<br />
finansuri problemebi; rCeva aseve SeiZleba gamoviyenoT samsaxurebrivi<br />
problemebis mosagvareblad. saCivrebis Sesamcireblad yvelaze efeqturi<br />
saSualebaa davexmaroT TanamSromlebs, raTa iyvnen gaxsnilebi.<br />
rCeva-darigebis micemis urTierTobis ganviTareba<br />
damxmare - kavSiri - dasaxmarebeli<br />
moTxovnebi, moTxovnebi,<br />
grZnobebi, grZnobebi,<br />
problemebi, problemebi,<br />
Sexedulebebi, Sexedulebebi,<br />
miswrafebebi, miswrafebebi,<br />
gancdebi gancdebi<br />
urTierTobis ZiriTadi arsi<br />
rCevis micema xdeba or mxares Soris dros. ZiriTadi kavSiri aris<br />
situacia, garemo. organizaciebSi xelmZRvaneloba xSirad iyenebs<br />
urTierTobas or mxares Soris. magaliTad, TanamSromels ar SeuZlia ar<br />
daafasos zedamxedvelis daxmareba samuSaosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi,<br />
radganac am dros damxmare ki ar ubrZanebs, aramed rCevas aZlevs<br />
dasaxmarebels. konfidencialuroba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria<br />
rCevis micemis procesSi. zogadad miRebulia, rom rac xdeba rCevis<br />
micemisas, saidumlod unda darCes am or mxares Soris. Tumca arsebobs<br />
situacia, roca saWiro xdeba garkveuli informaciis gamxela, winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miadges sxvebs. kidev erTi faqtori,<br />
ramac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos urTierTobaze, aris menejeris Carevis<br />
xarisxi daxmarebis gasawevad.<br />
rCevis micemis xerxebi<br />
yvela Cvengans aqvs ganxilvis, Sefasebis, mowonebis an dawunebis<br />
bunebrivi, Tandayolili unari. zogjer Cven am ganxilvebSi verTvebiT<br />
daufiqreblad, Cveni winaswari varaudebis safuZvelze, da amiT vamcirebT<br />
Cvens SesaZleblobas efeqturad movaxdinoT komunikacia. naadrevi<br />
gadawyvetilebebis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi gzaa rCevis micemis xerxi,<br />
romelsac hqvia “aqtiuri mosmena”. aqtiuri mosmena niSnavs kargad gagebas,<br />
Tu ras gulisxmobs meore pirovneba, roca igi gvixsnis Tavis Sexedulebas.<br />
naTqvami unda movisminoT srulyofilad, Sewyvetis, kiTxvebis dasmis an<br />
axali Temebis wamoWris gareSe. zedamxedvelma Tvali unda miadevnos da<br />
yuradRebiT unda moisminos, rasac muSaki ambobs an cdilobs, rom Tqvas.<br />
radganac yvela SemTxvevaSi aqtiuri mosmena mniSvnelovania, is metad<br />
aucilebelia, roca:<br />
98
1. Cven ar gvesmis, ras grZnobs meore adamiani da Cven unda mivxvdeT mis<br />
azrs;<br />
2. Cven gvjera, rom rasac ambobs, is ise mniSvnelovani ar aris, rogorc<br />
is, rac ar uTqvams;<br />
3. meore adamiani iseTi dabneulia, rom SeuZlebelia naTeli informaciis<br />
miReba.<br />
A aqtiur mosmenisas menejers SeuZlia aseve gamoiyenos xerxi, romelsac<br />
“grZnobebis gamoxatvas” uwodeben. Ees saSualeba gulisxmobs TanamSromlis<br />
gacxadebuli an dafaruli grZnobebis gamoxatvas. misi mizania yuradReba<br />
gaamaxvilos ufro metad grZnobebze, vidre Sinaarsze, raTa bundovnad<br />
gamoxatuli grZnobebi kargad iqnes gacnobierebuli da daexmaros adamians<br />
Tavisi grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubarSi.<br />
am meTodiT sargeblobisas Semdegi gamoTqmebi gamoiyeneba: “Tqven<br />
brazobT imis gamo, Tu rogor geqcevaT ufrosi”, ”Tqven grZnobT, rom met<br />
dafasebas imsaxurebT kompaniis mxridan”. grZnobebis gamoxatvis teqnika<br />
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa rCevis micemis adreul etapze TanamSromlis<br />
grZnobebis gamosavlenad. es standarturi principia arasadireqtivo rCevis<br />
micemaSi.<br />
TanamSromelTa dasaxmareblad kidev erT saSualebas <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
kiTxvebis dasma, rac adamians exmareba Tavisi problemis gagebaSi. zogadad<br />
es unda iyos Ria kiTxvebi, romlebsac ar gaecema pasuxi “diax” an “ara”.<br />
magaliTad: “momiyeviT kidev Tqveni gancdebis Sesaxeb baton jonsTan”. Ees<br />
unda iyos iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic ufro uzrunvelyofs TanamSromlis<br />
TviTgamorkvevas, vidre zedamxedvelisTvis informaciis miRebas. Ria<br />
kiTxvebi saSualebas aZlevs TanamSromels Tavisuflad isaubros, rac<br />
misTvisvea kargi.<br />
rCevis micemis principebi<br />
TanamSromlis dasaxmareblad, romelsac raime problema aqvs, rCevis<br />
micemis mravalgvari principi gamoiyeneba. yvela es midgoma gulisxmobs<br />
aqtiur mosmenas. zogjer informaciis ubralo miwodebam an rCevam SeiZleba<br />
moagvaros problema, romelic Tavdapirvelad metad rTuli Canda. Tumca<br />
ufro xSirad problema advilad ar gvardeba winaaRmdegobebis,<br />
konfliqtebis an gegmebis CaSlis gamo, rasac Tan sdevs Zlieri gancdebi,<br />
rogoricaa SiSi, dabneuloba an SuRli. menejerma unda Seiswavlos, rodis<br />
romeli midgoma aris Sesaferisi. Ffleqsiuroba rCevis micemis procesis<br />
ZiriTadi komponentia.<br />
pirdapiri rCeva-darigeba<br />
D direqtiuli rCeva-darigebis dros menejeri cdilobs pirdapir an<br />
arapirdapir akontrolos Temebi, ris Sesaxebac saubroben TanamSromlebi,<br />
aRwers TanamSromlis winaSe mdgar arCevans da aZlevs rCevas, ra unda<br />
gaakeTos. mravali SemTxveva arsebobs, roca saWiroa informaciis an<br />
samsaxurebrivi rCevis miwodeba im sferoebSi, romelSic zedamxedveli<br />
erkveva da gamocdilia. Tumca Tu unda gakeTdes arCevani da winaaRmdegoba<br />
iCens Tavs, direqtiuli midgomis gamoyeneba unda aviciloT Tavidan.<br />
99
Aarapirdapiri rCeva-darigeba<br />
aradireqtiuli (arapirdapiri) rCeva-darigebis dros TanamSromels<br />
aqvs maqsimaluri Tavisufleba gansazRvros saubris mimdinareoba. Sefasebis<br />
gareSe mosmenis, rogorc komunikaciis, mniSvneloba metad didia. is aris<br />
mTavari teqnika, romelic gamoiyeneba arapirdapiri rCeva-darigebis dros.<br />
ZiriTadad unda mousmino da gaugo TanamSromels, kritikisa da Sefasebis<br />
gareSe, rogorc igi aRwers problemas. menejeri Tavisi damokidebulebiTa<br />
da reaqciiT amxnevebs TanamSromels, rac man Tqva an ar Tqva, rac emociebiT<br />
gamoxata sircxvilis an aRelvebis gareSe.<br />
Tavisufali gamoxatva ganusazRvreli damokidebulebis dros amcirebs<br />
daZabulobas da imedgacruebas. TanamSromels, romelsac SeeZlo Seekavebina<br />
emociebi, Cveulebriv ukeTesi SesaZlebloba hqonda ufro obieqturad<br />
ganexila problema da moegvarebina is. liberaluri atmosfero<br />
TanamSromels saSualebas aZlevs gaigos problema Tavisi sirTuleebiT da<br />
gansazRvros perspeqtiva, raTa miaRwios sasurvel gadawyvetilebas.<br />
monawileobiTi rCeva-darigeba<br />
gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli midgomebi aSkarad ukiduresobebis<br />
kavSirs <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. radganac konkretuli profesionali mrCeveli<br />
SeiZleba am kavSiris erT boloSi iyos an meoreSi, menejerTa umetesoba<br />
sxvadasxva damokidebulebas irCevs saubris mimdinareobis mixedviT. bevri<br />
irCevs saSualo damokidebulebas, roca orive mxare erTad afasebs<br />
dagegmvis procesSi, Tu konkretuli problema rogor unda ganixilos da<br />
gadawydes. es mimarTuleba, romelic SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rogorc<br />
monawileobiTi midgoma, gansakuTrebiT Sesaferisia SromiT organizaciebSi<br />
gamosayeneblad.<br />
Mmravali problema, romelsac menejerebi da supervaizerebi awydebian,<br />
moiTxovs ara marto TanamSromlebis gancdebis gagebas, aramed imasac, rom<br />
TanamSromlebi gaerkvnen da mxari unda dauWiron xelmZRvanelobis<br />
molodinebs, raTa isini iyvnen produqtiulebi, pasuxismgeblobis mqoneebi<br />
da pativi scen erTmaneTs. meore mxriv, problemis mqone adamianTa<br />
umetesobas urCevnia aqtiurad iyos Cabmuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, Tu<br />
isini xvdebian, rom SesaZlebelia moqmedebis dadebiTad ganviTareba. mraval<br />
samsaxurebriv situaciaSi, rodesac rCeva-darigebas iyeneben, monawileobiTi<br />
damokidebuleba rekomendebulia calkeul adamianebTan muSaobis dros<br />
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca sxvadasxva dros, calkeuli<br />
saubrebis procesSi sasurvelia gamoviyenoT orive – gansazRvruli da<br />
ganusazRvreli.<br />
roca rCeva-darigeba ar amarTlebs<br />
rCeva-darigeba ganixileba, rogorc xerxi, romelic exmareba<br />
komunikacias da xels uwyobs problemebis mogvarebas, rac gavlenas axdens<br />
TanamSromelTa da organizaciis keTildReobaze. miuxedavad amisa, unda<br />
vaRiaroT, rom menejerebis rCeva-darigebebi yovelTvis ar aris warmatebuli<br />
am miznis miRwevaSi. Tumca garkveuli progresi xSirad miiRweva rCevadarigebis<br />
micemis gziT, rodesac aseTi tipis moqmedeba Sesaferisia.<br />
100
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, roca rCeva-darigebas ar mohyveba Sedegi, aucilebelia<br />
sxva zomebis miReba, rogoricaa dasja an ganTavisufleba.<br />
vinaidan menejers an supervaizers SeiZleba ar SeeZlos an dro ar<br />
hqondes TanamSromelTa ufro meti piradi problemebis mosagvareblad, unda<br />
iqnes SemuSavebuli sistema, Tu rogor unda daexmaron mrCevlebi<br />
TanamSromlebs. zogjer problema iseT sferos miekuTvneba, romelzedac<br />
zedamxedvels naklebi gavlena aqvs an saerTod ar SeuZlia gavlenis<br />
moxdena. aseTia, magaliTad, saojaxo urTierTobebi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
sasurveli iqneba zedamxedvelma urCios, rom TanamSromelma mimarTos<br />
kompetentur, profesional mrCevels. Cveulebriv adamianuri resursebis<br />
departamenti valdebulia gagzavnos TanamSromlebi specialistebTan,<br />
romlebic kompetenturni da licenzirebulni arian aseTi momsaxurebis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi<br />
axseneT sityva “profkavSiri” da adamianTa umetesobas Seeqmneba<br />
garkveuli Sexeduleba – dadebiTi an uaryofiTi _ aSS-is SromiTi<br />
organizaciebis Sesaxeb. zogSi es sityva iwvevs profkavSirsa da<br />
administracias Soris mouwesrigebeli SromiTi urTierTobebis asociacias,<br />
rogoricaa: Seuracxyofebi, gaficvebi, piketireba, boikoti. sxvebisTvis ki es<br />
sityva <strong>warmoadgens</strong> industriul demokratias, samarTlianobas,<br />
SesaZleblobas, Tanaswor warmomadgenlobas. bevri profkavSirs aRiqvams,<br />
rogorc menejerebsa da TanamSromlebs Soris Seqmnil mtrul urTierTobas.<br />
sxvadasxva damokidebulebis miuxedavad, 1800-is Sua wlebidan<br />
gaerTianebebi mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgenda, romelic ayalibebda<br />
organizaciul praqtikas, kanonmdeblobas da politikur azrs SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi. dRes profkavSirebi isev aqtualuria organizaciis<br />
produqtiulobaze, aSS-is kompetenciaze, SromiTi kanonis ganviTarebasa da<br />
adamianuri resursebis strategiebsa da praqtikebze maTi gavlenis gamo.<br />
biznesorganizaciebis msgavsad, kavSirebsac cvlilebebi SeaqvT saqmianobasa<br />
da eTikaSi. ufro metic, wlebis ganmavlobaSi wevrobis Sewyvetis Semdeg<br />
kavSirebi isev aqtiurad asaqmeben arawarmomadgenlobiT TanamSromlebs.<br />
magaliTad, “gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi” aqtiurad asaqmeben TanamSromlebs<br />
_ avtonawilebis momwodeblebs avtosawarmoebSi, romlebic funqcionirebs<br />
samxreT StatebSi. 2002 wels TanamSromleTa momsaxurebis saerTaSoriso<br />
kavSirma daasaqma cxra aTasi TanamSromeli “kaTolikuri jandacvis –<br />
dasavleTis” kuTvnil oc saavadmyofoSi. AFL-CIO -m da erovnulma kavSirebma<br />
miznad daisaxes dasaqmeba, rogorc mTavari prioriteti ocdameerTe<br />
saukuneSi.<br />
PprofkavSirebis xangrZlivi istoriis miuxedavad, SromiTi<br />
urTierTobebis sirTuleebi ar aris cnobili mravali adamianisTvis. Ees<br />
Tavi aRwers SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebas mTavrobis mier, SromiTi<br />
101
urTierTobebis process, SromiT organizaciebSi TanamSromelTa<br />
gaerTianebis mizezebs da aseve ganixilavs SromiTi kavSirebis<br />
struqturasa da xelmZRvanelobas. mniSvnelovania, rom Sromis samarTlis<br />
Tanaxmad, roca damtkicebulia, rom profkavSirma molaparakeba unda<br />
awarmoos wevrebTan, man unda warmoadginos isini yvela ganyofilebaSi<br />
Tanabrad, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romeli TanamSromeli rodis SeuerTda an<br />
ganTavisuflda wevrobidan. am Tavis ukanasknel nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT<br />
kontraqtis regulirebis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, kerZod, TanamSromelTa<br />
saCivrebis mogvarebasa da arbitraJs. es Tavi aseve exeba SromiTi<br />
organizaciebis Tanamedrove problemebs.<br />
PprofkavSirebsa da sxva organizaciebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlena moaxdinon menejerTa SesaZleblobebze, warmarTon da akontrolon<br />
adamianuri resursebis menejmentis sxvadasxva funqciebi. magaliTad,<br />
profkavSiris xelmZRvanelobis debulebebma SromiT xelSekrulebaSi<br />
SeiZleba gansazRvros, Tu vin SeirCeva samuSao dawinaurebisTvis an<br />
treningis programebisTvis. anazRaurebis sakiTxi SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />
profkavSiris molaparakebebiT, an kavSirebma SeiZleba wamoayenon<br />
SezRudvebi xelmZRvanelobis mier TanamSromelTa Sefasebis meTodebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom menejerebma kargad ician, rogor muSaoben<br />
kavSirebi orive SemTxvevaSi – profkavSirebis arsebobisas anda<br />
araprofkavSirul garemoSi. SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli<br />
kompetenturi organosTvis mTlianad cnobilia es sakiTxi. daimaxsovreT,<br />
SromiTi kanonmdeblobis ugulebelyofa ar <strong>warmoadgens</strong> dacvas, roca<br />
menejerebi da zedamxedvelebi arRveven SromiT kanons. sanam ganagrZobdeT<br />
kiTxvas, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna SromiTi urTierTobebis kanonis Sesaxeb da<br />
upasuxeT kiTxvebs, romlebic mocemulia HRM 1-Si.<br />
HRM 1<br />
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb<br />
1. avtoSemkeTebelma samuSaosTvis mimarTa avtomobilebiT movaWre<br />
kompanias. Mmas uari uTxres misi kavSiris wevrobis gamo. iyo Tu ara<br />
damsaqmeblis moqmedeba samarTliani?<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
2. dasaqmebis periodSi zedamxedvelebma hkiTxes calkeul TanamSromlebs<br />
kavSirze maTi Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. dasaSvebia Tu ara aseTi kiTxvis<br />
dasma?<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
3. roca kavSiris wevrebma daiwyes profkavSiris niSnebis tareba<br />
samsaxurSi, xelmZRvanelobam brZaneba gasca moexsnaT isini. hqonda Tu<br />
ara xelmZRvanelobas amis ufleba?<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
4. dasaqmebis periodSi ufrosi daTanxmda (socialuri Jestis<br />
gasakeTeblad), rom TanamSromlebs uzrunvelyofda gamagrilebeli<br />
sasmelebiT dResaswaulebze. moqmedebda Tu ara Ddamsaqmebeli kanonis<br />
farglebSi?<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
5. kompaniam gaanawila sxva kavSiris wevrebi im adgilSi, sadac<br />
ganmcxadeblebi iyvnen kavSiris mxardamWerebi. iyo Tu ara ganawileba<br />
samarTliani?<br />
102
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
6. kavSiris organizebis dros “Servo Pipe”-is mesakuTre dahpirda Tavis<br />
TanamSromlebs xelfasis gazrdas, Tu isini xmas miscemdnen<br />
konkretul gaerTianebas. mesakuTres SeeZlo Tu ara mesakuTres<br />
kanonierad am dapirebis micema TanamSromlebisTvis?<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
7. TanamSromlebs aqvT ufleba wamoayenon ukanono SromiTi praqtikis<br />
braldebebi TavianTi kavSiris winaaRmdeg.<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
8. kavSiris survili, gaasaCivros wevris ukmayofileba, romelic<br />
xelmZRvanelobam gamoavlina, sruliad usafuZvloa. Uunda gaasaCivros<br />
xelmZRvanelobam es saCivari Tu ara?<br />
Ddiax ----- ara -----<br />
9. jon grins, meqanikoss, muSaobis cudi monacemebi aqvs. xelmZRvanelobas<br />
surs gaaTavisuflos igi; Tumca grini kavSiris mmarTvelia da<br />
kompaniis mimarT kritikuladaa ganwyobili. aqvs Tu ara<br />
xelmZRvanelobas am TanamSromlis kanonierad ganTavisuflebis<br />
ufleba?<br />
D diax ----- ara -----<br />
10. organizaciis kampaniis dros ofismenejerma gamoxata Zlieri<br />
antiprofkavSiruli Sexedulebebi da profkavSiris moxeleebs uwoda<br />
“banditebi”, “didi simyrale” da “radikalebis jgufi”. im TanamSromlebs,<br />
romlebic SeuerTdnen kavSirs, man uTxra, rom maT “TavianTi Tavi unda<br />
akontrolon”. iyo Tu ara samarTliani menejeris komentari?<br />
diax ----- ara -----<br />
pasuxebi mocemulia Tavis boloSi.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis regulireba mTavrobis mier<br />
aSS-is SromiTi kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas Tavisi safuZveli aqvs<br />
amerikis socialur, ekonomikur da politikur garemoSi. zogadad Cven<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom SromiTi moZraobis zrda Seesabameba SromiTi<br />
kanonmdeblobis damtkicebas, msvlelobas da muSakTa SesaZleblobas,<br />
wamoayenon TavianTi ekonomikuri moTxovnebi menejmentTan dakavSirebiT. 1920-<br />
1930-ian wlebSi miRebuli SromiTi kanonebi mxars uWerda SromiTi<br />
organizaciebis stabilurobasa da ganviTarebas. radganac profkavSirebi<br />
ufro da ufro Zlierdeba federaluri kanonebis Tanaxmad, SemuSavda<br />
kanonmdebloba, raTa moegvarebina kavSiris darRvevebi da daecva kavSiris<br />
wevrebis uflebebi profkavSiris araeTikuri saqmianobisagan. dResdReobiT<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kanonebi qmnian garemos, sadac<br />
kavSirebsac da damsaqmeblebsac SeuZliaT Sesabamisi uflebebisa da<br />
pasuxismgeblobebis gansazRvra. SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna<br />
dagvexmareba gavarkvioT, Tu rogoria kavSirisa da menejmentis<br />
urTierTobebi SeerTebul StatebSi. pirveli federaluri kanoni, romelic<br />
exeboda SromiT urTierTobebs, iyo 1926 wlis rkinigzis SromiTi aqti. sxva<br />
mTavari kanonebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen SromiT urTierTobebze kerZo<br />
seqtorSi, aris noris-la guardias aqti, vagneris aqti, taft-harTlis aqti,<br />
da landrum-grifinis aqti.<br />
103
kinigzis SromiTi aqti (RLA)<br />
rkinigzis SromiTi aqtis (RLA) ZiriTadi mizania Tavidan aicilos<br />
rkinigzasa da mis kavSirebs Soris warmoSobili davebiT gamowveuli<br />
momsaxurebis Sewyveta. amis misaRwevad RLA Seicavs or ZiriTad princips<br />
profkavSirisa da menejmentis davebis mosagvareblad. pirveli, erovnuli<br />
Suamavlobis sabWo agvarebs molaparakebebis gamouval mdgomareobas<br />
Suamavlobis da/an arbitraJis saSualebiT. sabWos aseve evaleba Caataros<br />
faruli kenWisyra, raTa gansazRvros, surT Tu ara TanamSromlebs<br />
gaerTianeba. meore, erovnuli rkinigzis mmarTveli sabWo muSaobs, raTa<br />
gadaWras saCivrebi da arbitraJis davebi, romlebic warmoiSoba<br />
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis periodSi.<br />
noris-la guardias aqti<br />
noris-la guardias aqti an 1932 wlis antiakrZalviTi aqti mkacrad<br />
uzRudavs damsaqmeblebs iseTi brZanebis gacemis SesaZleblobas, romelic<br />
ukrZalavs profkavSirs CaerTos mSvidobian piketirebaSi, boikotSi,<br />
gaficvaSi an am tipis sxva RonisZiebebSi. aqamde federaluri sasamarTlos<br />
brZanebebi efeqtur iaraRs warmoadgenda profkavSiris winaaRmdeg, radganac<br />
isini kavSirebs aiZulebdnen an SeewyvitaT aseTi qmedebebi an gadaexadaT<br />
jarima sasamarTlos upativcemlobis gamo. akrZalvebi SeiZleba mieniWos<br />
jer kidev SromiTi davebis dros. sanam akrZalva gaicema, damsaqmeblebma<br />
unda aCvenon, rom akrZalvis sisuste ufro did zians miayenebs<br />
damsaqmeblebs, vidre profkavSirs. RLA-s msgavsad, es aqtic xels uwyobs<br />
koleqtiur molaparakebebs da uzrunvelyofs SromiTi organizaciebis<br />
arsebobas, Camoyalibebas da efeqtur muSaobas.<br />
vagneris aqti<br />
1935 wlis vagneris aqti (an SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli aqti)<br />
aqamde yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda kavSirisa da menejmentis<br />
urTierTobebze. aman federaluri mTavrobis dacviTi Zalaufleba daayena<br />
TanamSromelTa Zalisxmevis miRma, raTa koleqtiurad organizacia gauwion<br />
da molaparakebebi awarmoon TavianTi arCeuli warmomadgenlebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
vagneris aqtma Seqmna erovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis sabWo (NLRB)<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi SromiTi urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es aqti Seicvala taft-harTlis aqtiT, misi ZiriTadi<br />
debulebebis umetesoba, romlebic icavs muSakis molaparakebebis uflebebs,<br />
ucvleli darCa. kanonis me-7 nawili icavs Semdeg uflebebs: TanamSromlebs<br />
eqnebaT TviTorganizebis, Camoyalibebis, gaerTianebis an SromiTi<br />
organizaciebis daxmarebis ufleba, maT aseve eqnebaT ufleba koleqtiurad<br />
awarmoon molaparakebebi TavianTi arCeuli warmomadgenlebis saSualebiT<br />
da CaerTon SeTanxmebiT RonisZiebebSi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis an sxva<br />
ormxrivi daxmarebis an dacvis miznisTvis. maT aseve eqnebaT ufleba Tavi<br />
Seikavon nebismieri aseTi qmedebisgan. TanamSromlebs ar eZlevaT iseTi<br />
ufleba, romelzedac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos SeTanxmebam, romelic<br />
moiTxovs wevrobas SromiT organizaciaSi, rogorc muSaobis pirobas.<br />
104
TanamSromlebisTvis me-7 nawilis uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />
kongresma kanongareSed gamoacxada damsaqmebelTa specialuri praqtikebi,<br />
romlebic uaryofda TanamSromelTa kanonis upiratesobas. aqtis me-8<br />
nawilSi mocemulia xuTi ukanono SromiTi praqtika (ULPs), romlebic<br />
qvemoTaa warmodgenili:<br />
1. me-7 nawiliT miniWebuli uflebebis gamoyenebaSi Careva, maTi<br />
SezRudva, an TanamSromelTa iZuleba;<br />
2. batonoba an Careva nebismieri SromiTi organizaciis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
an marTvaSi, misi finansuri an sxvagvari mxardaWera;<br />
3. diskriminireba daqiravebasTan an muSaobasTan, muSaobis pirobebTan<br />
an vadasTan dakavSirebiT, ise rom xeli Seuwyos an SeuSalos SromiT<br />
organizaciaSi wevrobas;<br />
4. ganTavisufleba an sxvagvari diskriminacia TanamSromlebis<br />
winaaRmdeg imis gamo, rom isini ayeneben braldebebs an aZleven<br />
Cvenebas am aqtis Tanaxmad;<br />
5. TanamSromelTa saTanadod arCeul warmomadgenlebTan erTad<br />
koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoebis uaryofa.<br />
damsaqmeblebi yovel wels mraval ULP-s sCadian Segnebulad an<br />
gaucnobiereblad. magaliTad, 2000 fiskalur wels, 29.188 usamarTlo<br />
SromiTi SemTxveva (maqinacia) iqna wardgenili NLRB-s winaSe. damsaqmebelTa<br />
damtkicebuli darRvevebi gamovlinda 22.295 SemTxvevaSi. damsaqmeblebis<br />
winaaRmdeg braldebebis umravlesoba exeba usamarTlo ganTavisuflebas an<br />
sxva diskriminacias TanamSromlebis mimarT. aseve aucilebelia, rom yvela<br />
donis menejerebma miiRon codna TanamSromelTa uflebebisa da ukanono<br />
SromiTi qmedebebis Sesaxeb. roca xelmZRvaneloba arRvevs TanamSromelTa<br />
uflebebs, NLRB-s SeuZlia “miiRos saTanado zomebi, ganaxorcielos<br />
qmedebebi, maT Soris _ SromiTi uflebebis aRdgena anazRaurebiT an mis<br />
gareSe, agreTve gamoiyenos aqtis strategiebi da gaaerTianos SerCeuli<br />
TanamSromlebi”. 2000 wels NLRB-m damsaqmeblebs TanamSromlebisTvis<br />
gadaaxdevina 107.1 milioni dolari aqtis darRvevebis gamo.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo<br />
uwyeba, romelic pasuxismgebelia vagneris aqtis marTvasa da dacvaze,<br />
aris SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo. is emsaxureba saxelmwifo<br />
interess, rom Seamciros profkavSirsa da menejments Soris uTanxmoebiT<br />
gamowveuli warmoebis an momsaxurebis Sewyvetis faqtebi. am miznis<br />
misaRwevad NLRB-s ori ZiriTadi valdebuleba ekisreba: (1) faruli<br />
kenWisyris Catareba imis gamosavlenad, surs Tu ara TanamSromels iyos<br />
kavSiris warmomadgeneli da (2) Tavidan aicilos an aRmofxvras ukanono<br />
SromiTi qmedebebi. NLRB ar moqmedebs sakuTari iniciativiT romelime<br />
funqciaSi. is ganixilavs mxolod im ukanono SromiTi qmedebebis<br />
braldebebsa da saCivrebs, romlebic SeiZleba Semotanil iqnes mis<br />
romelime raionul samsaxurSi an sxva patara ganyofilebaSi.<br />
taft-harTlis aqti<br />
105
adganac kavSirebis molaparakebebis uflebamosileba mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaizarda vagneris aqtis Semdeg, kavSirebze garkveuli SezRudvebi<br />
aucilebeli gaxda. 1947 wlis taft-harTlis aqtma (igi cnobilia agreTve,<br />
rogorc profkavSirisa da menejmentis aqti) gansazRvra kavSiris ukanono<br />
qmedebebi (maqinaciebi). Ees qmedebebia:<br />
1. TanamSromelTa SezRudva an iZuleba TavianTi uflebebis gamoyenebaSi;<br />
2. damsaqmeblebis SezRudva an iZuleba mxareebis SerCevaSi, raTa<br />
molaparakebebi awarmoon maT sasargeblod;<br />
3. damsaqmebelTa darwmuneba, moaxdinon diskriminacia maTi romelime<br />
TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg;<br />
4. damsaqmebelTan erTad koleqtiur SeTanxmebaze uaris Tqma;<br />
5. boikotebsa da iurisdiqciul davebSi monawileoba;<br />
6. mcdeloba damsaqmeblisgan moipovon aRiareba, roca sxva kavSiri ukve<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> damtkicebul warmomadgenlobas;<br />
7. gadaWarbebuli sawevro gadasaxadebisa da Senatanebis braldeba;<br />
8. “frTovani” praqtikebi, romlebic moiTxovs xelfasis gadaxdas<br />
Seusrulebeli momsaxurebisTvis.<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, tafti-harTlis aqtis miRebiT kongresma moawesriga<br />
kavSirisa da administraciis uflebebi da movaleobebi koleqtiuri<br />
SeTanxmebebis asparezze; da kanonsac aRar akritikebdnen, rogorc<br />
kavSirebis mxardamWerebi.<br />
federaluri Suamdgomloba da momrigebeli samsaxuri<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaficvebis gaxSirebis gamo tafti-harTlis<br />
aqtma Seqmna federaluri Suamdgomloba da Semrigebluri samsaxuri (FMCS)<br />
davebis mosagvareblad. am damoukidebeli uwyebis funqciaa daexmaros<br />
samuSao Zalasa da xelmZRvanelobas miaRwion koleqtiur SeTanxmebebs<br />
Suamavlobis an Semrigebluri procesebis saSualebiT. es funqciebi iyenebs<br />
neitralur mxares, romelic exmareba SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi. NLRB-sgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, FMCS-s ara aqvs samarTaldamcavi uflebebi da arc SeuZlia<br />
vinmes devnis ganxorcieleba. mxareebma gamouvali mdgomareobis Sesaxeb<br />
molaparakebebis dros unda airCion momsaxureba. Tu FMCS-s mimarTaven<br />
davis mosagvareblad, procesSi misma Carevam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaaumjobesos TanamSromelTa da menejmentis urTierTobebi maSin, roca is<br />
uzrunvelyofs meqanizms koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis SemoTavazebebis<br />
gacvlisTvis. komisar ron kolotas Tanaxmad, uwyeba FMCS, Phoenix, Arizona,<br />
yovel wels Suamavlobs 6-7 aTas davas. am bolo wlebSi FMCS mniSvnelovan<br />
rols TamaSobs problemebis mogvarebaSi kavSirgabmulobis, sportis,<br />
ganaTlebisa da trasportirebis mrewvelobis sferoSi.<br />
landrum-grifinis aqti<br />
1959 wels kongresma miiRo landrum-grifinis aqti (igi cnobilia<br />
agreTve, rogorc muSaTa da xelmZRvanelobis angariSisa da gamoxatvis<br />
aqti), raTa daecva kavSiris wevrTa uflebebi da xeli SeeSala<br />
damsaqmeblebisa da kavSiris moxeleebis reketirebisa da sxva unamuso<br />
qmedebebisTvis. landrum-grifinis aqtis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
106
debuleba aris profkavSiris wevrebis uflebebis kanonproeqti, romelic<br />
moiTxovs, rom kavSiris yovel wevrs unda mieniWos ufleba (1) daasaxelos<br />
kandidatebi kavSiris samsaxurisTvis, (2) xma misces kavSiris arCevnebsa da<br />
referendumebSi, (3) daeswros kavSiris Sexvedrebs da (4) monawileoba miiRos<br />
kavSiris SexvedrebSi da mxari dauWiros kavSiris saqmianobas. kavSiris<br />
wevrebs aseve eniWebaT ufleba Seamowmon kavSiris angariSebi da Canawerebi,<br />
raTa daazuston kavSiris angariSebis informacia da wamoayenon saCivari<br />
kavSiris moxelis winaaRmdeg saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiris Tanxebis<br />
dasacavad. ufro metic, aqtis Tanaxmad kavSirebs moeTxovebaT yovel wels<br />
warudginon finansuri angariSi Sromis mdivans, da damsaqmeblebma unda<br />
uCvenon yvela xarji, romelic gaweul iqna maTi SeTanxmebebis uflebebis<br />
gamoyenebaSi.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi<br />
TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT isargeblon Sesabamisi mcire<br />
uflebamosilebiT xelmZRvanelobasTan urTierTobis dros. ra Tqma unda,<br />
Tu maT sjeraT, rom maT samarTlianad ar eqcevian, maSin erovnuli SromiTi<br />
urTierTobebis aqtis me-7 nawili aniWebs maT kanonier uflebas<br />
koleqtiurad SeaTanxmon da moagvaron sakiTxi xelmZRvanelobasTan. roca<br />
TanamSromlebi mimarTaven am RonisZiebas, iwyeba SromiTi urTierTobebis<br />
procesi. SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi Sedgeba oTxi movlenis logikuri<br />
Tanamimdevrobisgan: (1) muSakebs surT koleqtiuri warmomadgenloba; (2)<br />
kavSiri iwyebs organizebis kampanias; (3) koleqtiuri molaparakebebi midis<br />
kontraqtamde da (4) ganixileba kontraqti. kanonebi da administraciuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdenen yovel calkeul movlenaze specialuri<br />
privilegiebis miniWebiT an gansazRvruli SezRudvebis dawesebiT muSakebze,<br />
menejerebsa da kavSiris moxeleebze.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi<br />
xelmZRvaneloba da misi warmoadgenlebi<br />
miznebi da amocanebi<br />
adamianuri resursebis yoveldRiuri saqmianoba<br />
(1) muSakebs surT koleqtiuri<br />
warmomadgenloba<br />
(2) kavSiri iwyebs<br />
organizebis kampanias<br />
(3) koleqtiuri molaparakebebi<br />
107
midis kontraqtamde<br />
(4) ganixileba kontraqti<br />
SromiTi klasi da misi warmomadgenlebi<br />
kanonebi da debulebebi<br />
ratom erTiandebian TanamSromlebi<br />
kvlevebis umetesoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom erTiandebian<br />
TanamSromlebi, eyrdnoba cisfersayeloiani muSakebis gamokvlevebs kerZo<br />
seqtorSi. es gamokvlevebi zogadad gviCvenebs, rom TanamSromlebi<br />
erTiandebian ekonomikuri moTxovnis, menejeruli qmedebiT saerTo<br />
ukmayofilebis gamo, da/an es gaerTianeba aris saSualeba socialuri da<br />
iuridiuli moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad. mokled rom vTqvaT,<br />
TanamSromlebi gaerTianebaSi xedaven SesaZleblobas, rom miaRwion<br />
Sedegebs, romlis miRwevac calke ar SeuZliaT.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi TanamSromeli uerTdeba kavSirs<br />
samsaxuris SromiTi xelSekrulebis debulebebis gamo. im StatebSi, sadac<br />
es dasaSvebia, “profkavSiris samsaxuri” aris SromiTi xelSekrulebis<br />
debuleba, romelic moiTxovs TanamSromlebisgan profkavSirTan<br />
SeerTebas, rogorc muSaobis pirobas. maSinac ki, roca iZulebiT xdeba<br />
gaerTianeba, mravali TanamSromeli eTanxmeba gaerTianebis cnebas da<br />
isini kavSiris wevrebi xdebian.<br />
ekonomikuri moTxovnebi<br />
K SeZlebs Tu ara profkavSiri gaxdes molaparakebebis saSualeba<br />
TanamSromlebis jgufisTvis, damokidebulia TanamSromelTa ukmayofilebis<br />
xarisxze, muSaobis pirobebze. is aseve damokidebuli iqneba imaze,<br />
TanamSromlebi aRiareben Tu ara, rom profkavSiris daxmareba efeqturi<br />
iqneba am pirobebis gaumjobesebaSi. ukmayofileba xelfasTan, samuSao<br />
pirobebTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobs yvelaze mwvave mizezs kavSirSi<br />
gaerTianebisTvis. am sakiTxs mudmivad adastureben gamokvlevebi, romlebic<br />
gviCveneben, rom kavSiris wevrebsac da arawevrebsac aqvT profkavSiris<br />
saqmianobis udidesi molodini koleqtiuri molaparakebebis (“arsebobis<br />
saSualebis”) sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. es <strong>warmoadgens</strong> xelfasebisa da<br />
daxmarebebis tradiciul sakiTxebs, razedac dafuZnebulia profkavSirebi.<br />
uTanxmoeba xelmZRvanelobasTan<br />
TanamSromlebi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen, roca isini acnobiereben, rom<br />
menejeruli qmedebebi dawinaurebasTan, gadasvlebTan, davalebebTan an sxva<br />
samsaxurebriv strategiebTan dakavSirebiT usamarTlod an mikerZoebulad<br />
xorcieldeba. TanamSromlebi menejerebis mier gamoxatul favoritizms<br />
asaxeleben, rogorc kavSirebSi gaerTianebis mTavar mizezs. es<br />
108
gansakuTrebiT gamarTlebulia, roca favoritizmi exeba adamianuri<br />
resursebis disciplinis, dawinaurebisa da xelfasebis gazrdis sferoebs.<br />
Cven aRvniSneT, rom dRes TanamSromlebi ukeTesad arian<br />
informirebulni, vidre warsulSi da isini xSirad gamoTqvamen survils, rom<br />
ufro metad CaerTon samsaxurebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.<br />
me-3 Tavi ganixilavs TanamSromelTa uflebamosilebis cnebas da aSuqebs<br />
TanamSromelTa CarTvis sxvadasxvagvar xerxebs. roca damsaqmeblebi ver<br />
aZleven TanamSromlebs SesaZleblobas monawileoba miiRon<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen maT keTildReobaze,<br />
aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos profkavSirSi gaerTianebas. Rrmad swamT, rom<br />
erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc menejerebi iwyeben TanamSromelTa CarTvis<br />
programebs da mxars uWeren TavanT TanamSromlebs, aris is, rom Tavidan<br />
aicilon koleqtiuri qmedeba TanamSromlebis mier. magaliTad,<br />
xelmZRvaneloba iyenebs naxevargamtarebis, \finansur da avtoindustriebSi<br />
TanamSromlobiT programebSi TanamSromlebis CarTvas, rogorc<br />
gaerTianebis xelisSemSleli saSualebas. nisanis sawarmoSi avtomuSakebis<br />
gaerTianebis organizebis erT-erTi mcdelobis dros kavSirma waago<br />
arCevnebi, radgan TanamSromlebi kmayofilni iyvnen, rom monawileoba miiRes<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, risi saSualebac nisanis xelmZRvanelobis<br />
monawileobiTma stilma misca maT.<br />
socialuri da saerTo problemebi<br />
TanamSromlebi, romelTa moTxovnebi aRiarebisa da socialuri<br />
gaerTianebis Sesaxeb ar kmayofildeba, SeiZleba SeuerTdnen profkavSirebs<br />
TavianTi moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. kavSiris saSualebiT maT aqvT<br />
SesaZlebloba mxarSi amoudgenen sxva TanamSromlebs, romelTac aqvT<br />
msgavsi survilebi, interesebi, problemebi da saCivrebi. PprofkavSirSi<br />
gaerTianeba aseve SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT gamoavlinon marTvis<br />
(liderobis) niWi. daskvniT analizSi, Tu ramdenad acnobiereben<br />
TanamSromlebi, rom kavSirSi gaerTianebis upiratesoba gadawonis wevrobis<br />
xarjebs, es aris gadamwyveti faqtori.<br />
Kkampaniebis organizeba<br />
roca TanamSromels surs gaerTianeba, formaluri organizebis<br />
kampania SeiZleba daiwyos kavSiris organizatorma an TanamSromlebma,<br />
romlebic damoukideblad moqmedeben. cnobili Sexedulebis sapirispirod,<br />
organizebis kampaniebis umravlesobas iwyeben TanamSromlebi da ara<br />
kavSiris organizatorebi. did erovnul kavSirebs, rogoricaa “United Auto<br />
Workers”, “United Brotherhood of Carpenters”, “United Steelworkers, “Teamsters”, aqvT<br />
formaluri organizebis ganyofilebebi, romelTa mizania gansazRvron<br />
organizebis SesaZleblobebi da daiwyon organizebis kampaniebi.<br />
Oorganizebis etapebi<br />
teri moserma, “Teamster Local 104”-is yofilma prezidentma, erTxel<br />
ganacxada, rom organizebis tipur kampanias mohyveba progresuli etapebis<br />
mTeli seriebi, ramac SeiZleba migviyvanos TanamSromlis<br />
109
warmomadgenlobamde. organizebis procesi, rogorc moseri aRwers,<br />
Cveulebriv moicavs Semdeg etapebs:<br />
1. TanamSromlisa da profkavSiris dakavSireba-kontaqti;<br />
2. organizaciis pirveli Sexvedra;<br />
3. organizaciis Sida komitetis Camoyalibeba;<br />
4. saarCevno moTxovna da xmis micemis momzadeba;<br />
5. molaparakebebi kontraqtis Sesaxeb.<br />
etapi 1. Ppirveli nabiji iwyeba, roca TanamSromlebi da kavSiris<br />
oficialuri pirebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, raTa gaarkvion gaerTianebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. Aam ganxilvebis periodSi TanamSromlebi gamoikvleven<br />
SromiTi warmomadgenlobis upiratesobebs da kavSiris oficialuri pirebi<br />
daiwyeben informaciis mogrovebas TanamSromelTa moTxovnebis,<br />
problemebisa da saCivrebis Sesaxeb. SromiTi organizatorebi aseve moiZieben<br />
specialur informacias damsaqmeblis finansuri mdgomareobis,<br />
zedamxedvelobis stilis, organizaciuli strategiisa da praqtikis<br />
Sesaxeb. TanamSromelTa mxardaWeris mosapoveblad SromiTma<br />
organizatorebma unda Seqmnan SemTxveva damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg da<br />
kavSiris sasargeblod.<br />
etapi 2. radganac Oorganizebis kampania agrovebs mamoZravebel Zalas,<br />
organizatori dagegmavs kavSiris pirvel Sexvedras ufro meti<br />
mxardamWerebis mosazidad. organizatori gamoiyenebs pirveli etapis dros<br />
Segrovil informacias, raTa daakmayofilos TanamSromelTa moTxovnebi da<br />
auxsnas, Tu rogor SeZlebs kavSiri am miznebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
organizaciuli Sexvedris kidev or damatebiT mizans <strong>warmoadgens</strong>: (1) im<br />
TanamSromlebis gansazRvra, romlebic daexmarebian organizators kampaniis<br />
warmarTvaSi da (2) kavSiris damyareba yvela TanamSromelTan.<br />
etapi 3. Oorganizebis procesSi mesame mniSvnelovan etaps <strong>warmoadgens</strong> Sida<br />
organizebis komitetis Camoyalibeba. komiteti Sedgeba im<br />
TanamSromlebisgan, romelTac surT uxelmZRvanelon kampanias. komitetis<br />
funqciaa daainteresos sxva TanamSromlebi profkavSirSi gaerTianebiT da<br />
misi kampaniis mxardaWeriT. Kkomitetis mTavar amocanas <strong>warmoadgens</strong>, rom<br />
TanamSromlebma xeli moaweron uflebamosilebis baraTs (gancxadebas) (ix.<br />
HRM 2), romliTac isini survils gamoxataven iyvnen SromiTi kavSiris<br />
warmomadgenlebi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis procesSi damsaqmebelTan erTad.<br />
xelmowerili uflebamosilebis baraTebis ricxvi gviCvenebs SromiTi<br />
kavSiris potenciur Zalas. TanamSromelTa sul mcire 30 procentma xeli<br />
unda moaweros uflebamosilebis baraTs, sanam SromiTi urTierTobebis<br />
erovnuli sabWo warmomadgenlobiT arCevnebs Caatarebs.<br />
etapi 4. Tu TanamSromelTa sakmarisi raodenoba mxars dauWers kavSirs,<br />
organizatori Seecdeba mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli arCevnebis Catarebas.<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi Txovna waredgineba NLRB-s, rom Catardes arCevnebi<br />
faruli kenWisyriT, raTa gamovavlinoT, TanamSromlebs namdvilad surT Tu<br />
ara gaerTianeba. arCevnebamde farTo sajaro kampania mimarTuli iqneba<br />
TanamSromlebis mimarT, rom maTi mxardaWera da xmebi moipovos<br />
arCevnebisTvis. Ees aris daZabuli emociebis periodi TanamSromlebisTvis,<br />
SromiTi organizaciisa da damsaqmeblisTvis.<br />
etapi 5. kavSiris organizeba mTavrdeba, roca kavSiri gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi.<br />
NLRB “daamtkicebs” kavSirs, rogorc TanamSromelTa kanonier momrigebel<br />
110
warmomadgenels. Dda axla daiwyeba kontraqtze molaparakebebi; es<br />
molaparakebebi <strong>warmoadgens</strong> kidev erT brZolas kavSirsa da damsaqmebels<br />
Soris. Mmolaparakebebis periodSi TiToeuli mxare Seecdeba muSaobis<br />
pirobebi miusadagos Tavis Tanamdebobas. Sida organizebis komitetis<br />
wevrebi da kavSiris organizatori Seecdebian miaRwion TanamSromelTa<br />
pirvel SeTanxmebas. daaxloebiT oTxi kavSiris kampaniidan erT kavSirs ar<br />
SeuZlia uzrunvelyos pirveli SeTanxmeba warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebis<br />
mogebis Semdeg. Tu kavSiri ver miaRwevs SeTanaxmebas arCevnebis mogebis<br />
Semdeg erTi wlis manZilze, maSin taft-harTlis aqti nebas aZlevs<br />
TanamSromlebs xma ar miscen NLRB-s “daudasturebeli” arCevnebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
Oorganizebis aqtiuri taqtika<br />
maSin, roca organizebis xuTi etapi <strong>warmoadgens</strong> kavSiris<br />
dakompleqtebis tradiciul meTods, SromiTi moZraoba gaxda ufro aqtiuri<br />
da SemoqmedebiTi Tavisi organizebis taqtikaSi. kavSirebi Sokirebulni<br />
iyvnen am “revoluciuri” organizebis strategiis SemuSavebiT da<br />
cdilobdnen, rom aenazRaurebinaT wevrebi Semcirebis mere da winaaRmdegoba<br />
gaewiaT damsaqmeblis antikavSiruli kampaniisTvis (orive sakiTxi ganixileba<br />
mogvianebiT). “gacocxlebuli” SromiTi moZraobis dRis wesrigis misaRwevad,<br />
kavSirebi iyeneben organizaciis Semdeg saSualebebs (sxvadasxva xarisxiT):<br />
1. politikuri Careva. kavSirebi ufro SerCeviT uWers mxars saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebs, romlebic kavSiris Tanxebs aZleven kandidatebs,<br />
romlebic specialurad hpirdebian mxardaWeras SromiTi<br />
kanonmdeblobisTvis. sawinaaRmdegod, kavSirebi apireben “uxeSad<br />
mopyrobas” policielebis mimarT, romlebic ebrZvian antikavSiris<br />
mimarTulebebs. erT-erTi kavSiris moxelis Tanaxmad, organizebuli<br />
Sroma moiTxovs “quCis sicxis” warmoSobas politikuri brZolebis<br />
dros.<br />
2. kavSiris “damarileba”. kavSiris organizatorebi dasaqmebisTvis<br />
mimarTaven im kompanias, romelic miznad isaxavs organizebas,<br />
Cveulebriv, araprofkavSiruli struqturis firmas. daqiravebis Semdeg<br />
es organizatorebi aqtiurad muSaoben sxva TanamSromlebis<br />
gaerTianebisTvis. 1995 wels aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom, “NLRB V<br />
Town and Country Electric” kompaniis SemTxvevaSi, ganacxada, rom<br />
damsaqmeblebs ar SeuZliaT diskriminaciis ganxorcieleba<br />
daqiravebasTan an dasaqmebis sxva pirobebTan dakavSirebiT. menejerebis<br />
realuri rqa, damarilebis kampaniebi warmatebuli iyo Cveni eris<br />
regionebis zrdaSi.<br />
3. Oorganizatoris treningi. Cveulebriv, organizebas samuSaoa drois<br />
naxevari sWirdeba. dRes AFL-CIO-s organizebis instituti aqtiurad<br />
amzadebs profesionali organizatorebis axal Taobas. amJamad maT<br />
mizans 1.000 axali organizatoris gadamzadeba <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. agreTve<br />
AFL-CIO-m mosTxova adgilobriv kavSirebs adgilobrivi samsaxuris<br />
wevrebis sruli mobilizeba moexdinaT, dakompleqtebaze adgilobrivi<br />
Tanxebis 30 procenti daixarja.<br />
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4. saerTo kampaniebi. kavSirebma SeiZleba gadmoibiron politikuri an<br />
sazogadoebrivi jgufebi samizne kompaniis produqtebis boikotisTvis.<br />
sxva taqtika moicavs sagazeTo gamocemebs, romlebic akritikeben<br />
kompaniis konkretul gadawyvetilebebs; braldebebs uyeneben<br />
administraciul uwyebebs, rogoricaa “OSHA”, Sromis departamenti da<br />
NLRB, da aiZuleben organizaciis finansur institucias SeaCeron<br />
sesxebi an moiTxovon gadasaxadebi. Aam bolo strategiis dros, Sromis<br />
kavSirebma TxovniT mimarTes fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJis komisias,<br />
raTa gamoekvlia, ratom ver awvdian kompaniebi mniSvnelovan finansur<br />
informacias aqcionerebs. 2002 wels wyalsadenis SemkeTeblebis<br />
gaerTianebulma asociaciam waradgina mewiles gadawyvetileba volt<br />
disneis kompaniaSi Tavisi da sami sxva kavSiris saxeliT, romlebic<br />
floben disneis aqciebs – 93 milion dolars. maT mouwodes kompanias<br />
winadadebiT Seewyvita sakonsultacio samuSaos micema misi<br />
auditorisTvis _ “fraisvoTahauskooperisTvis”.<br />
5. sainformacio teqnologia. Eelfosta da interneti ufro da ufro<br />
swrafad xdebian kavSiris efeqturi saSualebebi. internetiT<br />
TanamSromlebs xeli miuwvdebaT calkeuli kavSirebis vebgverdebTan,<br />
kavSiris wevrobis msurvelTa gancxadebebTan da a. S. “informaciuli<br />
kavSirebi” cdiloben kompiuteris teqnologia gamoiyenon organizebis<br />
saqmianobis yvela aspeqtSi.<br />
HRM 2<br />
gaerTianebuli kvebisa da komerciuli muSakebi<br />
saerTaSoriso kavSiris uflebamosilebis baraTi<br />
gaerTianebuli kvebisa da komerciuli muSakebis saerTaSoriso kavSiri<br />
uflebamosileba warmomadgenlobisTvis<br />
me uflebamosilebas vaniWeb gaerTianebuli kvebisa da komerciuli muSakebis<br />
saerTaSoriso kavSirs _ AFL-CIO-CLC, an mis adgilobriv kavSirs (kavSirebs)<br />
iyos Cemi warmomadgeneli koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebisTvis.<br />
112
__________________________________________________________________<br />
(dabeWdili saxeli) (TariRi)<br />
____________________________________ _____________________<br />
(xelmowera) (saxlis telefonis nomeri)<br />
__________________________________________________________________<br />
(misamarTi) (qalaqi) (qveyana) (safosto kodi)<br />
_________________________________________________________________<br />
(damsaqmeblis saxelwodeba) (misamarTi)<br />
______________________ ______________________ _____________<br />
(daqiravebis TariRi) (Sesasrulebeli samuSaos saxeoba) (ganyofileba)<br />
______________ _______________<br />
(saaTebi) (dasvenebis dReebi)<br />
dRis cvla ----- Ramis cvla ---- sruli ganakveTi----- naxevari ganakveTi ---<br />
miiRebT monawileobas organizebis komitetSi? Ddiax ------- ara -------<br />
damsaqmeblis strategiebi gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg<br />
damsaqmeblebi iyeneben ori mimarTulebis kampanias gaerTianebis<br />
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Ppirvel mimarTulebis SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneba, damsaqmeblebi aqcents gaakeTeben TanamSromelsa da<br />
xelmZRvanelobas Soris sasurvel urTierTobaze, rac maT hqondaT<br />
warsulSi kavSiris gareSe. xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba gamoyos is<br />
upiratesobebi xelfasebSi, daxmarebaSi an samuSao pirobebSi, rac maT aqvT<br />
im organizaciebTan SedarebiT, romlebic ukve gaerTianebulia<br />
profkavSirSi. xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba Seaxsenos TanamSromels: “Tqven<br />
gaqvT ufleba gaerTiandeT kavSirSi, Tumca Tqven aseve gaqvT ufleba ar<br />
SeuerTdeT da pirdapir iTanamSromloT organizaciasTan garedan Carevis<br />
gareSe.”<br />
kampaniis meore mimarTulebis gamoyenebisas damsaqmeblebi xazs usvamen<br />
gaerTianebis nebismier arasasurvel aspeqts, maT Soris gaficvebs, kavSiris<br />
sawevro Senatanebis gadaxdasa da specialur Sefasebebs, wevrebis kanonieri<br />
uflebebis darRvevis sajarod gamocxadebas, kampaniis procesSi kavSiris<br />
mier gakeTebul nebismier cru dapirebas. xelmZRvanelobam aseve SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenos mTavrobis statistika, raTa aCvenos, rom kavSirebi sCadian<br />
mraval SromiT maqinacias. magaliTad, 7.052 ukanono SromiTi SemTxveva<br />
daabrales kavSirebs 2000 wels; umetesobam (5.052) daadastura ukanono<br />
SezRudva da TanamSromelTa iZuleba. Ddamsaqmeblebma SeiZleba wamoiwyon<br />
kanonieri qmedeba, rom profkavSiris wevrebi da/an maTi liderebi CaerTon<br />
nebismier ukanono SromiT maqinaciaSi organizebis procesSi.<br />
Taft-harTlis aqtiT daSvebuli SezRudvebis farglebSi<br />
xelmZRvanelobas SeuZlia gamoxatos Tavisi Sexedulebebi kavSiris<br />
warmomadgenlis uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb. Tumca kavSiris kampaniisaTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gawevis dros menejerebi ar unda daemuqron TanamSromlebs<br />
samsaxuris dakargviT an sxva samsaxurebrivi SeRavaTebis SemcirebiT an<br />
dakargviT, imis gamo, rom isini mxars uWeren gaerTianebas. xelmZRvanelobas<br />
113
ar SeuZlia SesTavazos TanamSromels axali, gaumjobesebuli pirobebi an<br />
maRali xelfasebi, raTa mxari dauWiron “araprofkavSirs”. HRM 3-Si<br />
warmodgenilia zogierTi RonisZieba, romelic menejerebi an zedamxedvelebi<br />
ar unda Caerion.<br />
HRM 3<br />
D damsaqmeblis “akrZalvebi” profkavSiris organizebis kampaniis periodSi<br />
kavSiris organizeba emociurad datvirTulia movlenebiT. ufro metic,<br />
Sromis kanoni, NLRB-s gadawyvetilebebi da sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi<br />
did gavlenas axdens xelmZRvanelobisa da kavSiris warmomadgenlebis<br />
qcevasa da moqmedebebze. organizebis kampaniis msvlelobis dros<br />
menejerebma da zedamxedvelebma Tavidan unda aicilon Semdegi moqmedebebi:<br />
• kavSiris Sexvedrebze daswreba, jaSuSoba TanamSromlisa da kavSiris<br />
Sekrebebze, an TanamSromlis dakiTxva kavSiris Sexvedris Sinaarsis<br />
gasagebad;<br />
• kiTxvebis dasma TanamSromlebisaTvis profkavSirisadmi maTi<br />
damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, vis miscemen isini xmas kavSiris<br />
arCevnebSi;<br />
• TanamSromlebisadmi damuqreba an maTi ganTavisufleba kavSirisaTvis<br />
mxardaWeris an pozitiuri Sexedulebebis gamo;<br />
• TanamSromelTa samuSao pirobebis Secvla imis gamo, rom isini<br />
aqtiurad muSaoben kavSirebisTvis an ubralod mxars uWeren maT<br />
ideebs;<br />
• TanamSromelTa saxelebis, misamarTebis da telefonis nomrebis<br />
miwodeba kavSiris warmomadgenlebisTvis;<br />
• DsamuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebis dapireba TanamSromlebisTvis<br />
(xelfasis gazrda, privilegiebis micema da a.S.), Tu isini xmas<br />
miscemen profkavSiris winaaRmdeg;<br />
• kavSiris uflebamosilebis baraTebis miReba an kavSiris mimarTvebis<br />
ganxilva, radganac TanamSromelTa saxelebi mocemulia am<br />
dokumentebSi<br />
rogor erTiandebian TanamSromlebi profkavSirebSi<br />
TanamSromlebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis jgufs, rac<br />
unda gaformdes SromiTi xelSekrulebiT. NLRB gansazRvravs SeTanxmebebis<br />
jgufs, rogorc ori an meti iseTi TanamSromlisgan Semdgar jgufs,<br />
romelTac aqvT saerTo interesebi da pirobebi da SeiZleba koleqtiuri<br />
SeTanxmebiT gaerTiandnen saerTi miznebis misaRwevad. Tu TanamSromeli da<br />
profkavSiri ver Tanxmdebian, Tu vin unda Sevides SeTanxmebebis jgufSi,<br />
Sesabamisi koleqtiuri ganxilvis jgufs gansazRvravs NLRB saerTo<br />
interesebis safuZvelze (rogoricaa xelfasi, samuSao movaleobebi an<br />
treningi). magaliTad, saavadmyofoebSi NLRB-m Camoayaliba garkveuli<br />
jgufebi eqTnebisTvis, meqanikosebisTvis, eqimebisTvis, SemkeTeblebisTvis,<br />
114
ofisis teqnikuri personalisTvis, yvela sxva araprofesionalisa da dacvis<br />
TanamSromlebisTvis.<br />
NLRB-s warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebi<br />
Tu TanamSromelTa 30 procenti Caewereba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis<br />
jgufSi, profkavSiri TxovniT mimarTavs NLRB-s arCevnebisTvis. mimarTvis<br />
iniciativa _ Caataros warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebi _ Cveulebriv<br />
profkavSirs ekuTvnis, garkveuli garemoebebis Tanaxmad, Tumca<br />
damsaqmeblebsac aqvT ufleba mimarTon mas (ix. HRM 4). arCevnebamde NLRB<br />
gamarTavs winasaarCevno ganxilvas (saqmis mosmenas) damsaqmeblebTan da<br />
profkavSirTan, kavSirebTan erTad TanamSromlebis warmosadgenad. Aam<br />
Sexvedraze ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi ganixileba, maT Soris<br />
uflebamosilebis baraTebis dadastureba, NLRB-s iurisdiqciis damtkiceba<br />
arCevnebis Casatareblad, koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis jgufis Camoyalibeba,<br />
arCevnebis TariRi, xmis micemis forma biuletenebze. Bbiuletenze<br />
mocemulia im profkavSirebis saxelebi, romlebic cdiloben aRiarebis<br />
mopovebas; biuleteni aseve gvaZlevs saSualebas avirCioT “araprofkavSiri”.<br />
arCevnebis Catarebis Semdeg gamarjvebuli mxare gamovlindeba<br />
realuri xmebis raodenobaze dayrdnobiT, da ara koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis<br />
jgufis wevrebis raodenobis mixedviT. magaliTad, ganvixiloT koleqtiuri<br />
molaparakebebis jgufi XYZ korporaciaSi, romelic 100 TanamSromlisgan<br />
Sedgeba, magram mxolod 27 TanamSromelma misca xma arCevnebSi. kavSiri,<br />
romelmac 14 dadebiTi xma miiRo 27 xmidan (umravlesoba), gamocxaddeba<br />
gamarjvebulad, da profkavSiri damtkicdeba yvela (100) TanamSromlisTvis.<br />
kanonis mixedviT kavSirs mieniWeba eqskluziuri warmomadgenloba<br />
molaparakebebis jgufis yvela TanamSromlisTvis. prof-kavSirs daamtkicebs<br />
NLRB, rogorc molaparakebiTi saSualeba, sul mcire erTi wlis vadiT, an<br />
SromiTi xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadiT. kavSiris damtkicebis Semdeg<br />
damsaqmebeli valdebulia daiwyos molaparakebebi SromiTi<br />
xelSekrulebisTvis.<br />
SromiT urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovan statistikas <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
arCevnebSi kavSirebis mogeba-wagebis Canaweri. 1950 wels NLRB-s mier<br />
Catarebul arCevnebSi profkavSiris gamarjvebis maCvenebeli iyo 74.5<br />
procenti. es procentuloba mniSvnelovnad daeca 60.2 procentamde 1965 wels<br />
da 48.2 procentamde 1995 wels. procentulobis maCvenebeli kavSiris<br />
gamarjvebisTvis dastabilurda 48 procentamde 1995 wlis Semdeg. SeiZleba<br />
gakeTdes daskvna, rom profkavSirebma dakarges TanamSromelTa efeqturad<br />
gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
gaerTianebis gavlena menejerebze<br />
TanamSromelTa gaerTianebam SeiZleba garkveuli gavlena iqonios<br />
menejerebze. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovania misi gavlena<br />
xelmZRvanelobis mier ganxorcielebul prerogativebze TanamSromlebis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. ufro metic, gaerTianeba zRudavs<br />
xelmZRvanelobis Tavisuflebas adamianuri resursebis politikis<br />
calmxrivad CamoyalibebisTvis da SeuZlia problemebi Seuqmnas<br />
zedamxedvelTa uflebamosilebas.<br />
115
xelmZRvanelobis prerogativebis problemebi<br />
Cveulebriv profkavSiri cdilobs ufro metad miiRos monawileoba<br />
xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, rac gavlenas axdens maT<br />
wevrebze. es gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba moicavdes iseT sakiTxebs,<br />
rogoricaa samuSaos, produqtiulobis standartebisa da samuSaos Sinaarsis<br />
gacnoba. damsaqmeblebi sakmaod bunebrivad asaxeleben mraval amgvar<br />
gadawyvetilebas, rogorc maTi eqskluziuri xelmZRvanelobis prerogativas<br />
– gadawyvetilebebs, razec xelmZRvaneloba eqskluziuri uflebebis<br />
pretenzias acxadebs. Tumca es prerogativebi problemebs qmnis da iwvevs<br />
kavSiris winaaRmdegobas. maT SeiZleba ikamaTon molaparakebis magidasTan<br />
Seuracxmyofeli formiT da gaficvebis muqariT.<br />
zedamxedvelobis uflebamosilebis dakargva<br />
profkavSirisa da administraciis bolo konferenciaze profkavSiris<br />
moxelem gaakeTa komentari: “kontraqtis pirobebi: xelfasi, sargebeli,<br />
samuSaos dacva da samuSao saaTebi Zalze mniSvnelovania Cveni<br />
wevrebisTvis”. menejerebisa da zedamxedvelebisTvis mTavaria kavSiris<br />
gavlena samuSao doneze (qarxnis an ofisis SesaZlebloba), sadac SromiTi<br />
xelSekrulebis pirobebi xorcieldeba yoveldRiurad. magaliTad, am<br />
pirobebma SeiZleba gansazRvros, romeli moqmedeba unda ganxorcieldes<br />
TanamSromlebTan mimarTebaSi da maT disciplinirebaSi. TanamSromelTa<br />
dasjis dros zedamxedvelebi unda iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom maT SeuZliaT<br />
daasaxelon “safuZvliani mizezi” (ix. Tavi 13) TavianTi qmedebebisTvis,<br />
radganac am qmedebebs SeiZleba problemebi mohyves kavSirisa da<br />
zedamxedvelis mxridan, da zedamxedveli SeiZleba saCivris gamo<br />
gamoZaxebuli iyos dakiTxvaze, rogorc mopasuxe. Tu problemas mivyvebiT,<br />
zedamxedvelis qmedobaunarianoba Semdgomi disciplinaruli problemebis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad SeiZleba Sesustdebuli iqnes. specialuri kontraqtis enam<br />
SeiZleba aseve Seamciros zedamxedvelis SesaZlebloba marTos iseTi<br />
sferoebi, rogoricaa dagegmva, treningi, gadasvlebi, saqmianobis Sefaseba,<br />
dawinaureba da a.S.<br />
HRM 4<br />
NLRB-s saarCevno posteri<br />
Setyobineba TanamSromlebisTvis<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo<br />
werilobiTi Txovna Semosulia federaluri uwyebisgan arCevnebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rom ganisazRvros, surT Tu ara konkretul TanamSromlebs<br />
warmoadgendnen kavSirs.<br />
saqme ganixileba da aranairi ganmarteba ar aris gakeTebuli am<br />
droisTvis SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWos mier. arCevnebis<br />
Catarebamde gamoikvreba Setyobinebebi xmis micemis sruli monacemebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
116
sasurvelia Tqvenma damsaqmebelma gamoacxados es Setyobineba, ise rom<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnulma sabWom SeZlos gacnoboT Tqven ZiriTadi<br />
uflebebis Sesaxeb SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli aqtis Sesabamisad.<br />
Tqven gaqvT ufleba federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad:<br />
• TviTorganizebis;<br />
• CamoayaliboT, SeuerTdeT an daexmaroT SromiT organizaciebs;<br />
• koleqtiurad awarmooT SeTanxmebebi Tqveni arCeuli warmomadgenlebis<br />
saSualebiT;<br />
• erTad imuSaoT koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis an sxva ormxrivi<br />
daxmarebisa da dacvisaTvis;<br />
• uari TqvaT nebismier an yvela saqmeze, Tu saxelmwifoSi, sadac aseTi<br />
SeTanaxmebebi dasaSvebia, profkavSiri da damsaqmebeli ar deben<br />
kanonieri kavSiris dacvis xelSekrulebas, romelic moiTxovs<br />
TanamSromlebisgan gadaixadon periodulad sawevro gadasaxadi da<br />
sainiciativo gadasaxadebi. Tu TanamSromeli ar aris profkavSiris<br />
wevri da acnobebs profkavSirs, rom is winaaRmdegia gamoiyenon misi<br />
gadasaxadebi arawarmomadgenlobiTi miznebisTvis, SeiZleba misgan<br />
moiTxovon, rom gadaixados mxolod kavSiris xarjebis nawili,<br />
gankuTvnili warmomadgenlobiTi saqmianobisaTvis (rogoricaa<br />
koleqtiuri molaparakebebi, kontraqtis marTva da darRvevebis<br />
mowesrigeba).<br />
SesaZlebelia, zogierTma Tqvenganma monawileoba miiRos TanamSromlebis<br />
warmomadgenlobiT arCevnebSi arCevnebis Taobaze Setanili gancxadebis<br />
safuZvelze, aranairi ganmarteba ar aris gakeTebuli im drois Sesaxeb,<br />
rodesac imarTeba arCevnebi; SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnul sabWos surs<br />
yvela kanonieri amomrCeveli gaecnos Tavis uflebebs kanonis Tanaxmad.<br />
sabWo iyenebs normebs, rac uzrunvelyofs samarTlian arCevnebs da<br />
Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebas. Tu prof-kavSirebis an damsaqmeblebis<br />
Suamavlebi erevian Tqvens uflebebSi Tavisufali arCevnebis dros, arCevnebi<br />
SeiZleba gadaidos sabWos mier. sabWo uzrunvelyofs agreTve sxvadasxva<br />
saWiro daxmarebas, rogoricaa TavianTi uflebebiT sargeblobis gamo<br />
ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebis samsaxurSi aRdgena, maTi Sromis<br />
anazRaureba im mxaris mier, romelic pasuxismgebelia maT ganTavisuflebaze.<br />
SeniSvna: qvemoT mocemulia im qmedebebis magaliTebi, romlebic<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebs arRveven da SeiZleba arCevnebis gadadeba<br />
gamoiwvion:<br />
• Ddamsaqmeblis an kavSiris mier samsaxuris dakargviT damuqreba;<br />
• TanamSromelTa mxardaWeris mopovebis mizniT, dawinaurebis,<br />
xelfasis gazrdis an sxva daxmarebebis dapireba im mxaris mier,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia aseTi dapirebebis Sesruleba;<br />
• damsaqmeblis mier TanamSromlebis gaTavisufleba imis mixedviT,<br />
xels uwyoben Tu uSlian kavSirs saqmianobaSi;<br />
• kampaniis gamosvlebis warmarTva TanamSromelTa Sekrebili<br />
jgufebisTvis arCevnebamde 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi;<br />
• rasis an religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo damsaqmeblis an kavSiris<br />
mier saCivrebis gamowveva;<br />
117
• fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT an ZaladobiT damuqreba TanamSromlebis<br />
mimarT kavSiris an damsaqmeblis mier, xmebis mopovebis mizniT.<br />
gTxovT darwmundeT, rom Tu arCevnebi tardeba, yvelanairi Zalisxmeva<br />
iqneba gamoyenebuli Tqveni uflebebis dasacavad, gaakeToT Tavisufali<br />
arCevani kanonis Sesabamisad. ar iqneba daSvebuli araswori saqcieli. Yyvela<br />
mxarem unda iTanamSromlos am uwyebasTan samarTliani arCevnebis ZiriTadi<br />
principebis SesanarCuneblad, rogorc kanoni moiTxovs. Eerovnuli SromiTi<br />
urTierTobebis sabWo, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis samTavrobo uwyeba, ar<br />
adasturebs raime arCevans arCevnebSi.<br />
Eerovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis sabWo<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis samTavrobo uwyeba<br />
es aris oficialuri samTavrobo Setyobineba da ar unda iqnes<br />
gadakeTebuli an Secvlili.<br />
SromiTi profkavSirebis struqtura, funqciebi da xelmZRvaneloba<br />
P profkavSirebs, romlebic warmoadgenen xelobis muSakebs (durgals an<br />
kalatozs), uwodeben xelobis profkavSirs. masSi Sedis rkinaze momuSave<br />
muSakebis saerTaSoriso asociacia, durglebis gaerTianebuli amxanagoba da<br />
wyalsadenebisa da milsadenebis SemkeTeblebis gaerTianebuli asociacia.<br />
kavSirebi, romlebic warmoadgenen industriaSi momuSave (xelobis da<br />
naxevrad xelobis) muSakebs, cnobilia, rogorc industriuli<br />
kavSirebi.Ffostis muSakebis amerikuli kavSiri aris industriuli kavSiri,<br />
iseve rogorc gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi; gaerTianebuli foladis<br />
muSakebi; saxelmwifos, qveynis da municipalitetis TanamSromlebis amerikis<br />
federacia; da samsaxurisa da profesionali TanamSromlebis saerTaSoriso<br />
kavSiri. sanam es gansxvaveba isev arsebobs, teqnologiurma cvlilebebma,<br />
kavSiris gaerTianebebma da kavSirebs Soris konkurenciam xeli Seuwyo am<br />
profkavSirebis Semcirebas. amJamad xelobis da araxelobis muSakebi,<br />
TeTrsayeloianebi da cisfersayeloianebi, da profesiuli jgufebi<br />
warmoadgenen orive saxis kavSirebs.<br />
PprofkavSirebis garda, aseve arsebobs TanamSromelTa asociaciebi,<br />
romlebic warmoadgenen profesionali da TeTrsayeloiani muSakebis<br />
sxvadasxva jgufebs. magaliTad, TanamSromelTa asociaciebia: erovnuli<br />
ganaTlebis asociacia, miCiganis saxelmwifo TanamSromelTa asociacia,<br />
amerikel eqimTa asociacia, da aviaxazebis pilotTa asociacia. kavSirebTan<br />
SedarebiT am asociaciebs SeuZliaT imuSaon, rogorc kavSirebma yvelanairi<br />
miznisTvis da gaxdnen iseTive aqtiurebi wevrebis warmodgenaSi, rogoric<br />
kavSirebi arian.<br />
tipis miuxedavad, SromiTi organizaciebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian<br />
TavianTi marTvis meTodebiTa da miznebiT. ufro metic, maT aqvT sakuTari<br />
stuqturebi. magaliTad, SromiTi organizaciebis aRweris dros mkvlevarTa<br />
umetesoba maT yofs sam jgufad: (1) industriuli organizaciebis kongresisa<br />
da Sromis amerikuli federacia (AFL-CIO), (2) erovnuli kavSirebi, (3)<br />
adgilobrivi kavSirebi, romlebic ekuTvnian mTavar erovnul kavSirebs.<br />
118
TiToeuls aqvs arsebobis sakuTari mizani, iseve rogorc muSaobis<br />
strategia da meTodebi.<br />
industriuli organizaciebis kongresisa da Sromis amerikuli federaciis<br />
(AFL-CIO) struqtura da funqciebi<br />
1955 wels Sromis amerikuli federacia, romelic Sedgeba ostatebis<br />
profkavSirebisgan, da industriuli organizaciebis kongresi, romelic<br />
Sedgeba ZiriTadad industriuli kavSirebisgan, gaerTiandnen da amis<br />
Sedegad Camoyalibda AFL-CIO. AFL-CIO samocdaeqvsi avtonomiuri erovnuli<br />
da saerTaSoriso kavSiris federaciaa. radganac am avtonomiuri kavSirebis<br />
interesebi da organizebis meTodebi AFL-CIO-Si yovelTvis ar emTxveva<br />
erTmaneTs, AFL-CIO-Si upiratesoba eniWeba debulebas, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs wevri kavSirebis dacvas sxva kavSirebis “Tavdasxmisagan”<br />
federaciis farglebSi. Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb am debulebis darRvevam SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios federaciidan garicxva.<br />
sinamdvileSi, AFL-CIO aris “Sromis saxli”, romelic mowodebulia<br />
warmoadginos gaerTianebuli fronti organizebuli Sromis<br />
sasargeblod. is avrcelebs Tavisi Svilobili kavSirebis liderebis<br />
mier SemuSavebul politikas, exmareba organizaciebs saqmianobis<br />
koordinaciaSi Svilobil kavSirebs Soris, atarebs gamokvlevebs da<br />
uzrunvelyofs sxva saxis daxmarebebs sxvadasxva ganyofilebis<br />
saSualebiT. kavSirebis umetesoba ekuTvnis am federacias. AFL-CIO-s<br />
daaxloebiT 13 milioni wevri hyavs, anu daaxloebiT yvela kavSiris<br />
wevrebis 80 procenti. Svilobili kavSirebi ixdian erT sulze sawevro<br />
Senatanebs (amJamad 50 centi erT wevrze TveSi) federaciis saqmianobis<br />
mxardasaWerad. kerZod, AFL-CIO exmareba Tavis wevrebs Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebSi:<br />
1. Sromis interesebis Temebis ganxilva sakanonmdeblo organoebSi;<br />
2. Svilobil kavSirebs Soris kavSiris organizebis samuSaoebis<br />
koordinacia;<br />
3. gaerTianebis problemebisa da upiratesobebis gacnoba<br />
sazogadoebisTvis;<br />
4. davebis mogvareba sxvadasxva kavSirebs Soris.<br />
am servisebis SemoTavazebis garda, AFL-CIO inarCunebs interess<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi da Sidaekonomikur sakiTxebSi, sagareo politikis<br />
sakiTxebSi, erovnul da regionalur politikaSi. magaliTad, AFL-CIO-m am<br />
bolo dros gamoyo 35 milioni dolari politikuri saqmianobisTvis, raSic<br />
Sedis politikuri organizatorebisa da politikosebis treningi Sromis<br />
sakiTxebSi.<br />
Eerovnuli kavSirebis struqtura da funqciebi<br />
SromiTi moZraobis centraluri Zalaufleba aris erovnul da<br />
saerTaSoriso kavSirebSi. Ees organizaciebi aweseben mniSvnelovan<br />
principebs kavSiris wevrebis marTvisTvis, agreTve koleqtiuri<br />
molaparakebebis miznebis CamoyalibebisTvis xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad<br />
erovnuli kavSirebi atareben yrilobebs, rom miiRon dadgenilebebi,<br />
119
Seasworon konstituciebi da irCeven moxeleebs. erovnuli kavSiris<br />
prezidenti pasuxismgebelia mTlianad kavSirebis marTvaze da is did<br />
gavlenas axdens (Tu ar akontrolebs) kavSiris strategiasa da<br />
mimarTulebaze.<br />
Eerovnuli kavSiri Tavisi konstituciis saSualebiT ayalibebs<br />
normebsa da pirobebs, romelTa mixedviTac imarTeba adgilobrivi kavSirebi.<br />
Eerovnuli kavSirebis umetesobas aqvs debulebebi, romlebic awesrigebs<br />
sawevro Senatanebs, gawevrianebis gadasaxadebsa da adgilobrivi<br />
organizaciebis Sida administracias. Eerovnulma profkavSirebma SeiZleba<br />
moiTxovon, rom damsaqmeblebis SromiT xelSekrulebebSi Sediodes<br />
konkretuli standartis debulebebi. magaliTad, standartuli kontraqtis<br />
pirobebi usafrTxoebis, darRvevis procedurebis, TanamSromelTa da<br />
xelmZRvanelobis uflebebis Sesaxeb. am kontrolis sanacvlod isini uweven<br />
profesiul da finansur daxmarebas organizebisa da gaficvebis dros da<br />
exmarebian administraciasa da SromiTi SeTanxmebebis molaparakebebSi,<br />
agreTve administraciaSi. Eerovnuli kavSiris mier uzrunvelyofili sxva<br />
momsaxurebebia: (1) kavSiris liderebis treningi, (2) kanonieri daxmareba, (3)<br />
politikuri saqmianobis xelmZRvaneloba, (4) saganmanaTleblo da<br />
socialuri urTierTobebis programebi, (5) kavSiris wevrebis<br />
disciplinireba.<br />
Aadgilobrivi profkavSirebis struqtura da funqciebi<br />
A adgilobrivi profkavSirebis moxeleebi Cveulebriv pasuxismgebelni<br />
arian adgilobriv SromiT SeTanxmebebze da wevrebis darRvevebis<br />
gamoZiebasa da procesze. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, isini uzrunvelyofen,<br />
rom adgilobrivi kavSiris wevrebs ar moeqcnen TavianTi damsaqmeblebi<br />
adamianuri resursebis dadgenili politikis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
adgilobrivi profkavSirebis moxeleebSi Sedis prezidenti,<br />
viceprezidenti, mdivani-xazinadari da sxvadasxva komitetis Tavmjdomareebi.<br />
kavSiris sididis mixedviT, erT an met mosamsaxures kavSiri uxdis<br />
anazRaurebas sruli ganakveTis safuZvelze. darCenili moxeleebi wevrebia,<br />
romelTac aqvT regularuli samsaxuri da emsaxurebian kavSirs<br />
anazRaurebis gareSe, SesaZloa maTTvis simboluri saCuqrebisa da xarjebis,<br />
SeRavaTebis gamoyofa. erovnuli kavSiris xelfasiani moxeleebi – egreT<br />
wodebuli amerikis kavSirgabmulobis muSakebis CWA warmomadgenlebi –<br />
daexmarebian adgilobriv kavSirs iseTi funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi,<br />
rogoricaa organizeba, SromiTi xelSekrulebebis mogvareba, wevrebis<br />
darRvevebis arbitraJi da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi.<br />
Madgilobriv kavSirSi metad mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobas <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
kavSiris warmomadgeneli. igi kavSiris wevrebis interesebs icavs maT<br />
uSualo zedamxedvelebTan da xelmZRvanelobis sxva wevrebTan<br />
urTierTobaSi. warmomadgenlebs Cveulebriv kavSiris wevrebi irCeven<br />
ganyofilebis farglebSi, isini TanamSromlebs anazRaurebis gareSe<br />
emsaxurebian. radganac warmomadgenlebi srul ganakveTze muSaoben<br />
organizaciaSi, samuSao saaTebis Semdeg isini xSirad didi dros wevrebis<br />
problemebis ganxilvasa da mogvarebas uTmoben. roca warmomadgeneli<br />
monawileobs Sexvedrebze organizaciis samuSao drois periodSi, maSin<br />
dakarguli samuSao drois anazRaurebas ixdis adgilobrivi profkavSiri.<br />
120
PprofkavSiris warmomadgeneli SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rogorc<br />
“Suamavali adamiani”, romelic momwyvdeulia sawinaaRmdego interesebsa da<br />
jgufebs Soris. Aar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom warmomadgenlebi yovelTvis<br />
daicaven wevrebs da angariSs ar gauweven menejerul amocanebs.<br />
profkavSiris warmomadgenlebi xSirad windaxeduli pirovnebebi arian,<br />
romlebic muSaoben TanamSromlebisa da organizaciis mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebisTvis. aseve zedamxedvelebi da menejerebi yvela doneze<br />
amyareben samuSao urTierTobebs warmomadgenelTan da kavSiris yvela<br />
moxelesTan. am urTierTobas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes kavSirisa<br />
da xelmZRvanelobis efeqturi TanamSromlobisaTvis. TanamSromelTa<br />
moralisaTvis.<br />
PprofkavSiris xelmZRvanelobis mimarTulebebi da damokidebulebebi<br />
P profkavSiris liderebis rolis zusti SefasebisTvis adamianma unda<br />
gaiazros maTi warsuli, ambiciebi da aRiaros maTi samsaxuris politikuri<br />
arsi. Mmravali erovnuli profkavSiris liderebs SeeZloT SeemuSavebinaT<br />
politikuri saSualebebi, riTac isini daamarcxebdnen opozicias da<br />
samudamod SeinarCunebdnen samsaxurs. ATumca adgilobrivi kavSiris<br />
liderebisTvis muSaobis vada naklebad daculia. adgilobriv profkavSirSi,<br />
federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad, moxeleebis xelaxali arCeva xdeba sul<br />
mcire yovel sam weliwadSi. Tu isini darCebian samsaxurSi, maT unda<br />
SeZlon wevrebis umravlesobis darwmuneba, rom isini wevrebs efeqturad<br />
emsaxurebian.<br />
MTumca simarTlea, rom profkavSiris liderebi maRal Tanamdebobebs<br />
TavianT organizaciebSi ikaveben, Cveulebrivi wevrebi xSirad Zalian did<br />
gavlenas am liderebis mxridan ganicdian, kerZod, SromiTi xelSekrulebis<br />
molaparakebebTan da marTvasTan dakavSirebiT. menejerebma unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinon, rom profkavSiris Tanamdebobis pirebi arCevnebis gziT<br />
modian Tanamdebobebze, nebismieri politikuri Tanamdebobis piris msgavsad,<br />
da unda upasuxon TavianTi amomrCevlebis interesebs. profkavSiris lideri,<br />
romelic kavSiris wevrebis moTxovnebs ugulebelyofs, safrTxis qveS<br />
ayenebs Tavis xelaxal arCevas an mis, rogorc SeTanxmebebis Suamavlis,<br />
mxardaWeras. warmatebuli liderobisTvis saWiroa Sromis moxeleebma<br />
didi yuradReba miaqcion saerTo miznebs da Sromis mimarTulebebs.<br />
biznesgaerTianeba aris zogadi safirmo niSani amerikis Sromis<br />
organizaciebis Semdegi miznebisTvis: gazrdili xelfasi, samuSaos dacva da<br />
gaumjobesebuli samuSao pirobebi. Uufro metic, kavSiris liderebma ician<br />
agreTve, rom profkavSirebma unda gadaWran wevrebis socialuri,<br />
ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi. magaliTad, gaerTianebuli<br />
avtomuSakebi zemoqmedebas axdenen kongresze dacviTi kanonmdeblobis<br />
misaRebad, romelic gavlenas axdens avtoindustriaze. Statis, qveynisa da<br />
municipalitetis TanamSromelTa amerikuli federacia, nemsebis warmoebis<br />
kavSiri, industriuli da safeiqro TanamSromlebis da saaviacio asociacia<br />
aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars qalTa sakiTxebs saxelmwifo da erovnul doneze.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebi saxelmwifo seqtorSi<br />
K koleqtiuri molaparakebebi federaluri, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis TanamSromlebs Soris warmoadgenda ganviTarebis sferos<br />
profkavSiris moZraobisTvis adre, 1960 wlis Semdeg. dRes Svidi milioni<br />
121
saxelmwifo mosamsaxurea gaerTianebuli profkavSirebSi an TanamSromelTa<br />
asociaciebSi. isini Seadgenen mTavrobis moxeleTa daaxloebiT 40 procents.<br />
profkavSiris wevrTa raodenobis bolo monacemebi aCveneben, rom udidesi<br />
SromiTi organizaciebi warmoadgenen TanamSromlebs saxelmwifo seqtorSi –<br />
erovnuli saganmanaTleblo asociacia (2.7 milioni wevri), maswavlebelTa<br />
amerikuli federacia (900.000 wevri) da saxelmwifo, qveynis da<br />
municipalitetis TanamSromlebi (1.3 milioni wevri). radganac<br />
maswavleblebis, policielebis, mexanZreebis da saxelmwifo moxeleebis<br />
profkavSirebisa da asociaciebis masStabebi gaizarda da gazarda<br />
politikuri Zalauflebac, isini iTxoven imave uflebebs SeTanxmebisTvis da<br />
imave pirobebs, rac kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlebs aqvT.<br />
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris koleqtiur<br />
molaparakebebs mravali saerTo Tviseba aqvs, mainc bevri faqtori<br />
ganasxvavebs am or seqtors erTmaneTisgan. P pirveli, aq ar aris erovnuli<br />
kanonebi, romlebic marTavs saxelmwifo seqtoris SromiT urTierTobebs,<br />
erovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis aqtis msgavsad kerZo seqtorSi.<br />
saxelmwifo seqtoris koleqtiuri molaparakebebi mimdinareobs TiToeuli<br />
Statis calkeuli iurisdiqciis farglebSi, da arsebobs gansxvaveba<br />
sxvadasxva Statis kanonebs Soris. magaliTad, zogierT Stats: arizonas,<br />
utas da misisips ara aqvs koleqtiuri molaparakebebis kanonebi; sxva<br />
Statebs: floridas, havais da niu iorks sayovelTao kanonebi aqvs,<br />
romlebic aniWeben koleqtiuri molaparakebebis uflebebs yvela saxelmwifo<br />
moxeles. am or ukiduresobas Soris aris saxelmwifo kanonebi, romlebic<br />
aniWeben koleqtiuri molaparakebebis uflebebs mxolod TanamSromelTa<br />
specialur jgufebs, rogoricaa maswavleblebi da formiani servisebi<br />
(policia da saxanZro). Ffederaluri TanamSromlebisTvis koleqtiur<br />
molaparakebebs awesrigebs aRmasrulebeli brZanebebi (aSS-is prezidentis<br />
mier gamocemuli debulebebi) da 1978 wlis samoqalaqo servisis reformis<br />
aqti.<br />
Mmeore, saxelmwifo iurisdiqciebi xSirad aweseben xelfass,<br />
TanamSromelTa sargebels da organizaciul wesebs, ris mixedviTac<br />
muSaoben maTi TanamSromlebi. sajaro samoqalaqo servisis sistemebi<br />
arsebobs, raTa ganixilon TanamSromelTa saCivrebi an darRvevebi. kanoniT<br />
gansazRvruli xelfasiTa da samuSao pirobebiT profkavSirebs ar aZleven<br />
SesaZleblobas moagvaron koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis yoveldRiuri<br />
sakiTxebi. KprofkavSirebi miiCneven amas, rogorc TavianTi mizezebis<br />
“dacvis~ SesaZleblobis dakargvas.<br />
Dda bolos, gaficva saxelmwifo seqtorSi mkacrad akrZalulia.<br />
radganac is momsaxureba, romelsac uzrunvelyofen mTavrobis moxeleebi,<br />
xSirad iTvleba mniSvnelovnad sazogadoebis keTildReobisTvis,<br />
sazogadoebrivi politika aseTi gaficvebis winaaRmdegia. A amrigad,<br />
Statebis umetesobis sakanonmdeblo organoebi TanamSromlebs ar aniWeben<br />
gaficvis uflebas. im StatebSi, sadac gaficva dasaSvebia, ufleba<br />
SezRudulia TanamSromelTa garkveuli jgufebisTvis – Cveulebriv, uformo<br />
(araformiani) TanamSromlebisTvis, romelTa gaficvas SeuZlia safrTxe<br />
Seuqmnas sazogadoebis janmrTelobas, usafrTxoebas an keTildReobas.<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleTa profkavSirebi kamaToben, rom radgan isini uars<br />
amboben gaficvis imave uflebaze, romelzec kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlebi,<br />
maTi Zalaufleba koleqtiuri molaparakebebis dros metad Sesustebulia.<br />
122
profkavSiris moxeleebi xSirad aRweren saxelmwifo moxeleebTan<br />
molaparakebas, rogorc “Sexvdi da moiTxove”-s process.<br />
Mmolaparakebebis uflebamosilebaSi samarTlianobis, miukerZoeblobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad sxvadasxva arbitraJis meTodebi gamoiyeneba, riTac xdeba<br />
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis gamouvali mdgomareobis mogvareba saxelmwifo<br />
seqtorSi. erT-erTia savaldebulo arbitraJi TanamSromlebisTvis: policiis<br />
TanamSromlebi, mexanZreebi da sxvebi, am sferoSi gaficvebi ar SeiZleba<br />
daSvebuli iyos. Kkidev erT meTods <strong>warmoadgens</strong> bolo SeTavazebis<br />
arbitraJi, romlis mixedviTac arbitrma unda aarCios modave mxareeebis<br />
mier warmodgenili erT-erTi saboloo SemoTavazeba. Aam meTodiT arbitri<br />
im mxarisken ixreba, romlis saboloo SeTanxmebis winadadeba yvelaze<br />
axlosaa sakiTxis gonivrul mogvarebasTan.<br />
SeTanxmebis, molaparakebebis procesi<br />
xSirad adamianebi, romlebic ar arian garkveulni kontraqtis<br />
molaparakebebSi, am process miiCneven emociur konfliqtad mSromel klassa<br />
da xelmZRvanelobas Soris, rac xorcieldeba xangrZlivi sesiebiT, muStis<br />
dartymebiT kvamliT savse oTaxebSi. sinamdvileSi SromiTi xelSekrulebis<br />
molaparakebas didi dro sWirdeba momzadebisTvis, maT Soris _<br />
diplomatiuri manevrireba da SeTanxmebis strategiis SemuSaveba. ufro<br />
metic, molaparakeba mxolod koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis procesis erT<br />
nawils <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebi aseve gulisxmobs ekonomikuri<br />
zewolis gamoyenebas gaficvebisa da boikotis formiT profkavSiris mier.<br />
Llokautebi, sawarmos daxurva da gaficulebis gadaadgileba msgavsi<br />
zemoqmedebaa, romelsac iyenebs damsaqmebeli. agreTve erT-erTma an orive<br />
mxarem SeiZleba moiTxovos mxardaWera sazogadoebisgan an<br />
sasamarTloebisgan, rogorc mowinaaRmdege mxaris zewolis saSualeba.<br />
molaparakebebisTvis momzadeba<br />
molaparakebebisTvis mzadeba niSnavs monacemebis Segrovebas<br />
SeTanxmebis winadadebebisTvis da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis gundis<br />
Camoyalibebas. es saSualebas iZleva koleqtiuri molaparakebebi Catardes<br />
mowesrigebulad, realur da pozitiur safuZvelze sasurveli miznis<br />
misaRwevad. Mmolaparakebebis dros xSirad adgenen molaparakebebis wignaks,<br />
masSi mocemulia SeniSvnebi, romlebic gansazRvravs, kontarqtis romel<br />
punqtze SeiZleba moTxovnam gavlena moaxdinos. molaparakebebis wignakSi<br />
aseve mocemulia kontarqtis pirobebis zogadi istoria da maTi mniSvneloba<br />
xelmZRvanelobisTvis. SromiTi xelSekruleba ar aris pirveli, razedac<br />
mxareebi Tanxmdebian, aramed molaparakebebisTvis momzadeba idealur<br />
SemTxvevaSi unda daiwyos Zalian male arsebuli xelSekrulebis<br />
xelmoweridan. es praqtika saSualebas aZlevs molaparakebis monawileebs<br />
ganixilon wina molaparakebebis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi.<br />
Mmolaparakebebis monacemTa Segroveba<br />
darRvevebTan, disciplinarul qmedebebTan, dawinaurebasTan, warmoebis<br />
droebiT SeCerebasTan, damatebiT samuSao saaTebTan, arbitraJis wina<br />
dadgenilebebTan da xelfasebTan dakavSirebuli Sida monacemebi exmareba<br />
damsaqmebels SeTanxmebis Camoyalibebasa da mxardaWeraSi. zedamxedvelebma<br />
da menejerebma, romlebic valdebulni arian moagvaron SromiTi SeTanxmeba,<br />
123
SeiZleba metad mniSvnelovani ideebi da winadadebebi mogvawodon<br />
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, rac saWiroa xelSekrulebis momzadebisTvis.<br />
maTi kontaqti profkavSiris wevrebTan da warmomadgenlebTan uzrunvelyofs<br />
cvlilebebis pirvelad informacias, rac molaparakebisas kavSiris<br />
wamomadgenlebma unda SemogvTavazon.<br />
Kkontraqtis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis dros profkavSiris<br />
SemTanxmeblebi saubroben “konkurenciuli xelfasis miRebaze”. es termini<br />
exeba msgavsi kontraqtis debulebebis arsebobas – kerZod, xelfasisa da<br />
sargeblis Sesaxeb – sxvadasxva kompaniebs Soris, raTa Tavidan aviciloT<br />
sasurveli SromiTi Rirebulebis upiratesoba meoreze. molaparakebebis<br />
modeli saSualebas aZlevs kavSirebs aCvenenon TavianT wevrebs, rom isini<br />
iReben anazRaurebas sxv TanamSromlebis msgavsad, romlebic asruleben<br />
msgavs samuSaos, da damsaqmebelebi darwmunebulni arian, rom maTi Sromis<br />
Rirebuleba konkurencias uwevs maT konkurentebs. sxva miRweuli SromiTi<br />
SeTanxmebebi, kerZod adgilobriv da regionalur doneze, did rols<br />
TamaSobs SromiTi xelSekrulebis pirobebis dadgenaSi.<br />
koleqtiuri molaparakebebis procesi<br />
1. momzadeba molaparakebebisTvis<br />
_________________________________<br />
• monacemTa Segroveba;<br />
• SeTanxmebis pirobebis dadgena.<br />
2. strategiebis SemuSaveba<br />
________________________________<br />
• xelmZRvanelobis winadadebebisa da dasaSvebi SezRudvebis ganxilva;<br />
• oponentebis miznebis ganxilva;<br />
• gaficvis gegmis SemuSaveba.<br />
3. molaparakebebis Catareba<br />
___________________________<br />
• gulwrfeli SeTanxmeba;<br />
• winadadebebis analizi;<br />
• SeTavazebebis gadawyveta;<br />
• SeTanxmebebis formatSi darCena.<br />
4. xelSekrulebis gaformeba<br />
____________________________<br />
• kontraqtis enis dadgena;<br />
• xelSekrulebis damtkiceba.<br />
gaficvebi – kanonieri moTxovnebi – lokautebi – gaficvis gadaadgilebebi –<br />
boikoti<br />
Mmolaparakebebis gundebi<br />
Cveulebriv TiToeul mxares eyoleba oTxi an eqvsi warmomadgeneli<br />
molaparakebis magidasTan. xelmZRvanelobis mTavari momlaparakebeli<br />
124
(mediatori) iqneba viceprezidenti an SromiTi urTierTobebis menejeri;<br />
profkavSiris mTavari momlaparakebeli iqneba adgilobrivi kavSiris<br />
prezidenti an erovnuli kavSiris warmomadgeneli. sxvebi, romlebic<br />
Seadgenen menejmentis gunds, iqnebian warmomadgenlebi sabuRaltro an<br />
finansuri operciebis, dasaqmebis, samarTlebrivi an satreningo<br />
ganyofilebebis. adgilobrivi kavSiris prezidents mxars dauWers mTavari<br />
Suamavali, sxva adgilobrivi kavSiris prezidentebi da erovnuli kavSiris<br />
warmomadgenlebi.<br />
SeTanxmebis gundis pirveli Sexvedra gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />
radganac is ayalibebs garemos, romelSic warimarTeba molaparakebebi.<br />
gulwrfelma damokidebulebam, zogjer mcire iumoris Semotanamac, SeiZleba<br />
ganmuxtos daZabuloba da xeli Seuwyos molaparakebebis Tavisuflad<br />
dawyebas. damokidebulebis amgvari struqtura momzadda mxareebs Soris<br />
damokidebulebebis Sesacvlelad, xSirad erTi mxaris dasarwmuneblad, rom<br />
daakmayofilos meore mxaris moTxovnebi.<br />
SeTanxmebebis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSaveba<br />
damsaqmeblis Suamavlebma unda SeimuSaon werilobiTi gegma, romelic<br />
Seicavs maTi SeTanxmebis strategias. gegma unda iTvaliswinebdes<br />
winadadebebs, romlebsac albaT profkavSiri waradgens, sxva<br />
damsaqmeblebTan dadebul yvelaze bolo xelSekrulebebze dayrdnobiT, da<br />
unda Seicavdes moTxovnebs, romlebic daukmayofilebeli darCa wina<br />
molaparakebebis Semdeg. gegma agreTve unda iTvaliswinebdes kavSiris<br />
miznebs, agreTve imas, ramdenad apirebs is daTmobebze wasvlas, Tu<br />
mimarTavs gaficvebis qmedebebs am miznebis misaRwevad.<br />
Mdamsaqmeblis SeTanxmebis strategiam sul mcire unda moagvaros es<br />
sakiTxebi:<br />
profkavSiris winadadebebi da xelmZRvanelobis reaqcia maTze;<br />
xelmZRvanelobis moTxovnebis, daTmobebis SezRudvebis, da<br />
gansazRvruli kavSiris reaqciebis nusxa;<br />
monacemTa bazis SemuSaveba xelmZRvanelobis SeTanxmebebis<br />
winadadebebis mxardasaWerad da kavSiris moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod;<br />
moqmedma gegmam unda moaxdinos gavlena YTanamSromlebze.<br />
strategiis garkveuli elementebi saerToa damsaqmeblisTvisac da<br />
profkavSirisTvisac. zogadad TiToeuli mxaris mier wamoyenebuli<br />
Tavdapirveli moTxovnebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre isini, romlebic<br />
faqtobrivad SeiZleba miRweul iqnes. es keTdeba daTmobebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad. ufro metic, TiToeuli mxare yovelTvis gaurbis daTmos<br />
maqsimumi, mas SeuZlia iseT daTmobaze wavides, romelic SeiZleba saWiro<br />
gaxdes SeTanxmebis gamouvali mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad.<br />
SromiTi xelSekrulebis molaparakebas SeiZleba hqondes pokeris<br />
TamaSis zogierTi Tviseba: TiToeuli mxare cdilobs gansazRvros Tavisi<br />
oponentis pozicia, maSin roca Tavisas ar amJRavnebs. TiToeuli mxare,<br />
bunebrivia, cdilobs Tavidan aicilos Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis gamxela, rac<br />
mohyveba SeTavazebas, ise rom is ar iqneba iZulebuli gadaixados ufro meti<br />
Tanxa, vidre saWiroa SeTavazebis misaRebad. es isevea, rogorc manqanis<br />
yidvis dros, roca myidveli da gamyidveli mraval strategias iyeneben<br />
saukeTeso SesaZlo Sedegis mosapoveblad.<br />
125
SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb molaparakeba<br />
roca molaparakebebi iwyeba, damsaqmebeli valdebulia gulwrfelad<br />
moelaparakos kavSiris warmomadgenels samuSao pirobebis Taobaze.<br />
gulwrfeloba moiTxovs, rom damsaqmeblis Suamavlebi Sexvdnen<br />
profkavSiris kolegebs saWiro adgilas am pirobebis gansaxilvelad. is<br />
agreTve moiTxovs, rom TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili winadadebebi<br />
iyos realuri. Mmeore mxaris SemoTavazebebis ganxilvis dros TiToeuli<br />
mxare valdebulia wamoayenos Sesabamisi sawinaaRmdego winadadebebi.<br />
sabolood, orive mxarem unda moaweros xeli werilobiT dokuments,<br />
romelic Seicavs molaparakebebis saSualebiT miRweul SeTanxmebas.<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo (NLRB) gansazRvravs<br />
movaleobas SeaTanxmos yvela sakiTxi xelfasis, samuSao saaTebis an sxva<br />
pirobebis Sesaxeb. am Temebs uwodeben SeTanxmebis savaldebulo sakiTxebs.<br />
orive mxare _ damsaqmebelic da profkavSiric _ unda SeTanxmdes<br />
gulaxdilad am sakiTxebze. Tumca kanoni ar sTxovs arc erT mxares<br />
daeTanxmos winadadebas an wavides daTmobebze am sakiTxebze molaparakebis<br />
dros. sxva sakiTxebis (egreT wodebuli arCeviTi sakiTxebis) Sesaxeb ki,<br />
romlebic kanonieria, magram ar ukavSirdeba anazRaurebas, samuSao saaTebs,<br />
an sxva pirobebs, mxareebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen, magram arc<br />
erTma mxarem ar unda aiZulos meore daiTanxmos am sakiTxebze. arCeviTi<br />
sakiTxebi SeiZleba moicavdes profkavSiris moTxovnas daadasturos<br />
zedamxedvelobiTi dawinaurebebi an konsultacia organizaciis produqtis<br />
an servisis fasis dadgenis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis arakanonieri sakiTxebi<br />
moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa daxuruli sawarmos an savaldebulo<br />
sawevro gadasaxadebis daqviTvebi. Tu moTxovna gakeTda arakanonier<br />
punqtTan dakavSirebiT, NLRB gamoavlens darRvevas taft-harTlis aqtis (5)<br />
(8) a nawilis mixedviT. sadac Sromis klasis da xelmZRvanelobis<br />
Suamavlebs ar SeuZliaT daeTanxmon, SeTanxmebis winadadeba savaldebulo<br />
sakiTxia Tu arCeviTi, NLRB gadawyvets davas.<br />
Yyoveli SeTanxmebis gadasaWreli sakiTxisTvis problema, razedac<br />
SeTanxmeba miRweul iqna, unda iyos damsaqmeblisa da kavSiris mier miRebul<br />
farglebSi. xSirad xsenebuli SeTanxmebis modelSi, ros stagneri da<br />
jalmar rozeni am or struqturas Soris arsebul sferos uwodeben<br />
SeTanxmebis, ganxilvis zonas. zogierTi SeTanxmebis situaciaSi, erT-erTi<br />
amgvari zona mocemulia 14.3 sqemaze, erTi mxaris sasurveli gadawyvetileba<br />
SeiZleba gascdes meore mxaris sazRvrebs. ase rom, gamosavali SeTanxmebis<br />
zonis gareTaa. Tu is mxare uars ganacxadebs Secvalos Tavisi moTxovnebi,<br />
rom moaqcios isini SeTanxmebis zonaSi, an Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare uars<br />
ganacxadebs gaafarToos Tavisi SezRudva meore mxaris moTxovnaTa<br />
Sesarigeblad, moveqceviT SeTanxmebis CixSi. magaliTad, TanamSromlebisTvis<br />
xelfasis gazrdaze mimdinareobs SeTanxmeba, da Tu profkavSiris yvelaze<br />
dabali limiti aris 4-procentiani zrda da xelmZRvanelobis maqsimaluri<br />
limiti ki – 6 procenti, misaRebi sfero – SeTanxmebis zona –<br />
xelmisawvdomia orive mxarisTvis. Tu xelmZRvanelobis maqsimaluri limiti<br />
aris mxolod 3 procenti, SeTanxmebis zona ar aris xelmisawvdomi arc erTi<br />
mxarisTvis da Seiqmneba gamouvali mdgomareoba. sqema 14.3, romelic<br />
eyrdnoba stagnerisa da rozenis original models, gviCvenebs, rom roca<br />
molaparakeba mimdinareobs, ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba gavlenas<br />
126
axdens Suamavlebze da maT SesaZleblobaze SeTanxmebas miaRwion<br />
molaparakebis zonis farglebSi.<br />
interesebze dafuZnebuli molaparakeba<br />
administraciasa da profkavSirebs Soris aSS-is SromiTi urTierTobebi<br />
konkurentunarianobiT xasiaTdeba. Suamavlebi iwyeben sawinaaRmdego<br />
SeTanxmebebiT. gansazRvruli poziciebiT da Seferxebis, darwmunebis,<br />
xelobis an Zalauflebis saSualebiT mxareebi muSaoben calkeuli<br />
SeTanxmebis moTxovnebis mogvarebisaTvis. tradiciuli SeTanxmebiT da<br />
ormxrivi daTmobis meTodiT, Sedegebi SeiZleba srulad akmayofilebdes<br />
erT an orive mxares. faqtobrivad, roca erTi mxare xvdeba, rom mas<br />
“usamarTlod” moeqcnen, mwvave gancdebi SeiZleba sul gahyves SeTanxmebis<br />
moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc erT-erTma Sromis Suamavalma aRniSna,<br />
“sawinaaRmdego SeTanxmeba didad ver amyarebs grZelvadian pozitiur<br />
urTierTobas, kavSirs, romelic Ria urTierTobebsa da ndobas emyareba.<br />
Tavisi xasiaTis mixedviT is iwvevs eWvsa da kompromacias.” am negatiuri<br />
grZnobebis dasaZlevad profkavSirebisa da administraciis praqtikosebma<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenon arawinaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba molaparakebebis<br />
mimarT.<br />
interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba eyrdnoba ormxrivi interesebis<br />
gansazRvrasa da dadgenas, da ara konkretuli moTxovnebis mogvarebas.<br />
rogorc gansazRvrulia federaluri Suamavlobisa da momrigebiTi<br />
samsaxuris mier, interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba aris “problemis<br />
gadaWris procesi, romelic xorcieldeba principuli gziT; es<br />
uzrunvelyofs efeqtur gadawyvetilebebs SeTanxmebiTi urTierTobis<br />
gaumjobesebis periodSi”. SeTanxmebis strategiis mTavari mizania aRmoaCinos<br />
SeTanxmebis ormxrivi interesebi, ormxrivi miznisa da gamosavalis<br />
gansazRvris surviliT.<br />
interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba aris patara novela SeTanxmebis<br />
procesSi. gansazRvrulia agreTve SeTanxmebis saSualebebi, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT warmatebuli da warumatebeli molaparakebebis<br />
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, procesis dasaCqareblad. winadadebebisa da<br />
sapirispiro winadadebebis gamoyenebaze metad, rogorc SeTanxmebis miRwevis<br />
saSualebas, monawileebi iyeneben jgufur gadawyvetilebas, konsensuss,<br />
aqtiur mosmenas, Semowmebis processa da matricul Camoyalibebas, raTa<br />
xeli Seuwyon sakiTxebis mogvarebas. interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmebis<br />
mizania samomavlod daamyaros kavSiri ndobaze, urTierTgagebasa da<br />
ormxriv pativiscemaze.<br />
xelmZRvaneloba da profkavSiris uflebamosileba koleqtiuri<br />
molaparakebebis dros<br />
molaparakebebis dros Tu arc erTi mxare ar Tmobs Tavis<br />
Tavdapirvel pozicias SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT,, maSin Suamavlebi<br />
vardebian gamouval mdgomareobaSi. am etapze molaparakebebi metad<br />
daiZabeba, roca TiToeuli mxare gamoiyenebs Tavis SeTanxmebis uflebas<br />
miaRwios sasurvel Sedegebs. Mmxaris SeTanxmebis ufleba gulisxmobs mis<br />
ekonomikur, politikur da socialur gavlenas, raTa daikmayofilos Tavisi<br />
moTxovnebi meore mxaris xarjze.<br />
127
SeTanxmebis zona da molaparakebebis gavlena<br />
faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen<br />
sazogadoebis azri;<br />
Suamavlebis Tvisebebi;<br />
ekonomikuri gavlena;<br />
SeTanxmebis istoria mxareebs Soris;<br />
kanonebi da administraciuli gadawyvetilebebi;<br />
sxva molaparakebebis Sedegebi;<br />
profkavSiris sasurveli Sedegi;<br />
profkavSiris sasurveli Sedegebis mosalodneli jaWvi;<br />
profkavSiris dabali limiti;<br />
administraciis maRali limiti;<br />
administraciis sasurveli Sedegebis mosalodneli jaWvi;<br />
administraciis sasurveli Sedegi.<br />
profkavSirebis SeTanxmebis uflebamosileba<br />
profkavSirebis uflebamosileba SeiZleba gamoiyenon damsaqmeblis<br />
winaaRmdeg gaficvis, piketirebis an boikotis mowyobiT. gaficvis<br />
saSualebiT TanamSromelTa jgufebi uars amboben muSaobis gagrZelebaze.<br />
profkavSirebi, Cveulebriv, gaficvas ucxadeben xelmZRvanelobas, rom<br />
molaparakebebiT daTmobaze wavidnen, rac gamoricxavs gaficvis saWiroebas.<br />
profkavSirebis wevrebis gaficva ar gulisxmobs, rom maT realurad surT<br />
an moelian gaficvis gagrZelebas, aramed maTi mizania ndobis mopoveba maTi<br />
ufrosebis mdgomareobis gansamtkiceblad molaparakebebis magidasTan.<br />
PprofkavSirisTvis metad mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs<br />
damsaqmebeli muSaobis gagrZelebas zedamxedvelebiT da im TanamSromlebis,<br />
personalis saSualebiT, romlebic daqiravebulni iyvnen gaficuli<br />
TanamSromlebis Sesanacvlebad. organizaciebSi, romlebsac maRali donis<br />
teqnologiebi da avtomatika gaaCnia da hyavs SedarebiT mcire<br />
TanamSromlebi, albaT agrZeleben muSaobas zedamxedvelebTan da<br />
menejerebTan erTad. maRalavtomatur satelefono kompaniebSi momsaxurebis<br />
umetesi nawili SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos zedamxedvelebis mier gaficvis<br />
dros. erT-erTma xelmZRvanelobam ganacxada: “teqnologiuri cvlilebebis<br />
gamo gaficvebi bevr industriaSi aRar axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />
damsaqmeblis saqmianobaze.” Aase rom, muSaobis gagrZelebis rac ufro meti<br />
SesaZlebloba aqvs damsaqmebels, miT ufro naklebi Sansi aqvs profkavSirs<br />
daikmayofilos moTxovnebi gaficvis saSualebiT.<br />
roca kavSiri gaficvas awyobs, is axdens samsaxuris Sesasvlelis<br />
piketirebas, raTa uTanxmoebis reklamireba moaxdinos da sxvebic ar SeuSvas<br />
SenobaSi, radganac profkavSirebi xSirad uars amboben sxva<br />
profkavSirebis piketirebis darRvevaze; piketirebam SeiZleba xeli<br />
SeuSalos satvirTo manqanebsa da vagonebs saqonlis gadazidvebSi.<br />
128
magaliTad, satvirTo manqanis mZRolma SeiZleba uari ganacxados, rom<br />
miawodos saqoneli im kompaniebs, romelTa TanamSromlebic gaficulni<br />
arian kvebisa da komerciul muSakTa gaerTianebul kavSirTan erTad.<br />
PprofkavSiris kidev erT ekonomikur iaraRs boikoti <strong>warmoadgens</strong>,<br />
romelic kategoriulad uaryofs damsaqmeblis mfarvelobas. magaliTad,<br />
xelsawyoebis mwarmoeblis winaaRmdeg gaficulma TanamSromlebma SeiZleba<br />
gadaketon gza im sacalo maRaziis win, sadac iyideba gaficulTa ufrosis<br />
mier warmoebuli xelsawyoebi. profkavSirebma aseve SeiZleba gamoiyenon<br />
plakatebi, radio da presa gancxadebebisaTvis, raTa xeli SeuSalon<br />
mwarmoeblis produqciis an servisis Sesyidvas.<br />
Aadministraciis molaparakebebis uflebamosileba<br />
roca molaparakeba CixSi eqceva, damsaqmeblis SeTanxmebis perspeqtiva<br />
damokidebulia saqmianobis gagrZelebaze, gaficvisa da operaciebis<br />
mTlianad SeCerebis miuxedavad.<br />
TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gaificnon organizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca<br />
damqiraveblebs kanonieri ufleba aqvT daiqiraon an Caanacvlon rezervis<br />
TanamSromlebi. am uflebiT damqiraveblebi moipoveben SeTanxmebis<br />
saSualebas, rac prof-kavSiris gaficvis uflebas utoldeba. erTma<br />
damkvirvebelma aRniSna: “momuSaveTa Canacvlebis strategia menejers aZlevs<br />
SesaZleblobas SeebrZolos profkavSirs ise, rogorc aTeuli wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi kavSirebi ebrZodnen damsaqmeblebs.” NLRB-s dadgenilebebis<br />
Tanaxmad, Casanacvlebeli TanamSromlebi unda daiqiraon, xolo gaficul<br />
TanamSromlebs aqvT erTi wliT samsaxurSi aRdgenis ufleba da Tu isini<br />
gamoTqvamen samsaxurSi dabrunebis survils, maT es gadawyvetileba Riad<br />
unda daafiqsiron.<br />
kidev erT, farTod gavrcelebul molaparakebebis strategias<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> is, rom damqiraveblebma SeiZleba gaagrZelon muSaoba<br />
menejerebisa da zedamxedvelebis daxmarebiT, raTa daakompleqton<br />
gaficulTa samuSao adgilebi. magaliTad, 2000 wels, agvistoSi daaxloebiT<br />
sami aTasamde menejerma datova samsaxuri, rom emuSavaT operatorebad,<br />
teqnikur specialistebad da momxmarebelTa servisis warmomadgenleblad<br />
amerikis kavSirgabmulobisa da verizonis TanamSromelTa gaficvis<br />
periodSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, teqnologiuri progresis zrda<br />
saSualebas aZlevda damsaqmeblebs gaficvis ganmavlobaSi emuSavaT.<br />
eqstremalur situaciebSi damqiravebels SeuZlia lokauti<br />
gamoucxados Tavis TanamSromlebs. lokauti aris strategia, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac damqiravebeli uars eubneba TanamSromlebs muSaobis<br />
SesaZleblobaze samuSao operaciebis daxurvis gziT. garda amisa, lokauti<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes xelmZRvanelobis mier, rom SeebrZolon<br />
profkavSirebs da sakuTrebisadmi zianis miyenebas, an darRvevas<br />
organizaciaSi SromiT davasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
damqiraveblebi SeiZleba iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom mimarTon lokauts,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom regularuli TanamSromlebisTvis muSaobaze uaris<br />
gamocxadebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos organizaciis imijs da problemebi<br />
Seuqmnas damqiraveblebs.<br />
molaparakebebis problemebis gadaWra<br />
129
profkavSirebi da damsaqmeblebi yvela saxis industriaSi _ sportSi,<br />
transportSi, mrewvelobaSi, kavSirgabmulobasaA da jandacvaSi _ iyeneben<br />
Suamavlobasa da arbitraJs molaparakebebisas gamouvali mdgomareobis<br />
mosagvareblad. rogorc me-13 TavSia ganxiluli, Suamavloba aris<br />
nebayoflobiTi procesi, romelic damokidebulia komunikaciaze da<br />
mediatorebis SesaZleblobebze daexmaron mxareebs maTi uTanxmoebis<br />
mogvarebaSi. federaluri mTavroba SromiT davebSi erTveba FMCS -is<br />
servisebis saSualebiT.<br />
mediatorisagan gansxvavebiT, arbitri Tavis Tavze iRebs<br />
gadawyvetilebis mimRebas da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor SeiZleba mogvardes<br />
urTierToba or mxares Soris. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arbitri saboloo<br />
dadgenilebas wers, romelsac mxareebi unda daemorCilon. SuamavlobasTan<br />
SedarebiT, arbitraJi ise xSirad ar gamoiyeneba kerZo seqtoris davebis<br />
gadasawyvetad. saxelmwifo seqtorSi, sadac gaficva mkacrad akrZalulia,<br />
procentuli arbitraJis gamoyeneba problemis gadaWris zogad meTods<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong>. zogadad, erTi an orive mxare iZulebuli xdeba<br />
uflebamosileba mianiWon mesame mxares moagvaros maT Soris dava. amitomac,<br />
mediatori uTanxmoebis mosagvareblad gamoiyeneba da is exmareba mxareebs<br />
SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi. Aarbitrs iwveven, raTa gadaWras davebi, romlebic<br />
warmoiSveba xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. amas arbitraJis ufleba<br />
ewodeba.<br />
sabednierod, profkavSirsa da administracias Soris molaparakebebis<br />
didi umravlesoba mSvidobianad mTavrdeba. roca molaparakebebi<br />
damTavrebulia, SromiTi SeTanxmeba xdeba formaluri dokumenti, romelSic<br />
aRniSnulia vadebi, pirobebi, da wesebi, romelTa Sesrulebazec SeTanxmdnen<br />
TanamSromlebi da menejerebi. HRM5 aCvenebs SromiTi SeTanxmebis zogierT<br />
mniSvnelivan punqts da aseve <strong>warmoadgens</strong> axali da progresuli kontraqtis<br />
zogierTY magaliTs. nebismieri SromiTi xelSekrulebis ori yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani punqti menejeris uflebebsa da profkavSiris dacvis formebs<br />
exeba.<br />
xelmZRvanelobis uflebebi<br />
menejeris uflebebi unda Seesabamebodes samuSao pirobebs, ris<br />
meSveobiTac menejments SeuZlia eqskluziuri kontroli moipovos.<br />
gamonaklisis garda, SromiTi xelSekruleba unda Seicavdes menejeris<br />
uflebebis muxls. es muxli amtkicebs rom, “menejeris uflebamosileba<br />
yvela sakiTxSi mTavaria, Tu TviTon ar daTmobs raime uflebas koleqtiur<br />
SeTanxmebaSi, an im sferoebSi, sadac misi uflebamosileba kanoniT<br />
izRudeba.” xelmZRvanelobis uflebebi SeiZleba Seicavdes uflebas<br />
gansazRvros produqtis warmoeba, warmoebis adgilmdebareoba an<br />
momsaxurebis SesaZlebloba, an SearCios warmoebis aRWurviloba da<br />
procedurebi. qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi muxlis magaliTi, romelic<br />
gansazRvravs menejeris uflebebs SromiT xelSekrulebaSi.<br />
SeTanxmebulia, rom kompania flobs yvela uflebas, privilegiebs da<br />
uflebamosilebas, romelic win uZRoda am SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas da am<br />
SeTanxmebaSi araferi ar SeiZleba aRiniSnos iseTi, ramac SeiZleba kompania<br />
SezRudos raime gziT menejmentis regularuli da Cveulebrivi funqciis<br />
130
ganxorcielebaSi da biznesis muSaobaSi, Tumca is SeiZleba iyos uaryofili<br />
an Secvlili am xelSekrulebis debulebiT.<br />
HRM 5<br />
SromiTi xelSekrulebis punqtebi<br />
tipuri muxlebi<br />
• anazRaureba<br />
• Svebuleba<br />
• dasvenebis dReebi<br />
• samuSao grafiki<br />
• xelmZRvanelobis uflebebi<br />
• profkavSiris dacva<br />
• gadayvanebi<br />
• disciplina<br />
• saCivris ganxilvis meTodebi<br />
• gaficvis ararseboba /lokautis muxlis ararseboba<br />
• damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi<br />
• usafrTxoebis meTodebi<br />
• samuSao gamocdileba<br />
• pensiebi da SeRavaTebi<br />
• autsorsingi<br />
progresuli muxlebi<br />
• TanamSromlebis ufleba oqmebze xelis miwvdomis Sesaxeb<br />
• SezRudvebi saqmianobis Sefasebis gamoyenebaze<br />
• ufrosTa pativiscema<br />
• fleqsiuri samedicino xarjebi<br />
• teqnologiuri aRWurvilobis dacva incidentebisagan<br />
• SezRudvebi eleqtronul monitoringze<br />
• narkologiuri analizis marTvis meTodebi<br />
• orenovani stipendiebi<br />
• Sida partniorobis SeRavaTebi<br />
profkavSirebis dacvis garantia<br />
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, profkavSirebma Tanabrad unda<br />
warmoadginon molaparakebebis jgufis yvela wevri, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
gaerTianebulni arian Tu ara isini profkavSirebSi. am valdebulebis<br />
sanacvlod, profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebma unda scadon, rom SeTanxmdnen<br />
savaldebulo wevrobis zogierT formaze. profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom savaldebulo wevroba xels uSlis zogierT momuSaves, rom<br />
miiRos gaerTianebisgan sargebeli ise, rom ar gadaixados Tavisi wili<br />
gadasaxadi. profkavSirebis SeTanxmebis standartuli debuleba aris<br />
xelfasidan profkavSiruli sawevros daqviTva, romelic akisrebs<br />
131
damsaqmebels pasuxismgeblobas, rom ar damalos profkavSirebis wevrebis<br />
sawevro Senatani.<br />
SromiT kontraqtSi profkavSirebis dacvis sxva saSualebebs<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> sxvadasxva formis xelSekrulebebi. es gansxvavebuli xarisxis<br />
xelSekrulebebi moiTxovs, rom TanamSromlebi SeuerTdnen profkavSirebs.<br />
magaliTad, profkavSirebis ,,sawarmo“ iTvaliswinebs, rom Tu romelime<br />
momuSave ar aris profkavSiris wevri, aucileblad unda gawevriandes<br />
ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi an daiTxoven samsaxuridan. meore mxriv, uwyeba<br />
iTvaliswinebs nebayoflobiT wevrobas, Tumca SeTanxmebis yvela wevrma unda<br />
gadaixados profkavSirebis sawevro gadasaxadi.<br />
koleqtiur molaparakebebSi ramdenime sakiTxi ufro metad sakamaToa,<br />
vidre TviT am xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakeba.<br />
profkavSirebis dacvis yvelaze popularuli punqti, profkavSirTa<br />
“samsaxuri” arakanonieria 22 StatSi, sadac moqmedebs kanonebi Sromis<br />
uflebis Sesaxeb. es kanoni krZalavs profkavSiris wevrobis nebismier<br />
formas. Taft-harTlis aqtis me-14 nawili (b) nebas rTavs calkeul Statebs,<br />
miiRon kanonmdebloba, romelic krZalavs profkavSirebis savaldebulo<br />
wevrobas, rogorc muSaobis pirobas.<br />
SromiTi xelSekrulebis regulireba<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SromiTi SeTanxmebis molaparakebebi<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis yvelaze cnobili da mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.<br />
gaficvis vadebi, preskonferenciebi da momuSaveTa piketireba xels uwyobs<br />
am imijis Seqmnas; profkavSiruli organizaciebis menejerebma ician, rom<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis warmarTva ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs<br />
xelSekrulebis yoveldRiuri Sesrulebidan. radganac xelSekrulebas ar<br />
SeeZlo winaswar ganemarta davebis yvelanairi SesaZlo forma. agreTve,<br />
rogorc ki xelSekrulebas xeli moewereba, TiToeuli mxare ganmartavs<br />
TavisTvis xelsayrel punqtebs. es gansxvavebebi tradiciulad gvardeba<br />
saCivris ganxilvis meTodebiT.<br />
SeTanxmebuli saCivrebis ganxilvis procesi<br />
Ukmayofilebis gadaxedvis procesi saSualebas aZlevs profkavSirs<br />
warmoadginos Tavisi wevrebis (da ara mxolod wevrebis) interesebi saCivris<br />
ganxilvis procesSi. zogi administracia Tvlis, rom is aris<br />
molaparakebiTi SeTanxmebis centri (guli) an usafrTxoebis saSualeba,<br />
romelic ganapirobebs fleqsiurobas koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis mTliani<br />
sistemisTvis. saCivris ganxilvis procesis dros orive mxarisTvis<br />
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs <strong>warmoadgens</strong> Tu ramdenad efeqturad daakmayofilebs<br />
sistema profkavSirisa da administraciis moTxovnebs. Kkargad<br />
Camoyalibebuli werilobiTi saCivris ganxilvis meTodi saSualebas<br />
mogvcems ukmayofileba gadaxedil iqnes swrafad da naklebi<br />
biurokratizmiT, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia. aseve man unda Seuwyos xeli<br />
TanamSromlobas da ara konfliqts damsaqmebelsa da profkavSirs Soris.<br />
saCivris ganxilvis meTodis moqmedeba unikaluria TiToeuli<br />
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis urTierTobisTvis, Tumca arsebobs saerTo<br />
elementebi sistemebs Soris. magaliTad, saCivris gadaxedvis meTodebi<br />
Cveulebriv gansazRvraven, Tu rogor unda daiwyos saCivris ganxilva,<br />
132
procesis Semadgeneli etapebis ricxvsa da dros, da TiToeuli mxaris<br />
warmomadgenlebs, romlebic CarTulni arian yoveli etapis dakiTxvebSi (ix.<br />
sqema 14.4.). roca saCivari ver gvardeba romelime etapze, SeTanxmebebis<br />
umetesoba unda waredginos mesame mxares (Cveulebriv, arbitrs), romlis<br />
gadawyvetilebac sabolooa. zogierTi SromiTi SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs<br />
Suamavlobas, rogorc TanamSromelTa saCivrebis mogvarebis saSualebas.<br />
Suamavloba iTvleba oficialur etapad ukmayofilebis ganxilvis procesSi.<br />
saCivrebis ganxilvis xuTetapiani procesi<br />
arbitraJi<br />
etapi 5<br />
30 samuSao dRe<br />
industriuli urTierTobebi - adgilobrivi profkavSiris prezidenti<br />
etapi 4<br />
15 samuSao dRe<br />
ganyofilebis menejeri - ufrosi momrigebeli<br />
etapi 3<br />
10 samuSao dRe<br />
uSualo zedamxedveli - profkavSiris momrigebeli<br />
etapi 2<br />
5 samuSao dRe<br />
uSualo zedamxedveli - Seuracxyofili<br />
etapi 1<br />
kontraqtis darRveva<br />
SeTanxmebuli saCivrebis ganxilvis procesis ganxorcieleba<br />
imisaTvis, rom formalurad ganxilul iqnes TanamSromlis saCivari,<br />
is unda waredginos zepiri da/an werilobiTi formiT TanamSromlis<br />
uSualo zedamxedvels (ix. HRM 2). radganac saCivrebi xSirad<br />
gaurkvevlobisa da cudi zedamxedvelobis Sedegia, mravali maTgani<br />
SeiZleba mogvardes adgilzeve. SesaZlebelia Tu ara saCivris pirvelive<br />
etapze mogvareba, es damokidebulia zedamxedvelis SesaZleblobaze da<br />
survilze ganixilos problema TanamSromelTan da momrigebelTan.<br />
adamianuri resursebis specialistebi aRiareben da kvlevebic adastureben,<br />
rom saCivrebis mogvareba ufro warmatebulia, roca zedamxedvelebi<br />
oficialurad gadian trenings saCivrebis mogvarebaSi. es treningi unda<br />
uzrunvelyofdes SromiTi SeTanxmebis pirobebis gacnobasa da rCeviTi<br />
unarebis ganviTarebas, raTa xeli SevuwyoT problemis mogvarebas. imisaTvis,<br />
rom saCivari warmatebiT mogvardes, administraciisa da profkavSiris<br />
warmomadgenlebma damatebiT unda SeZlon problemis ganxilva<br />
racionalurad da obieqturad. saCivari ar unda miviCnioT iseT qmedebad,<br />
133
azec SeiZleba gavimarjvoT an raSic SeiZleba davmarcxdeT. piriqiT: orive<br />
mxarem unda ganixilos mdgomareoba, rogorc adamianuri urTierTobebis<br />
problemis mogvarebis mcdeloba.<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi damakmayofilebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba ver<br />
iqnes miRweuli pirvelive etapze TanamSromelsa da zedamxedvels Soris<br />
azrTa kanonieri sxvadasxvaobis gamo an imis gamo, rom zedamxedvels ara<br />
aqvs uflebamosileba miiRos raime zomebi ukmayofilo TanamSromlis<br />
dasakmayofileblad. piradi konfliqtebi, cru Sexedulebebi, emociebi,<br />
sijiute an sxva faqtorebi SeiZleba aseve iyos barieri am etapze<br />
damakmayofilebeli Sedegis miRwevisaTvis.<br />
saCivrebis arbitraJi<br />
arbitraJis funqcias <strong>warmoadgens</strong> uzrunvelyos saCivris ganxilvis<br />
Sedegad gamosavlis moZebna, rac profkavSirma da damsaqmebelma ver SeZles.<br />
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, arbitraJs axorcielebs neitraluri mesame mxare<br />
(arbitri an miukerZoebeli samediatoro sasamarTlo). Aam mesame mxaris<br />
gadawyvetileba karnaxobs, Tu rogor unda mogvardes es ukmayofileba.<br />
orive mxare valdebulia daemorCilos am gadawyvetilebas.<br />
samediatoro sasamarTloTi problemis gadawyveta<br />
imis gadasawyvetad, gamoiyenon Tu ara arbitraJi gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
dros, TiToeulma mxarem unda Seafasos xarjebi, amasTan gaiTvaliswinos<br />
saqmis mniSvneloba da sasurveli Sedegis miRebis perspeqtiva. is unda iyos<br />
logikuri, arc erTma mxarem ar unda warudginos arbitraJs umniSvnelo<br />
saqme, Tu sasurveli Sedegis miRebis mcire SesaZlebloba arsebobs. Tumca<br />
logika yovelTvis ar aris gadamwyveti. magaliTad, profkavSiri xSirad<br />
warudgens xolme umniSvnelo saqmes arbitraJs, raTa aCvenos wevrebs, rom<br />
kavSirs surs yvela Rone ixmaros maTi interesebis dasacavad. profkavSiris<br />
moxeleebi aseve ar eridebian arbitraJSi Seitanon im wevrebis saCivrebi,<br />
romlebic arian cnobili pirebi an aqvT politikuri Zalaufleba kavSirSi,<br />
maSinac ki, roca maTi saqme ar aris metad seriozuli. ufro metic,<br />
samarTliani warmomadgenlobis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, kavSirebs aqvT<br />
kanonieri movaleoba daxmareba gauwion wevrebs, romlebsac saCivrebi SeaqvT.<br />
radganac wevrebs SeuZliaT saCivris Setana TavianTi kavSirebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
rom maTi saCivrebi adekvaturad ar ganixileba, profkavSiris mravali<br />
moxele iZulebulia uari Tqvas araseriozuli saCivrebis arbitraJSi<br />
Setanaze.<br />
Mmeore mxriv, xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba dauSvas susti saqmis Setana<br />
arbitraJSi, raTa anaxos profkavSiris TanamSromlebs, rom administracia<br />
“ar SeiZleba SeSinebuli iyos”. Mmenejerebma SedarebiT dabal doneze<br />
SeiZleba gariskon ufrosi xelmZRvanelobis usiamovneba imis gancxadebiT,<br />
rom konkretuli adamianuri resursebis politikam ar gaamarTla an ar aris<br />
saTanado. sijiutem da ormxrivma antagonizmma SeiZleba aseve gamoiwvios<br />
mravali saCivris Setana arbitraJSi, radganac arc erT mxares ar surs<br />
daTmobebze wasvla SeTanxmebis misaRwevad, maSinac ki, roca is aRiarebs,<br />
rom is ar aris marTali.<br />
HRM 6<br />
134
saCivris forma<br />
saCivris oqmi<br />
transporti, adgilobrivi gadazidva da gayidva, sawyobebis mcvelebi da<br />
maSvelebi, samTo mrewvelobis da kinos produqcia, arizonas Stati,<br />
adgilobrivi kavSiri # 104<br />
wevris saxeli--------------------------------------------------------------- TariRi ----------------------<br />
wevris misamarTi-------------------------------------- saxlis telefonis nomeri------------<br />
qalaqi -------------------------------------- Stati------------------------- safosto kodi------------<br />
kompaniis dasaxeleba, vis winaaRmdegac SegaqvT saCivari------------------------------<br />
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detalurad axseniT saCivari-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
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Tu saCivari exeba ganTavisuflebas, miuTiTeT kompaniis mizezi------------------------<br />
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es Seicavs srul uflebamosilebas, rom transportisa da adgilobrivi<br />
gadazidvis driverebi lokal 104 an maT mier daniSnuli nebismieri<br />
TanamSromeli an Suamavali, rogorc rwmunebuli, aris Cemi warmomadgeneli<br />
am saCivris procesSi da vaniWeb uflebamosilebas imoqmedos Tavisi<br />
survilisamebr, rogorc miiCnevs CemTvis saWirod da miiRos Tanxa Cemi<br />
saxeliT.<br />
Ees saCivari SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes saCivris ganxilvis meTodiT,<br />
(a) me viTxov Setyobinebas dakiTxvis drois, TariRisa da<br />
adgilis Sesaxeb;<br />
(b) me ar viTxov Setyobinebas dakiTxvis drois, TariRisa da<br />
adgilis Sesaxeb.<br />
me veTanxmebi, rom Tu daveswrebi dakiTxvas Cemi saxeliT, me gavakeTeb amas<br />
Cemi xarjebiT da profkavSiri ar iqneba valdebuli amaze.<br />
wevris xelmowera-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
kavSiris moqmedebis oqmi-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
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saqme moagvara:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Suamavali<br />
arbitraJis dakiTxva<br />
Cveni gamocdilebis Tanaxmad, TanamSromlebi, romlebmac ar ician<br />
arbitraJis Sesaxeb, xSirad procesi eCvenebaT gaurkveveli da daZabuli.<br />
135
arbitraJis dakiTxvebi hgavs sasamarTlos dakiTxvas, mxolod sasamarTlo<br />
procesis mravali formalobis gareSe. procesi iwyeba mowmeTa ficis<br />
dadebiT da wardgenili SeTanxmebis gacnobiT. wardgenili SeTanxmeba<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> mosagvarebeli problemis gancxadebas. amgvari gancxadeba<br />
SeiZleba ase JRerdes: ”aleqs heideis samdRiani droebiTi daTxovna iyo<br />
safuZvliani Tu ara, ra aris Sesabamisi gamosavali?” Semdeg mxareebi<br />
gaakeTeben Ria gancxadebebs, rasac faqtebisa da mtkicebulebis wardgena<br />
mohyveba da mowmeTa zepiri Cvenebebi. dakiTxva moicavs ToToeuli mxaris<br />
mokle gancxadebebs, rac <strong>warmoadgens</strong> argumentebs maTi poziciis<br />
mxardasaWerad.<br />
davis ganxilvis procesSi, arbitri valdebulia uzrunvelyos<br />
samarTliani dakiTxva TiToeuli mxarisTvis. dakiTxvis dros SesaZlebelia<br />
yvelanairi faqtebis Cveneba, rac saqmisTvisaa misaRebi. dakiTxvis mTavari<br />
mizania daexmaros arbitrs saWiro faqtebis mopovebaSi adamianuri<br />
urTierTobebis problemis mosagvareblad. arbitrs aqvs ufleba dakiTxos<br />
mowme an moiTxovos damatebiTi faqtebi romelime mxarisgan. dakiTxvis<br />
Catarebisa da daskvnebis gamotanis Semdeg (SeiZleba mxareebma airCion maTi<br />
wardgena), arbitrs Cveulebriv aqvs ocdaaTi dRe, raTa ganixilos<br />
mtkicebuleba da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba. SromiTi kontraqtebis<br />
umravlesobaSi arbitraJis xarjebs mxareebi Tanabrad inawileben.<br />
arbitraJis gadawyvetileba<br />
arbitraJis ganaCeni moicavs ara mxolod arbitris gadawyvetilebas,<br />
aramed agreTve uzrunvelyofs mis gonivrul axsna-ganmartebas da ZiriTad<br />
mizezs. gadawyvetilebis miRma msjeloba daexmareba arbitrs<br />
xelmZRvanelobaSi SromiTi SeTanxmebis interpretaciasTan da<br />
administraciis mxridan warmoSobili momavali davebis mogvarebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. TiToeuli mxaris poziciebis dafiqsirebis dros msjeloba<br />
amcirebs imedgacruebas da icavs im pirovnebaTa TviT-pativiscemas,<br />
romlebic warmoadgenen warumatebel mxares.<br />
Mmravali sarCelis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic exeba TanamSromelTa<br />
saqmianobas an samsaxurSi qcevas, arbitrma unda gansazRvros, uWers Tu ara<br />
mtkicebuleba mxars damsaqmebels dazaralebulis winaaRmdeg. mtkicebulebam<br />
unda aCvenos, misces Tu ara TanamSromels Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi<br />
procesis ufleba, romelic <strong>warmoadgens</strong> TanamSromlis kanonier uflebas<br />
acnobon aradamakmayofilebeli saqmianobis Sesaxeb da miscen SesaZlebloba<br />
upasuxos am braldebebs. SromiTi SeTanxmebebis umravlesobis Tanaxmad,<br />
damsaqmebels unda hqondes gatarebuli RonisZiebis safuZvliani mizezi da<br />
es qmedeba unda dadasturdes warmodgeneli mtkicebulebiT. roca<br />
xelmZRvaneloba ver uWers mxars mZime mtkicebulebas (an xelmZRvanelobis<br />
qmedebebi CaiTvleba usamarTlod), maSin arbitris kompetenciaSi Sedis<br />
sasjelis Semsubuqeba. magaliTad, arbits SeuZlia ganTavisfleba Secvalos<br />
droebiTi daTxovniT anazRaurebis gareSe gansazRvruli periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi.<br />
arbitraJis mniSvnelobis gamo, profkavSirisa da araprofkavSirul<br />
organizaciebSi procesi, ris safuZvelzec arbitrebs gamoaqvT<br />
gadawyvetileba, agreTve faqtebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen am<br />
gadawyvetilebebze, menejerebisTvis mudmiv interess <strong>warmoadgens</strong>.<br />
136
Cveulebriv arbitrebi iyeneben oTx faqtors saqmeebis gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis dros:<br />
1. SromiTi SeTanxmebis formulireba (an samuSao politika<br />
araprofkavSirul organizaciebSi);<br />
2. SeTanxmebis wardgena arbitrisTvis;<br />
3. dakiTxvis dros SemoTavazebuli mtkicebuleba da Cveneba;<br />
4. arbitraJis kriteriumebi da standartebi (saerTo kanonis msgavsi<br />
standartebi), ris winaaRmdegac ganixileba saqmeebi.<br />
xangrZlivi gacdenebis gamo ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlis saqmis<br />
ganxilvisas, magaliTad, arbitri ganixilavs am faqtorebs calke da/an<br />
mTlianad. arbitrebi ZiriTadad SezRudulni arian miiRon gadawyvetileba<br />
SromiTi SeTanxmebis formulirebis safuZvelze, an samuSao politikis, da<br />
dakiTxvaze warmodgenili faqtebis, Cvenebebisa da mtkicebulebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
Ppraqtikulad, arbitraJis gadawyvetilebis miReba ar aris zusti<br />
mecniereba. sinamdvileSi arbitrebis gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba ufro metad<br />
subieqturi iyos. arbitrebi ganmartaven kontraqtis enas sxvadasxvanairad<br />
(magaliTad, ras niSnavs “safuZvliani ganTavisufleba”), isini adgenen<br />
mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva xarisxebs mtkicebulebisTvis, isini sxvanairad<br />
ganixilaven mowmeTa samarTlianobas, da aZleven arbitraJis standartebs<br />
ufro met an nakleb mniSvnelobas, roca mimarTaven faqtebs. TiToeuli es<br />
gavlena emsaxureba subieqturobis damkvidrebas gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
procesSi.<br />
SromiTi organizaciebis Tanamedrove problemebi<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis ganxilvas davasrulebT profkavSirebis winaSe<br />
wamoyenebuli sami mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gaSuqebiT: ucxouri konkurencia<br />
da teqnologiuri winsvlebi, profkavSirebis wevrebis Semcireba, da<br />
damsaqmebelTa koncentracia araprofkavSiruli statusis SenarCuneba.<br />
ucxouri konkurencia da teqnologiuri cvlileba<br />
foladis, samomxmareblo eleqtronikis, avtomobilebis, tansacmlis,<br />
safeiqro nawarmisa da fexsacmelebis importireba sazRvargareTis<br />
qveynebidan iwvevs samuSao adgilebis dakargvas SeerTebul StatebSi im<br />
muSakebisTvis, romlebic am produqtebs awarmoeben. ufro metic, amerikuli<br />
korporaciebis ucxouri filialebi, rogoricaa naiki, vesTinghauzi da<br />
qseroqsi, daadanaSaules profkavSirebma amerikeli muSakebisTvis<br />
samuSaoebis warTmevaSi. amis Sedegad profkavSirebi moiTxoven ufro met<br />
samTavrobo dacvas importis winaaRmdeg. aseTma dacvam waaqeza kongresis<br />
debatebi erTi mxriv, imaT Soris, vinc amtkicebs, rom dacviTi savaWro<br />
barierebi qmnian ufro maRal fasebs amerikeli momxmareblebisTvis da,<br />
meore mxriv, imaT Soris, vinc cdilobs daicvas amerikis samsaxurebi<br />
dabalfasiani ucxouri mwarmoeblebisgan. aSS-is kavSirebi zogadad<br />
winaaRmdegni arian savaWro SeTanxmebisa, romelic daexmareba<br />
dabalxelfasian damsaqmeblebs sxva qveynebSi.<br />
ucxouri konkurenciis muqara problemas <strong>warmoadgens</strong> SromiTi<br />
procesisaTvis, rac swrafma teqnologiurma winsvlebma gamoiwvia.<br />
kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTarebam da maRalavtomaturma samuSao<br />
137
sistemebma Seamcira garkveuli Tanamdebobebis TanamSromlebze moTxovna.<br />
wevrebis Semcireba avto, foladis, rezinis warmiebisa da transportirebis<br />
prof-kavSirebSi am faqtze miuTiTebs. teqnologiurma winsvlebma agreTve<br />
Seamcira gaficvebis efeqturoba, radganac maRalavtomatizebul<br />
organizaciebs, samuSaos Seferxebis dros, SeuZliaT saqmianobis<br />
damakmayofilebeli donis SenarCuneba minimaluri kadrebiT.<br />
profkavSiris wevrebis Semcireba<br />
mTavari problema, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba organizebul profkavSirs,<br />
aris kavSirebis wevrebis Semcireba. Pproblemis mniSvnelobas asaxavs<br />
statistika, romelic gviCvenebs, rogor Semcirda kavSiris wevrTa raodenoba<br />
da rogor daeca mTliani samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis procentuloba. 1970<br />
wels profkavSiris wevrTa raodenoba Seadgenda daaxloebiT 21 milions,<br />
rac iyo samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis 25 procenti. 1990 wels es cifrebi<br />
daeca 16.7 milion wevramde, rac iyo samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis 16 procentze<br />
odnav meti. 2001 wels wevrTa raodenoba Seadgenda 16.3 milions _<br />
samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis 13.5 procents. kerZo seqtorSi kavSiris wevrTa<br />
raodenoba Seadgenda daaxloebiT yvela dasaqmebulis 10 procents, an<br />
daaxloebiT 9 milion muSaks. profkavSiris samsaxurebis dakargva<br />
nawilobriv asaxavs aSS-is warmoebis samsaxurebs, radgan kavSirebi wevrebs<br />
ver iReben TeTrsayeloianebisgan, sadac samuSao Zala ufro swrafad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
ras akeTeben SromiTi organizaciebi wevrTa Semcirebis SesaCereblad?<br />
erT-erTi profkavSiris moxelis TqmiT, am kiTxvis pasuxia “energiuli<br />
organizeba”. pirvel rigSi profkavSirebi gamiznulia muSakebze, romlebic<br />
maT didi xania aRar axsovT. esenia dabalxelfasiani muSakebi aSS-is<br />
ekonomikis bolo doneze, magaliTad, mcvelebi, mosamsaxureebi, da momsaxure<br />
muSakebi; kvebis momsaxurebis TanamSromlebi da klarkebi. Uufro metic:<br />
profkavSirebi miiCneven imigrantebs _ momuSave mosaxleobis yvelaze<br />
swrafad mzard nawils _ kavSiris zrdis Zlevamosil perspeqtivad.<br />
Hhaitianis mZRolebi da azia-amerikis momsaxurebis muSakebi gamiznulni<br />
arian prof-kavSiris warmomadgenlobisTvis. jon svinma, AFL-CIO-is<br />
prezidentma, fraza “amerikas sWirdeba aRorZineba” miiRo, rogorc AFL-CIOis<br />
devizi weliwadSi 20-milioniani organizebisTvis.<br />
damatebiT profkavSirebi aZliereben TavianT Zalisxmevas marTon<br />
TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi. Bbolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi damsaqmeblebma<br />
individualuri gaxades TeTrsayeloianebis jgufebis muSaoba da gamoyves<br />
isini xelmZRvanelobisgan. saCivrebis mogvarebaSi siZneleebma, agreTve<br />
samuSaos usafrTxoebis simcirem warmoebis SeCerebis dros ubiZga<br />
TeTrsayeloianebs gaerTianebisken. kavSirebi aseve kapitalizacias axdens<br />
jandacvis da usafrTxoebis axal sakiTxebze TeTrsayeloianebis<br />
samsaxurebSi, rogoricaa muSaobis Sedegebi videoekranebis terminalebze an<br />
muSaoba potenciurad saSiS nivTierebebTan. TeTrsayeloiani TanamSromlebis<br />
dakompleqtebaSi aqtiurad monawileoben Semdegi kavSirebi: momsaxurebis<br />
TanamSromlebis saerTaSoriso kavSirebi; mZRolebis saerTaSoriso<br />
amxanagoba; 9-dan 5-mde qalTa erovnuli asociacia; profesional<br />
TanamSromelTa saerTaSoriso asociacia; muSakTa dazRvevis saerTaSoriso<br />
kavSiri; gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi da amerikis gaerTianebuli<br />
mefoladeebi.<br />
138
damsaqmeblis fokusireba araprofkavSiruli statusis SenarCunebaze<br />
K kirk adamsma, AFL-CIO-is organizebis direqtorma, aRniSna, rom<br />
“damsaqmeblis SezRudva organizebis sakiTxebSi TandaTan izrdeba”. da<br />
marTlac, mniSvnelovani faqti aSS-is SromiT urTierTobebSi 1990-ian<br />
wlebSi da ocdameerTe saukuneSi aris profkavSiris gauqmebis programebis<br />
gavlena. Yyvela saxis organizaciebSi menejerebi gamoxataven survils<br />
SeinarCunon profkavSirisgan Tavisufali garemo. am miznis misaRwevad<br />
damsaqmeblebi uzrunvelyofen xelfass da servisebs, raTa<br />
TanamSromlebisTvis gaerTianeba araefeqturi gaxadon. SemoTavazebulia<br />
agreTve monawileobiTi administraciis stili, mogebis ganawilebis<br />
programebi da alternatiuli davebis mogvarebis meTodebi (ix. Tavi 13), raTa<br />
SeewinaaRmdegon didi xnis Camoyalibebuli profkavSiris miznebs<br />
gaumjobesebuli anazRaurebisa da samuSao pirobebis misaRwevad. HRM7-Si<br />
mocemulia adamianuri resursebis specialistebis mier gansazRvruli<br />
ZiriTadi strategiebi, rogorc gaerTianebis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba.<br />
mniSvnelovania vaRiaroT, rom es strategiebi, rogorc TanamSromelTa<br />
gaerTianebis mTavari mizezi, pasuxoben am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxilul<br />
pirobebs. radgan am pirobebs uSualod administracia aregulirebs, isini<br />
ise SeiZleba Secvalon, rom xeli SeuSalon gaerTianebas an saerTod<br />
Tavidan aicilon is.<br />
HRM 7<br />
strategiebi imisTvis, rom davrCeT profkavSirisgan Tavisufali<br />
• SesTavazeT konkurentunariani anazRaureba da SeRavaTebi Sromis<br />
bazris Sedarebebsa da xelfasebis gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT;<br />
• gadaamzadeT zedamxedvelebi progresuli adamianuri urTierTobebis<br />
unarebSi; sxva unarebTan erTad unda ganixilebodes TanamSromlis<br />
motivacia, samsaxuris dizaini da Sromis kanoni;<br />
• SeimuSaveT oficialuri meTodebi TanamSromelTa saCivrebisa da<br />
ukmayofilebis mosagvareblad; es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes ganxilvis<br />
komitetebs, saCivrebis etapobrivi ganxilvis sistemebs an “Ria karis”<br />
politikas;<br />
• CarTeT TanamSromlebi samsaxurebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi,<br />
romlebic gavlenas axdenen saqmianobaze, produqtis an servisis<br />
xarisxsa da raodenobaze,<br />
• yuradReba miaqcieT TanamSromelTa zrdasa da ganviTarebis saWiroebas;<br />
daakvirdiT, rom samuSao Zala izrdebodes ufro asakovani<br />
TanamSromlebiT, ufro metad _ qalbatonebiT, ganaTlebulebiT,<br />
momTmenebiT da naklebad momTxovnebiT;<br />
• SeimuSaveT adamianuri resursebis politika, romelic asaxavs<br />
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis zomebs, rogoricaa disciplina,<br />
dawinaureba, treningi da ganTavisufleba.<br />
M<br />
mokle mimoxilva<br />
1. 1926 wlis rkinigzis SromiTi aqti uzrunvelyofs koleqtiuri<br />
molaparakebebis uflebebs TanamSromlebisTvis, romlebic muSaoben<br />
139
kinigzasa da aviaxazebis industriaSi. oris-la guardias aqti (1932)<br />
<strong>warmoadgens</strong> SezRudvebs sasamarTlo akrZalvebis Sesaxeb profkavSirisa da<br />
administraciis davebSi. kerZo TanamSromlebis umetesobas eniWeba<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebebi vagneris aqtis (1935) saSualebiT, romelic<br />
daexmara profkavSiris organizebisa da molaparakebebis RonisZiebebis<br />
dacvasa da xelis Sewyobas. Taft-harTlis aqtis nawyveti (1947) da landrumgrifinis<br />
aqti (1959) gamiznulia, raTa Camoyalibdes konkretuli kontroli<br />
kavSirebis Sida saqmianobasa da damsaqmeblebTan urTierTobaze.<br />
2. Ggamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom muSakebi erTiandebian sxvadasxva<br />
ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri da socialuri mizezebis gamo. zogierT<br />
TanamSromels SeuZlia SeuerTdes kavSirebs, radgan maT amis gakeTebas<br />
sTxoven, Tumca umetesoba ukve ekuTvnis profkavSirebs, radganac isini<br />
darwmunebulni arian, rom profkavSirebi maT daexmareba xelfasebis<br />
gazrdasa da sxva samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebaSi. TanamSromelTa<br />
gaerTianeba umetesad gamowveulia menejeruli praqtikebiTa da meTodebiT<br />
ukmayofilebis gamo.<br />
3. FprofkavSiris formaluri organizebis kampania gamoiyeneba<br />
TanamSromelTa mxardaWeris mosapoveblad kavSirisTvis. radgan<br />
TanamSromlebi gamoxateven survils gaerTiandnen uflebamosilebis<br />
baraTebze xelis moweriT, profkavSiri mimarTvas NLRB-s faruli<br />
kenWisyriT arCevnebisTvis. Tu amomrCevelTa 51 procenti mxars dauWers<br />
kavSirs, NLRB daamtkicebs profkavSirs, rogorc yvela TanamSromlis<br />
momrigebel warmomadgenels molaparakebebis ganyofilebaSi.<br />
4. SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi detaluri ganxilvis<br />
process <strong>warmoadgens</strong>. TiToeuli mxare winadadebebis nusxas amzadebs;<br />
mxareebs surT miaRwion TavianT mizans da aseve damatebiT cdiloben<br />
gansazRvron meore mxaris sasurveli SemoTavazebebi. molaparakebebis<br />
gundebma unda SearCion da ganixilon yvela SemoTavazeba, raTa gansazRvron<br />
maTi mniSvneloba da gavlena organizaciaze. Oorive mxare – damsaqmebelic<br />
da profkavSiris Suamavlebic _ zustad iyenebs molaparakebebis modelebs<br />
industriis, zogadad cxovrebis donis tendenciebis, geografiuli<br />
anazRaurebis gansxvavebebSi. Mmenejerebi miznad isaxaven, rom SeinarCunon<br />
kontroli operaciebze da minimumamde daiyvanon xarjebi. profkavSiris<br />
Suamavlebi TavianT moTxovnebs ayeneben gaumjobesebuli pirobebis,<br />
xelfasebisa da samuSao saaTebis Taobaze. SeTanxmeba miiRweva, roca orive<br />
mxare SeTanxmdeba Tavdapirvel poziciebsa da saboloo pirobebze mxareTa<br />
molaparakebebis zonis SezRudvebis farglebSi.<br />
tradiciulad koleqtiuri molaparakebebi profkavSirsa da<br />
administacias Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. amJamad gaizarda interesi<br />
molaparakebebze, romlebic dafuZnebulia ormxriv Sedegebze da mxareTa<br />
Soris gaRrmavebul pativiscemaze. rasac FMCS uwodebs interesze<br />
dafuZnebul molaparakebebs aris arawinaaRmdegobrivi molaparakebebis erTerTi<br />
forma.<br />
5. koleqtiuri molaparakebis procesi gulisxmobs ara marto realur<br />
molaparakebas, aramed agreTve Zalauflebis taqtikas, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
mosagvarebeli moTxovnebis mxardasaWerad. roca molaparakeba CixSi Sedis,<br />
igi gadaiqceva uflebamosilebis brZolad, romlis drosac romelime mxare<br />
ZaldatanebiT cdilobs daTmobebis miRwevas, rac gamoiyvans maT gamouvali<br />
mdgomareobidan. PprofkavSiris Zalaufleba koleqtiur SeTanxmebebSi<br />
140
gamomdinareobs misi SesaZleblobidan gamoucxados gaficva, boikoti an<br />
piketireba damsaqmebels. xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba molaparakebebis<br />
periodSi gamomdinareobs misi SesaZleblobidan lokauti gamoucxados<br />
TanamSromlebs an gaficvis dros imuSaos xelmZRvanelisa da rezervis<br />
TanamSromlebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
6. roca problemebi warmoiSoba profkavSirebsa da xelmZRvanelobas<br />
Soris, isini Cveulebriv saCivrebis ganxilvis MmeTodebis saSualebiT<br />
regulirdeba. saCivrebis ganxilvis SemuSaveba mxareebis moTxovnebsa da<br />
survilebs gamoxatavs. tipuri meTodi Sedgeba sami, oTxi an xuTi etapisgan.<br />
yovel safexurs gansazRvruli vadebi aqvs. SedarebiT ufrosi menejerebi da<br />
profkavSiris moxeleebi erTvebian davebSi saCivrebis ganxilvis MmeTodebis<br />
SedarebiT maRal etapebze. am meTodis bolo safexuri SeiZleba iyos<br />
arbitraJi. arbitrebs saboloo gadawyvetileba gamoaqvT, rac ver mogvarda<br />
dawyebiT etapebze.<br />
wardgenili SeTanxmeba <strong>warmoadgens</strong> sakiTxis gancxadebas, romelic<br />
unda mogvardes arbitraJis saSualebiT. es ubralod aris problema,<br />
romlis mogvarebac surT mxareebs. arbitrma pasuxi unda gasces sakiTxs<br />
arbitraJis oTx faqtorze dayrdnobiT, raTa daexmaros profkavSirisa da<br />
administraciis sxvadasxva tipis davebis mogvarebas. Es faqtorebia: SromiTi<br />
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi (an Sromis politika), wardgenili werilobiTi<br />
SeTanxmeba, dakiTxvaze mopovebuli Cveneba da mtkicebuleba da drodadro<br />
SemuSavebuli sxvadasxva saarbitro standartebi, arbitraJi ar aris zusti<br />
mecniereba, radganac arbitrebi sxvadasxvagvar mniSvnelobas aniWeben<br />
davebis mosagvarebel mtkicebulebasa da kriteriumebs.<br />
7. profkavSiris liderebis winaSe mdgar problemebs dRes <strong>warmoadgens</strong><br />
teqnologiuri winsvlebiT gamowveuli wevrebis Semcireba da<br />
gazrdili Sida da globaluri konkurencia. Sromis organizaciebi<br />
aRweven nakleb warmatebas organizaciebSi, roca damsaqmeblebi adgenen<br />
adamianuri resursebis progresul politikas xelfasis,<br />
TanamSromelTa sargeblobisa da organizaciuli politikis<br />
sferoebSi, rac aZlierebs samuSao usafrTxoebas da TanamSromelTa<br />
pativiscemas. wevrTa Semcirebis SesaCereblad profkavSirebi aqtiurni<br />
gaxdnen dabali Tanamdebobis TanamSromlebis, imigrantebisa da<br />
TeTrsayeloiani TanamSromlebis organizebaSi.<br />
ZiriTadi terminebi<br />
arbitri<br />
uflebamosilebis baraTi<br />
molaparakebebis ufleba<br />
molaparakebebis jgufi<br />
molaparakebebis zona<br />
biznesis gaerTianeba<br />
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis procesi<br />
xelobis profkavSirebi<br />
TanamSromelTa asociaciebi<br />
eqskluziuri warmomadgenloba<br />
samarTliani warmomadgenlobis moZRvreba<br />
141
saCivrebis ganxilvis meTodi<br />
industriuli profkavSirebi<br />
interesze dafuZnebuli molaparakebebi<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi<br />
uflebaTa arbitraJi<br />
ukanono SromiTi maqinaciebi (ULPs)<br />
profkavSiris ganyofileba<br />
profkavSiris Suamavali<br />
gansaxilveli kiTxvebi<br />
1. taft-harTlis aqtis debulebebis Tanaxmad, romeli ukanono SromiTi<br />
praqtika exeba orives – profkavSirsa da damsaqmebels?<br />
2. erTmaneTs SeadareT profkavSirisa da damsaqmeblis mier wardgeneli,<br />
kavSirTan dakavSirebuli argumentebi<br />
3. aRwereT etapebi tradiciul organizebaSi. romel “aratradiciul”<br />
organizebis taqtikas iyeneben kavSirebi TavianTi wevrebis<br />
gasazrdelad?<br />
4. ra mniSvneloba eniWeba SeTanxmebis zonas molaparakebebis<br />
warmoebaSi? ra axdens gavlenas molaparakebebis Sedegebze?<br />
5. saerTaSoriso monacemTa samsaxursa da mis profkavSirs Soris<br />
molaparakebebi CixSi moeqca. Mmogvarebis uflebamosilebis ra formas<br />
flobs ToToeuli mxare Tavisi moTxovnebis gasaZliereblad? Mra<br />
aris mogvarebis uflebamosilebis TiToeuli formis dadebiTi da<br />
uaryofiTi mxareebi damsaqmeblisa da profkavSirisTvis?<br />
6. nensi bafetma gadawyvita waeyenebina saCivari Tavisi kavSiris<br />
SuamavlTan. saCivris Tanaxmad, mas umcrosi TanamSromeli “aiZulebda”,<br />
rom daewinaurebina ufros teqnikosad.<br />
a. axseniT safexurebi, romelsac misi saCivari gaivlis<br />
profkavSirisa da administraciis saCivris ganxilvis oficialur<br />
procesSi;<br />
b. unda warudginon misi saCivari arbitraJs, axseniT arbitraJis<br />
dakiTxvis procesi da gansazRvreT misi pretenziis<br />
mosagvareblad arbitris mier gamoyenebuli kriteriumebi.<br />
7. a. ra RonisZiebebs mimarTaven kavSirebi Tanamedrove problemebis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad?<br />
b. ratom gaxda Cveni sazogadoebis ama Tu im konkretuli nawilis<br />
damokidebulebebi organizebuli profkavSiris mimarT naklebad<br />
keTilganwyobili, vidre es warsulSi iyo?<br />
PprofkavSiris organizebis kampania<br />
P profkavSiris organizebis kampaniebi aris daZabuli da emociuri<br />
periodebi profkavSiris moxeleebisTvis, TanamSromlebisa da<br />
menejerebisTvis. TanamSromlebi SeiZleba emociurad daiZabon da,<br />
eqstremalur situaciebSi, SeiZleba maT Soris megobrobac gawydes.<br />
menejerebisTvis profkavSiris organizebis dasawyisi metad rTulia. Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovania TanamSromelTa problemebis marTva ise, rom orive mxaris<br />
warmatebas miaRwio. es savarjiSo dagexmarebaT SeiswavloT profkavSiris<br />
organizebis tipuri kampania.<br />
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davaleba<br />
kavSiris organizebis dros profkavSiri da administracia amuSaveben<br />
gegmas, raTa warudginon TavianTi pozicia TanamSromlebs. TiToeuli mxaris<br />
mizania Seagrovos informacia, romelic SeiZleba saqmis warmarTvisTvis<br />
profkavSiris sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod gamoiyenos. TiToeuli mxare<br />
cdilobs Tavidan aicilos ukanono SromiTi qmedebebi. kavSirisa da<br />
administraciis warmomadgenlebis gundebSi muSaobis dros upasuxeT Semdeg<br />
kiTxvebs da moemzadeT warmoadginoT Tqveni daskvnebi ganxilvis dros.<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
1. ra meTodebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos profkavSirma TanamSromlebTan<br />
urTierTobisTvis?<br />
2. ra informacia SeiZleba moipovos xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb<br />
profkavSirma TanamSromlis mxardasaWerad?<br />
3. ra informaciis Segroveba SeiZleba surdes administracias<br />
profkavSiris Sesaxeb?<br />
4. ra meTodebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon profkavSirma da administraciam<br />
TanamSromlebisTvis “TavianTi zRaprebis mosayolad”?<br />
5. romeli ukanono qmedebebisgan unda daicvan Tavi profkavSirma da<br />
administraciam?<br />
Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 1<br />
PprofkavSiris kampania apolos korporaciaSi: ULP da organizebis taqtikebi<br />
B bob tomasi gaaTavisufles apolos korporaciaSi sawarmos SemkeTebel<br />
meqanikosad cxrametwliani muSaobis Semdeg. am drois ganmavlobaSi is<br />
iRebda saSualo, zogjer saSualoze dabal yovelwliuri saqmianobis<br />
Sefasebebs. tomass icnobdnen, rogorc ukmayofilo da Semawuxebel<br />
TanamSromels, is Zalian akritikebda xelmZRvanelobas. Mmis<br />
ganTavisuflebamde wina xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi daswrebis monacemebi<br />
Zalian cudi iyo. Mmiuxedavad amisa, apolos korporacias arasodes<br />
gamouyenebia daswrebis politika da arasodes dausjia tomasi cudi<br />
daswrebis gamo. Ffaqtobrivad, bolo dromde apolos administracia metad<br />
tolerantuli iyo TanamSromelTan urTierTobebSi.<br />
Aapolos korporacia awarmoebs kavSirgabmulobis industriis<br />
nawilebs. industria Seferxda 1998 wlidan intensiuri konkurenciuli<br />
zemoqmedebiT. Aam problemis gadasaWrelad, jin lipskim, adamianuri<br />
resursebis direqtorma, Caatara mravali Sexvedra menejerebTan da gaacno<br />
maT TanamSromlebTan maTi sazedamxedvelo urTierTobis gaZlierebis<br />
Sesaxeb. maT moaxsenes, rom zustad unda daicvan adamianuri resursebis<br />
politika da daiwyon disciplinaruli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba<br />
TanamSromlebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa saqmianobac ar Seesabameba kompaniis<br />
politikas. es cvlilebebi didad ar moewonaT TanamSromlebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki bob tomass. rodesac administraciis axali midgomis<br />
Sesaxeb gaigo, tomasi gabrazda da ganacxada: “isini amas ver gaarTmeven<br />
Tavs. Mme <strong>wigni</strong> davwere amis Sesaxeb”. magram farulad tomass sjeroda, rom<br />
misi warsuli qceva mis sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleboda gamomdgariyo da daiwyo<br />
zrunva samuSaos dasacavad.<br />
143
samsaxuris Semdeg, saRamos tomasi daukavSirda meqanikosTa<br />
amxanagobis profkavSiris organizators da sTxova kavSirs kampania daewyo<br />
apoloSi. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlebma eqspress acnobes<br />
profkavSiris Sexvedris Sesaxeb. roca lipskim gaigo am kampaniisa da<br />
tomasis xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb, man gadawyvita gaeTavisuflebina igi.<br />
tomasis ganTavisuflebis brZaneba ityobineba: “ganTavisuflebul iqna cudi<br />
muSaobisa da aradamakmayofilebeli daswrebis gamo.” tomasi gamoiZaxes<br />
lipskis ofisSi da acnobes ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. ofisis datovebis<br />
Semdeg igi daukavSirda profkavSiris organizators da isini gaemarTnen<br />
NLRB-is raionul samsaxurSi, raTa waeyenebinaT ukanono SromiTi praqtikis<br />
braldeba tomasis saxeliT. ULP daamtkica, rom is gaagdes profkavSirisa da<br />
organizebis kampaniisadmi mxardaWerisTvis.<br />
jin lipskis saerTod naklebi gamocdileba hqonda kavSirebis<br />
sakiTxebSi da ar hqonda specialuri gamocdileba kavSiris organizebis<br />
kampaniebTan urTierTobaSi. lipskis samwuxarod, meqanikosTa amxanagobam _<br />
lokal 1463-m daiwyo kampania apolos winaaRmdeg 1 ivniss.<br />
sanamPprofkavSiris dawyebiTi moqmedebebi ixveweboda (ecnobebinaT<br />
mfrinavebisTvis organizaciuli Sexvedris Sesaxeb), 10 ivnisisTvis aSkara<br />
gaxda, rom TanamSromelTa mxardaWera kavSirisadmi gaizarda da<br />
profkavSiris kampaniac metad intensiuri gaxda. Llipskis winaSe aRar idga<br />
sakiTxi ase: “ rame unda moimoqmedos “apolom”?”, aramed ase: “ra unda<br />
gaakeTos “apolom”?” lipskisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom profkavSiri<br />
valdebuli iyo sruliad axali Zalixmeva gamoeyenebina kompaniis<br />
TanamSromelTa gasaerTianeblad. zedamxedvelebma mas moaxsenes, rom<br />
kavSiris mxardamWerebi iRebdnen uflebamosilebis baraTebs, raTa TxovniT<br />
miemarTaT NLRB-sTvis dasamtkicebeli arCevnebis Taobaze.<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
1. ra kanondarRveva (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) Caidina apolos korporaciam?<br />
2. ra argumentebi gamoiyenes jin lipskim da bob tomasma TavianTi<br />
saqmeebis mxardasaWerad?<br />
3. CamoTvaleT, ra ar unda gaakeTon menejerebma, roca isini sCadian<br />
ukanono SromiT qmedebebs.<br />
Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 2<br />
arbitraJi, jeisi stranksis SemTxveva<br />
arbitraJis dakiTxvaze orive mxarem mtkiced unda daicvas Tavisi<br />
pozicia. “poeniqs semikonduqtoris” mTavari menejeri irwmuneboda, rom<br />
mosarCle, nensi houngi axlaxans gaaTavisufles TanamSromelTan kamaTisa<br />
da dartymis gamo, rac <strong>warmoadgens</strong> kompaniis politikisa da TanamSromlis<br />
<strong>saxelmZRvanelos</strong> pirdapir darRvevas. stanksi amtkicebda, rom muSaobis<br />
dros, rva wlis ganmavlobaSi is kargi TanamSromeli iyo.<br />
wardgenili SeTanxmeba, romelic marTavda am saqmes, ase JRerda:<br />
“damqiraveblis poziciis Tanaxmad, arsebobda safuZvliani mizezi batoni<br />
jeisi stanksis ganTavisuflebisTvis; mas Sesaferisi jarima daekisra<br />
Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis gamo.” damsaqmebelma CvenebaSi axsena Sromis<br />
xelSekruleba, romelic gansazRvravda ganTavisuflebis mizezs:<br />
144
safuZvliani mizezi ganapirobebs disciplinarul RonisZiebas, es<br />
mizezebia: arakeTilsindisiereba, araefeqturoba, araprofesionaluri<br />
moqceva, gacdenebi, oqmebis gayalbeba, kompaniis politikis darRveva, qonebis<br />
xelyofa, ganadgureba an alkoholis an narkotikebis floba an misi<br />
zemoqmedebis qveS yofna.<br />
stanksi muSaobda sistemis teqnikosad 1994 wlis 20 noembridan mis<br />
ganTavisuflebamde, 2002 wlis 25 oqtombramde. huangis Cvenebis Tanxmad,<br />
P”poeniqs semikonduqtor” kompania ecada SeenarCunebina pozitiuri da<br />
centraluri samuSao garemo TanamSromlebSi. brZola samsaxurisTvis<br />
mkacrad iyo akrZaluli. stanksis saqmianobis Sefasebam aCvena, rom is iyo<br />
saSualo donis TanamSromeli, Tumca mas miRebuli hqonda ramdenime<br />
disciplinaruli gafrTxileba cudi daswrebis gamo da daimsaxura erTi<br />
samdRiani droebiTi daTxovna “sistemis kontrolis SecdomisTvis”. stankss<br />
zogadad pativs scemdnen Tavisi TanamSromlebi da ramdenime maTganma<br />
arbitraJis dakiTxvaze mis sasargeblod misca Cveneba.<br />
stanksis samsaxuridan daTxovnas kavSiri hqonda mas da meore<br />
teqnikoss, gari lindekins Soris momxdar CxubTan. am incindentis<br />
TviTmxilvelebis Tanaxmad, orive – stanksi da lindekini metad gabrazdnen<br />
warmoebis aRWurvilobis saTuTi nawilis Semowmebis swor meTodze<br />
kamaTisas. rogorc erT-erTma mowmem ganacxada, es gacxarebuli kamaTi<br />
gagrZelda daaxloebiT sami wuTi da damTavrda maSin, roca stanksim<br />
Zlierad daartya xeli lindekins mxarze. lindekini Zlier ganarisxa<br />
stanksis saqcielma da saswrafod Seatyobina xelmZRvanelobas. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac dakiTxes stanksi da lindekini da am incindentis TviTmxilvelebi:<br />
haungi da samanta lovri, TanamSromelTa uSualo zedamxedvelma da granT<br />
grinma, departamentis menejerma gadawyvites stanksis samsxaxuridan<br />
daTxovna araprofesiuli saqcielisa da kompaniis politikis darRvevisTvis.<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
1. romel arguments mianiWeben ufro did mniSvnelobas: imas, romelic<br />
eyrdnoba kompaniis politikas, TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanolos da Sromis<br />
xelSekrulebas Tu Semamsubuqebel faqtorebs, romlebic damnaSavem da<br />
mowmeebma miawodes?<br />
2. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros araprofesiuli qceva? axseniT.<br />
3. Tqven rom iyoT arbitri, rogor moagvarebdiT am saqmes? srulad axseniT<br />
gadawyvetilebis mizezebi.<br />
HRM 1-s pasuxebi:<br />
1. ara. aplikantebi iTvlebian TanamSromlebad da Sesabamisad maT kanoni<br />
icavs.<br />
2. ara. TanamSromelTa individualuri dakiTxva maTi profkavSiris wevrobis<br />
an saqmianobis Sesaxeb ukanonoa.<br />
3. ara. specialuri situaciebis garda (magaliTad, usafrTxoebisTvis xelis<br />
Sewyoba), TanamSromlebs ufleba aqvT ataron profkavSiris niSnebi.<br />
4. diax.<br />
145
5. diax. aplikantebis an TanamSromlebis Savi sia Sromis kanonis<br />
sawinaaRmdegoa.<br />
6. ara. organizebis kampaniis periodSi damsaqmebels ar SeuZlia dahpirdes<br />
xelfasis gaumjobeseba, rogorc saSualeba profkavSiris<br />
dasamarcxeblad.<br />
7. diax. damsaqmeblebic da kavSirebic eqvemdebarebian ukanono Sromis<br />
braldebebs.<br />
8. diax. roca saCivris arbitraJis punqti arsebobs Sromis xelSekrulebaSi,<br />
xelmZRvanelobam unda gadasces arbitraJs saqmeebi.<br />
9. diax. TanamSromlebi SeiZleba daisajon an ganTavisufldnen araswori<br />
samsaxurebrivi moqmedebis gamo, magram ara maTi Sexedulebebis an<br />
profkavSiris wevrobis gamo.<br />
10. diax. antikavSiruli SeniSvnebi ar aris ukanono, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom isini ar aris iZulebiTi.<br />
sarCevi<br />
pirveli Tavi<br />
adamiani da organizacia<br />
meore Tavi<br />
personalis menejmenti<br />
mesame Tavi<br />
146
organizaciuli kultura<br />
meoTxe Tavi<br />
Sromis motivireba da karieris marTva<br />
mexuTe Tavi<br />
adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba<br />
meeqvse Tavi<br />
treningebis sistemis analizi da marTva<br />
meSvide Tavi<br />
adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia da politika<br />
merve Tavi<br />
drois marTvis principebi<br />
mecxre Tavi<br />
TanamSromelTa uflebebi da disciplina<br />
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