qarTvelur enaTa Seswavlisa da swavlebis sakiTxebi
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m. nikolaiSvili<br />

<strong>qarTvelur</strong> <strong>enaTa</strong> <strong>Seswavlisa</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>swavlebis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong><br />

Tbilisi

<strong>qarTvelur</strong>i enebisadmi qarTvel <strong>da</strong> ucxoel<br />

enaTmecnierTa interesi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamowveulia am<br />

<strong>enaTa</strong> fonologiur-gramatikuli sistemebis arqaulobiT.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva svanuri ena, romelic<br />

tipologiurad yvelaze axlos dgas saerTo<strong>qarTvelur</strong><br />

fuZe-enasTan.<br />

Cveni gamokvlevac erT-erT aseT arqaul sakiTxs<br />

exeba, romelic svanurSi sinqroniul doneze moqmedi<br />

procesia.<br />

meore naSromi `qarTuli, rogorc meore enis,<br />

swavleba~ xangrZlivi muSaobis gamocdilebis Sedegia.<br />

meTodologiuri naSromebi enis swavlebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

naklebad iwereba. gansakuTrebiT, roca es exeba<br />

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebas.<br />

winamdebare wigni <strong>da</strong>xmarebas gauwevs am <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>T<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebul specialistebs.<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />

doqtori, profesori<br />

elene babunaSvili<br />

«saenaTmecniero Ziebani»<br />

ISBN 978-9941-0-1912-8 © m. nikolaiSvili, 2009<br />

2

xmovanTa reduqcia svanurSi<br />

svanuri enis xmovanTa reduqcia didi xania<br />

specialuri kvlevis sagania. arsebobs iseTi mni-<br />

Svnelovani <strong>da</strong> sayuradRebo gamokvlevebi, rogoricaa:<br />

a. SaniZis `weliwadis etimologiisaTvis~<br />

<strong>da</strong> v. Tofurias `reduqciisaTvis <strong>qarTvelur</strong><br />

enebSi~.<br />

cnobilia, rom xmovanTa reduqcia aRniSnul<br />

dialeqtSi yvelaze ufro cxoveli <strong>da</strong> moqmedi<br />

movlenaa.<br />

analizis Casatareblad gamoyofilia fonologiuri<br />

erTeuli, e. w. sareduqcio birTvi, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs sareduqcio xmovans misi garemomcveli<br />

TanxmovnebiT. gaTvaliswinebulia reduqciis<br />

gamomwvevi sxva faqtorebic <strong>da</strong> mocemulia<br />

c<strong>da</strong> `avtomaturi sareduqcio meqanizmis~ Seqmnisa<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> fonologiuri sqemebis saxiT, romelic<br />

uZevs safuZvlad xmovanTa reduqcias aRniSnul<br />

dialeqtSi. Semdeg gaanalizebulia is Sez-<br />

Rudvebi, romlebic cvlian reduqciis wmin<strong>da</strong> fonologiur<br />

models.<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia svanurSi SeiZleba gavyoT<br />

or ZiriTad nawilad: 1. xmovanTa reduqciis fonologiuri<br />

analizi (balszemouri dialeqtis masalaze)<br />

<strong>da</strong> 2. morfologiuri SezRudvebi, romlebic<br />

cvlian reduqciis fonologiur models.<br />

naSromis pirveli nawili konkretuli xasiaTisaa,<br />

xolo meore metwilad moicavs zogadi Teoriis<br />

sakiTxebs.<br />

sqematurad warmodgenilia xmovanTa reduqciis<br />

saxeebi aRniSnul dialeqtSi. miRebuli Sede-<br />

3

gebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>vrwmundiT, rom amgvari<br />

`wmin<strong>da</strong>~ fonologia ar aris sakmarisi, rom saWiroa<br />

mivmarToT enis sxva aspeqtebsac, kerZod,<br />

morfologias. amasTanave irkveva, rom Cven mier<br />

warmodgenili `wmin<strong>da</strong>~ fonologiuri sqemac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, scildeba fonologiis farglebs. sakvlevi<br />

obieqti, sareduqcio birTvi, sityvis nawilia.<br />

cxadia, sakiTxis srulyofilad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis<br />

un<strong>da</strong> SeviswavloT sityvac (rogorc<br />

erTeuli, rogorc mTlianoba), radgan xmovnis<br />

reduqcias gansazRvravs sityvaSi marcvalTa raodenoba,<br />

xolo fonemaTa distribucia gansazRvravs<br />

sityvis struqturas, e. i. erTi ganapirobebs<br />

meores.<br />

amrigad, xmovanTa reduqcia iseTi bgeraTmonacvleobaa,<br />

romelic moiTxovs rogorc fonologiis,<br />

ise morfologiis gaTvaliswinebas.<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia, rogorc araablauturi<br />

bgeraTmonacvleoba<br />

cnobilia, rom fonema warmoTqmis momentSi<br />

cvalebadia <strong>da</strong> `wmin<strong>da</strong> saxiT~ ar gvevlineba. is<br />

aris garkveul bgeraTa klasis zogadi abstrahirebuli<br />

saxe, romelic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva bgeraTSeerTebaSi<br />

gvevlineba Tavisi mravalgvari saxesxvaobebiT.<br />

fonemis nebismieri saxesxvaobis gamovlena<br />

Sepirobebulia im garemocviT, romelSic igi<br />

gvxvdeba. warmoTqmis procesSi moqmed aseT cvlilebaTa<br />

erTobliobas uwodeben fonemis poziciur<br />

cvalebadobas. xSirad fonemis saxesxvaoba ar<br />

4

aris gamowveuli poziciiT, rac imaze miuTiTebs,<br />

rom aRniSnuli movlena sxvagvar axsnas moiTxovs.<br />

enaTmecnierebaSi mocemulia orgvari bgeraTmonacvleoba:<br />

moqmedi <strong>da</strong> istoriuli. moqmedi bgeraTmonacvleoba<br />

warmoadgens cocxali warmo-<br />

Tqmis procesSi bgeraTa cvlilebebis Sedegs <strong>da</strong><br />

igi mu<strong>da</strong>m ganpirobebulia poziciurad. amgvari<br />

rigis bgeraTmonacvleobas gansazRvravs mxolod<br />

fonetikuri faqtorebi, garkveuli bgeraTa fonetikuri<br />

garemocva. aseTi monacvleoba yovelTvis<br />

fonetikurad aris motivirebuli. igi ganekuTvneba<br />

enis fonologiur dones.<br />

rac Seexeba bgeraTmonacvleobis meore saxes,<br />

romelic SeiZleba aixsnas istoriuli Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

amosvliT, e.i. moklebulia fonologiur<br />

motivacias sinqronuli TvalsazrisiT, cnobilia<br />

istoriuli bgeraTmonacvleobis anu ablautis<br />

saxelwodebiT.<br />

ablauti anu apofonia aris iseTi xmovanTmonacvleoba<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> imave morfemis farglebSi,<br />

romelsac morfologiuri funqcia aqvs. am rigis<br />

fonologiuri monacvleoba arsebiTad morfologiuri<br />

xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> amdenad ganxilul un<strong>da</strong><br />

iqnes rogorc morfologiuri movlena,<br />

ablauturi xmovanTmonacvleoba diaqroniuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>yvanil iqnes fonologiurad<br />

motivirebul alternaciamde, romelic<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi moiSala <strong>da</strong> sinqronuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT savsebiT <strong>da</strong>karga Tavisi fonologiuri<br />

saxe. ablautis amgvari xasiaTi, aRniSnavs<br />

g. wereTeli, erTgvarad aZneleb<strong>da</strong> apofo-<br />

5

niisa <strong>da</strong> fonologiuri alternaciis gamijnvas<br />

erTmaneTisagan.<br />

Cveni mizania erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT ablauti,<br />

rogorc morfologiuri Rirebulebis mqone<br />

bgeraTmonacvleoba fonologiurad motivirebuli<br />

bgeraTmonacvleobisagan, kerZod, xmovanTmonacvleobisagan,<br />

romelic aris enis sinqronul<br />

sistemaSi. aseT movlenad miviCnevT xmovanTa reduqcias.<br />

xmovanTa reduqciis saxeebi svanurSi<br />

`bgeraTcvlilebis erT-erT saxes warmoadgens<br />

bgeraTreduqcia (frang. reduction `Semcireba,<br />

<strong>da</strong>kleba~), rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom garkveul<br />

poziciaSi bgeras SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>akldes mkafioba,<br />

ris gamoc mas SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ekargos zogierTi artikulaciur-akustikuri<br />

Tviseba... reduqciis Sedegad<br />

SesaZloa nebismieri bgera sruliad <strong>da</strong>ikargos.<br />

reduqcia aRniSnul dialeqtSi amJamad moqmedi<br />

procesia, romelic svanuri enis Tanamedrove<br />

saxis CamoyalibebaSi ukanasknel aqts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

(sapirispirod im mosazrebaTa, romelTa mixedviT<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia svanuri enis droindeli<br />

periodis movlenaa), rac iqi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom:<br />

1. svanuri enis poeziis teqstebi, romlebic<br />

enis wina periodis suraTs asaxavs, uxvad Seicaven<br />

srulxmovnobis iseT gadmonaSTebs (gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rasakvirvelia, lentexurisa), romlebic dRevandel<br />

yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi aRar <strong>da</strong>sturdeba.<br />

6

2. sinkopirebisa <strong>da</strong> reduqciis tendencia dResac<br />

sustad aris gamovlenili svanuris lentexur<br />

dialeqtSi;<br />

3. reduqcia moqmedebs iseT nasesxeb sityveb-<br />

Si, romelTa sesxebac axlo warsulis faqts warmoadgens;<br />

4. meryeoba, romelic gansakuTrebiT vlindeba<br />

arsebiT saxelTa brunebisas, gvaqvs paraleluri<br />

formebi srulxmovniani <strong>da</strong> reducirebuli. es ukanaskneli<br />

ufro axalgazr<strong>da</strong>Ta metyvelebisaTvis<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />

svanuri enis xmovanTa reduqcia didi xania<br />

kvlevis sagania. jer kidev 1924 w. ak. SaniZem Tavis<br />

metad sayuradRebo naSromSi `weliwadis etimologiisaTvis~<br />

mogvca aRniSnuli movlenis pirveli<br />

mecnieruli aRwera.<br />

aRsaniSnavia v. Tofurias specialuri gamokvleva<br />

`reduqcia <strong>qarTvelur</strong> enebSi~, romelic<br />

aseve metad mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>skvnebs gvawvdis.<br />

magram es kvleva-Ziebani atarebdnen istoriul<br />

xasiaTs. axsnili iyo calkeuli SemTxvevebi <strong>da</strong> ar<br />

iyo warmodgenili xmovanTa reduqciis mTliani<br />

meqanizmi, romelic qmnis garkveul sistemas, rac<br />

mTlianad ar amowurav<strong>da</strong> reduqciis arss, Cven<br />

gvainteresebs, SeviswavloT xmovanTa reduqcia<br />

sinqronul aspeqtSi, rogorc enaSi moqmedi movlena,<br />

kerZod, balszemouri dialeqtis mixedviT,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c is cocxali procesia; avxsnaT igi fonologiuri<br />

meTodebis saSualebiT. analizi CavatareT<br />

e.w. deduqciuri meTodiT, romelic aRniSnul<br />

movlenas Seiswavlis ara izolirebulad, aramed<br />

mTlianobaSi, misi garemocvebis gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />

7

yuradReba gavamaxvileT kavSirze, romelic arsebobs<br />

sareduqcio xmovansa <strong>da</strong> mezobel Tanxmovnebs<br />

Soris <strong>da</strong> SevecadeT agvexsna yvela is<br />

movlena, romelic garkveul TanxmovanTa mezoblobiT<br />

iyo ganpirobebuli; warmovadgineT `avtomaturi<br />

sareduqcio meqanizmi~ wmin<strong>da</strong> fonologiuri<br />

sqemis saxiT, romelic aris balszemouri<br />

dialeqtis xmovanTa reduqciis erTgvari safu-<br />

Zveli.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli fonologiuri sqemis agebisa-<br />

Tvis saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi:<br />

1. ra poziciaSia sareduqcio xmovani; sxvagvarad<br />

rom vTqvaT, rogoria TanxmovanTa garemocva<br />

(sayuradReboa Tanxmovani Cqamieria Tu sonori).<br />

2. ramdenmarcvliania sityva potenciurad (e.i.<br />

reducirebuli xmovnis CaTvliT), romlis xmovanic<br />

ganicdis reduqcias.<br />

amis mixedviT gamovyaviT potenciurad sam-,<br />

oTx- <strong>da</strong> xuTmarcvliani sityvebi.<br />

3. kerZod, romel xmovans a, e, i, o, u <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

mosdis reduqcia.<br />

TuU mxedvelobaSi miviRebT yovelive amas, ma-<br />

Sin SeiZleba gamovyoT xmovanTa reduqciis Semdegi<br />

saxeebi:<br />

1. sinkope, xmovani amoiReba mTlianad;<br />

2. `sakuTriv~ reduqcia, romelic Tavis mxriv,<br />

iyofa or qvejgufad:<br />

a/ xmovani kargavs marcvlovnobas, ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />

TanxmovanSi, e.i. ikargeba xmovnuri Tviseba, marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi;<br />

8

xmovani ar kargavs marcvlovnobas, xmovani<br />

monacvleobs xmovanTan, marcvlovnobaSenarCunebiTi.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis mixedviT warmovadgenT Semdeg<br />

sqemas:<br />

xmovanTa reduqciis saxeebi<br />

sinkope<br />

V/Ø<br />

`sakuTriv~ reduqcia<br />

marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi marcvlovnobaSenarCunebiTi<br />

V/C<br />

V/ V<br />

Cven SevecdebiT ganvixiloT reduqciis TiToeuli<br />

saxe yvela momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic<br />

zemoT iyo CamoTvlili.<br />

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, marcvalTa raodenoba<br />

gansazRvravs xmovanTa reduqcias. kerZod,<br />

ormarcvlian sityvaSi reduqcia ar aris mosalodneli.<br />

sammarcvlian sityvaSi reduqcia mosdis<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore, e.i. Sua xmovans, oTxmarcvlian<br />

sityvaSi reduqcia mosdis agreTve Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore<br />

xmovans. xuTmarcvlian sityvaSi reduqcia mosdis<br />

or xmovans: Tavi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> bolo<strong>da</strong>n meore marcvalSi.<br />

amrigad, vvaraudobT, rom reduqciis Sedegad<br />

sammarcliani sityva iqceva ormarcvlianad, oTxmarcvliani<br />

_ sammarcvlianad <strong>da</strong> xuTmarcvlianic<br />

_ sammarcvlianad.<br />

imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu rogor icvleba<br />

nebismieri sareduqcio xmovani, saWiroa,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, <strong>da</strong>vadginoT <strong>da</strong> SeviswavloT<br />

is garemo, romelSic igi gvxvdeba. SevecdebiT<br />

)<br />

9

ganvixiloT yvela is piroba, romelSic SeiZleba<br />

aRmoCndes sareduqcio xmovani.<br />

ormarcvlian sityvaSi nebismieri wyvili<br />

konsonanti SeiZleba aRmoCndes or vokals Sua,<br />

maSin vvaraudobT, rom aRniSnul Tanxmovnebs<br />

Soris reducirebulia xmovani, radgan potenciurad<br />

sammarcvlian sityvaSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore, e.i.<br />

Sua, xmovani ganicdis reduqcias. es SemTxveva<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos xmovanTa reduqciis umartives<br />

saxed, romelic SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:<br />

VCCV

kompleqsebi Segvxvdeba cvlis Tu ara igi<br />

birTvis saxes<br />

cnobilia, rom harmoniuli kompleqsebi fonologiur<br />

mimarTebaTa TvalsazrisiT homogenur<br />

erTeulebs warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> struqturulad martiv<br />

Tanxmovans utoldebian, ris gamoc aseT<br />

SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, birTvis saxe ar Seicvleba.<br />

aRniSnul kompleqsebs aRvniSnavT C C simboloTi.<br />

vvaraudobT, rom umetesad erTi <strong>da</strong> imave<br />

birTvis farglebSi Segvxvdeba am rigis mxolod<br />

erTi kompleqsi.<br />

homogenur jgufebs plus æ, e.i. Cæ <strong>da</strong> decesiuri<br />

rigis harmoniuli kompleqsi plus æ, e.i.<br />

C C æ. isinic agreTve fonologiuri struqturis<br />

TvalsazrisiT martivi Tanxmovnebis ekvivalentia.<br />

erTi birTvis farglebSi mosalodnelia. TiTo<br />

aseTi jgufi (3,317-318).<br />

amrigad, yvela zemoCamoTvlili SemTxveva<br />

gaerTiandeba msubuq birTvSi /CVC/ Semdegi tipebis<br />

saxiT:<br />

CVC<br />

a) CVC e)<br />

CæVC C<br />

C C VCæ<br />

b) CVC C g) CVCæ d) C C æVC<br />

C C VC CæVC CVC C æ<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, msubuqi birTvis aucilebeli<br />

pirobaa, rom sareduqcio xmovnis garemomcveli<br />

11

Tanxmovnebi ar aRematebodnen erT konsonants (vgulisxmobT<br />

harmoniul <strong>da</strong> labialur kompleqsebsac).<br />

Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs ori konsonantis mimdevroba,<br />

romelic ar miekuTvneba zemoaRweril homogenur<br />

kompleqsebs. ra rigisaa es Tanxmovnebi<br />

masalaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Semdeg aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

aseTi jgufis Tanxmovnebi<strong>da</strong>n pirveli aucileblad<br />

sonoria, (1,60-6)sonor Tanxmovnebs aRvniSnavT<br />

Cs simboloTi. e.i. gamoiyofa TanxmovanTa mimdevroba<br />

CsC. pirveli komponentis sonoroba gansaz-<br />

Rvravs mocemuli tipis konsonantTa mimdevrobas.<br />

sonorebi enis sistemaSi qmnian garkveul, sxvebisagan<br />

gansxvavebul, fonemaTa rigs, rac mkvlevar-<br />

Ta gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs. es Tavisebureba<br />

aisaxeba maTi gansakuTrebuli artikulaciiT.<br />

sonorebi gamoirCevian Tavisi RiaobiT, rac<br />

aRemateba yvela Tanxmovans <strong>da</strong> uaxlovdeba xmovnebs.<br />

isini xmierebiTac metni arian yvela Tanxmovanze<br />

<strong>da</strong> amiT axlo dganan xmovnebTan (1,11).<br />

zemoaRniSnulis gamo ismis kiTxva: xom ar<br />

axdens gavlenas xmovanTa reduqciaze sonorebi,<br />

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansazRvravs Tu ara sareduqcio<br />

xmovnis saxecvlas mis mezoblad myofi<br />

Tanxmovani <strong>da</strong>, Tu gansazRvravs, ra pirobebia<br />

amisaTvis saWiro<br />

masalaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Semdeg aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

sonori Tanxmovani, Tu igi msubuqi birTvis erTerTi<br />

komponentia (ase mag: CVC an CVCs), araviTar<br />

gavlenas ar axdens sareduqcio xmovanze, e.i. ise<br />

iqceva, rogorc Cveulebrivi martivi konsonanti.<br />

amitom msubuq birTvSi misi gamoyofa savsebiT<br />

zedmetia, Warbia; Cven mas aq ar aRvniSnavT.<br />

12

iseT SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac sonori martiv<br />

konsonantTan erTad qmnis TanxmovanTa mimdevrobas<br />

CsC reduqcia sxvagvar saxes iRebs. rogorc Cans,<br />

TanxmovanTa mimdevroba (sonori plus Cqamieri)<br />

qmnis sareduqcio xmovnisaTvis gansxvavebul (gansxvavebiT<br />

martiv konsonantTagan) fonologiur<br />

garemos, rac iwvevs mis sxvagvar monacvleobas.<br />

amrigad, gamoiyofa konsonantTa mimdevroba<br />

CsC, romelic msubuqi birTvisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

qmnis sxva saxis mZime birTvs. Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>sa-<br />

Svebia misi ori saxeoba:<br />

1. rodesac CsC TanxmovanTa mimdevroba mosdevs<br />

sareduqcio xmovans, e.i. gvaqvs CVCsC birTvi.<br />

2. rodesac CsC TanxmovanTa mimdevroba win<br />

uZRvis sareduqcio xmovans, e.i. _ CsC VC birTvi.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom sonor TanxmovanTa gverdiT<br />

mZime birTvSi martivi Tanxmovnebis nacvlad<br />

SeiZleba Segvxvdes harmoniuli <strong>da</strong> labiuri kompleqsebi,<br />

romlebic struqturuli TvalsazrisiT<br />

cal konsonants utoldebian.<br />

amrigad, Teoriulad mosalodnelia mZime<br />

birTvis Semdegi tipebi (igulisxmeba iseTi SemTxvevebi,<br />

rodesac TanxmovanTa mimdevroba CsC mosdevs<br />

sareduqcio xmovans).<br />

CV CsC<br />

a) CV CsC<br />

e) CæVCsC<br />

b) CVCsC C<br />

C C VCsC<br />

g) CVCsCæ<br />

CæVCsC<br />

CcVCsCæ<br />

d) CVCsCcæ<br />

CcæVCsC<br />

13

Catarebuli analizis Sedegad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

sareduqcio xmovani CsC VC birTvSi reduqciis<br />

iseTive Sedegs iZleva, rasac msubuq birTvSi,<br />

amitom mas calke saxeobad ar gamovyofT.<br />

SeniSvna: xSirad gvxvdeba TanxmovanTa mimdevroba<br />

CCs, romelic, Cveulebriv, msubuqi birTvis<br />

CVCs-is reduqciis Sedegad aris miRebuli.MN<br />

amrigad, gamovyofT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis birTvebs,<br />

romelTa fonologiur struqturaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />

reduqciis saxe. TavisTavad reduqcias<br />

gansazRvravs, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, sityvaSi<br />

marcvalTaA raodenoba, e.i. marcvalTa raodenoba<br />

qmnis reduqciisaTvis pirobebs, garemos. SegviZlia<br />

viwinaswarmetyveloT, TuU rogori tipis<br />

birTvSi <strong>da</strong> ra garemoSi ra saxis cvlilebaa<br />

mosalodneli. gvaqvs ori ganmsazRvreli piroba:<br />

1/ birTvis fonologiuri struqtura <strong>da</strong><br />

2/ birTvis fonologiuri garemo.<br />

magram es ar aris sakmarisi. aucileblad<br />

saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT xmovanTa klasifikacia,<br />

maTi ragvaroba.<br />

svanuri enis balszemouri dialeqti uaRresad<br />

mdi<strong>da</strong>ria xmovnebiT. aq gvxvdeba eqvsi mokle<br />

xmovani /a, e, i, o, u, é/ <strong>da</strong> amasTanave misTvis<br />

specifikuri, qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, umlautiani<br />

<strong>da</strong> grZeli xmovnebi.<br />

CvenTvis interess moklebulia grZeli xmovnebi,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom grZeli xmovnebi<br />

reduqcias ar ganicdian. rac Seexeba umlautian<br />

<strong>da</strong> araumlautian xmovnebs, isini am mxriv erTgvar<br />

suraTs gviCveneben. reduqciis TvalsazrisiT maTi<br />

sxvaoba, romelic vlindeba palataluroba-arapa-<br />

14

latalurobaSi, ar warmoadgens relevan-turs<br />

(9,41). viTvaliswinebT ra yovelive amas, simartivisaTvis<br />

vimsjelebT pirobiTad aRebul araumlautian<br />

xmovnebze (<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli literaturi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

magaliTebi zustad iqneba moyvanili).<br />

xmovnebi, romelTa reduqciac aris mosalodneli:<br />

a/ð. e.i. o/ñ, u/ò <strong>da</strong> é. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT sainteresoa a. SaniZis mosazreba. umlautiani<br />

o <strong>da</strong> u SeiZleba gamoixatos kompleqsebis<br />

saxiT: ñ-æe <strong>da</strong> ò-æi. ñ <strong>da</strong>viwroebuli o-nia,<br />

romlis <strong>da</strong>xriloba e-nisaken aris mimarTuli.<br />

xSirad igi isea <strong>da</strong>viwroebuli, rom TiTqmis e-<br />

namdea <strong>da</strong>suli, Tumca ki labialoba SerCenili<br />

aqvs <strong>da</strong> amitom akustikurad ue difTongis<br />

STabeWdilebas axdens... svanebi mas Cveulebriv ve<br />

jgufiT gadmoscemen.<br />

ò <strong>da</strong>viwroebuli u-nia, romelic i-saken aris<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xrili. misi <strong>da</strong>xriloba i-nisaken xan<strong>da</strong>xan ise<br />

Sors midis, rom Tavisi pirvandeli saxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

labialobaRa SerCeba <strong>da</strong> æi difTongis xasiaTi<br />

aqvs. svanebi mas vi jgufiT gadmoscemen. xSirad<br />

arc ki ici kacma, ra ufro swori iqneba, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>swero ò Tu æi, ise miemsgavsebian isini<br />

erTurTs. (22,367). Cven saWiroebis mixedviT gamoviyenebT<br />

rogorc erT, ise meore formas, radgan,<br />

reduqciis TvalsazrisiT, Sedegi orive SemTxvevaSi<br />

erTi <strong>da</strong> igivea.<br />

rogoria aRniSnul xmovanTa alternacia reduqciis<br />

dros<br />

cnobilia, rom svanuris balszemour dialeqtSi<br />

`sinkopirebis wess eqvemdebareba yvela<br />

mokle xmovani, gar<strong>da</strong> u <strong>da</strong> o xmovnebisa, romelTa<br />

15

alternativa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini marcvlovnobas<br />

kargaven <strong>da</strong> umarcvlod æ-s erwymian~<br />

(3, 351). magram es kanonzomiereba irRveva sareduqcio<br />

xmovnis garemocvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, e.i. sxvagvarad<br />

rom vTqvaT, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive xmovani sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

saxis birTvSi gansxvavebul Sedegebs iZleva,<br />

amitom Cveni amocanis srulyofilad ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />

WrisaTvis saWiroa SeviswavloT calkeuli xmovnis<br />

alternacia ara izolirebad, aramed zemo-<br />

CamoTvlili birTvis tipebis mixedviT yvela im<br />

poziciaSi, romelSic es ukanaskneli gvxvdeba.<br />

amrigad, xmovanTa reduqcias balszemour<br />

dialeqtSi gansazRvravs sami ZiriTadi faqtori:<br />

1/ birTvis struqtura (msubuqi Tu mZime)<br />

2/ birTvis fonologiuri garemo <strong>da</strong><br />

3/ sareduqcio xmovnis ragvaroba.<br />

ganvixiloT aRniSnul faqtorTa kombinaciis<br />

yvela SesaZlebloba. radgan CvenTvis amosavalia<br />

birTvis struqtura, amitom mTeli analizi gaiyofa<br />

or ZiriTad nawilad:<br />

1 _ procesi, romelic mimdinareobs msubuq<br />

birTvSi;<br />

2 _ procesi, romelic mimdinareobs mZime<br />

birTvSi.<br />

16

a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- an oTxmarcvliani sityvebis msubuq birTvSi<br />

SeniSvna, potenciurad xuTmarcvlian sityvebs<br />

aq ar SevexebiT, radgan, rogorc ukve aRniSnuli<br />

iyo, xuTmarcvlian sityvebSi mosalodnelia ori<br />

xmovnis reduqcia. Tu es asea, maSin gveqneba ori<br />

sareduqcio birTvi, romelTagan erT-erTi<br />

SeiZleba aRmoCndes mZime, adgili hqondes sxva<br />

saxis reduqcias. amitom xuTmarcvlian sityvebs<br />

ganvixilavT bolos.<br />

sam <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian sityvebSi mosalodnelia<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovnis sruli saxis reduqcia,<br />

e.i. sinkope. amrigad, un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT Semdegi<br />

saxis alternaciebi:<br />

a /ð// Ø, e/Ø, i/Ø, <strong>da</strong> é/Ø.<br />

ganvixiloT TiToeuli xmovnis cvalebadoba<br />

yvela tipis birTvisaTvis jer sammarcvlian,<br />

Semdeg ki oTxmarcvlian sityvebSi, sareduqcio<br />

xmovanTa Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:<br />

V=a/ð/, V=e, V=i <strong>da</strong> V= é<br />

sammarcvlian sityvaSi procesi warmogvidgeba<br />

Semdegi saxiT:<br />

+{ CVC}+<br />

V V<br />

V/C Ø C/V<br />

a. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis a/ tipi<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V=a/ð/-s mag.:<br />

nak- /vake/.. _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

anke- /avakebs/- V/CØC/V<br />

17

sarag- /wyaro/- _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

sargðS- /wyaros/- CV/CØC/ V & C<br />

xala- /wyins/ _ _ _ CVCV<br />

↓<br />

laxlñn-/ewyina/- CV/CØC/ V C<br />

V=e-s. mag.:<br />

tef- /puris kani/- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

nðtfun- /comi xaWapuris kanisaTvis/- C V & /C ØC/VC<br />

RigeW- /gaZleba/- CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

megWe- /gamZle/ _ CV/CØC/V<br />

meCi- /moxuci/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCV<br />

↓<br />

limCe- /sibere, <strong>da</strong>bereba/- CV/CØC/V<br />

liCed- /svla, sawyisi forma/- CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

meCde- /wasuli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CV/CØC/V<br />

liyer- /<strong>da</strong>marTeba, sawyisi forma/_ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

xðyrax- /<strong>da</strong>marTniaT/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & /CØC/VC<br />

âæeneJ- /ube/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CæVCVC<br />

↓<br />

âæenJðr- /ubeebi, mr. r./- CæV/CØC/ V & C<br />

V=i-s mag.:<br />

cégin- /zRapari/ _ _ _ _ _CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

cégnil- /zRapari, kn.f./_ CV/CØC/VC<br />

Side- /yris/- _ _ CVCV<br />

↓<br />

liSde- /yra/- CV/CØC/V<br />

18

jim _ /marili/ _ _ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

lajmðr- /samarile/ _ CV/C ØC V & C<br />

V=é-s mag.:<br />

féri- /xmeli/ _ _ _ CVCV<br />

↓<br />

afre- /axmobs/ _ VC/ØC/V<br />

Cafél- /fexsacmeli/ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

Caflðr- /fexsacmelebi/- CV/C ØC/ V & C<br />

yéle- /ambobs/ _ _ _ CVCV<br />

↓<br />

xayle- /eubneba/- CV/CØC/V<br />

axla ganvixilavT iseT magaliTebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

martivi Tanxmovnebis nacvlad gvxvdeba decesiuri<br />

rigis harmoniuli <strong>da</strong> labialuri kompleqsebi.<br />

b. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis b/ tipi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c CVC=CVCc an CVC=CcVC (10, 81-94); sareduqcio<br />

xmovani V=a /ð/-s. mag.:<br />

neRðSt- /Tikani/_ CVC V & Cc<br />

↓<br />

neRStðS- /Tiknis/_ CV/CØCc/ V & C<br />

maTxðf- /Ramura/ _ CVCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

maTxfiS- /Ramuras/- CV/CcØC/VC<br />

V= e-s. mag.:<br />

meSxe- /Savi/ _ _ _ _ CVCcV<br />

↓<br />

mémSxa- /moSavo/ _ CV/CØCc/V<br />

19

liCxef- /gaxdoma/ _ CVCcV C<br />

↓<br />

meCxfe- /gamx<strong>da</strong>ri/_ _CV/CcØC/V<br />

V= i-s. mag.:<br />

fiSge- /xsnis/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCcV<br />

lifSge- /gaxsna, Sexsna, ↓<br />

sawyisi/ _ CV/C O/ Cc/V<br />

gæis/ wkire / guls uwuxebs/ _ _ _ _ _ CcVCV<br />

↓<br />

/gæimi/ liwkre- /gulis<br />

Sewuxeba, sawyisi/ _ _ _ _ CV/CcØC/V<br />

méSkid- /mWedeli/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCcVC<br />

↓<br />

miSkdu- /mWedlebi, mr. r./_ CV/CcØC/V<br />

skibe- /`Tqvams~, awmyo/_ _ _ CcV C V<br />

↓<br />

liskbe- /<strong>da</strong>Tqma, sawyisi/ _ CV/CcØC/V<br />

V=é _ s CéCc<br />

↓<br />

V/CØCc/V<br />

rac ar niSnavs imas, rom amgvari struqturis<br />

sityva (ufro sworad, sareduqcio birTvi)<br />

gamoricxulia, radgan: absoluturad enobrivi<br />

masalis amowurva SeuZlebelia; gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Tu<br />

gvaqvs am tipis sxva SemTxvevebi, maSin igulisxmeba,<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>saSvebia es ukanasknelic. kidev meti,<br />

mocemuli formulis mixedviT SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT<br />

Sedegi Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>saSvebi<br />

tipis sareduqcio birTvSi. amitom, aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />

moviyvanT Sesabamis formulas.<br />

20

jgér/ mayer- /SemomikurTxa/ _ _ _ CcVC<br />

↓<br />

xojgri- /ukurTxebs/ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CcØC/V<br />

aTðSdén- /<strong>da</strong>aviwy<strong>da</strong>/_ _V C V & CcVC<br />

↓<br />

lìSdne - /<strong>da</strong>viwyeba/ _ _ C V & /CcØC/V<br />

g. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis g/ tipi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c CVC=CVCæ an CVC=CæVC sareduqcio<br />

xmovani V=a/ð/-s, mag.:<br />

hakæðd- /kudi/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

lehkæðd- /kudiani/ _ CV/CØCæ/ V & C<br />

mutæðr- /anTebuli/ _ CVCæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

atære- /anTebs/ _ _ _ _ V/CæØC/V<br />

JaÃæðr- /aryis xe/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

JaÃurðS- /aryis xis, naT. br./ _ CV/CæØC/ V &<br />

V= e-s. mag.:<br />

xexæ- /coli/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæ<br />

↓<br />

lðxxæa- /colebi/ - C V & /CØCæ/V<br />

lereqæ- /tanisamosi/ _ CVCVCæ<br />

↓<br />

lirqæi- /Cacma/ _ _ _ CV/CØCæ/V<br />

liCexæ- /Zova/- _ _ _CVCVCæ<br />

↓<br />

uCxæad- /uZovrad/ _ V/CØCæ/VC<br />

akæec- /<strong>da</strong>Wra/ _ _ _ _ _ VCæVC<br />

↓<br />

akæci- /Wris, kuwavs/ _ V/CæØC/V<br />

& C<br />

21

qæerni- /lpeba/ _ _ _ CæVCCV<br />

↓<br />

meqære- /<strong>da</strong>mpali/ - CV/CæØC/V<br />

V=is. mag.:<br />

CiCæil- /Cvili/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæVC<br />

↓<br />

luCCæil- /CvilbavSviani/ _ CV/CØCæ/VC<br />

riRæe- /angrevs/ _ _ CVCæV<br />

↓<br />

lirRæe- /ngreva/- CV/CØCæ/V<br />

qæiT- /qurdi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CæVC<br />

↓<br />

liqæTer- /qurdoba/ _ CV/Cæ O/ C/VC<br />

kuRun- /kuRæin- /koRo/ _ _ _CVCæVC<br />

↓<br />

kuRænil- /`koRuna~, kn.f./ _ CVC æ ØCVC<br />

V= é – s.<br />

amgvari magaliTi ar gvxdeba, mimdevroba<br />

CæéC gamoricxulia.<br />

d. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis d/ tipi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c CVC=CVCcæ an CVC=CcæVC, sareduqcio<br />

xmovani V=a /ð/-s.<br />

Ca Ccæ<br />

↓<br />

V/C O/ Ccæ/V<br />

cxæad- /aryis gamosaxdeli qvabi/ _ _ CcæVC<br />

↓<br />

nacxædìr- /gasamrjelod<br />

misacemi arayi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CcæØC/ V C<br />

22

V= e-s.<br />

libeWkæ - /gaskdoma/- _ CVCVCcæ<br />

↓<br />

mebWkæe- /gamsk<strong>da</strong>ri/ - CV/CØCcæ/V<br />

liSgæem- /Txovna/ _ CVCcæVC<br />

↓<br />

xaSgæmin- /sTxova/ _ CV/CcæØC/VC<br />

aSyæed- /garecxa/ _ _ _ _ _ VCcæVC<br />

↓<br />

leSyædid- /gasarecxad/ _ CV/CcæØC/VC<br />

V= i-s. mag.:<br />

fiTqæe- /xeTqavs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCcæV<br />

↓<br />

lifTqæe- /`xeTqva~, sawyisi/ _ CV/CØCcæ/V<br />

Txæim- /Tavi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcæVC<br />

↓<br />

liTxæmi- /meTauroba/ _ CV/CæØC/V<br />

Zgæibe- /texavs-angrevs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcæVCV<br />

↓<br />

RiZgæbe- /ngreva, Camowyveta, sawyisi./ _ CV/CcæØC/V<br />

V= é-s.<br />

amgvari magaliTi ar gvxvdeba, gamoricxulia.<br />

e. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis e/ tipi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c CVC=CcVCæ.<br />

an CVC=Cæ VCc, sareduqcio xmovani V=a/ ð -s.<br />

CcaC æ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcØCæ/V.<br />

kæafx- /ylorti/ _ _ _ _ _ Cæ V & Cc<br />

ikæfxi- /ylorts Wams, ↓<br />

Txaze ityvian/ _ _ _ _ _ V/CæØCc/V<br />

23

ac Seexeba Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>saSveb CcæVC<br />

birTvs, ar Segvxvedria.<br />

mocemuli magaliTebis mixedviT SegviZlia<br />

<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom sammarcvliani sityvis msubuq<br />

birTvSi a /ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebi gvaZleven sruli<br />

saxis reduqcias, sinkopes anu alternacias V/Ø-<br />

Tan.<br />

24<br />

amrigad:<br />

V+/C VC/+V→<br />

← V C ØC V = A,<br />

rodesac: V=a/ ð/, e, i an é-s.<br />

axla ganvixiloT A I SemTxveva, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs a /ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebis reduqcias<br />

potenciurad oTxmarcvliani sityvis msubuq<br />

birTvSi.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mosalodnelia<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovnis sinkope.<br />

a. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis a/ tipi,<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V=a/ ð/-s. mag.:<br />

xðm- /Rori/ _ _ _ _ _ _CVC<br />

↓<br />

méxm é rié- /meRore/- CV/CØC V CV<br />

TanðR- /ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli, uReltexili/ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

liTnðRi- / uReltexilze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svla/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V/CØC/ V & CV<br />

V= e-s. mag.:<br />

gezal- /Svili/ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

ugzela- /uSvilo./ _ VCØCVCV<br />

lifeS- /<strong>da</strong>Rla/ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

xefSeni- /iRleba/- CV/CØC/VCV

mewe- /mSveleli/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCV<br />

↓<br />

lðmwíla- /miSvelis/ _ C V & /CØC/ V CV<br />

V= i-s. mag.:<br />

lic- /wyali/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

ulcæna- mourwyveli/ _ V/CØC/ Vˆ CV<br />

ðZih- /<strong>da</strong>kla/ _ _ V & CVC<br />

↓<br />

liZheni- /kvla/- CV/CØC/VCV<br />

V= é-s. mag.:<br />

xér- /javri/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

léxrine- /gajavrebuli./ _ CV/CØC/VCV<br />

mafén- /mwyuria/ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

xafnëna- /swyurebia/_ CV/CØC/ V CV<br />

jémil- /Zma disTvis/ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

lajmila- /Zmebi/_ _ _ _ _ CV/CØC/VCV<br />

vidre A I SemTxvevis sxva tipebs b/, g/, d/ <strong>da</strong> e/<br />

ganvixilavT, saWiroa SevCerdeT iseT sakiTxebze,<br />

romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia Cveni Semdgomi<br />

msjelobisaTvis.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, birTvi, reduqciis<br />

minimaluri fonologiuri erTeuli, gamoiyofa im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu gvaqvs ori Tanxmovani, romelTa<br />

Soris potenciurad vvaraudobT sareduqcio xmovans.<br />

amrigad, birTvis arareducirebuli sruli<br />

saxe iqneba CVC, xolo reducirebuli _ CØC.<br />

25

igulisxmeba msubuqi birTvi <strong>da</strong> sruli saxis<br />

reduqcia, alternacia V/Ø.<br />

imisaTvis, rom xmovanma ganicados reduqcia,<br />

saWiroa mocemuli birTvi moxvdes saTanado fonologiur<br />

garemoSi, e.i. aRmoCndes or vokals<br />

Sua.<br />

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave<br />

sityvaSi sareduqcio birTvi gamoiyofa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

adgilas imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba<br />

mocemuli sityvis struqtura.<br />

ase mag.: sityvaSi `qaTal~ mosalodnelia rogorc<br />

a 1 -s, ise a 2 -s reduqcia. cxadia, Sesabamisad<br />

gamoiyofa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva birTvebic. Tu mocemul<br />

sityvas xmovans <strong>da</strong>vumatebT win, maSin CvenTvis<br />

saintereso procesi ganxorcieldeba `qaT~<br />

birTvSi, romelic reduqciis wesebis mixedviT<br />

V/qaT/V poziciaSi gvaZlevs /qØT/-s, e.i. a I /Ø. magram,<br />

Tu mocemul sityvas xmovans <strong>da</strong>vumatebT<br />

boloSi, maSin sareduqcio birTvi iqneba ukve<br />

`Tal~, romelic V/Tal/V poziciaSi gvaZlevs<br />

/TØl/, e.i. a 2 /Ø.<br />

marTlac, SesaZlebelia `qaTal~ sityvis<br />

amgvari cvalebadoba:<br />

qaTal- /qaTami/ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

laqTalìr- /saqaTme/_ CV/CØC/VC V C a I /Ø.<br />

qaTal- /qaTami/ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

qaTlðr- /qaTmebi/_ CV/CØC/ V C<br />

a 2 /Ø/.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, nebismieri sareduqcio birTvis<br />

gaanalizebisaTvis saWiroa mocemuli sityvis<br />

iseTi saxecvla, rom sakvlevi obieqti aRmoCndes<br />

26

CvenTvis xelsayrel pirobebSi. ase magaliTad, Tu<br />

gvainteresebs birTvis reducirebuli saxe,<br />

saWiroa igi moxvdes Sesabamis fonologiur<br />

garemoSi, e.i. or vokals Sua, V _ V poziciaSi.<br />

amave dros, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT<br />

sityvaSi marcvalTa raodenoba.<br />

Tu gvainteresebs birTvis arareducirebuli<br />

saxe, maSin ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />

Sesabamis fonologiur garemos, e.i. igi un<strong>da</strong><br />

aRmoCndes V-C an C-V poziciaSi. rac Seexeba<br />

sityvaSi marcvalTa raodenobas, am SemTxvevaSi<br />

ara aqvs mniSvneloba. magaliTad:<br />

maltuæór- /mosiyvarule/_ _CV/CØC/Væ V & C<br />

↑<br />

xalðt- /uyvars/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

laxlatén- /Seuyvar<strong>da</strong>/- CV/CØC/VCVC<br />

<strong>da</strong>gra- /sikvdili/_ _ _ _ _ CV/C ØC/V<br />

↓ ↑<br />

ledgðri- /sasikvdile/ _ CV/CØC/ V & CV<br />

magram xSirad sityvis saxecvla ar aRadgens<br />

birTvis srul saxes. ase mag.:<br />

I-akre- /aRebs/ _ _ _ _ _V/CØC/V<br />

↓ ↑<br />

II- adkare- /gaaRo/ _ V/CØC/VCV<br />

I sityvis reducirebuli birTvi `k O/ r~ Tavisi<br />

sruli saxiT `kar~ warmodgenilia II sityvaSi.<br />

rac Seexeba II sityvis reducirebul birTvs,<br />

`dØk~ misi sruli saxe ar aRdgeba, rac ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

vcvaloT aRniSnuli sityvis struqtura. Tavis-<br />

Tavad `dk~ ar warmoadgens harmoniul kompleqss,<br />

amitom vvaraudobT, rom maT Soris potenciurad<br />

27

arsebobs xmovani. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin saerTo<br />

wesis Tanaxmad sammarcvlianma sityvam un<strong>da</strong> ganicados<br />

Sua xmovnis reduqcia, e.i. un<strong>da</strong> gvqondes<br />

`adkre~ `adkare~-s nacvlad (mxedvelobaSia msubuqi<br />

birTvi). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

argumentebiT ar aixsneba mocemuli magaliTi.<br />

vfiqrobT, `adkare~-Si `dVk~ aris msubuqi birTvi.<br />

xmovani ganicdis sruli saxis reduqcias. e.i.<br />

/CØC/, sa<strong>da</strong>c sareduqcio xmovani V SeiZleba iyos:<br />

a/ ð/, e, i an é, radgan gvaqvs alternacia V/Ø.<br />

SeniSvna: I sityva `akre~ `a 2 ~ xmovani gvaqvs<br />

swored iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c vvaraudobT sareduqcio<br />

xmovans, rac Seexeba `dVk~ð birTvis srul saxes,<br />

igi ar gvxvdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi pozicia yovelTvis<br />

sareduqcio V/dVk/V. es gamowveulia im TaviseburebiT,<br />

romelic axasiaTebs mocemuli enis<br />

zmnebs, kerZod, preverbis Semdeg zmnis Ziris win<br />

(igive exeba piris niSnebsac), TiTqmis yovelTvis,<br />

Cndeba e.w. `xiluli~ (faruli) maqcevari, romelic<br />

am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens sareduqcio xmovans.<br />

Tu aseTi maqcevari ar gvaqvs, e.i. preverbi<br />

uSualod mierTvis zmnis Zirs, maSin reduqcia<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>inacvlebs iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRmoCndeba Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meore xmovani. mag.:<br />

Réri- /wava/ _ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

esRri- /midis./ _ V/CC ØC/V<br />

tixe- /abrunebs/ _ _ _ _CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

ðntxe- /moabrunebs/_ V & /CCØC/V<br />

28

eduqcia ganica<strong>da</strong> é xmovanma (I magaliTSi) <strong>da</strong><br />

i xmovanma (II magaliTSi, rasac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs wina<br />

xmovnis umlauti), radgan isini warmogvidgebian<br />

sityvaSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovnebad /VC+CVCV<br />

VCCØCV /. sareduqcio birTvia /CCVC /, sa<strong>da</strong>c pirveli<br />

ori Tanxmovani ar qmnis homogenur kompleqss<br />

<strong>da</strong>, amave dros, maT Soris ar igulisxmeba<br />

reducirebuli xmovani. es aris, Tu SeiZleba ase<br />

iTqvas, ori martivi Tanxmovnis `iZulebiTi~ mezobloba.<br />

gvaqvs iseTi magaliTebi, rodesac erTerTi<br />

maTgani warmodgenilia harmoniuli kompleqsiT<br />

(cxadia, is iqneba zmnis Ziriseuli, radgan<br />

svanurSi arc erTi preverbi ar Seicavs harmoniul<br />

kompleqss), maSin faqtiurad oTxi Tanxmovani<br />

iyris Tavs, rac uCveulo un<strong>da</strong> iyos mocemuli<br />

enisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT, sityvis Tavsa <strong>da</strong> Sua<br />

nawilSi). mag.:<br />

Syedni- /vardeba/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcV/CØC/V<br />

↓ ↑<br />

CæðnSydeni- /Camovardeba/ _ _Cæ V & CCcØCVCV<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, reduqciis saxes gansazRvravs<br />

birTvis struqtura <strong>da</strong> sareduqcio xmovani;<br />

amitom, am SemTxvevaSic Sedegebi gveqneba igive,<br />

rac zemoT, radgan vgulisxmobT reduqcias msubuq<br />

birTvSi, rodesac sareduqcio xmovnebi: a, e,<br />

i, maqcevrebiT (qcevis morfemebiT) aris<br />

warmodgenili, mag.:<br />

anye- / acxobs/ _ _ _ _ V/CØCV<br />

↓<br />

a/Ø<br />

annaye- /gamoacxo/ _ V/CØC/VCV<br />

29

xelCe- /<strong>da</strong>rajobs/ _ _ CVCØCV<br />

↓<br />

e/Ø<br />

esleCón- /u<strong>da</strong>raja/ _ V/CØC/VC V & C<br />

ilak- /agnebs/ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

i/Ø<br />

ðTlak- /miagno/ _ V & /CØC/VC<br />

rasakvirvelia, igive suraTi iqneba, Tu<br />

Segvxvdeba msubuqi birTvis sxva tipebic (amis<br />

Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).<br />

ganvixiloT A I SemTxvevis sxva tipebi:<br />

b. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis b/ tipi;<br />

CVC=CVCc an CVC=CcVC sareduqcio xmovani<br />

V=a/ð/-s.<br />

âasg- /WaRara/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCc<br />

↓<br />

léâsgêne- /gaWaRaravebuli/ _ CV/CØCc/ V CV<br />

an<br />

licxðt- /gaCxera/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCcVC<br />

↓<br />

xacxteni- /aCxers, asobs/ _ _ CV/CcØC/VCV<br />

atybe- /wvavs/ _ _ _ VCc ØCV<br />

↓ ↑<br />

antyabe- /Sewva/ _ V/CØCc/VCV<br />

b I . V= e-s. mag.:<br />

ðnreSg- /iyara futkarma, <strong>da</strong>iyvnen ojaxebad,<br />

- naTqvamia futkarze/ _ _ _ _ VCØC VCc<br />

↓<br />

lirSgìne- /futkris<br />

gamoyofa, sawyisi/ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CØCc/ V CV<br />

30

aTbejg _ /miabjina/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _VCØCVCc<br />

↓<br />

libjgìne- /mibjena, sawyisi/ _ _ _ CV/CØCc/ V & CV<br />

iSyed- /vardeba/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ VCcVC<br />

↓<br />

CæðSydeni- /Camovardeba/ _ Cæ V & /CcØC/VCV<br />

icqef- /texavs sicils/ _ _ _ _ VCcVC<br />

↓<br />

xocqfeni- /utydeba, uskdeba/ _ CV/CcØC/VCV<br />

V=i-s. mag.:<br />

iSdmi- /Tvreba/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCcØCV<br />

↓<br />

ðdSdémón- /<strong>da</strong>Tvra/ _ _ _ V/CØCcNC V & C<br />

SeniSvna: `ðdSdémón~-Si pirveli a-s umlauti<br />

kidev erTi <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli sabuTia imisa, rom<br />

preverbis Semdeg `i~ xmovanma ganica<strong>da</strong> sruli<br />

saxis reduqcia.<br />

cxek- /tye/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CcØC<br />

↓<br />

licxkiSi- /tyis kafva/ _ _ CV/CcØC/VCV<br />

sgim- /mJave wyali/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcVC<br />

↓<br />

lisgmune- /am wylis <strong>da</strong>leva, sawyisi CV/CcØC/VCV<br />

laxSdix- /Sealia/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCØCcVC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

xðSTxuni- /Sealevs, -myof. usr./ _ _ CV/CcØC/VCV<br />

V=é-s mag.:<br />

jgéróg- /wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcVC V & C<br />

lijgrêge- /gulis gamagreba<br />

↓<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis SemweobiT/ _ _ CV/CcØC/VCV<br />

31

méskðd- /beWedi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

lémskade- /<strong>da</strong>beWdili, galamazebuli/CV/CØCc/VCV<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V=a /ð/s/ mag.:<br />

arðSæ- /<strong>da</strong>arRvia – _ VC V & Cæ<br />

↓<br />

arSæeni- /arRvevs/ _ V/CØCæ/VCV<br />

laxæ- /mTa/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæ<br />

↓<br />

lilxæðri- /mTaSi siaruli/ _ CV/CØCæ/ V & CV<br />

an<br />

mutæðr- /anTebuli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

litærðli- /anTeba, obieqti, mr./ _ CV/CæØC/ V & CV<br />

V= e-s. mag.:<br />

nezæ- /de<strong>da</strong> Rori/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæ<br />

↓<br />

lenzòri- /goWi _ sadedle/ _ _ CV/CØC/VCV<br />

SeniSvna: umarcvlo æ `<strong>da</strong>ikarga~. mox<strong>da</strong> kompensacia<br />

momdevno xmovanTan, romelic <strong>da</strong>grZel<strong>da</strong><br />

msgavsad staær-stêr. (23,321)<br />

mewæin- /swori/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæVC<br />

↓<br />

limwæine- /gasworeba/ _ _ CV/CØCæ/VCV<br />

hæedi- /yidis/ _ _ _ _ _ CæVCV<br />

↓<br />

ahædìnex- /gayidian/ _ _V/CæØC/ V CVC<br />

liqæec- /gawyveta/ _ _ _ CVCæVC<br />

↓<br />

gæeqæceni- /gvwydeba/ _ CæV/CæØC/VCV<br />

32

V= i, s. mag.:<br />

ikæhðli- /kiTxulobs/_ _ _V/CæØC/ V & CV<br />

↓<br />

ðnkæihêle- /moikiTxa/_ V & /CØCæ VC V CV<br />

an<br />

ðnkæihðle _ _ _ V & CØCæVC V CV<br />

↓<br />

likæhðli _ _ _ _ CV/CæØC/ V CV<br />

/xola /qæiniS- /wuwki/ _ _ _ _ _ CæV CV C<br />

↓<br />

lðqæniSêld- /sawuwkeblad/ _ C V & /CæØC/VC V CC<br />

V= é-s.<br />

amgvari magaliTi ar Segvxvdeba, gamoricxulia.<br />

d. msubuqi birTvis d/tipi CVC = CVCcæ an<br />

CVC = CcæVC, sareduqcio xmovani V = a /ð/-s. mag.:<br />

ðncxæap- /moitaca/ _ _ _ _ _ _ V & /CØCcæ/VC<br />

↑ ↓<br />

licxæpìne- /motaceba, sawyisi/ _ CV/CcæØC/ V CV<br />

V= e-s.<br />

liZgæeb- /Catexva, gawyveta/_ _ CVCcæVC<br />

↓<br />

xoZgæbeni- /uwydeba, engreva/ _ CV/CcæØC/VCV<br />

sgæeji /brZandeba, ityvian<br />

mxolod RmerTze/ _ _ _ _ CcæVCV<br />

↓<br />

lisgæjìne /<strong>da</strong>brZandeba, sawyisi/ _ CV/CcæØC/ V CV<br />

33

V= i-s, mag.:<br />

lðxmiTqæón _ /SeeCvia/ _ _ _ C V & CØCVCcæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

xðmTqæena _ /sCveo<strong>da</strong> Turme/ _ _ CV/CØCcæ/VCV an<br />

CcæiC<br />

↓<br />

V/CcæØC/VCV<br />

V= é-s.<br />

amgvari magaliTi ar gvxvdeba, gamoricxulia<br />

e. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis e/tipi.<br />

CVC=CæVCc an CVC = CcVCæ<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = a /ð/-s<br />

CcaCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcØCæ/VCV<br />

V= e-s.<br />

likæefx- /xtoma, sawyisi/ _ CVCæVCc<br />

↓<br />

xekæfxeni- /axteba/ _ _ _ _ CVCæØCc/VCV<br />

liâæesg- /parsva, sawyisi/ _ CVCæVCc<br />

↓<br />

xeâæsgeni- /epareba/ _ _ _ _ CVCæØCc/VCV<br />

CceCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcØCæ/VCV<br />

V= i-s.<br />

CæiCc an CciCæ<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CæØCc/VCV V/CcØCæ/VCV<br />

V= é-s.<br />

34<br />

amgvari magaliTi ar gvxvdeba, gamoricxulia.

Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs erTi iseTi magaliTi,<br />

romlis sareduqcio birTvi warmodgenilia ori<br />

harmoniuli kompleqsiT; amasTanave erT-erT<br />

maTgans <strong>da</strong>matebiT axlavs æ. iqmneba msubuqi<br />

birTvebi. reduqcia xdeba yvela im wesis mixedviT,<br />

rac zemoT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />

ðntyæðsg_ /naperwkali/_ _ _ _ V & /CØCcæ/ V & Cc<br />

lityæsgìne _ /gakvra,<br />

↓<br />

naperwklis gamovardna/_ _ CV/CcæØCc/ V CV<br />

pirveli sityva sammarcvliania. reduqcias<br />

ganicdis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovani. sareduqcio<br />

birTvia CVCcæ.<br />

meore sityva oTxmarcvliania. reduqcias<br />

ganicdis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovani. sareduqcio<br />

birTvia CcæVCc.<br />

ganxiluli magaliTebi<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />

rom msubuqi birTvis yvela tipi oTxmarcvlian<br />

sityvaSi warmogvidgens a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebis<br />

sruli saxis reduqcias, rodesac sareduqcio<br />

xmovani sityvis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovania.<br />

amrigad: V +/CVC/+VCVC <br />

VCØCVCVC = A I ,<br />

rodesac: V = a/ ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é-s.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, A <strong>da</strong> A I SemTxvevebi iZleva<br />

reduqciis erTgvar saxes, sinkopes. Tu aRniSnul<br />

formulebs A, A I gavutolebT erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong><br />

pirobiTad avirCevT erT-erT maTgans, magaliTad:<br />

A-s, maSin zogadi formula miiRebs aseT saxes:<br />

V +/CVC/+VC(VC) <br />

VCØCVC(VC) = A,<br />

rodesac: V = a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é –s.<br />

35

amrigad, formula asaxavs balszemour dialeqtSi<br />

sruli saxis xmovanTa reduqcias anu<br />

sinkopes potenciurad sam <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian sityvebSi.<br />

SeniSvna: yuradRebas iqcevs ramdenime Sem-<br />

Txveva, romelic gvxvdeba gamonaklisis saxiT.<br />

mag.:<br />

xasdik- /wyins/ _ _ _CVCcVC<br />

↓<br />

lisdike - /wyena/ _ CV/CcVC/V<br />

TiTqos ar xdeba mosalodneli reduqcia,<br />

magram gvaqvs forma: aTsðstkén- /ewyina/, romlis<br />

mixedviT vvaraudobT, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad iyo<br />

lisasdike- /reduqciis Semdeg/ lissdike- /ori<br />

s-s Serwymis Sedegad, miviReT _ lisdike; `d~<br />

gamkveTr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sd→st/. ar xdeba reduqcia msubuq<br />

birTvSi, sityvaSi: `lizelól~ - /siaruli/ aqe<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

`izelól~ -/<strong>da</strong>dis/, `zelalóÎ /siarulis moyvaruli/<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S. auxsnelia meryeoba: `iskine~- /xteba/,<br />

magram `askne~ /ga<strong>da</strong>xta/, `xoskine~- /uxteba/, magram<br />

usknêlad- /uxtomlad/. ar xdeba xmovnis reduqcia<br />

iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c is mosalodneli iyo. mag.: ziSxora<br />

/deka/, atama /atami/, wyélian /sufTa, wmin<strong>da</strong>/ <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv. aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalian cotaa <strong>da</strong> umniSvneloa.<br />

36

o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvebis msubuq birTvSi<br />

axla ganvixiloT xmovanTa reduqciis sxva<br />

saxe: `sakuTriv~ reduqcia, kerZod marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi,<br />

potenciurad sam <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian<br />

sityvebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi sareduqcio xmovnebi<br />

SeiZleba iyos mxolod u/ò/ <strong>da</strong> o/ñ/, romlebic<br />

msubuq birTvSi gvaZleven monacvleobas æ-sTan,<br />

e.i. gveqneba alternaciebi u/ò// æ <strong>da</strong> o/ñ// æ.<br />

sammarcvlian sityvaSi procesi warmogvidgeba<br />

Semdegi saxiT:<br />

magaliTebi warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis<br />

yvela tipisaTvis sareduqcio xmovanTa Semdegi<br />

TanmimdevrobiT:<br />

{ CVC} - msubuqi birTvi<br />

V + + V - sareduqcio fonologiuri garemo<br />

V CæCV<br />

magaliTebi warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis<br />

yvela tipisaTvis sareduqcio xmovanTa Semdegi<br />

TanmimdevrobiT:<br />

V = o/ñ <strong>da</strong> V = u/ò<br />

a. mocemulia msubuqi birTvis a/tipi CVC <strong>da</strong><br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o. mag.:<br />

naJom- /SenaSali/ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

aJæme- /Slis/ _ _ _ V/CæC/V<br />

wor- /`sisxlis fasi~/ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

liwæri- /sisxlis aReba/ _ V/CæC/V<br />

37

nðboz- /saRamo/ _ _ _ _ CV & CVC<br />

↓<br />

nðbæzðS- /saRamos/ _ _ _ C V & /CæC/ V & C<br />

V = ñ = æe -s<br />

qêhñd- /gayide/ _ _ C V CV & C<br />

↓<br />

lihædi- /gayidva/ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

Cæemin- /gaakeTa/ _ _ C V & CVC<br />

↓<br />

liCæme- /keTeba/ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

V= u-s, mag.:<br />

mus- /Tovli/ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

amæsi- /Tovs/ _ _ V/CæC/V<br />

xun- /saZirkveli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC<br />

↓<br />

ixæni- /saZirkvels yris/ _ _ V/CæC/V<br />

kumðS- /saqoneli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

lakæmðS- /saqonlis sadgomi/ _ CV/CæC/VC<br />

V = ò = /æi/ -s /ix.<br />

mubòr- /bneli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

libære- /<strong>da</strong>Rameba, <strong>da</strong>bneleba/ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

muxòr- /kuTxe/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

muxærðl- /kuTxeebi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CV/Cæ C/ V & C<br />

am SemTxvevaSi formulirebis dros ui <strong>da</strong> ue<br />

kompleqsebs aRvniSnavT V & simboloTi, anu rogorc<br />

umlautian xmovnebs.<br />

38

ogorc aRniSnuli iyo, reduqciisaTvis umlauts<br />

ara aqvs mniSvneloba. es naTlad Cans<br />

amgvari magaliTebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

akuS - /gatexe/ _ _ VCVC<br />

↓<br />

likæSe- /texva/ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

kòSe- /texs/ _ _ _ _ C V & CV<br />

↓<br />

likæSe- /texva/ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

nalyur- /nawoli/ _ CVCCVC<br />

↓<br />

liyære- /wola/ _ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

lumyòn- /wolila Turme/ _ CVCC V & C<br />

liyære- /wola/ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CæC/V<br />

b. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis b/ tipi<br />

CVC = CVCc an CVC = CcVC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o-s<br />

CoCc<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCc/V<br />

nasgoj- /nabrZanebi/_ _ _ CVCcVC<br />

↓<br />

nasgæjaS- /nabrZanebis/ - CV/CcæC/VC<br />

V= ñ = æe-s mag.:<br />

liSgæem-liSgñm- /Txovna/ _ _ _ _ _ CVcæ V & C<br />

laSgæmðS- /saTxovris,<br />

↓<br />

saTxovari - naT. br-Si/ _ CV/CcæC/ V & C<br />

V = u-s<br />

39

CuCc<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCc/V<br />

tyuba- /wyvilis cali/ _ _ _ CcVCV<br />

↓<br />

natyæbðr- /tyupis cali/_ CV/CcæC/ V & C<br />

sgur- /zis/ _ _ _ _ CVCcVC<br />

↓<br />

lisgære- /jdoma/ _ CV/CcæC/V<br />

doSdul- /mTvare/ _ _ _ CVCcVC<br />

↓<br />

doSdælðS- /mTvaris/ _ CV/CcæC/ V & C<br />

V=ò=æi-s.<br />

aSgæid-aSgòd- /<strong>da</strong>axrCo/ _ _ _VCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

liSgæde- /<strong>da</strong>xrCoba/ _ _ _ _CV/CcæC/V<br />

Sgæir- Sgòr- /sircxvili/ _ _ _ _ Cc V & C<br />

↓<br />

xaSgòri- /sircxvilSi iqneba/ _ CV/CcæC/V<br />

ðdSxæin- /Seinaxa/ _ V & CCcæVC = V & CCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

liSxæni- /Senaxva/ _ CV/CcæC/V= CV/CcæC/V<br />

V = u/ ò/-s<br />

Txumur- /uTavo/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcVCVC<br />

↓<br />

uTxæma- /umeTauro/ _ _ _ _ _ _ V/CcæC/V<br />

<br />

laTxæim- laTxòm- /sameTauro/ _CVCc V & C<br />

g. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis g/tipi<br />

CVC=CVCæ an CVC=CæVC<br />

40

es ukanaskneli gamoricxulia. mimdevroba<br />

CæuC <strong>da</strong> CæoC ar gvxvdeba.<br />

sareduqcio birTvia: CVCæ, sareduqcio xmovani<br />

V = o/ñ/-s.<br />

CcoCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcæCæ/V<br />

V = u-s.<br />

muqux- /qva/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

meqæxæiS- /qvis, naT. br./ _ CV/CæCæ/VC<br />

Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>saSvebi d) tipi ar Segvxvedria.<br />

formula miiRebs aseT saxes.<br />

CuCcæ <strong>da</strong> CoCcæ<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCcæ/V V/CcæCæ/V<br />

e. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis e/tipi<br />

CVC = CæCc an CVC = Cc V Cæ.<br />

pirveli SemTxveva gamoricxulia /mimdevroba<br />

CæuC <strong>da</strong> CæoC. ar gvxvdeba/. meore SemTxvevaSi<br />

sareduqcio xmovani<br />

V = o/ñ/-s.<br />

CcoCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcæCæ/V<br />

V = u-s.<br />

Sdugæ- /Tagvi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CcVCæ<br />

↓<br />

laSdægæór- /saTaguri/_ CV/CcæCæ/ V & C<br />

msubuqi birTvis yvela is tipi, romlis magaliTebic<br />

Segvxv<strong>da</strong>, sammarcvlian sityvaSi gvaZ-<br />

41

levs o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovnebis monacvleobas æ-sTan,<br />

e.i. aRniSnuli xmovnebi kargaven marcvlovnobas.<br />

amrigad, zogadi formula miiRebs aseT saxes,<br />

rodesac<br />

V = o (ñ)-s an u (ò)-s<br />

V+/C VC/ + V →<br />

→ V Cæ C V = Б<br />

axla ganvixiloT Б I SemTxveva, romelic gulisxmobs<br />

potenciurad oTxmarcvliani sityvis msubuq<br />

birTvSi o/ñ//æ <strong>da</strong> u/ò//æ xmovnebis saxecvlas.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aqac mosalodnelia<br />

maTi alternacia æ-sTan, e.i. o/ñ//æ <strong>da</strong> u/ò//æ-sTan.<br />

a. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis a/tipi CVC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/-s mag.:<br />

cod- /codva/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVC<br />

↓<br />

licædile- /Secodeba/ - CV/CæC/VCV<br />

liTof- /srola/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

iTæfini- /Tofis srolaSi iqneba/- V/CæC/VCV<br />

V = ñ = /æe/-s.<br />

aTcæem = aTcñm- /wausva/ _ VCC V & C<br />

↓<br />

licæmeni- /wasma/ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CæC/VCV<br />

V = u/ò/-s<br />

hunar- /smena/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

lihænðri- /mosmena/_ CV/CæC/ V & CV<br />

gurna- /mrgvali qva/ _ _ _ CVCCV<br />

↓<br />

agærðni- /agorebs qvas/ _ V/CæC/ V & CV<br />

42

Zuhëra- /saceri/ _ _ _ CVC V CV<br />

↓<br />

liZæhëre- /gacra/ _ CV/CæC/ V CV<br />

anTunêle- /wyali <strong>da</strong>alevina/_ _VCCVC V CV<br />

liTænóli- /wylis <strong>da</strong>levineba, ↓<br />

sawyisi/ _ _ _CV/CæC/VCV<br />

b. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis b/tipi<br />

CVC = CVCc an CVC + CcVC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/-s<br />

CoCc an CcoC<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCc/VCV V/CcæC/VCV<br />

V = u/ò/-s<br />

CuCc<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCc/VCV<br />

an<br />

naSgurêne- /<strong>da</strong>narigebi/ _ CVCcVC V CV<br />

↓<br />

liSgærêne- /<strong>da</strong>rigeba/ _ CV/CcæC/VCV<br />

JðnZgubîre- /aiwyvita,<br />

obieqti mr-Sia _ C V & C CcVC V CV<br />

↓<br />

liZgæbîre- /awyveta/ _ _ _ VCV/CcæC/ V CV<br />

g. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis g/ tipi<br />

CVC = CVCæ an CVC = CæVC<br />

es ukanaskaneli gamoricxulia, mimdevroba<br />

CæuC <strong>da</strong> CæoC, rogorc aRvniSneT, ar gvxvdeba.<br />

43

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/-s<br />

CoCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCæ/VCV<br />

V = u/ò/-s. mag.:<br />

muRæÎe- /hyvavis/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCæÎV (2)<br />

↓<br />

limæRæðÎe- /yvaviloba/- CV/CæCæ/ V & ÎV<br />

lugæðr- /msuqani/ _ _ _ _ CVCæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

lilægæðri- /gasuqeba/- CV/CæCæ/ V & CV<br />

d. warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvis d/ tipi<br />

CVC = CVCcæ an CVC=CcæVC<br />

es ukanaskneli gamoricxulia. mimdevroba<br />

CcæuC <strong>da</strong> CcæoC ar gvxvdeba.<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/-s.<br />

CoCcæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCcæ/VC<br />

V = u/ò/-s. mag.:<br />

muSgæri- /stumari/ _ _ _ _ CVCcæCV<br />

↓<br />

limæSgæare- /stumroba/- CV/CæCcæVCV<br />

awmuSæón- /gagvistumra/ _ _ _ VC CVCcæ V & C<br />

↓<br />

limæSgæane- /valis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>/- CV/CæCcæ/VCV<br />

Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>saSvebi e/ tipi:<br />

CcoCæ an CcuCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcæCæ/VCV<br />

↓<br />

V/CcæCæ/VCV<br />

44

SeniSvna: rogorc vnaxeT, sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani<br />

sityvebi reduqciis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebul<br />

Sedegebs ar iZleva, amitom erT-erTi maTganis<br />

mixedviT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, SevavsoT<br />

meore. ase magaliTad, Tu romelime tipis birTvi<br />

ar Segvxv<strong>da</strong> sammarcvlian sityvaSi <strong>da</strong> Segvxv<strong>da</strong><br />

oTxmarcvlianSi, maSin SeiZleba Sedegi vivaraudoT<br />

oTxmarcvlianis mixedviT, an piriqiT. magram,<br />

Tu romelime tipis birTvi ar Segvxv<strong>da</strong> arc sammarcvlian<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc oTxmarcvlian sityvaSi, cxadia,<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia birTvis<br />

fonologiuri struqtura. ase magaliTad: msubuqi<br />

birTvis zogierTi tipi ar qmnis o <strong>da</strong> u xmovnebisaTvis<br />

sasurvel fonologiur garemos, e.i.<br />

xmovnebisaTvis aRniSnuli pozicia gamoricxulia.<br />

aseTia:<br />

b/ tipis msubuqi birTvi CVCc<br />

g/ tipis msubuqi birTvi CæVC<br />

d/ tipis msubuqi birTvi CcæVC<br />

e/ tipis msubuqi birTvi CæVCc<br />

ukanasakneli sami yuradRebas ipyrobs Tavisi<br />

struqturiT, samive SemTxvevaSi birTvis pirveli<br />

Tanxmovani warmodgenilia labialuri kompleqsiT,<br />

e.i. Cæ an Ccæ-Ti. amgvari struqturis<br />

birTvSi <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovnebi. amrigad,<br />

aRniSnul dialeqtSi mimdevrobebi CæuC,<br />

CæoC ar gvxvdeba.<br />

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave<br />

birTvSi gvxvdeba erT-erTi maTgani, kerZod u/ò/,<br />

<strong>da</strong> ar gvxvdeba meore, e.i. o/ñ/. magaliTad:<br />

g/ tipis msubuq birTvSi CVCæ<br />

d/ tipis msubuq birTvSi CVCcæ<br />

45

e/ tipis msubuq birTvSi CcVCæ<br />

samive SemTxvevaSi birTvis meore Tanxmovani<br />

warmodgenilia labialuri kompleqsiT: e.i. Cæ an<br />

Ccæ-s win <strong>da</strong>saSvebia u/ò/ <strong>da</strong> gamoricxulia o/ñ/.<br />

amrigad, msubuqi birTvis yvela tipi /romelic<br />

Segvxv<strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian sityvaSi gvaZlevs<br />

o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovnebis monacvleobas æ-sTan, e.i.<br />

xmovani kargavs marcvlovnobas, funqcionalurad<br />

Tanxmovans utoldeba.<br />

rodesac: V = o/ñ/ an u/ò/-s<br />

V+/CVC/+ VCVC →<br />

→ V CæC VCVC = Б I<br />

Б <strong>da</strong> Б I SemTxvevebi reduqciis TvalsazrisiT<br />

erTgvar suraTs gviCvenebs, i.e. Б=Б I Tu zogadi<br />

formulisaTvis, pirobiTad avirCevT erT-erTs, magaliTad<br />

Б-s, maSin Cveni Б formula miiRebs aseT<br />

saxes:<br />

rodesac:<br />

V = o/ñ/ an u/ò/-s<br />

V+/CVC/+ VC(VC) →<br />

→ VCæCVC(VC) = Б<br />

amrigad, Б formula asaxavs balszemour<br />

dialeqtSi `sakuTriv~ reduqciis erT-erT saxes,<br />

kerZod, marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTs, e.i. xmovnis<br />

alternacias æ-sTan V/ æ.<br />

46

a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvebis mZime birTvSi<br />

Cven mier warmodgenili reduqciis sqemis mixedviT<br />

gansaxilveli <strong>da</strong>gvrCa aRniSnuli movlenis<br />

mxolod erTi saxe: `sakuTriv~ reduqciis<br />

iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac erTi xmovani icvleba<br />

meore xmovniT, e.i. alternacia marcvlovnobis<br />

SenarCunebiT. amisi axsna SesaZlebeli iqneba, Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT birTvis struqturas, romelic<br />

yovelTvis aRmoCndeba mZime. swored es ukanaskneli<br />

gansazRvravs aseTi saxis monacvleobas.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, procesi mimdinareobs mZime birTv-<br />

Si.<br />

mocemulia mZime birTvi, romelic garkveul<br />

fonologiur garemoSi ganapirobebs sareduqcio<br />

xmovnis alternacias sxva xmovanTan. ganvixiloT<br />

TiToeuli xmovnis cvalebadoba yvela tipis mZime<br />

birTvisaTvis jer sammarcvlian, Semdeg oTxmarcvlian<br />

sityvebSi.<br />

CvenTvis cnobili reduqciis wesebis mixedviT<br />

(vgulisxmobT birTvis fonologiur garemos),<br />

cvlileba un<strong>da</strong> ganicados Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovanma.<br />

sareduqcio xmovnebia a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é.<br />

sammarcvlian sityvaSi procesi warmogvidgeba<br />

Semdegi saxiT:<br />

{CVCsC}<br />

V+ +V<br />

VC V CsC V<br />

)<br />

sareduqcio birTvi<br />

sareduqcio fonologiuri garemo<br />

V<br />

)<br />

aRniSnavs reducirebul xmovans.<br />

47

a. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis a/tipi CVCsC<br />

<strong>da</strong> sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð/-s/ mag/:<br />

jalCi- /mosamsaxure/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCV<br />

ajélCi- /emsaxureba, imasTan ↓<br />

msaxurobs/ _ _ _V/CéCsC/V<br />

bambðÎ- /bamba/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCéC V & Î<br />

↓<br />

lébémbðÎ- /<strong>da</strong>bambuli/- CV/CéCsC/ V & CÎ<br />

lartam- /bostani/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

lelértðm- /sabostne/ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & C<br />

manCal- /Crdili/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

laménCðld- /saCrdiloblad/ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & CC<br />

xanjðr- /xanjali/ _ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

léxénjðr- /xanjliani/_ CV/CéCsC/ V & C<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbðz- /svanur saxlSi Tivis<br />

Sesanaxi ganyofileba/_ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

lédérbêz- /saxlisze<strong>da</strong> sarTuli/_ CV/CéCsC/ V & C<br />

marTðl- /marTali/_ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

samérTðl- /samarTali/_ CV/CéCsC/ V & C<br />

/iseTi axlad SeZenili sityvac ki, rogoricaa<br />

`sal<strong>da</strong>T~, iZleva reduqciis igive Sedegs/.<br />

saldðT- /sal<strong>da</strong>Ti/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

naséldðTæ- /nasal<strong>da</strong>Tari/ -_ CV/CéCsC/ V & Cæ<br />

48

Cðng- /Cangi/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

liCéngi- /Cangze <strong>da</strong>kvra/_ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

xðrj- /xarji/_ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

lixérje- /<strong>da</strong>xarjva/_ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

mðnk- /manki/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

xeménki- /emankierebo<strong>da</strong>, myofad us./_ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

xaxðrb- /exmareba/_ _ _ CVC V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

xaxérbén- /exmarebo<strong>da</strong>/_ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

sainteresoa, rom gvxvdeba paraleluri formebi,<br />

magram aseTi SemTxvevebi SeiZleba avxsnaT.<br />

mag: xodémbala || xodlamba<br />

madémbale || madlambe<br />

<strong>da</strong>mbal || <strong>da</strong>mbali _ es ukanaskneli miRebulia<br />

sammarcvlian sityvaSi Sua xmovnis reduqciis<br />

Semdeg, e.i. <strong>da</strong>mbal + V = <strong>da</strong>mbali. Semdeg<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> l-s ga<strong>da</strong>sma, miemata mawarmoeblebi xo-a <strong>da</strong><br />

miviReT Cveulebrivi oTxmarcvliani sityvis reduqcia<br />

`xodlamba~.<br />

bevria iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac zmniswinis<br />

saSualebiT iqmneba mZime birTvi <strong>da</strong> qcevis morfema<br />

warmogvidgeba reducirebulad. mag.:<br />

arxi- /lobios qnis/ _ _ _ VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

adérxe- /gaqna/ _ _ _ _ _ V/éCsC/V<br />

arSi- /agebs/_ _ _ _ _ VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

adérSe- /<strong>da</strong>ago/_ _ V/CéCsC/V<br />

49

V = e-s. mag.:<br />

âerâ- /xerxi/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCV<br />

↓<br />

léâérâe- /moxerxebuli/_ _ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

xerde- /<strong>da</strong>rdi, javri/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCV<br />

↓<br />

xoxérdi- /uvlis, javrobs/_ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

merCil- /celi/ _ _ _ _ CVCéCsC/VC<br />

↓<br />

lémérCil- /celiani/_ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

berkil- /borkili/_ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCV<br />

↓<br />

lébérkil- /Seborkili/_ _ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

xelwif- /xelmwife/_ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

saxélwif- /saxelmwifo/_ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

/legd/ xerdæni- /avad uxdeba/_ CVCsCæCV<br />

↓<br />

/legd/ amér<strong>da</strong>- /avad gamix<strong>da</strong>/_ V/CéCsC/V<br />

merxel- /WinWari/_ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

lémérxel- /WinWriani/_ _ _ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

merxðld- /meCxeri/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCsC V & CC<br />

↓<br />

lémérxelde- /gameCxerebuli/_ CV/CéCsC/VCCV<br />

xewyðæ- /erToba/_ _ _ _CVCsC V & æ<br />

↓<br />

laxéwyðæ- /gaerTe/_ CV/CéCsC/ V & æ<br />

RerbeT- /RmerTi/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

liRérbaTæ- /`RmerToba~, rogorc ↓<br />

abst. arseb. sax./ _ _ _ CV/C éCsC/VCæ<br />

50

V = i-s. mag.:<br />

findix- /tyvia/ _ _ _ _<br />

CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

léféndix- /tyviiani/_ CV/CéCsC/VC<br />

cin<strong>da</strong>æ- /bartyi/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVæ<br />

↓<br />

lðcén<strong>da</strong>æ- /sabu<strong>da</strong>ri/_ _ _ _C V & /CéCsC/Væ<br />

inWli- /mosavals zi<strong>da</strong>vs/_ _ _ _ VCsCCV<br />

↓<br />

ðnénWil- /mozi<strong>da</strong>/ _ _ _ _ _ V & /CéCsC/VC<br />

irmi- /iWers/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ VCsV<br />

↓<br />

ðnérme- /<strong>da</strong>iWira/_ _ _ _ V & /CéCsC/VC<br />

irdi- /zrdis/_ _ _ _ _ _ VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

ðnérde- /gazar<strong>da</strong>/_ _ _ V & /CéCsC/V<br />

V = é -s/ mag.:<br />

zérz- /qadili/_ _ _ _ _ CVCsCV<br />

↓<br />

lizérze- /<strong>da</strong>qadneba/- CV/CéCsC/V<br />

Térqðd- /makrateli/_ _ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

naTérqadæ- /namakratlevi/- CV/CéCsC/VCæ<br />

rogorc Cans, rac un<strong>da</strong> vcvaloT mocemuli<br />

sityvebi, xmovani arsad Seicvleba, radgan am fonologiur<br />

garemocvaSi igi savsebiT <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebelia.<br />

é aris swored is xmovani, razec<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyvaneba sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenebi, amitom, mis sxva<br />

cvlilebas arc un<strong>da</strong> movelodeT. ufro sworad,<br />

am SemTxvevaSi é → é. mogvyavs erTi magaliTi<br />

ramdenime formiT:<br />

51

nabérjæ- /ganaTxari/ _ CVCéCsCæ<br />

↓<br />

libérje- /Txra/ _ _ _ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

abgrje- /Txris/ _ _ _ _ V/CéCsC/V<br />

↑<br />

bérjði- /mTxreli/ _ _ _ _ CéCsC V & Î<br />

↓<br />

mébérje- /mTxreli/ _ _ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, é yvelgan ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

b. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis b/ tipi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCc an CVCsC = CcVCsC,<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð/-s. mag.:<br />

anWyi- /xednis/ _ _ _ _VCsCcV<br />

↓<br />

adénWye- /gaxedna/_ V/CéCsCc/V<br />

alSgi- /xuravs saxls/_ _ _VCsCcV<br />

↓<br />

adélSge- /ga<strong>da</strong>xura/ _ _ V/CéCsCc/V<br />

<strong>da</strong>saSvebi varianti:<br />

V = a/ð/-s<br />

CcaCsC<br />

↓<br />

V/CcéCsC/V<br />

V = e-s.<br />

CeCsCc an CceCsC<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CéCsCc/V<br />

V/CcéCsC/V<br />

V = i-s. mag.:<br />

birtyil- /burtyli/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCcVC<br />

↓<br />

lébértyil- /burtyliani/_ CV/CéCsCc/VC<br />

52

kinCx- /kiseri/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCV<br />

↓<br />

likénCxe /kisreba ramis/_ CV/CéCsCc/V<br />

<strong>da</strong>saSvebi varianti<br />

V = i-s<br />

CciCéC<br />

↓<br />

V/CcéCsC/V<br />

V = é-s. mag.:<br />

kércxðÎ- /kaci, romelsac uyvars<br />

xis Wra, an karg najaxze<br />

ityvian/_ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCsCc V & Î<br />

↓<br />

likércxe- /Wra, Cexva/_ _ _ _ CV/CéCsCc/V<br />

ðdtyérSe- /CaiZira/_ _VCCcVCsCV<br />

↓<br />

ityérSe- /iZireba/_ _ _V/CcéCsC/V<br />

adWkérne- moiTmina/_ _ VCCc VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

liWkérne- /moTmena/_ _ _ CV/CcéCsC/V<br />

g. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis g/ tipi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCæ an CVCsC = CæVCsC,<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð-s. mag.:<br />

hanwæ- /pativi/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCsCæ<br />

↓<br />

lihénwe- /pativis Setana/_ CV/CéCsC/V<br />

arSæni- /axsenebs/_ _ _ _ VCsCæCV<br />

↓<br />

anérSæen- /axsena/_ _ _ VCéCsCæVC<br />

ankæSde- /amoklebs/ _ _ _ _ VCsCæCcV<br />

↓<br />

anénkæeSde- /<strong>da</strong>amokla/ _ V/CéCsCæ/VCcV<br />

53

V = e-s.<br />

V = i-s, mag.:<br />

ilkæhe- /kiTxulobs ambavs/ _ _VCsCæCV<br />

↓<br />

ðxélkæih- /moikiTxe/ _ _ _ _ V & /CéCsCæ/VC<br />

d/, e/ tipebi ar Segvxv<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mocemuli magaliTebis mixedviT aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom sammarcvliani sityvis mZime birTvSi a/ð/, e, i<br />

<strong>da</strong> é xmovnebi gvaZleven monacvleobas é xmovanTan,<br />

e.i. alternacia a/ð// é, e/ é, i/ é <strong>da</strong> é/ é. rac Seexeba<br />

am ukanasknels, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, igi ar<br />

icvleba. ukeT rom vTqvaT, birTvSi mocemulia is<br />

xmovani, romelic savsebiT akmayofilebs mis<br />

fonologiur distribucias. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

é-s meti cvlileba ar iyo mosalodneli; piriqiT,<br />

misi cvlileba <strong>da</strong>arRvev<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnul wess.<br />

amrigad, rodesac V = a/ð/, e, i, é-s<br />

V+/CVCsC+ VC →<br />

→ V C éCsC VC = В.<br />

axla ganvixiloT В 1 SemTxveva, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs a/ð/, e, i, <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebis reduqcias<br />

potenciurad oTxmarcvliani sityvis birTvSi.<br />

aqac, rogorc viciT, mosalodnelia sityvis<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovnis reduqcia.<br />

a. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis a/tipi CVCsC;<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð/-s. mag.:<br />

kalmax- /Tevzi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

likélmðxi- /Tevzaoba/ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

manCal- /Crdili/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

liménCðli- /moCrdileba/ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

54

tarxan- /keti xilis Camosabertyi/<br />

_ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

litérxanól- /ketis srola,<br />

saw./_ CV/CéCsC/VC V &<br />

& C<br />

farfal- /cecxlis ali/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

liférfêle- /alis farfali, saw/_ CV/CéCsC/ V CV<br />

<strong>da</strong>mbal- /<strong>da</strong>bali/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

xodémbala- /ufro <strong>da</strong>bali/ _ CV/CéCsC/VCV<br />

angre- /debs, kvercxzea<br />

naTqvami/ _ _ _ _<br />

CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

adéngére- /<strong>da</strong>do kvercxebi/_ V/CéCsC/VCV<br />

bðng- /maTrobela sasmeli/ _ _ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

lébéngaæe- /bang <strong>da</strong>leuli/_ CV/CéCsC/VæV<br />

gðrgla- /laparaki/ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsCCV<br />

↓<br />

mégérgðli- /molaparake/_ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

hðnwæ- /nakeli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsCæ<br />

lihénwóli- /saqonlis sadgomis ↓<br />

gawmen<strong>da</strong>, sawyisi/ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

mðrdeb- /merideba, xaTri maqvs/ _ _ C V & CsCVC<br />

↓<br />

amérdðbén- /momeri<strong>da</strong>, momexaTra/_ V/CéCsC/ V & CVC<br />

55

pðrWíle- /WriWinebs, laparakobs/ _ _ C V & CsC V CV<br />

↓<br />

napérWilðæs- /naWriWinevs,<br />

nalaparakevs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CéCsC/ V & æC<br />

V = e-s. mag.:<br />

berkil- /borkili/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

lébérkile- /Seborkili/_CV/CéCsC/VCV<br />

xenyðæ- /erToba/ _ _ _ _ CVCsC V æ<br />

↓<br />

<strong>da</strong>xényaæe- /gaerTo/ _ CV/CéCsC/VæV<br />

xerminól- /<strong>da</strong>sdevs <strong>da</strong>saWerad/ _ _ CVCsCVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

<strong>da</strong>xérminðle- /sdia <strong>da</strong>saWerad/_ CV/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

xeldel- /mwyemsavs/_ _ _ CVCéCVC<br />

↓<br />

ðnéldeRe- /momwyemsa/ _ V/CéCsC/VCV<br />

V = i-s. mag.:<br />

findix- /tyvia/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

lðféndixór- /satyvie/_ C V & /CéCsC/VC V & C<br />

pilw- /didi mxeci, nadiri/ _ _ CVCsC<br />

↓<br />

nópélwura- /mxeci/ _ _ _ _ C V & /CéCsC/VCV<br />

winwil- /wiwila/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

léwénwile- /wiwilebiani/ _ CV/CéCsC/VCV<br />

56

irdi- /izrdis/ _ _ _ _ _ _ VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

alérdëli- /gazrdila/ _ V/CéCsC/ V CV<br />

irmi- /iWers/ _ _ _ _ _ VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

amérmìne- /<strong>da</strong>miWers/_ V/CéCsC/ V CV<br />

ilxne- /ilxens, uxaria<br />

vinmes naxva/ _ _ _ VCsC ØCV<br />

↓ ↑<br />

ðdélxine- /gauxar<strong>da</strong>/_ _ V & /CéCsC/VCV<br />

indune- /indomebs/_ _ _ _VCsCVCV<br />

↓<br />

ênéndune- /moindoma/_ V & /C éCsC/VCV<br />

inCli- /Civis/ _ _ _ _ VCsCCV<br />

↓<br />

êdénCile- /iCivla/_ V & /CéCsC/VCV<br />

irbiël- /purs acxobs/_ _ _ _VCsCV V C<br />

↓<br />

ðnérbÎelón- /<strong>da</strong>acxo/ _ _ V & /CéCsC/ÎV C V & C<br />

ildësgól- /fexze icvams/_ _ VCsC V Cc V & C<br />

↓<br />

anéldësgón- /Caicva/_ _ _ _ V & CéCsC V Cc V & C<br />

adbinyíre- /<strong>da</strong>aqucmaca/ _ _ _ _ _VCCVCsC V CV<br />

↓<br />

lebényñrad- /<strong>da</strong>saqucmaceblad/ _ V/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

escincíre- /<strong>da</strong>aqucmaca/_ _ _ VCCVCsC V CV<br />

↓<br />

licéncíre- /<strong>da</strong>qucmaceba/_ _ CV/CéCsC/ V CV<br />

57

V = é -s<br />

Térqðd- /makrateli/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

liTérqðdi- makratlis xmareba,<br />

saw./ _ _ _CV/CéCsC/ V & CV<br />

Tértïn- /frutunebs/_ _ _ CVCsC V C<br />

↓<br />

liTértïni- /frutuni/_ CV/CéCsC/ V CV<br />

RérWni- /RriWinebs, Wrialebs/ _ _ CVCsCCV<br />

↓<br />

liRérWéni- /Wriali/ _ _ _ _ _ _CV/CéCsC/VCV<br />

J’anxértaæe- /moxraka/ _ _ _C’VCCVCsC/VæV<br />

↓<br />

axértðæi- /xrakavs/ _ _ _ _ _ V/CéCsC/ V & æV<br />

adténjðæe- /<strong>da</strong>tanja/_ _ _VCCVCsC V & æV<br />

↓<br />

aténjðæi- /tanjavs/_ _ _ _ V/CéCsC/ V & æV<br />

b. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis b/ tipi<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCc an CvCsC = CcVCsC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð/-s.<br />

CaCsCc<br />

<br />

V/CéCsCc/VCV<br />

skarxal- /setyva/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

liskérxðli- /setyvis wamosvla,<br />

saw./ _ _ _ CV/CcéCsC/ V & CV<br />

JRðrmíle- /JRrialebs, Rrialebs/ _ Cc V & CéC V C<br />

↓<br />

liJRérmíle- /JRriali, Rriali/_ CV/CcéCsC/ V CV<br />

58

V= e-s.<br />

<strong>da</strong>saSvebi varianti:<br />

CeCsCc an CceCsC<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CéCs Cc/VCV<br />

V/CcéCsC/VCV<br />

V = i-s. mag.:<br />

bintyil- /burtyli/_ _ _CcVCéCcVC<br />

↓<br />

libéntyíre- /gaputva/_CV/CéCsCc/ V CV<br />

inCqról- /Cqarobs/_ _ _ VCsCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

ðnénCqare- /iCqara/_ _ V & /CéCsCc/VCV<br />

ilmesgi- /cecxls anTebs/ _ _ VCsCVCcV<br />

↓<br />

adélmesge- /<strong>da</strong>anTo/_ _ _ _ V/CéCsC/VCcV<br />

imtkicðæi- /imtkicebs/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCcVC V & æV<br />

↓<br />

aTémtkicðæ- /<strong>da</strong>amtkice/_ _ _ V/CéCsCc/VC V & æ<br />

V = é-s.<br />

Cé CsCc<br />

V/C é CsCc/VCV<br />

wyélÁðn- /wmin<strong>da</strong>/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcVCsC V & C<br />

awyélÁðni- /wmends, asufTavebs/ _ V/CcéCsC/ V & CV<br />

diaqroniuli eqskursi: kæirike→reduqciis Sedegad→kuirke–pirveli<br />

k-s gamJRerebiT gæirke _<br />

sawyisis forma reduqciis Semdeg → ligæérke →<br />

ligurke.<br />

g. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis g/tipi<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCæ an CVCsC = CæVCsC<br />

59

sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð/-s. mag.:<br />

bartyæend- /tyemali/_ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCéCæ VCC<br />

↓<br />

labéryæen<strong>da</strong>- /tyemlis tye/_ _ CV/CéCsCæ /VCCV<br />

manmgæam- /samZimari/_ _ _ _CVCsCæ VC<br />

↓<br />

laménæamén- /memZima/_ _ CV/Cé CsCæ /VCVC<br />

V = e-s. mag.:<br />

xendæreæ- /emduris/_ _ _ _ CVCs Cæ CsVæ<br />

↓<br />

eséndroæên- /<strong>da</strong>emdura/_ _ V/CéCsCCs/Væ V & C<br />

V = i-s. mag.:<br />

iltæxæe- /suls ibrunebs/ _ _ _ VCsCæCæV<br />

↓<br />

ðxéltæix- /moibrune/_ _ _ _ _ V & /CéCsCæ/VC<br />

ilkæhe- /kiTxulobs ambavs/_ _ _ _VCéCæCV<br />

↓<br />

ðnélkæihe- /moikiTxa/_ _ _ _ _ V & /CéCsCæ/VCV<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs erTi magaliTi, sareduqcio<br />

birTvis komponentebi warmodgenilia harmoniuli<br />

kompleqsebiT:<br />

tyérsgnðÎ- /tkacana/_ _ _ _ CcVCsCcC V & Î<br />

↓<br />

lityérsgéni- /tkacani/ _ CV/CcéCsCc/VCV<br />

amrigad, potenciurad oTxmarcvliani sityvis<br />

mZime birTvi ganapirobebs a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebis<br />

monacvleobas é-sTan, e.i. alternaciebia: a/ð//é, e/é,<br />

i/é <strong>da</strong> é/é.<br />

В I formula, rodesac: V = a/ð/,e, i <strong>da</strong> é-s.<br />

V+/CVCsC/+VCVC →<br />

→ V C éCsC VCVC= В I<br />

60

Tu В= В I /maT Soris reduqciis TvalsazrisiT<br />

ar aris sxvaoba/, maSin potenciurad sam- oTxmarcvlian<br />

sityvebSi aRniSnuli saxis reduqciis<br />

zogadi В formula iqneba:<br />

V+/CVCsC/+VC(VC) →<br />

→ VC éCsC VC(VC)= В<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs zogierTi iseTi magaliTi,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>matebiT axsnas moiTxovs. gvxvdeba paraleluri<br />

formebi: reducirebuli <strong>da</strong> arareducirebuli.<br />

mag.:<br />

gðnj- /Jangi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

légénje- /<strong>da</strong>Janguli/ _ CV/CéVsC/V<br />

magram:<br />

↓<br />

ðdgénjón- /<strong>da</strong>iJanga/ _ _ V & CCéCsC V & C<br />

hðnwæ- /nakeli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

lihénwóli- /nakelisagan<br />

gawmen<strong>da</strong>/_ _ _CV/C éCsC/ V & CV<br />

magram:<br />

↓<br />

qêThénwól- /gawmin<strong>da</strong>/_ _ C V CCéCsC V & C<br />

sðrk- /sarke/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C VCsCV<br />

↓<br />

isérkól- /sarkeSi iyureba/_ _ _ _ V/CéCsC/ V C<br />

magram:<br />

↓<br />

ðdsérkêle- /sarkeSi Caixe<strong>da</strong>/_ _ _ V & CCéCsC V CV<br />

61

wirx- /RvlerWi/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsC<br />

↓<br />

awérxe- /grexs/_ _ _ _ _ _ CéCsCV<br />

↓<br />

anwérxe- /<strong>da</strong>grixa/ _ _ _VCCéCsCV<br />

sityvebSi: ðdgénjón- qêThénwól, ðdsérkêle,<br />

anwérxe, mZime birTvSi reduqcia ar iyo mosalodneli,<br />

radgan reducirebulia xmovani zmniswinis<br />

Semdeg, magram, rogorc Cans, analogiasTan<br />

gvaqvs saqme. mZime birTvis fonologiurma garemom<br />

gansazRvra amgvari cvlilebebi.<br />

gvxvdeba paraleluri formebi. mag.:<br />

xðrj- /saWmeli, xarji/ _ _ _ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

ixérjól- /Wams, xarjavs/ _ _ V/CéCsC/ V & C<br />

ðdxérjón || ðdxarjón- /SeWama, <strong>da</strong>xarja/<br />

âerâ- /xerxi/ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsC<br />

liâérâe/moxerxeba/ _ C/VéCsC/V<br />

anâérâe||anâerâe- /moaxerxa/<br />

asevea:<br />

oxberkil || oxbérkil- /Sevborke, borkili <strong>da</strong>vade/<br />

liJRðrmíle || liJRérmíle- (Rriali)<br />

libirntyíre || libéntyíre- (gaputva)<br />

gvxvdeba iseTi magaliTebic, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

sareduqcio fonologiur garemoSi xmovani<br />

zogjer ganicdis reduqcias, zogi ki _ ara. mag.:<br />

pilw- /mxeci, nadiri/ _ _ _ CVCsC<br />

↓<br />

nðpélwurðl- /mxeci/ _ _ C V & CéCsCVC V & C<br />

magram: nðpilwura<br />

62

enaSi SeimCneva tendencia, mZime birTvis upiratesobisa<br />

reduqciis dros. ase mag.:<br />

ilwi- /webavs/ _ _ _ _ V/Cs Ø C/V<br />

↑ ↓<br />

ðTlawón- mieweba/_ V & /C ØCs/VC V & C<br />

adélwi- /gawebavs/ _ V/CéCsØ/C<br />

sgim- /mJave wyali/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CcVCs<br />

↓<br />

adsgémnóle- /es wyali <strong>da</strong>lia/ _ _ VC/CcéCsC/ V & CV<br />

magram aris:<br />

lisgmunóli (am mJave wylis sma, saw.)<br />

adsgimænóle (es wyali <strong>da</strong>lia)<br />

adsgémnóle || adsgimænóle -<br />

am magaliTSi gvaqvs reduqcia analogiiT <strong>da</strong>,<br />

amave dros, paraleluri arareducirebuli formac.<br />

mocemuli magaliTebis mixedviT a/ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é<br />

xmovnebma sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvis mZime<br />

birTvSi mogvca monacvleba é xmovanTan. riT<br />

aixsneba aRniSnuli alternacia amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

metad sayuradReboa a. SaniZis mosazreba é<br />

xmovnis Sesaxeb:<br />

`svanurSi moipoveba agreTve é xmovanic,<br />

magram misi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d miCneva sacilobelia: rogorc<br />

gviCvenebs <strong>da</strong>kvirveba zogierT enebze, romelTac<br />

igi moepovebaT (afxazuri, somxuri, TviT<br />

svanuri), igi mraval SemTxvevaSi sxva xmovanTa<br />

reduqciis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> xSirad agreTve erTad Tavmoyril<br />

TanxmovanTa gamoTqmis gasaadvileblad<br />

ganviTarebuli meoreuli xmovani~ (22,323).<br />

zemoaRniSnuli monacvleoba SeiZleba aixsnas<br />

reduqciiT, radgan:<br />

63

é-s ukavia reducirebuli xmovnis adgili:<br />

Sesabamisad sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian msubuq<br />

birTvSi a/ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebi ganicdian sruli<br />

saxis reduqcias, e.i. gvaZleven alternaciebs:<br />

a/ð// Ø, e/ Ø, i/ Ø <strong>da</strong> é/Ø.<br />

debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom é aris meoreuli,<br />

ganviTarebuli xmovani (e.i. mox<strong>da</strong> sruli saxis<br />

reduqcia <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ganviTar<strong>da</strong> é), eWvs iwvevs,<br />

radgan xmovnis gauqmeba <strong>da</strong> Semdeg sxva xmovnis<br />

ganviTareba iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c is aucilebelia, rogorc<br />

TanxmovanTa gasayari, ar aris mosalodneli. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi ufro gamarTlebulia ucvleli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli xmovani.<br />

aRniSnuli debuleba nawilobriv uariyofa<br />

iseTi magaliTebis arsebobiTac, rogoricaa:<br />

andri /modis/, esRri, /midis/, ðntxe /<strong>da</strong>abrunebs/<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S. mocemul magaliTebSi xmovani ki ar ganviTar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aramed arsebulma ganica<strong>da</strong> sruli saxis<br />

reduqcia /miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad TanxmovanTa Tavmoyrisa/, e.i.<br />

sityvis struqtura gansazRvra reduqciam. igi<br />

Zlieri movlenaa svanurisaTvis, amitom sareduqcio<br />

poziciaSi xmovnis ganviTareba ar aris<br />

mosalodneli. marTalia, aRniSnul magaliTebSi<br />

TanxmovanTa Tanmimdevroba ar iZleva CCsC (aseTi<br />

SemTxveva saerTod ar gvxvdeba sityvis <strong>da</strong>sawyis-<br />

Si), ris gamoc verafers vityviT <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT<br />

(iqneb or Cqamiers Soris sonori ar SeiZleba <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom Cndeba é), magram erTi cxadia, é-s gamoCena<br />

aRniSnul poziciaSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia TanxmovanTa<br />

distribuciaze. mZime birTvi <strong>da</strong> misi fonologiuri<br />

garemo ganapirobebs sareduqcio xmovnebis<br />

amgvar cvalebadobas.<br />

64

sakmarisia, Cven mier aRniSnuli reduqciis<br />

ganmsazRvreli sami ZiriTadi faqtori<strong>da</strong>n (birTvis<br />

struqtura, birTvis fonologiuri garemo <strong>da</strong><br />

sareduqcio xmovani) erT-erTi SevcvaloT, rom<br />

Seicvleba reduqciis saxe. am SemTxvevaSi mTeli<br />

sisruliT Tavi iCina pirvelma faqtorma:<br />

birTvis struqturis cvlam gamoiwvia erTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> imave xmovnebis gansxvavebuli alternaciebi.<br />

amrigad, reduqciisaTvis xelsayrel fonologiur<br />

garemoSi a/ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebma msubuq<br />

birTvSi mogvca alternacia V/Ø, xolo mZime<br />

birTvSi – alternacia V/é.<br />

sainteresoa v. Tofurias azri i xmovanTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. avtors mohyavs aseTi magaliTi:<br />

findix- (tyvia) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CiCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

lðféndixór (satyvie) _ _ C V & CéCsCVC V & C<br />

es –é rom i-<strong>da</strong>n aris, _ wers avtori, _ iqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, rom wina a-s aumlautebs, sxva gziT rom<br />

yofiliyo, umlauts ar mogvcem<strong>da</strong> (5, 152). es azri<br />

kidev ufro gamyar<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac g. maWavarianma<br />

gamosca Tavisi cnobili werili svanuri<br />

enis xmovanTa Sesaxeb, romelic zemoT iyo<br />

ganxiluli. avtori asabuTebs, rom .. é = i-s. Tu .. é -s<br />

umlauts anu palatalizacias movuxsniT, <strong>da</strong>rCeba<br />

é. es debuleba sxva araferia, Tu ara mtkiceba<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom xmovani saxes icvlis, Tavis<br />

raRac Tvisebas, Semadgenel elements kargavs,<br />

rac swore<strong>da</strong>c, aris reduqcia. <strong>da</strong> Tu i xmovnis<br />

SemTxvevaSi reduqciasTan gvaqvs saqme, cxadia,<br />

imave fonologiur garemoSi (anu erTgvar<br />

sareduqcio birTvSi) sxva a/ð/, e, é xmovnebic imave<br />

cvlilebas ganicdis. es aris sakuTriv reduqciis<br />

65

meore SemTxveva, rodesac yvela sareduqcio<br />

xmovani <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba erT romelime xmovanze, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi é-ze, romelic, Cveni azriT, poziciiT<br />

aris ganpirobebuli.<br />

66<br />

o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvebis mZime birTvSi<br />

axla ganvixiloT o/ñ <strong>da</strong> u/ò xmovnebis<br />

alternacia sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvis mZime<br />

birTvSi. msubuq birTvSi aRniSnuli xmovnebi gvaZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

umarcvlo æ-s. rogori iqneba maTi cvalebadoba<br />

mZime birTvSi<br />

a. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis a/ tipi CVCsC<br />

<strong>da</strong> sareduqcio xmovani V = o-s.<br />

CoCsC<br />

↓<br />

V/ CuCsC/V<br />

V = ñ = /æe/-s mag.:<br />

yæelf- /svanuri saxlis iataki, kera/_ C V & CsC<br />

↓<br />

meyulfa- /ojaxis wevrebi/ _ _ _ _ _CV/CuCsC/V<br />

V = u-s. mag.:<br />

xurjnðl- /xurjinebi/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCC V & C<br />

↓<br />

luxurjin- /xurjiniani/_ _CV/CuCsC/VC<br />

gurkðÎ- /Sesawiravi xari,<br />

sakvirike/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCs V & Î<br />

lðgurka- /kvirike, salocavis ↓<br />

saxeli/_ _ C V & /CuCsC/V

ligurke- /kvirikoba/ _ _ _ CV/CuCsC/V<br />

diaqroniuli eqskursi: kæirike→reduqciis Sedegad<br />

→ kæirke – pirveli k-s gamJRerebiT gæirke _<br />

sawyisis forma reduqciis Semdeg → ligæérke →<br />

ligurke.<br />

ðTmundón- /endo/ _ V & CCVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

limunde- /ndoba/_ CV/CuCsC/V<br />

laxmurjæêlón- /<strong>da</strong>apira/_ CVCCVCsCæ V C V & C<br />

↓<br />

limurjól- /<strong>da</strong>pireba/ _ _ _ CV/CuCsC/ V & C<br />

SyðJæ- /mwyeri/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cc V & Cæ<br />

SyðJuldóS- /`mwyerukasi~, kn. f./ _ Cc V & /CuCsC/ V & C<br />

V = ò = /æi/ -s. mag.:<br />

yæimbir- /kunwuli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsCC<br />

↓<br />

luyumbir- /kunwliani/ _ _ _ CV/CuCsC/VC<br />

b. warmodgenilia mZime birTvi b/ tipi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCc an CVCsC = CcVCsC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/-s<br />

CoCsCc an CcoCsC<br />

<br />

<br />

V/CcuCsC/V<br />

V/C u Cs Cc/V<br />

V = u. mag.:<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sdæ- /<strong>da</strong>Tvi/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & Ccæ<br />

↓<br />

dðSduldðS- /<strong>da</strong>Tunasi,<br />

dðSdæ + éld – ðS, naT. br.-Si, _ C V & /CcuCsC/ V & C<br />

67

lðÎZgumbêle- /miiw-moiwia<br />

<strong>da</strong>jajgur<strong>da</strong>/_ _ _ _ _ C V & ÎCcVCsC V CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

liZgumbêle- /sawyisi/_ _ _ CV/CcuCsC/ V CV<br />

g. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis b/tipi<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCæ an CVCsC = CæVCsC<br />

es ukanaskneli gamoricxulia.<br />

sareduqcio xmovani<br />

V = o/ñ-s. mag.:<br />

CoCsCæ<br />

V/CuCsCæ/V<br />

V = u-s. mag.:<br />

muryæam- /cixe/_ _ _ _ _ _ CVCcCæVC<br />

↓<br />

lumuryæam- /cixiani/_ CV/CuCsCæ/VC<br />

d/ <strong>da</strong> e/ tipebi V = u-s.<br />

CuCsCcæ<br />

CcuCsCæ<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCsCcæ/V <strong>da</strong> V/CcuCsCæ/V<br />

amrigad, Г formula miiRebs aseT saxes:<br />

V+/CVCsC/+VC →<br />

→ VCuCsCVC = Г, rodesac V = o/ñ-s, u/ò/-s<br />

axla ganvixiloT potenciurad oTxmarcvliani<br />

sityvebi.<br />

a. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis a/ tipi CVCsC,<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ-s<br />

CoCsC<br />

↓<br />

V/CuCsC/VCV<br />

68

V = ñ = æe-s.<br />

qæerwil- /qñrwili/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CsCVC<br />

↓<br />

liqurwilól- /<strong>da</strong>qorwineba/ _ CV/CuCsC/VC V & C<br />

V = u-s. mag.:<br />

yurmðnj- /yru//_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCsC V & CC<br />

↓<br />

luyurmanje- /<strong>da</strong>yruebuli/ _ CV/CuCsC/VCCV<br />

yunzel- /yurZeni/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

↓<br />

layunzeli- /venaxi/ _ _CV/CuCsC/VCV<br />

mursìnad- /namsxvrevebad/ _ _ CVCsC V & CV<br />

↓<br />

limursìne- /msxvreva/ _ _ CV/CuCsC/ V CV<br />

V = é = …i-s. mag.:<br />

Sòndba- /cxoneba, Sendoba/ _ _ _ C V & CsCCV<br />

↓<br />

lðSundobór- /Sesandobari/ _ C V & /CuCsC/VC V & C<br />

g. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis b/ tipi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCc an CVCsC = CcVCsC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ-s.<br />

CoCsCc<br />

CcoCsC<br />

↓<br />

↓<br />

V/CuCsCc/VCV an V/CcuCsC/VCV<br />

V = u-s. mag.:<br />

ankulTxne- /Seborka/_ _ VCCVCsCcCV<br />

↓<br />

akulTxðni- /borkavs/_ _ _ V/CuCsCc/ V CV<br />

69

an<br />

anskurfne- /<strong>da</strong>grixa, magrad <strong>da</strong>grexvazea<br />

naTqvami/_ _ _ VCCcVCsCCV<br />

↓<br />

askurfðni- /grexs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ V/CcuCsC/ V & CV<br />

lðÎZgumbêle- /miiw-moiwia/ _ _ _ C V & ÎCcVCsC V CV<br />

↓<br />

liZgumból- /miwev-moweva, saw./_ _ _CV/CcuCsC/V V & C<br />

g. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis g/tipi<br />

CVCsC = CVCsCæ an CVCsC = CæVCsC<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ-s<br />

CoCsCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CæCsCæ/VCV<br />

V = u-s. mag.:<br />

murgæal- /mrgvali/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCæVC<br />

↓<br />

lumurgæðle- /momrgvalebuli/_ CV/CuCsCæ/ V & CV<br />

muryæam- /koSki/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCsCæVC<br />

↓<br />

limuryæami- /koSkad ageba/_ CV/CuCsCæ/ V & CV<br />

SeniSvna: aris ramdenime magaliTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

mZime birTvis bolo konsonanti warmodgenilia<br />

umarcvlo æ-Ti. am SemTxvevaSi igi gamodis ara<br />

rogorc labialuri kompleqsis Semqmneli /wina<br />

TanxmovanTan/, aramed, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

funqcionalurad Tanxmovnis toli erTeuli. mag.:<br />

70

gulæan /guliani, muyaiTi/ _ _ _ _ __CVCsCsVC<br />

↓<br />

mugulæðni- /gulianad<br />

gakeTebuli/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CuCsCs/ V & CV<br />

liTulæafi- /<strong>da</strong>svra/<br />

luTulæafe- /<strong>da</strong>svrili/<br />

liduruðni- /uaris Tqma/<br />

CV/CuCsCs/VCV<br />

CV/CuCsCs/ V & CV<br />

xoduræðni- /uars eubneba/<br />

bolo or magaliTSi ar aris mocemuli<br />

Sesapirispirebeli formebi. erTi ki cxadia, Tu æ-<br />

s gavigebT, rogorc wina TanxmovanTan erTad<br />

labialuri kompleqsis Semqmnels, maSin sareduqcio<br />

birTvi miiRebs e/ tipis msubuqi birTvis<br />

saxes, sa<strong>da</strong>c sareduqcio u xmovanma un<strong>da</strong> mogvces<br />

monacvleoba æ-sTan, rac ara gvaqvs. Tu aRniSnul<br />

birTvs CavTvliT mZime birTvad, sa<strong>da</strong>c u sonori<br />

Tanxmovania, maSin, Cven mier warmodgenili, reduqciis<br />

fonologiuri sqema ar <strong>da</strong>irRveva.<br />

d. warmodgenilia mZime birTvis d/ tipi<br />

CVCsC = CcVCsCæ an CVCsC = CæVCsCc<br />

/meore SemTxveva gamoricxulia/,<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ-s.<br />

CcoCsCæ<br />

↓<br />

V/CcuCsCæ/VCV<br />

V = u-s.<br />

71

ðnCxunkæðniëli- /moagrova, fiCxebze<br />

ityvian/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ VCCcVCsCæ V & CV V CV<br />

↓<br />

iCxunkæðniëli- /agrovebs,<br />

awmyo/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V/CcuCsCæ/ V & CV V CV<br />

a/ tipi ar Segvxv<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze warmovadgenT<br />

formulas:<br />

V+/CVCsC/+VC(VC/ →<br />

→ V CuCsC VC (VC) = Г.<br />

rodesac V = o/ñ-s <strong>da</strong> u/ò/-s.<br />

amrigad, mZime birTvis yvela tipi sam- <strong>da</strong><br />

oTxmarcvlian sityvebSi gviCvenebs o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/<br />

xmovanTa monacvleobis erTgvar suraTs. kerZod,<br />

TiToeuli maTgani sareduqcio fonologiur garemoSi<br />

gvaZlevs u xmovans, riT aixsneba miRebuli<br />

alternaciebi<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis saWiroa<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi:<br />

cnobilia, rom o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovnebi msubuq<br />

birTvSi monacvleoben æ-sTan, e.i. ikargeba maTi<br />

xmovnuri Tviseba <strong>da</strong> rCeba æ, radgan:<br />

ò= æi<br />

ñ= æe<br />

u= æé.<br />

SeniSvna: rac Seexeba o-s, igi arc erT<br />

magaliTSi ar Segvxv<strong>da</strong>, rogorc Cans, mZime<br />

birTvis fonologiuri struqtura gamoricxavs o<br />

xmovans.<br />

TavisTavad, a/ð/e, i, <strong>da</strong> é xmovnebi mZime<br />

birTvSi, reduqciis Sedegad, gvaZleven é-s. es<br />

aris maTi cvalebadobis bolo wertili, amitom:<br />

72

ò=ui<br />

ué<br />

ñ=ue ué u<br />

u=ué<br />

ué<br />

e.i. yvelgan viRebT u-s.<br />

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac sityvaSi aris ñ, u<br />

an ò, romlebic gavlenas axdenen reducirebul<br />

xmovanze <strong>da</strong> é-s nacvlad viRebT u-s asimilaciis<br />

gamo. mag.:<br />

arSæni- /axsenebs/ _ _ _ _ VCsCæCV<br />

↓<br />

anurSæen- /axsena/ _ _ V/CuCéCæ/VC<br />

fandæir- /fanduri/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _CVCsCæVC<br />

↓<br />

afunfæir<strong>da</strong>- /ukrav<strong>da</strong> fandurze/_ V/CuCsCæ/VCCV<br />

yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi magaliTi, romlis<br />

sareduqcio birTvia CVCsCcæ:<br />

artyæi- //ylapavs/_ _ _ _ _ _ VCsCcæV<br />

↓<br />

adurtyæe- /Caylapva/ _ V/CuCsCcæ/V<br />

metad sagulisxmoa iseTi magaliTebi, rodesac<br />

æ, romelsac sCvevia adgilis Tavisufali<br />

monacvleoba, pir<strong>da</strong>pir Seerwymis é-s <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs<br />

u-s. mag.:<br />

mðrjæ- /marjve/<br />

limurji- /<strong>da</strong>xmareba/ < limuérji < limérjæi.<br />

amrigad, potenciurad sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani<br />

sityvebis mZime birTvSi reduqciis zogadi formula,<br />

rodesac sareduqcio xmovnebia ñ, u/ò/, miiRebs<br />

aseT saxes:<br />

V+/CVCsC/+VC (VC) →<br />

→ V CuCsCVC (VC) = Г,<br />

73

odesac: V = ñ, u/ò/-s.<br />

Tu u xmovans warmovidgenT, rogorc æ + é-s<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n æ-s mivakuTvnebT wina Tanxmovans, maSin<br />

birTvis pirveli konsonanti iqneba labialuri<br />

kompleqsi <strong>da</strong> reduqcia warimarTeba ise, rogorc<br />

es xdebo<strong>da</strong> Cveulebriv mZime birTvSi a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong><br />

é xmovnebisaTvis.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, Г formula miiRebs aseT saxes:<br />

CVCuéCsCVC(VC) = CVCuVCsCVC (VC).<br />

rac faqtiurad moicavs yvela im SemTxvevas,<br />

romelTa Sesaxeb araferi iTqva g/, d/ e/ tipis<br />

birTvebis analizis dros. es is magaliTebia,<br />

rodesac birTvis I konsonanti warmodgenili iyo<br />

labialuri kompleqsiT. cxadia, am pirobebSi<br />

reducirebuli xmovnis adgils <strong>da</strong>iWer<strong>da</strong> u<br />

xmovani /Cæé =Cu/.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, xdeba<br />

`faruli~ reduqcia. marTlac, sxvagvarad ver<br />

avxsniT monacvleobebs u/u, ò/u <strong>da</strong> ñ/u.<br />

miRebuli Sedegi kidev erTxel gaxazavs mZime<br />

birTvis Taviseburebas. Tu ara is, ñ, u/ò/ xmovnebi<br />

mogvcemdnen monacvleobas æ-sTan.<br />

cxadia, ganmsazRvrelia sareduqcio xmovnis<br />

fonologiuri garemo, kerZod ki, TanxmovanTa<br />

mimdevroba CsC, romelic aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />

mosdevdes sareduqcio xmovans.<br />

74

xmovanTa reduqciis sqemebi msubuq <strong>da</strong> mZime<br />

birTvSi potenciurad sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani<br />

sityvebis mixedviT<br />

CVCc<br />

CcVC<br />

CVCæ<br />

CæVC<br />

CVCcæ<br />

CcæVC<br />

CcVCæ<br />

CæVCc<br />

V + {CV C} + V →<br />

→V /C∅C / V<br />

warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvi, rodesac<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é-s/<br />

CVCc<br />

CcVC<br />

CVCæ<br />

...........<br />

CVCcæ<br />

...........<br />

CcVCæ<br />

...........<br />

V + {CV C} + V →<br />

→V /CæC / V<br />

warmodgenilia msubuqi birTvi, rodesac<br />

sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/‘/-s.<br />

75

V + {CV CsC} + V →<br />

→V / C éCsC / V<br />

warmodgenilia mZime birTvi, rodesac sareduqcio<br />

xmovani V = a/ð/, e, i, <strong>da</strong> é-s.<br />

CVCsCc<br />

CcVCsC<br />

CVCsCæ<br />

………<br />

CVCsCæ<br />

………<br />

CcVCsCæ<br />

…………<br />

CVCsCc<br />

CcVCsC<br />

CVCsCæ<br />

………<br />

CVCsCæ<br />

………<br />

CcVCsCæ<br />

…………<br />

V + {CV CsC} + V →<br />

→V / CuCsC / V<br />

warmodgenilia mZime birTvi, rodesac sareduqcio<br />

xmovani V= o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/-s/<br />

76

TanxmovanTa mimdevroba CsC, rogorc<br />

sonoruli kompleqsi svanurSi<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom mZime birTvis aucilebeli<br />

komponenti, TanxmovanTa mimdevroba CsC iseTive<br />

<strong>da</strong>uSleli erTeuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> rogorc enaSi arsebuli<br />

harmoniuli <strong>da</strong> labialuri kompleqsebi,<br />

amitom TanxmovanTa mimdevrobas CsC vuwodebT sonorul<br />

kompleqss.<br />

rogorc yvela kompleqsi, CsC-c fonologiuri<br />

struqturis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gavutoloT<br />

cal Tanxmovans C-s, magram un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />

rom sonoruli kompleqsis C-sTan<br />

gatoleba Sepirobebulia poziciiT. kerZod: I) Tu<br />

CsC kompleqsi birTvSi iWers sareduqcio xmovnis<br />

momdevno pozicias, e.i. meore konsonantis adgils,<br />

iqmneba mZime birTvi, romlis sareduqcio xmovani<br />

ganicdis uaxloesi mezobeli Tanxmovnebis /ker-<br />

Zod, sonori plus Cqamieri/ gavlenas, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />

viRebT `sakuTriv~ reduqciis meore saxes,<br />

marcvlovnobaSenarCunebiTs.<br />

aRniSnuli saxis reduqcias gansazRvravs sareduqcio<br />

xmovnis garemomcveli Tanxmovnebi. cxadia,<br />

aseT pirobebSi CsC ver gautoldeba C-s, e.i.<br />

CsC≠C.<br />

2/ CsC sonoruli kompleqsi iWers sareduqcio<br />

xmovnis wina, e.i. I konsonantis adgils, maSin<br />

sareduqcio xmovani aRmoCndeba martiv Tanxmovnebs,<br />

ufro sworad, arasonor Tanxmovnebs Soris,<br />

ris gamoc reduqcia mimdinareobs ise, rogorc es<br />

mosalodneli iyo msubuq birTvSi. am mimdevrobaSi<br />

CsC kompleqsi gautoldeba C-s. e.i. CsC = C.<br />

77

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, CsCVC sareduqcio birTvi<br />

CaiTvleba msubuqi birTvis erT-erT tipad, romlis<br />

I komponenti warmodgenilia sonoruli kompleqsiT.<br />

mogvyavs magaliTebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />

sonoruli kompleqsi Sedis rogorc mZime, ise<br />

msubuq birTvSi:<br />

1. findix- /tyvia, findixi/- 1. findix- /tyvia/<br />

2. léféndix- /findixiani/ findxðr- /tyviebi/<br />

2. xelwif- /xelmwife/ - 2. xelwif- /xelmwife/<br />

sðxélwif- /saxelmwifo/ xelwfðr-/xelmwifeebi/<br />

3. merCil- /celi/ 3. merCliS- /celi/<br />

lémérCil- /cvliani/ merCliS- /celis/<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

msubuq birTvSi sonorul kompleqsTan erTad<br />

gvxvdeba sxva kompleqsebic. sareduqcio xmovnebia<br />

a/ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é.<br />

mag.:<br />

muryæam- /cixe, koSki/_ _ CVCsCæVC<br />

↓<br />

muryæmðl- /cixeebi/_ _ _ CV/CsCæØ C/ V & C<br />

gæðmi- /mZime/_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _Cæ V & CV<br />

↓<br />

xongæma- /ufro mZime/_ CV/CsCæ Ø C/V<br />

erskðn- /arCvi/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _VCsCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

erskniS- /arCvis, naT. br./ _ V/CsCc Ø C/VC<br />

tkic- /marTali/ _ _ _ _ _ _CcVC<br />

↓<br />

nantkci- /simarTle/ _ CV/CsCc ØC/V<br />

lityérsgéni- /tkacani/ _ _ CVCcVCsCcVCV<br />

↓<br />

tyérsgnðÎ- /tkacuna/ _ _ CcV/CsCc Ø C/ V & Î<br />

78

sareduqcio xmovania o/ñ an u/ò. mag.: V = u-s.<br />

ligurhuni- /zluquni, tirili/ _ CVCVCsCVCV<br />

↓<br />

gurhæni- /tiris, zluqunebs/ _ _ _ CV/CsCæC/V<br />

ðnélkuhe- /moikiTxa _ V & CVCsCVCV<br />

↓<br />

ilkæhe- /moikiTxavs/ _ _ V/CsCæC/V<br />

V = ò-s. mag.:<br />

kunkæil- /marcvali, kakali/ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

kunkæliS- /misi naT. br./ _ _ _ CV/CsCæC/VC<br />

sancxæir- /saTofuri/ _ _ _ CVCsCs V & C<br />

↓<br />

sancxæriS- /misi naT. br./ _ CV/CsCcæC/VC<br />

V = o-s. mag.:<br />

sandroæ- /samduravi/_ _ CVCsCCsVæ<br />

↓<br />

lindæreæ- /<strong>da</strong>mdureba/_ _ CVCsCæCsVæ<br />

V = ñ-s. mag.:<br />

sanwæef- /Zaxveli/ _ _ _ _ CVCsC V & C<br />

↓<br />

sanwæfiS- /misi naT. br./ _ CV/CsCæC/VC<br />

anénkæeSde- /Seamokla/_ VCéCsC V & CcV<br />

↓<br />

limkæSde- /<strong>da</strong>mokleba/ _ CV/CsCæCc/V<br />

SeniSvna: gamonaklisia mérTenðÁ || murTæenðÁ -<br />

/cacia/<br />

mursgæenðÁ- memarjvene<br />

es sityvebi saerTod Taviseburebas gviCveneben<br />

<strong>qarTvelur</strong> enebSi.<br />

79

80<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

xuTmarcvlian sityvebSi<br />

Cven ganvixileT xmovanTa reduqcia balszemour<br />

dialeqtSi, e.w. birTvebis mixedviT, potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian sityvebSi. Sedegebis<br />

mixedviT aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian<br />

sityvebSi reduqcias ganicdis sityvis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meore xmovani, e.i. meore marcvlis xmovani,<br />

reduqciis saxes ki gansazRvravs sareduqcio<br />

birTvi <strong>da</strong> sareduqcio xmovani, romelTa mixedviT<br />

gamoiyo sami saxis reduqcia:<br />

1. sinkope V/Ø<br />

2. `sakuTriv~ reduqcia, marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi<br />

V/æ<br />

3. `sakuTriv~ reduqcia, marcvlovnobaSenar-<br />

CunebiTi V/ V<br />

axla ganvixiloT potenciurad xuTmarcvliani<br />

sityvebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, mosalodnelia<br />

ori xmovnis reduqcia, e.i. gamoiyofa<br />

ori sareduqcio birTvi. Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>saSvebia<br />

erT sityvaSi Segvxvdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis sareduqcio<br />

birTvebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sareduqcio xmovnebi,<br />

ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c, cxadia, reduqciac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxisa<br />

iqneba.<br />

amrigad, Sedegebi, romlebsac miviRebT xuTmarcvliani<br />

sityvebis gaanalizebis dros, gva-<br />

Zlevs saSualebas kidev erTxel SevamowmoT mocemuli<br />

reduqciis sqemebi, romlebic emyareba Cven<br />

mier gamoyofil birTvebsa <strong>da</strong> sareduqcio xmovnebs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viwyoT umartivesi SemTxveviT:<br />

)

I. birTvi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - II birTvi<br />

II. sinkope - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - sinkope<br />

e.i. igulisxmeba reduqcia msubuq birTvebSi,<br />

rodesac sareduqcio xmovnebia a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é.<br />

warmodgenilia a/ tipis msubuqi birTvebi<br />

CVC;<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = a. mag.:<br />

xalfðri- /xuravs/ _ _ _ CVCØ C V CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

aTlafre- /<strong>da</strong>axura/ _ V/CØ C/V/CØC/V<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi pirveli birTvis<br />

sareduqcio xmovnad warmogvidgeba maqcevari<br />

(qcevis morfema), romelic Tavisi poziciis gamo<br />

yovelTvis reducirebulia. saqme gvaqvs<br />

simultanur procesTan, ris Sesaxebac zemoT iyo<br />

saubari.<br />

ambðni- /aficebs/_ _ _ VCØ C V CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adnabne- /<strong>da</strong>afica/_ V/CØCV/CØ C/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

ðWreli- /aWrelebs/_ _ _ V CØCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adWerle- /gaaWrela/_ VCØCVCØCV<br />

ðskeTe- /aumjobesebs/ _ _ _ VCØCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adsikTe- /gaaumjobesa/_ V/CØC/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

xðbJine- /atyobinebs/ _ _ _ C V CØCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

laxbðnJe- /Seatyobina/ _ CVCØC V CØCV<br />

81

ðfSire- /amravlebs/ _ _ _ VC Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adfiSre- /gaamravla/ _ V/CØC/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = é. mag.:<br />

nazgéræ- /<strong>da</strong>namTavrebi/ _ _CVCØCVCæ<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adzégre- /<strong>da</strong>amTavra/ _ _ VCØCVCØCV<br />

xðnCéde- /urevs/ _ _ _C V & C Ø C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

aTnðCde- /Seuria/ _ V/CØC/ V & /C/CØC/V<br />

V I = e <strong>da</strong> V 2 = a. mag.:<br />

xegærðni- /ugordeba/ _ _ CV Cæ C V & CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðTgurnón- /<strong>da</strong>ugor<strong>da</strong>/ _ V & /CØC/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

xemqaról- /ejibreba/ _ _ _ _ CVCØC V C V & C<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðxméqrón- /Seejibra/ _ _ _ _ V & /CØC/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

V I = e <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

xepJeni- /emaleba/ _ _ _ CVCØ CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðTpeJni- /<strong>da</strong>emaleba/ _ V & /CØC/V/CØ C/V<br />

xemSeri- /iRleba/ _ _ _ CVCØCVCVC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðdmeSrón- /<strong>da</strong>iRala/ _ V & /CØC/V/CØ C/ V & C<br />

V I = e <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

xeCxini- /eCxireba/ _ _ _ CVCØCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðTCixnón- /gaeCxira/ _ V & /CØC/V/CØ C/ V & C<br />

V I = e <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e.<br />

82

xeyreni- /emarTeba/ _ _ _ _ CV C ØC VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðTyernix- /<strong>da</strong>emarTebaT/_ V & /CØC/V/CØC/VC<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = a. mag.:<br />

iTnðRi- /ga<strong>da</strong>dis uReltexilze/ _ VC Ø C V & CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðdTanRe- /ga<strong>da</strong>iara igi/ _ _ _ _ V & /CØC/V/CØC/V<br />

iâmðri- /xmarobs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ VCØC V & CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

lðxâémrón- /moxmar<strong>da</strong>/ _ C V & /CØC/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

imÃeri- /igebs/ _ _ _ _ VCØC V & CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnmeâre- /gaigo/ _ C V & /CØC/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

inxeni- /itnevs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ V C Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

lðjnðxne- /mogitnev/ _ C V & /CØC/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

ixrini- /brazdeba/ _ _ _ VC Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnxirnón- /gabraz<strong>da</strong>/ _ V & /CØC/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

imzir- /loculobs/ _ _ _ _ V C Ø CVC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

admðzre- /<strong>da</strong>loca/ _ _ _ V // /CØC/ V & /CØC/V<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

ihdére- /nanobs/ _ _ _ _ VC Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnhðdre- /inana/ _ _ _ V & CØC/ V & /CØC/V<br />

83

itténe- /ivsebs/ _ _ _ _ _V C Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

J’ðntétnón- /aivso/ _ C’ V & /CØC/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

erT-erTi birTvi warmodgenilia harmoniuli<br />

kompleqsiT, e.i. b/ tipis msubuqi birTvi CVCc an<br />

CcVC. sareduqcio xmovnebia: a/ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é.<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = a. mag.:<br />

aSdrðni- /grexs/ _ _ V CcØ C V & CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

anSdérne- /<strong>da</strong>grixa/ _ V/C ØCc/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

matklðb- /sinanuli/ _ _ _ CVCc Ø C V & C<br />

↓ ↓<br />

laxtkðlbén- /<strong>da</strong>enana/ _ CV/CØCc/ V & /CØC/VC<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

ðskribi- /tkepnis/ _ _ _ _ V & CcØ CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adskerbe- /<strong>da</strong>tkepna _ V/C ØCc/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = é. mag.:<br />

aJRpéne- /Wylets/ _ _ _ _CVCc Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adJRépne- /gaWylita/ _ V/CØCc/V/CØC/V<br />

acxréle- /cris/ _ _ _ VCcØ CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ancxérle- /gacra/ _ V/CØCc/V/CØC/V<br />

afTxéne- /ferTxavs/ _ _ _ _ VC ØCcVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adféTxne- /gaiferTxa/ _ V/CØC/V/CcØC/V<br />

84

ajjgéne- /kankalebs, ZagZagebs/ _ VC Ø CcVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adjéjgne- /gaakankala/ _ _ _ _ V/CØC/V/CcØC/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

xeSTxeni- /eleva/ _ _ _ _ CVCc ØCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

oTSdexni- /gamoeleva/ _ V/CØCc/V/CØC/V<br />

CeC Ø Cc aCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

V/CØC/V/CcØC/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

iprisde- /naTlavs/ _ _ _ V C ØC VCcV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnpirsde- /monaTla/ _ V & CØC/V/CØCc/V<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = é . mag.:<br />

liSdkéne- /SerWoba/ _ _ _ CVCc ØC VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

JðTSdéknón- /SeerWo/ _ C’ V & /CØCc/V/C/Ø/ V & C<br />

liCxkéne- /gaCxikineba/ _ _ CVCc Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðdCxéknón- /gaCxikin<strong>da</strong>/ _ V & /CØCc/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

ikTxéni- /kvdeba/ _ _ _ _ VC Ø CcVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðdkéTxnón- /mokv<strong>da</strong>/ _ V & /CØC/V/CcØC/ V & C<br />

liySdéne- /puris zela/ _ _ _CV C ØCcVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnyéSdne- /mozila/ _ _ _ _ V & /CØC/V/CcØC/V<br />

V I = é <strong>da</strong> V 2 = a, i, e, é-s.<br />

CéC Ø Cc aCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

V/CØC/V/CcØC/V <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

85

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

erT-erTi birTvi warmodgenilia labialuri<br />

kompleqsiT, e.i. g/ tipis msubuqi birTvi CVCæ <strong>da</strong><br />

CæVC. aqve gavaerTianebT d/ CVCcæ an CcæVC <strong>da</strong> e/<br />

CæVCc an CcVCæ tipis msubuq birTvebs.<br />

sareduqcio xmovania a/ð, e, i <strong>da</strong> é.<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

akæremi- /yinavs/ _ _ _ _ _ _ VCæØ C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

lamkæerme- /Segvayina/ _ CV/CØCæ/V/CØC/V<br />

xagæneb- /e<strong>da</strong>rdeba/ _ _ _ C VCæ ØCVC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

aTgæambén- /<strong>da</strong>e<strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong>/ _ _ VC ØCæ/V/CØC/VC<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

ðgæSile- /avsebs/ _ _ VCæ Ø CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

angæeSle- /aavso/ _ V/CØCæ/V/CØC/V<br />

xacædil- /ecodeba/ _ _ _ CVCæ Ø C VC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

aTcæðdlén- /Seeco<strong>da</strong>/ _ V/CØCæ/ V & /CØC/VC<br />

V I = e <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

xeqæceni- /wydeba/ _ _ _ _ CVCæ Ø C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

axqæecni- /Camowydeba/ _ V & /CØCæ/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = a. mag.:<br />

iRæWðri- /vaWrobs/ _ _ VCæ Ø C V & CV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnRæaWre- /ivaWra/ _ V & /CØCæ/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

86

itætæeli- /titvldeba/ _ _ _ _ VCæØCæVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðdtæetlón- /gatitvl<strong>da</strong>/ _ _ V & /CØCæ/V/CØC/ V & C<br />

CaC Ø Cæ VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

V/CØC/V/CæØC/V<br />

erT-erTi sareduqcio birTvi warmodgenilia<br />

msubuqi birTvis d/ tipiT, e.i. CcæVC an CVCcæ<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

ðsgæjine- /abrZanebs; moabrZanebs/_ V & CcæØ C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ansgæejne- /moabrZana/_ _ _ _ _ _V/CØCcæ/V/CØC/V<br />

V I = e <strong>da</strong> V 2 = e. mag.:<br />

xeZgæbeni- /tydeba, ingreva/_ _ _ _ CVCcæ ØC VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðxZgæebni- /Catydeba,<br />

Camoingreva/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V & /CØCcæ/V/CØC/V<br />

Segvxv<strong>da</strong> iseTi magaliTic, sa<strong>da</strong>c pirveli<br />

sareduqcio birTvis erT-erTi Tanxmovani warmodgenilia<br />

harmoniuli kompleqsiT, xolo meore<br />

birTvis _ labialuri kompleqsiT:<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = i. mag.:<br />

ðfxriWæi- /Txris xeliT an joxiT/ V & CcØC VCæV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adfxirWæe- /gaTxara,<br />

moTxara/ _ _ _ _ _ _V/CØCc/V/CØCæ/V<br />

mocemuli magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />

rom potenciurad xuTmarcvlian sityva-<br />

Si Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore <strong>da</strong> bolo<strong>da</strong>n meore marcvlis<br />

87

xmovnebi ganicdian reduqcias. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

warmodgenili iyo msubuqi tipis birTvebi <strong>da</strong> a/ð/,<br />

e, i <strong>da</strong> é sareduqcio xmovnebi, romlebic Sesabamis<br />

sareduqcio fonologiur garemoSi gvaZleven<br />

monacvleobas nulTan, e.i. V/ Ø – sinkope,<br />

rogorc mosalodneli iyo.<br />

formula SeiZleba warmovidginoT aseTi<br />

saxiT:<br />

V + {CVC} + V + {CVC} + V→<br />

→ V + |C ØC| V | C ØC| V.<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxveva, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs reduqcias msubuqi tipis birTvebSi,<br />

rodesac erT-erTi sareduqcio birTvis xmovania<br />

o/ñ an u/ò, e.i. un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT sakuTriv reduqciis<br />

I saxe, marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi, alternacia V/æ.<br />

mocemulia a/ tipis msubuqi birTvebi, e.i. CVC<br />

V = o/ñ-s an u/ò-s,<br />

I birTvi ------------------------- II birTvi<br />

sinkope -------------------------- marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi<br />

reduqcia<br />

mag.1 V 1 = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = o.<br />

naboz- /saRamo/ _ _ _ _ _ _<br />

CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

inbozól- /saRamovdeba/ _ _ _ V/C Ø C/V/C V &<br />

& C<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adnðbæzón- /mosaRamov<strong>da</strong>/ _ V/CØC/ V & /CæC/ V & C<br />

V 1 = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = o. mag.:<br />

inzorólx- /ikribebian/ _ _ _ _ _ VCØCVC V & CC<br />

lóxnazærónx- /SeuerTdnen, ↓<br />

SeuerT<strong>da</strong>T/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & CØC/V/CæC/ V & CC<br />

88

V 1 = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = u/u. mag.:<br />

xðmdune- /amadlis/ _ _ _ C V & CØ C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

aTmðdæne- /<strong>da</strong>amadla/ _ V/CØC/ V & /CæC/V<br />

aqæTune- /anZrevs/ _ _ _ V Cæ CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adquTæne- /SeanZria/ _ V/CØC/V/CæC/V<br />

SeniSvna: aq un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT myofad<br />

usrulis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi `un~, romelic<br />

<strong>da</strong>erTvis zmnis Zirs <strong>da</strong> Zalian xSirad sityva<br />

xdeba potenciurad xuTmarcvliani, ris gamoc<br />

iqmneba ori sareduqcio birTvi. erT-erTi sareduqcio<br />

xmovania swored aRniSnuli sufiqsiT `u~,<br />

romelic Sesabamis sareduqcio fonologiur<br />

garemoSi gvaZlevs monacvleobas æ-sTan.<br />

mag.: adWaTæne- /wyevlides iqneba/<br />

V/CØC/V/CæC/V, sa<strong>da</strong>c V I = a, radgan gvaqvs xaWTe<br />

/wyevlis/ <strong>da</strong> V 2 -u. xeC<strong>da</strong>næni _ /gaqceodes iqneba,<br />

myof. usruli/ - CVCØCVCæCV CVCVCVCVCV,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c V I = e, radgan gvaqvs liCed - /gaqceva/ <strong>da</strong><br />

V 2 = u. aseve: xeSdðnæni- /uSvelides iqneba/ -<br />

CV/C ØC/V/CæC/V, sa<strong>da</strong>c: V I = e, radgan gvaqvs<br />

maSed- /mSveleli/, /maSveli/ <strong>da</strong> V 2 = u.<br />

V I = i <strong>da</strong> V 2 = u. mag.:<br />

liyrule- /yarauloba/ _ _CVC ØCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnyaræle- /uyaraula/ _ V & /CØC/V/CæC/V<br />

ispuni- /brundeba/ _ _ _ _ V C ØC VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

ðnsipænón- /mobrun<strong>da</strong>/ _ V & /CØC/V/CæC/ V & C<br />

89

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

sareduqcio birTvebSi gvxvdeba harmoniuli kompleqsebi,<br />

e.i. b/ tipis msubuqi birTvi/ CVCc an<br />

CcVC/.<br />

V I = a <strong>da</strong> V 2 = u. mag.:<br />

asgmune- /asmevs mJave wyals/ _ _ VCc Ø C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adsgimæne- /<strong>da</strong>alevina/ _ _ _ _ V/CØCc/V/CæC/V<br />

aSdbune- /saxls marTavs/ _ VCc Ø C VCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adS<strong>da</strong>bæne- /gamarTa/ _ _ V/CØCc/V/CæC/V<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac<br />

mocemulia a/ tipis msubuqi birTvi /e.i. CVC / <strong>da</strong><br />

erT-erT birTvSi sareduqcio xmovani V = o/ñ/-s<br />

an u/ò/-s.<br />

I birTvi ---------------------------------------------------- II birTvi<br />

marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi reduqcia --------sinkope.<br />

SeniSvna: un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom I birTvis sareduqcio<br />

xmovnebi o <strong>da</strong> u umetesad reduqciis Sedegad<br />

ar gvaZlevs æ-s, rac iyo mosalodneli.<br />

amis mizezia Semdegi: reduqciis gar<strong>da</strong> mocemuli<br />

xmovnebis Serwyma xdeba æ-sTan, radgan o- romelic<br />

maqcevaria reduqciis Sedegad msubuq birTv-<br />

Si gvaZlevs æ-s, xolo Semdeg xdeba zmniswiniseuli<br />

e-sa <strong>da</strong> æ-s Serwyma, romelic o-s gva-<br />

Zlevs. amis Sesaxeb sainteresoa a. SaniZis azri:<br />

Serwymisave magaliTebia o-d qceva æa jgufisa,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c u umarcvloa. aseTi qceva Cveulebrivia moxeursa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTiulurSi, nawilobriv fSaursa <strong>da</strong><br />

kaxurSic: guari-gori; Tuali-Toli, cxuari-cxori<br />

<strong>da</strong> sx. (24,28). Cvens SemTxvevaSi zmniswiniseuli a-<br />

90

xmovani saxes icvlis <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs o-s... Tavis-<br />

Tavad monacvleoba a/o sxvagvarad ar aixsneba.<br />

mag.:<br />

`oTwemSe- /Wapani gauwia/ - aTæwemSe←<br />

aTowemeSe- /sa<strong>da</strong>c: V I = o-s, maqcevaria, xolo V 2 =<br />

e-s, radgan gvaqvs liwmeSi- /gaweva/. aseve: oTsésne-<br />

/miuqsia/- aæTsésne←aTæsésne←aToséséne. /sa<strong>da</strong>c:<br />

V I = o-s <strong>da</strong> V 2 = é-s. radgan gvaqvs –lisséne-<br />

/miqseva, saw./.<br />

warmodgenilia b/ tipis msubuqi birTvi, mag.:<br />

loxSyébne- /miaxala, miukakuna/< laxæSyébne <<br />

laxoSyébéne, /sa<strong>da</strong>c: V I = o-s <strong>da</strong> V 2 = é, radgan<br />

gvaqvs liSybéne-/Zlieri xmauri CaWedebis dros/.<br />

loxfxékne←laxæfxékne←laxofxékéne-<br />

/<strong>da</strong>ukakuna/. lifxkéne- /kakuni/.<br />

axla ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTebi:<br />

esæRalte- /uRalata/- /sa<strong>da</strong>c: V I = u-s an o-s,<br />

V 2 = a/ð/-s, radgan gvaqvs: méRlðti- /moRalate/<br />

liRlðti -/Ralati/.<br />

amrigad, mocemuli magaliTebis mixedviT potenciurad<br />

xuTmarcvliani sityva ganicdis ori<br />

xmovnis reduqcias. erT-erTi maTgania marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi<br />

reduqcia, radgan sareduqcio<br />

xmovnebia o <strong>da</strong> u. miRebuli Sedegebi savsebiT<br />

Seesabameba Cvens varauds.<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac<br />

orive sareduqcio birTvSi viRebT alternacias<br />

V/æ. mocemulia msubuqi tipis sareduqcio birTvebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sareduqcio xmovnebi:<br />

V I <strong>da</strong> V 2 = o-s an u-s.<br />

91

I birTvi ----------------------------------------------------- II birTvi<br />

marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>kargviTi---marcvlovnoba<strong>da</strong>karviTi<br />

reduqcia<br />

reduqcia<br />

iqæTðræni- /iparavdes iqneba/<br />

VCæC V & CæCV←V/CVC/ V & /C V & C/V<br />

e.i. V I = o-s an u-s <strong>da</strong> V 2 = o-s an u-s, radgan<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi reduqciis Sedegad viRebT æ-s.<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxveva, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs xuTmarcvliani sityvis saxecvlas,<br />

rodesac I sareduqcio birTvi aris mZime, e.i. un<strong>da</strong><br />

miviRoT `sakuTriv~ reduqciis II saxe, kerZod<br />

marcvlovnobaSenarCunebiTi reduqcia.<br />

I birTvi ---------------------------------------------------- II birTvi.<br />

marcvlovnobaSenarCunebiTi ---------------------- sinkope<br />

V I = a, V 2 = i-s. mag.:<br />

sðrgib- /sargebeli, gamosadegi/ _ C V & CsCVC<br />

↓<br />

ðxsérgebil -/isargeble/ _ _ _ _ V & CCéCsCVCVC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

lisérgeble- /sargebloba/ _ _ CVCéCsC/V/C ØC/V<br />

aseTive Sedegs gvaZlevs mag.:<br />

litérkéne- /<strong>da</strong>JinebiT yureba/ _ CVCéCsCVCV<br />

xatérkinna- /uyureb<strong>da</strong> Turme, ↓<br />

I TurmeobiTi/ _ _ _ CV/CéCsC/V/C ØC/V<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c: V I = é-s marTalia, ver aRvadgineT é<br />

xmovnis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli, arareducirebuli saxiT<br />

(is yovelTvis sareduqcio poziciaSia, magram am<br />

SemTxvevaSi amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, mTavaria,<br />

rom adgili ara aqvs wesis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas) e.i. ra<br />

xmovanic ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo gar<strong>da</strong> o, u-sa, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi yvela mogvcem<strong>da</strong> é-s.<br />

92

V 2 =i-s, rasac <strong>da</strong>matebiT amtkicebs wina xmovnis<br />

umlauti. am poziciaSi monacvleoba é/i mxolod<br />

umlautiT SeiZleba aixsnas (9,46) SeiZleba aixsnas.<br />

sxva SemTxvevis magaliTebi ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT<br />

aseTi saxiT:<br />

SemTxveva I<br />

V+{CVC}+V+{CVC}+V→<br />

→ V |CØC| V |CØC| V;<br />

SemTxveva II V+{CVC}+V+{CVC}+V→<br />

→ V /CæC| V |CØC| V;<br />

SemTxveva III V+{CVC}+V+{CVC}+V→<br />

→ V |CØC| V |CæC| V;<br />

SemTxveva IV V+{CVC}+V+{CVC}+V→<br />

→ V |CæC| V |CæC| V;<br />

SemTxvevaV. V+{CVCsC}+V+{CVC}+V→<br />

→ V |CéCsC | V |CØC| V <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs ramdenime SemTxveva, romlebic<br />

qmnian gamonakliss. mag.:<br />

J’ arxérataæe- /moxraka/<br />

ligégrgilðæi- /xorcis Zvalze ga<strong>da</strong>kvra,<br />

Zlier gaxdoma/<br />

litérkilaæi- /Seskdoma/<br />

xaTxérSilaæi- /akravs, anTxevs/<br />

lipérWilaæi- /titini/<br />

apéntilêæi- /glejs namcecebad/<br />

adZénZixe- /nakuwebad aqcia/<br />

adTérqade- /gaWra makratliT/<br />

esférTxilón- /<strong>da</strong>ufrTxa/<br />

anmérgene- /gamoiyena/<br />

adqélbéne- /galesa, magrad galesvaze amboben/.<br />

mocemul magaliTebSi ar xdeba mosalodneli<br />

reduqcia or sareduqcio birTvSi.<br />

93

94<br />

morfologiuri SezRudvebi, romlebic cvlian<br />

reduqciis fonologiur sqemas<br />

Cven mier warmodgenili svanuri enis balszemouri<br />

dialeqtis xmovanTa reduqciis fonologiuri<br />

sqema asaxavs xmovanTmonacvleobis arsebiT<br />

suraTs, romlis gverdiT vxvdebiT gamonaklisebsac.<br />

movaxdinoT am gamonaklisTa SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvari<br />

klasifikacia. yvelaze ekonomiur <strong>da</strong>, amrigad, yvelaze<br />

ufro gamarTlebul saxeobad mocemul Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi gvevlineba klasifikacia morfologiur<br />

kriteriumze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. SemCneul gamonaklisTa<br />

mTeli klasi <strong>da</strong>iyofa or Semdeg qveklasad:<br />

I/gamonaklisebi zmnebSi <strong>da</strong> 2/ gamonaklisebi arsebiT<br />

saxelebSi. ganvixiloT gamonaklisTa es ori<br />

qveklasi cal-calke:<br />

I/ gamonaklisebi zmnebSi. mag.:<br />

lixðl- /codna/ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

xoxal<strong>da</strong>- /ico<strong>da</strong>/ _ CV/CVCsC/V<br />

/ar xdeba mosalodneli reduqcia/<br />

liRli- /lodini/ _ _ CVCØCV<br />

↑<br />

xoRel<strong>da</strong>- /elo<strong>da</strong>/ _ _ CV/CVCsC/V<br />

/ar xdeba mosalodneli reduqcia: piriqiT,<br />

aRdga reducirebuli xmovani/<br />

xðCo- /uSveba/ _ _ _ _ C V & CV<br />

xðCom<strong>da</strong>- /uSvebo<strong>da</strong>/ _ C V & /CVCC/V<br />

iTæri- /swavlobs/ _ _ _ VCæCV

↓<br />

iTñr<strong>da</strong>- /swavlob<strong>da</strong>/ _ V/C V & CsC/V<br />

/aqac aRdga reducirebuli xmovani/ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

aSxæni- /inaxavs/ _ _ _ _ _VCcæCV<br />

↑<br />

aSxòn<strong>da</strong>- /inaxav<strong>da</strong>/ _ _ _ VCc V & CCV<br />

aSxòndëds- /inaxavdes/ _ V/Cc V & CC/ V CC<br />

/aqac aRdga reducirebuli xmovani/ <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

2/ gamonaklisebi arsebiT saxelebSi, mag.:<br />

balðx- /balaxi/ _ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

balðxisga- /balaxSi/ _ CV/C V & C/VCcV<br />

ladeR - /dRe/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

ladeRunRo- /dRis Semdeg/ _ CV/CVC/VCCV<br />

fðTæ- /Tma/ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & Cæ<br />

fðTæðrisga- /TmebSi/ _ C V & /Cæ V & C/ V & CcV<br />

ZRæid- /zRude/ _ _ _ _ _ CcæVC<br />

ZRæidisga _ /zRudeSi/ _ CcæV/CVCc/V<br />

(arc erT magaliTSi ar xdeba mosalodneli<br />

reduqcia).<br />

ar xerxdeba mocemul gamonaklisTa interpretacia<br />

fonologiuri donis farglebSi. mocemulia<br />

yvela is fonologiuri piroba, rac iwvev<strong>da</strong><br />

xmovnis reduqcias, magram reduqcia ar xdeba. aq<br />

Tavs iCens morfologiuri SezRudvebi, romlebic<br />

Taviseburad cvlian fonologiurad Sepirobebul<br />

models. amrigad, TviT gamonaklisTa klasifikaciis<br />

gramatikulma kriteriumma gviCvena, rom saWi-<br />

95

oa ganvixiloT gamonaklisTa zemoT moyvanili<br />

magaliTebi doneebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis<br />

planSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom donebrivi koncefciis<br />

gamoyeneba,. Cven mier aRebul SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gulisxmobs ori donis _ morfematulisa <strong>da</strong><br />

fonematuris urTierTmimarTebas. im Sualedur<br />

sferos, romelSic vlindeba realuri kavSiri,<br />

urTierTmimarTeba ori sawyisis _ fonologiurisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> morfologiuris. enaTmecnierebaSi aRniSnul<br />

sferos tradiciulad uwodeben morfonologias.<br />

an ufro sworad, es aris fonomorfologiuri<br />

kvlevis sfero (31,73).<br />

morfonologia enaTmecnierebis aucilebeli<br />

sferoa. igi Seiswavlis rogorc fonologiuri,<br />

ise morfologiuri donis mniSvnelovan detalebs<br />

maTi mimarTebis safuZvelze; erTi <strong>da</strong> imave morfemis<br />

alomorfTa fonemur Semadgenlobas, maT<br />

sistemur monacvleobebs, <strong>da</strong> im fonologiur<br />

cvlilebebs, romlebic vlindeba morfemaTa urTierTkavSiris<br />

dros erTi <strong>da</strong> imave morfemis alomorfebs<br />

Soris. arsebul fonemur gansxvavebebs,<br />

morfologiurad Tu fonologiurad Sepirobebuls,<br />

morfonologiur an morfofonologiur monacvleobebs<br />

uwodeben.<br />

amrigad, mor(fo)fonologia swavlobs morfemis<br />

fonologiurad Tu morfologiurad Sepirobebuli<br />

variantebis fonemur Sedgenilobas, maT<br />

monacvleobebs garemocvebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

morfonologiuri monacvleobebi <strong>da</strong> saerTod,<br />

morfonologiis <strong>sakiTxebi</strong> iseve, rogorc yvela<br />

sxva enobrivi movlena, ar eqvemdebareba erTgvarovan<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofas jgufebad <strong>da</strong> tipebad. arsebobs<br />

96

iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac morfologiurad<br />

gansazRvrul sistemas cvlis fonologiuri<br />

faqtorebi. mag.: aseTia piris niSanTa gamovlena<br />

qarTuli zmnis formebSi. vTqvaT, III iribi<br />

obieqturi piri zmnis formaSi aCens saTanado<br />

piris niSans, romelic h- an s- morfemiT gamoixateba,<br />

rodis romeli un<strong>da</strong> vixmaroT gansazRvrulia<br />

fonologiuri faqtoriT. kerZod, b p f<br />

m q k y-s win gveqneba h-, xolo d t T Z c w j C<br />

W-s win s-. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac igi ∅-alomorfiT,<br />

aris warmodgenili, radgan garkveul fonemaTa<br />

win saerTod ikargeba (rogoric aris xmovnebi,<br />

sonorebi, spirantebi). mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />

morfemis saxecvlas fonologiuri distribucia<br />

awesrigebs. vxvdebiT iseT movlenasac, rodesac<br />

enaSi arsebul fonologiur sistemaze moqmedebs<br />

morfologiuri SezRudvebi, romlebic cvlian<br />

enis fonologiur suraTs. amgvari SemTxvevebic<br />

morfonologiis sakvlevi obieqtia. aRniSnuli<br />

movlenis Sesaxeb calke verc fonologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />

verc morfologiuri analiziT ver miviRebT<br />

srulyofil pasuxs. is un<strong>da</strong> ganxilul iqnes, rogorc<br />

morfonologiuri cvlileba.<br />

Cven gvainteresebs aRniSnul doneebs Soris<br />

urTierTmimarTebis is varianti, roca morfematuri<br />

done Tavisi garkveuli erTeulis, e.i. morfemis<br />

saSualebiT gavlenas axdens fonematur doneze<br />

moqmed garkveul fonologiur kanonze. Cveni<br />

azriT, SeiZleba gamoiyos aseTi urTierTmimar-<br />

Tebis Semdegi sami Teoriulad SesaZlebeli SemTxveva:<br />

97

1. fonematuri donis is erTeuli, romelic<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moeqces moqmedi fonematuri kanonis zegavlenis<br />

qveS, warmoadgens SemzRudvelad moqmedi<br />

morfemis integrants, romlis arseboba sityvis<br />

farglebSi SemzRudvelad moqmedebs. reduqciis<br />

Cven mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil kanonze Teoriulad SesaZlebeli<br />

aseTi SemTxveva Cveni kvlevis dros ar<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> svanuri enis balszemour dialeqtSi.<br />

2. meore Teoriuli SesaZlebloba mdgomareobs<br />

imaSi, rom gansaxilveli fonema ar warmoadgens<br />

SemzRudvelad moqmedi morfemis integrants.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia reduqciis<br />

ararsebobis faqtis wmin<strong>da</strong> morfologiuri interpretacia.<br />

morfema iwvevs xmovnis reduqcias ara<br />

Tavisi morfologiuri niSnis safuZvelze, e.i. ara<br />

imitom, rom is morfemaTa garkveul saxeobas warmoadgens,<br />

aramed Tavisi fonologiuri struqturis<br />

gamo (saboloo angariSSi interpretacia <strong>da</strong>gvyavs<br />

fonematur donemde), e.i. un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT<br />

morfema <strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT misi fonologiuri<br />

struqtura, aseTia, Cveni masalis mixedviT, zmnis<br />

iseTi formebi, romlebic nawarmoebia- CV/C/<br />

struqturis sufiqsebiT. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba<br />

namyo usrulisa <strong>da</strong> koniunqtiv I-is zogierTi mawarmoebeli.<br />

cnobilia, rom namyo usruli <strong>da</strong><br />

koniunqtiv I iwarmoeba awmyos fuZisagan. awmyos<br />

fuZes <strong>da</strong>erTvis - CV/C/ / struqturis formati.<br />

awmyos bolosarTi-i mokvecilia, magram kvals<br />

tovebs wina xmovnis gaumlautebiT. e.i. un<strong>da</strong><br />

gvqondes _ V _ CV/C.<br />

ase magaliTad:<br />

namyo usr.<br />

98

xæ-a-âðn-dðs / * xæ-a-âan-i-dðs/ `vxnavdi~<br />

x-a-âðn-dðs / * x-a-âan-i-dðs/<br />

a-âðn-<strong>da</strong> / * a-âan-i-<strong>da</strong>/<br />

koniunqtiv I<br />

xæ-a-âðn-dëd / * xæ-a-âðn-i-dëd/<br />

agðm-dëds - /aSenebdes/, ikðd-deds- /iRebs/<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

amJamad awmyos bolosarTi _ i arsad aRdgeba.<br />

amasTanave gvxvdeba, iseTi magaliTebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

umlautic aRar gvaqvs, e.i. misi kvalic <strong>da</strong>kargulia.<br />

magaliTad:<br />

ðri- /aris/, ar<strong>da</strong>- /iyo/, ajêb /xarSavs/- ajab<strong>da</strong><br />

/xarSav<strong>da</strong>/, izbi /Wams/, - /izob<strong>da</strong>/ Wam<strong>da</strong>/ <strong>da</strong> sxva/.<br />

amrigad, aRniSnul formebSi awmyos bolosarTi<br />

–i sinqroniulad nuls utoldeba. gvaqvs<br />

Cveulebrivi ori Tanxmovnis mezobloba; ar<br />

iqmneba reduqciisaTvis saTanado fonologiuri<br />

pirobebi; sityva ar warmoadgens `erT mTlianobas~;<br />

aRniSnuli formanti TiTqos gancalkevebulia<br />

sityvi<strong>da</strong>n, rac kargad Cans amgvar magali-<br />

Tebze.<br />

litklebe- /<strong>da</strong>naneba/ _ _ _ CV/Cc ØC/VCV<br />

xatklðbén<strong>da</strong>- /enanebo<strong>da</strong>/ _ CV/Cc ØC/ V & CVC[CV<br />

warmodgenilia sruli saxis reduqcia msubuq<br />

birTvSi, rac savsebiT Seesabameba Cvens mier<br />

warmodgenil reduqciis wesebs; -<strong>da</strong> formanti gancalkevebiT<br />

dgas. Sedegi igive iqneba, Tu <strong>da</strong>vumatebT<br />

preverbs <strong>da</strong> sityva gaxdeba xuTmarcvliani<br />

(ar igulisxmeba –<strong>da</strong> formanti), moxdeba ori<br />

xmovnis reduqcia, Sesabamisad or sareduqcio<br />

birTvSi <strong>da</strong> –<strong>da</strong> sufiqsi kvlav gancalkevebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCeba. marTlac gvaqvs:<br />

99

ðTtkðlbén<strong>da</strong>- /<strong>da</strong>enana/ - V/CØCc/ V & /CØC/VC[CV.<br />

3. mesame Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>saSveb SemTxvevaSi ar<br />

aris relevanturi is garemoeba, warmoadgens Tu<br />

ara gansaxilveli arareducirebuli xmovani SemzRudvelad<br />

moqmedi morfemis integrats.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeba mocemuli faqtis<br />

morfologiuri interpretacia: morfema SemzRudvelad<br />

moqmedebs reduqciis kanonis moqmedebaze<br />

ara Tavisi fonologiuri struqturis gamo, aramed<br />

Tavisi morfologiuri niSniT. reduqcia ar<br />

xdeba swored imitom, rom sityvis farglebSi<br />

gvaqvs garkveuli saxis <strong>da</strong> ara garkveuli fonologiuri<br />

struqturis morfema.<br />

rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvs doneebs<br />

Soris urTierTobis is zogadi saxis Sem-<br />

Txveva, roca ufro swori iqneba vilaparakoT ori<br />

enobrivi sferos _ morfologiur <strong>da</strong> fonologiuri<br />

sferos _ Soris urTierTmimarTebaze.<br />

aRniSnuli SemTxvevis SesaniSnav ilustracias<br />

iZleva c. georgievi Tavis statiaSi: `slavuri<br />

enebis fleqsiis axsnisaTvis fonematuri <strong>da</strong><br />

morfematuri midgomiT~.<br />

`slavur enebSi, _ wers avtori, _ fleqsiuri<br />

morfemis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia ara marto<br />

fonematuri, aramed morfematuli kanonebiT.<br />

mkvlevarTa umetesoba cdilob<strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli<br />

sakiTxi aexsna mxolod fonematuri kanonebiT,<br />

ris gamoc did winaaRmdegobas xvdebodnen <strong>da</strong> sakiTxi<br />

bolomde auxsneli rCebo<strong>da</strong>T. v. georgievi<br />

gamoyofs morfematul kanonebs, romlebic zRu<strong>da</strong>ven<br />

enaSi moqmedi fonematuri kanonebis sferos.<br />

zemo donis sferoSi moqmedi kanonis, rogorc<br />

100

SemzRudveli faqtoris, moqmedebis SesaZleblobas<br />

grZnobdnen neogramatikosebi ukve maSin, roca<br />

Semohqon<strong>da</strong>T `sistemuri iZulebis~ (Systemz wang)<br />

cneba (32,4).<br />

zogierTi monacvleoba, iqneba es sinqroniul<br />

Tu diaqroniul aspeqtSi, aixsneba mxolod <strong>da</strong><br />

mxolod morfematuli kanonebis SemzRudveli<br />

moqmedebiT, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi gaTvaliswineba<br />

aucilebelia. v. giorgievi miuTiTebs<br />

iseT morfematul kanonze, romelic SemzRudvel<br />

gavlenas axdens fonematuri saxis kanonzomier<br />

cvlilebaTa moqmedebis sferoze. am morfematul<br />

kanons avtorTan Semdegi formulireba aqvs:<br />

`brunvaTa mocemuli sistemis fleqsiuri morfemebi<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>emTxvas erTmaneTs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

brunvebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva brunebaSi. magram aseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTxveva SeuZlebelia erTi <strong>da</strong> imave brunebis<br />

sistemis, erTi <strong>da</strong> imave brunvis mx., <strong>da</strong> mr. <strong>da</strong><br />

orobiT brunvebSi, e.i. horizontalur rigSi~<br />

(32,16).<br />

mag.:<br />

mx.r.<br />

mr.r.<br />

стол<br />

столы<br />

mx.r.<br />

mr.r.<br />

учитель<br />

учители<br />

герой<br />

герои <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

mocemul magaliTebSi ar aris arcerTi<br />

SemTxveva morfemaTa <strong>da</strong>mTxvevisa horizontalur<br />

rigSi. am morfematuli kanonis arseboba gamowveulia<br />

mx. <strong>da</strong> mr. ricxvis kategoriebis garCevis<br />

aucileblobiT, rac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia slavuri<br />

enebisaTvis. miTiTebul morfematul kanons SeuZ-<br />

101

lia SemzRudveli gavlena iqonios garkveul fonematur<br />

kanonTa gavrcelebis sferoze. am Semz-<br />

Rudvel moqmedebas mkvlevari Semdeg formulirebas<br />

aZlevs: `Tu mocemuli enis ganviTarebis<br />

procesSi fonematuri kanonis moqmedebis Sedegad<br />

erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave brunvaSi mx., mr. <strong>da</strong> orobiTi<br />

ricxvis morfemebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emTxves erTmaneTs,<br />

maSin erT-erTi am Tanxvedri morfemaTagani Seicvleba<br />

sxva Sesaferisi morfemiT.<br />

amrigad, askvnis v. georgievi, enis sistema<br />

`TviTregulirdeba~ masSi moqmedi sakuTari<br />

morfematuri kanonebis ZaliT (32,15).<br />

v. georgievis mier enis <strong>da</strong>dgenili kanonzomiereba<br />

<strong>da</strong>sturdeba svanuri balszemouri dialeqtis<br />

masalazec. sityvis arareduqcias gansazRvravs<br />

mis farglebSi arsebuli morfemis saxeoba.<br />

kerZod, Tandebulian arsebiT saxelebSi reduqciisaTvis<br />

saTanado fonologiur garemoSi xmovani<br />

ar ganicdis reduqcias _ xmovanTa reduqciis<br />

fonologiur kanonzomierebaTa gavrcelebis sferos<br />

zRu<strong>da</strong>vs, yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe,<br />

garkveuli morfologiuri kategoriis mawarmoebeli<br />

formanti, misi fonologiuri struqturis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. sailustraciod mogvyavs ramdenime<br />

magaliTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosalodneli reduqcia ar<br />

xdeba:<br />

mx.r. mr. r.<br />

ladeR- /dRe/ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V CVC<br />

↓<br />

lðdRiS- /dRes/ _ _ _ _ _ C V & /CØC/VC<br />

magram:<br />

ladeRundo- /dRis Semdeg/ _ CV/CVC/VCCV<br />

102

sareduqcio poziciaSi xmovani aRdga/<br />

megðm- /xe/ _ _ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

megmór- /xeebi/ _ _ _ _CV/CØC/ V & C<br />

magram:<br />

megamxðnCum- /xi<strong>da</strong>n/ _ CV/CVCsC/ V & CC V C<br />

/xmovani ar ganicdis reduqcias/<br />

tabðg- /tabla/ _ _ _ CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

tabgðr- /misi mr.r. – CV/CØC/ V & C<br />

magram:<br />

tabðgJi- /tablaze/ _ CVC V & CCV<br />

/xmovani ar ganicdis reduqcias/<br />

<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Tandebulian formebSi<br />

reduqcia ar mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

calke un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos iseTi arsebiTi saxelebi,<br />

romlebic yovelgvari mizezis gareSe (mxedvelobaSia<br />

fonologiuri <strong>da</strong> zemoCamoTvlili<br />

morfologiuri faqtorebi) arRveven Cven mier<br />

warmodgenili reduqciis fonologiur sqemas. aq<br />

ar xerxdeba raime kriteriumis gamoZebna (aseTi<br />

SemTxveva bevri ar aris <strong>da</strong> isic mxolod arsebiT<br />

saxelebSia). mag.:<br />

gulmðS- /ulvaSi/ _ _ _ CVCsCs V & C<br />

↓<br />

gulmaSðr- /ulvaSebi/ _ CV/CsCsVC/ V & C<br />

Wabigæ- /Wabuki/ _ _ _ CVCVCæ<br />

↓<br />

WabigæiS- /Wabukis/- _ CV/CVCæ/VC<br />

103

fòr- /Zroxa/ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C V & C<br />

↓<br />

lafurðS- /`saZroxis~, naT. br./ _ CV/CVC/ V &<br />

& C<br />

qilæðrd- /qliavi/ _ _ C VCæVCsC<br />

↓<br />

qilæðrdiS- /qliavis/ _ CV/CæVCsC/VC<br />

SeniSvna: mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

igive sareduqcio xmovnebi, imave fonologiur<br />

pirobebSi arsebiT saxelebSi ganicdian Sesabamisi<br />

saxis reduqcias:<br />

WðS- /qmari/ _ _ _ _ _ C V & C<br />

↓<br />

laWSa- /qmrebi/ _ _ CV/CØC/V<br />

maTxðf- /Ramura/ _ _ _ _ _ _ CVCc V & C<br />

↓<br />

maTxfiS- /Ramuris naT. br./ _ CV/CcØC/VC<br />

muryæam- /cixe/ _ _ CVCsCæ VC<br />

↓ ↓<br />

muryæmðS- /cixis/ _ CV/CsCæØC/ V & C<br />

WinWil- /nawlavi/ _ _ _ _ CVCsCVC<br />

WinWlidðr- /nawlavebi,<br />

↓<br />

kninobiTi f./ _ CV/CsCØC/VC V & C<br />

kæicra- /jixvi/_ _ _ _ CæVCCV<br />

↓<br />

lðkæcìr- /sajixve/- C V & /CæØC/ V C <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

imave sareduqcio birTvSi saTanado sareduqcio<br />

fonologiur pirobebSi xmovani ganicdis reduqcias,<br />

Tu mocemuli sityva zmnaa, Tu saxelia,<br />

maSin _ ara.<br />

104

naâanæ- /naxnavi/- _ _ CVCVCæ<br />

↓<br />

liâni- /xvna/ _ _ _ _ CVCØCV<br />

magram:<br />

naxanæðS- /naxnavis/ _ CV/CVCæ/ V & C<br />

natyabæ- /nawvavi/ _ _ _ CVCcVCæ<br />

↓<br />

litybe- /wva/ _ _ _ _ _ CV/CcØC/V<br />

magram:<br />

natyabæaS- /nawvavis/ _ _ CV/CcVC/ V & C<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos iseTi SemTxvevebic, romlebic<br />

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba miviCnioT reduqciad,<br />

sinamdvileSi ki saqme gvaqvs ablautTan, romlis<br />

Sesaxebac gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />

aseTia magaliTad, xmovanTmonacvleoba<br />

aoristis formebSi pirebis mixedviT:<br />

I _ oxæiSdb- /visesxe/ _ VCæVCcØC<br />

II _ ðxiSdb- /isesxe/ _ _ V & C VCc Ø C<br />

↓ ↑<br />

III _ ðnSdeb- /isesxa/ - - - V & /CØCc/VC<br />

I <strong>da</strong> II pirSi bolo marcvalSi xmovani monacvleobs<br />

Ø-Tan (mocemuli monacvleoba ar<br />

aixsneba Cven mier aRniSnuli fonologiuri<br />

faqtorebiT). aseve ikveceba bolo xmovani I <strong>da</strong> II<br />

pirSi <strong>da</strong> kvals tovebs umlautis saxiT. mag.:<br />

oTkðr- /gavaRe/ - V/CØC/ V & CØ<br />

aTkðr- /gaaRe/ - V/CØC/ V & CØ<br />

adkare-/gaaRo/- V/CØC/VCV<br />

umlauts ganicdis III pirSi bolo xmovani.<br />

mag.:<br />

ohod- /gavyide/- VCVC<br />

105

ahod-/gayide/- VCVC<br />

ahæed- /gayi<strong>da</strong>/- VCæVC = VC V C<br />

aseTivea:<br />

oSéd- /ga<strong>da</strong>vyare/-VCVC<br />

aSéd- /ga<strong>da</strong>yare/- VCVC<br />

aSid- /ga<strong>da</strong>yara/- VC V C<br />

ablautiT aixsneba xmovanTmonacvleoba saxelebSi<br />

mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis dros.<br />

magaliTad:<br />

qim/ /cremli/ WiSx- /fexi/ Siy- /zurgi/<br />

laqém-/sacremle/ WéSxðr-/fexebi/ Séyðr- /zurgebi/.<br />

bolos CamovTvliT iseT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezebis gamo saerTod ar<br />

ganvixilavT, gamovricxavT, aseTebia:<br />

1. grZel xmovanTa reduqcia. misi axsna umetesad<br />

ar xerxdeba sinqroniul aspeqtSi; an kidev<br />

reduqciis gar<strong>da</strong> `Careulia~ sxva fonetikuri<br />

movlenac. mag.:<br />

adWkîne- /ifiqra/ _ _ _ VCCc V CV<br />

liWkæðri- /fiqri, sawyisi/ _ _ _ CVCcæ V CV<br />

faqtiurad æ un<strong>da</strong> warmovidginoT, rogorc<br />

grZeli î-s reduqcia.<br />

mocemuli monacvleoba SeiZleba avxsnaT ase:<br />

Tu ZiriTad formad miviCnevT {Wkuæar}, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

awmyoSi gveqneba: a-Wkuæðr-i>aWkææðri>aWkæðri.<br />

reducirebuli u-<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli æ <strong>da</strong>ikarga<br />

mTlianad, iseve rogorc: kærva→krva→ vkrav<br />

(qarT..)<br />

aoristSi <strong>da</strong>erTvis preverbi <strong>da</strong> gvaZlevs:<br />

ad-a-Wkuæar-e>adWkuære>adWkîre<br />

106

ogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, jer mox<strong>da</strong> xuTmarcvlian<br />

sityvaSi ori xmovnis reduqcia, xolo Semdeg- u-<br />

sa <strong>da</strong> æ-s Serwyma <strong>da</strong> miviReT grZeli xmovani.<br />

2. xmovanTa reduqcia kompozitebSi. am Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi adgili aqvs meryeobas, romelic Sepirobebulia<br />

umetesad semantikiT.<br />

mag.:<br />

mugezal- `mamaSvili~ -(ar xdeba mosalodneli<br />

reduqcia)<br />

mu- /mama/ + gezal-/Svili/<br />

Jaxelémde- /`saxeldebuli/ - /ar xdeba mosalodneli<br />

reduqcia/<br />

Jaxe- /saxeli/+lémde-/ <strong>da</strong>debuli/<br />

maxeRæðJ- /axalgazr<strong>da</strong>/-/ar xdeba mosalodneli<br />

reduqcia/<br />

maxe- /axali/+ RæaJ- /vaJi/<br />

magram gvxvdeba aseTi formebic:<br />

limxeRæaJJin- /axalgazrdobaSi/<br />

(reduqcia ganica<strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovanma,<br />

rogorc es mosalodneli iyo).<br />

gvxvdeba ormagi reduqciis SemTxvevebic. mag.:<br />

lðlgmór- /kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mo/ miRebulia ase:<br />

la + legem- /dgoma/ > lðlgem – (meore<br />

xmovnis reduqcia, wesis mixedviT) >lðlgem +<br />

ar>lalgmór- (kvlav Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore xmovnis<br />

reduqcia, esec wesis mixedviT).<br />

3. xmovanTmonacvleoba sakuTar saxelebSi.<br />

isini sazogadod gamoirCevian TaviseburebebiT<br />

TiTqmis yvela enaSi <strong>da</strong> calke kvlevis obieqts<br />

Seadgenen.<br />

`amrigad, Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze<br />

naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom fonologiuri pozicia anu<br />

107

geriTi garemocva ganapirobebs fonemis saxe<br />

cvlas. meore mxriv, erTnairi fonologiuri<br />

pozicia mu<strong>da</strong>m erTnair cvlilebas ar iwvevs,<br />

lingvistebi mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom<br />

fonologiuri garemocva aris ara erTaderTi,<br />

aramed erT-erTi faqtori, romelic ama Tu im<br />

saxis bgeriT cvlilebas ganapirobebs. sxva ki<br />

morfologiuria. erTnair fonologiur poziciaSi<br />

esa Tu is bgeriTi cvlileba zogjer xorcieldeba,<br />

zogjer ki _ ara, rac aris morfologiuri<br />

faqtoris Carevis Sedegi. es iqi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom<br />

bgeriTi cvlilebebi, romlebic xorcieldeba ama<br />

Tu im morfemaTa SeerTebisas, zogjer xdeba <strong>da</strong><br />

zogjer _ ara (imave fonologiur poziciaSi).<br />

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli naTlad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> xmovanTa<br />

reduqciis analizis dros, rac ase CamovayalibeT:<br />

erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave fonologiur pozicia-<br />

Si, magram sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva morfemaTa garemocvaSi,<br />

reduqciis wesebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad xorcieldeba.<br />

msgavsi wesi arasdros ar moqmedebs erTi morfemis<br />

farglebSi. saqme gvaqvs morfemaTa kombinaciasTan,<br />

amdenad es fonologiuri cvlilebebi<br />

swored imazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, Tu romel <strong>da</strong><br />

rogor morfemaTa kombinaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />

SeiZleba gamoiyos bgeraTa reduqciis ori<br />

saxe:<br />

1) rodesac fonema saxecvlis Sedegad gauTanabrdeba<br />

nuls (e.w. sinkope) <strong>da</strong> 2) rodesac fonema<br />

saxecvlis Sedegad enaSi arsebul sxva fonemas<br />

Cainacvlebs. orive fonologiis Seswavlis sagania.<br />

magram amave dros, reduqciis gamowveva Seu-<br />

Zlia mxolod garemocvis Secvlas, rac aucileb-<br />

108

lad morfemaTa kombinaciiT moxdeba. Tu garemocva<br />

ar icvleba, iq reduqcia ar xdeba, amrigad,<br />

am kuTxiT reduqcia Tavis TavSi moicavs<br />

morfonologiis sakiTxebs.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos Semdegi: morfonologia SeiZleba<br />

iyos sinqroniuli <strong>da</strong> diaqroniuli xasiaTis.<br />

morfonologiur cvlilebebs morfemaTa<br />

urTierTzegavlena gansazRvravs. ase mag.: erT<br />

morfologiur erTeuls, Cveulebriv, erTi saxis<br />

cvlilebis gamowveva SeuZlia, meores _ meore<br />

saxis <strong>da</strong> a.S. amave dros, romelime morfemasTan<br />

kombinaciaSi xan SeiZleba erTi morfologiuri<br />

erTeuli Segvxvdes, xan – meore <strong>da</strong> a.S., ris<br />

safuZvelzec viRebT variantebs. Tu cvlileba<br />

xdeba ise, rom sityvaSi am cvlilebis mizezi<br />

mocemulia, maSin es cvlileba sinqroniul<br />

(moqmed) cvlilebad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos. aseTi iyo<br />

Cvens SemTxvevaSi reduqciis fonologiuri sqema.<br />

magram Tu cvlileba ise xorcieldeba, rom misi<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi amJamad ar Cans, cvlileba<br />

diaqroniulia. amis saukeTeso nimuSia svanuri<br />

umlauti.<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvniTi debulebani<br />

• svanuri enis balszemouri dialeqtis xmovanTa<br />

reduqciis fonologiur sqemas garkveulad<br />

zRu<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> cvlis enaSi moqmedi morfologiuri<br />

kanonebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxis srulyofilad <strong>Seswavlisa</strong>-<br />

Tvis. xmovanTa reduqcia iseTi bgeraTmonacvleo-<br />

109

aa, romelic moiTxovs enis ori sferos (fonologiurisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> morfologiuris) gaTvaliswinebas.<br />

• aRniSnul dialeqtSi xmovanTa reduqcia<br />

cocxali movlenaa, romelic moqmedebs enis<br />

sinqroniul aspeqtSi. igi ganpirobebulia TanxmovanTa<br />

garemocviT. am ukansaknelTa mixedviT gamoiyofa<br />

sareduqcio birTvebi, romlebic gansaz-<br />

Rvraven xmovanTa reduqciis saxeebs.<br />

• ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoiyofa ori tipis sareduqcio<br />

birTvi: msubuqi <strong>da</strong> mZime. erTi <strong>da</strong> igive xmovnebi<br />

aRniSnul birTvebSi reduqciis gansxvavebul<br />

Sedegebs iZleva.<br />

• msubuq birTvSi xmovnebi a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é monacvleobs<br />

Ø -Tan.<br />

• msubuq birTvSi xmovnebi o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ monacvleobs<br />

æ-Tan.<br />

• mZime birTvSi xmovnebi a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é monacvleobs<br />

é xmovanTan.<br />

• mZime birTvSi xmovnebi o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ monacvleobs<br />

u xmovanTan.<br />

• aRniSnul dialeqtSi xmovanTa reduqcias<br />

gansazRvravs sityvaSi marcvalTa raodenoba. potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvlian sityvebSi reduqcias<br />

ganicdis sityvis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n meore marcvlis<br />

xmovani.<br />

• potenciurad xuTmarcvlian sityvebSi gamoiyofa<br />

ori sareduqcio birTvi. reduqcias ganicdis<br />

sityvis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> bolo<strong>da</strong>n meore marcvlis<br />

xmovnebi.<br />

110

MERI NIKOLAISCHWVILI<br />

Die Vokal Reduktion in der swanischen Sprache<br />

Die Reduktion der Vokale in der swanischen Sprache ist seit langem<br />

Gegenstand spezieller Forschung. Dazu gibt es so bedeutsame Untersuchungen<br />

wie A. Shanidzes „Zur Ethimologie von celicadi“ (1924) und W. Topurias<br />

„Zur Reduktion in den Kartvelsprachen“ (1946).<br />

Unser Ziel ist es, anhand von Material aus dem oberbalischen Dialekt eine<br />

strukturelle Analyse der Vokalreduktion vorzunehmen, denn dort ist sie eine<br />

äußerst lebendige und synchron wirksame Erscheinung.<br />

Zur Durchführung der Analyse unterscheiden wir den sogenannten<br />

„Reduktionskern, eine Reduktionseinheit, die denjenigen Teil des Wortes<br />

verkörpert, in dem die Reduktion vor sich geht (d.h. den Reduktionsvokal mit<br />

seinen ihn umgehenden Konsonanten). Demnach ist der Kern die minimale<br />

phonologische Einheit, innerhalb der die Vokalreduktion stattfindet. Damit<br />

eine Reduktion vor sich gehen kann, ist es notwendig, <strong>da</strong>ß sich der<br />

Reduktionskern in einer entsprechenden phonologischen Umgebung befindet:<br />

1. Der Kern muß sich zwischen zwei Vokalen befinden, d.h. die<br />

Reduktionsposition des Kerns ist: V Reduktionskern V;<br />

2. Es ist unbedingt die Anzahl der Silben im Wort unter Einbeziehung der<br />

reduzierten Vokale zu berüksichtigen (d.h. wieviel Silben <strong>da</strong>s Wort potentiell<br />

umfaßt).<br />

In Wörtern, die potentiel aus drei und vier Silben bestehen, erfährt der zweite<br />

Vokal von vorn eine Reduktion.<br />

Seiner Struktur nach kann der Kern zweigestaltig sein: leicht und schwer.<br />

Diese Klassifikation ist sowohl von der Anzahl der <strong>da</strong>zugehörigen<br />

Konsonanten als auch von der Art der konsonanten abhängig. Als einfachste<br />

Gestalt des Reduktionskerns können die Fälle gelten, wenn (unter Einhaltung<br />

111

der notwendigen Bedingung ihrer Struktur) zwei einfache Konsonanten und<br />

zwischen ihnen der Reduktionsvokal vorliegen: CVC. Dies ist sozusagen der<br />

erste grundlegende Typ, den wir als leichten Kern bezeichnen.<br />

Zu diesem Typ zählen wir auch jene Fälle, wenn anstalle einfacher<br />

Konsonanten dezessive harmonische Komplexe oder Labialkomplexe vertreten<br />

sind. Diese Komplexe stellen vom Gesichtspunkt der Phonologischen<br />

Beziehungen homogene Einheiten <strong>da</strong>r und kommen strukturell einfachen<br />

Konsonanten gleich, d.h. <strong>da</strong>s Symbol C schließt auch derartige Komplexe ein.<br />

so <strong>da</strong>ß sich die Gestalt des Kerns nicht ändert (C c VC 2 = CVC oder CVCw 3 - =<br />

CVC usw.).<br />

Häufig treten Fälle auf, in denen zwei Konsonanten in keiner einzigen Position<br />

voreinander zu trennen sind. Gleichzeitig stellen sie homogene Komplexe <strong>da</strong>r.<br />

Welcher Art sind diese Konsonanten Es stellte sich haraus, <strong>da</strong>ß der erste<br />

Konsonant solcher Gruppen unbedingt ein Sonor ist.<br />

So ergibt sich die Konsonantenfolge C s C, die eine vom leichten Kern<br />

abweichende Art des Kerns bildet- einen schweren Kern. Theoretisch sind<br />

zwei Abarten dieses Kerns möglich.<br />

1. wenn die Konsonantenfolge C s C dem Reduktionsvokal vorangeht, d.h.<br />

wenn der Kern <strong>da</strong>s Aussehen C s CVC hat;<br />

2. wenn die Konsonantenfolge C s C dem Reduktionsvokal folgt, d.h. wenn<br />

ein Kern der Gestalt CVC s C vorliegt.<br />

Die untersuchung des Materials ergab, <strong>da</strong>ß ein schwerer Kern mit der Struktur<br />

C s CVC vom Standpunkt der Reduktion keinerlei Änderung bewirkt. Der<br />

Reduktionsvokal wandelt sich genauso wie in einem leichten Kern. Aus<br />

diesem Grunde kommt der schwere Kern C s CVC dem leichten Kern strukturell<br />

gleich und tritt als einer seiner Typen in Erscheinung: C s CVC = CVC 5 .<br />

Die zweite Art des schweren Kerns (CVC s C) liefert <strong>da</strong>gegen hochinteressante,<br />

von den anderen abweichende Ergebnisse, was nur durch die unmittelbare<br />

Nachbarschaft der dem Reduktionsvokal folgenden Konsonantenfolge C s C zu<br />

erklären ist.<br />

112

Bemerkenswert ist, <strong>da</strong>ß im schweren Kern neben dem Sonor anstelle einfacher<br />

Konsonanten homogene Komplexe anzutreffen sein können, die wir ebenso<br />

mit Einzelkonsonanten gleichsetzen.<br />

Demnach unterscheiden wir Kerne unterschiedlichen Typs, von deren<br />

phonologischer Struktur dier Art der reduktion abhängt. Die Reduktion selbst<br />

wird, wie schon erwähnt, durch die Anzahl der Silben im Wort bedingt und<br />

durch die phonologische Umgebung des reduktionskerns. Das sind zwei<br />

Grundbedingungen, die die Reduktion bestimmen, und zu denen unbedingt<br />

noch eine dritte, die Art der Vokale, hinzuzufügen ist.<br />

Bekanntlich ist der oberbalische Dialekt der swanischen Sprache äußerst reich<br />

an Vokalen. Hier treten zum Unterschied vom Georgischen noch spezifische<br />

Umlaute und Langvokale auf. Außerdem gibt es sechs kurze Vokale (a, e, o, i,<br />

u, y). Die Langvokale interessieren uns nicht, <strong>da</strong> si bekanntlich der reduktion<br />

nicht unterliegen. Was die Umlaute und Nichtumlaute betrifft, so zeigen sie<br />

diesbezüglich ein einheitliches Bild. Unter dem Blickwinkel der reduktion ist<br />

ihre Unterschiedlichkeit, die in der Palatalität und Nichtpalatalität in<br />

Erscheinung tritt, irrelevant. Bei Berücksichtigung all dessen gehen wir aus<br />

diesem Grunde nur auf die nichtumgelauteten Vokale ein (Beispiele werden<br />

exakt aus der zitierten Literatur angeführt).<br />

Eine Reduktion ist bei folgenden Vokalen zu erwarten: a (ä), e, i, o (ö), u (ü)<br />

und y.<br />

Es ist allgemein bekannt, <strong>da</strong>ß im Swanischen der Synkope alle kurzen Vokale<br />

unterliegen außer u und o, die ihre silbenbildende Kraft verlieren und zum<br />

unsilbischen w verschmelzen.<br />

Bei der reduktion ergibt ein und derselbe Vokal in unterschiedlichen Kernen<br />

verschiedene Ergebnisse. Um unsere Aufgabe vollständig zu lösen, ist es <strong>da</strong>her<br />

nötig, die Alternation der einzelnen Vokale nach den oben aufgefürten<br />

Kerntypen in allen jenen Positionen zu studieren, in denen sie auftreten.<br />

folglich wird die Vokalreduktion im oberbalischen Dialekt von drei<br />

grundlegenden Faktoren bestimmt:<br />

113

1. von der phonologischen Struktur des Kerns,<br />

2. von der phonologischen Umgebung des Kerns und<br />

3. vom Reduktionsvokal.<br />

Betrachten wir alle Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der betreffenden Faktoren. Da<br />

für uns die Struktur des Kerns Ausgangspunkt ist, gliedert sich die gesamte<br />

Analyse in zwei Hauptteile:<br />

I. den Prozeß, der im leichten Kern vonstatten geht;<br />

II. den Proze der im schweren Kern vonstatten geht.<br />

I. der leichte Kern<br />

Wir untersuchen die Reduktion von a (ä), e, i, y in potentell drei und<br />

viersilbigen Wörtern. Nach den obigen Ausfürungen ist unter diesen<br />

Bedingungen die reduktion des zweiten Vokals von vorn in voller Gestalt zu<br />

erwarten, d.h. Synkope. Wir müssen Alternation en folgender Art erhalten: a<br />

(ä) / ∅, e/∅, i / ∅ und y/∅. Beispiele:<br />

xala „es kränkt ihn“<br />

<strong>da</strong>xlōn „es kränkte ihn“<br />

xäm, „Schwein“<br />

myxm y ri „Schweinehit“<br />

gezal „Kind“<br />

ugzela „kinderlos“<br />

čičwil „Säugling“<br />

luččwil „mit Säugling“<br />

− CVCV<br />

↓<br />

− CV / C∅C / V C<br />

− C V & C<br />

↓<br />

− CV|C∅C| V CV<br />

− CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

− V|C∅C|VCV<br />

− CVCwVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV|C∅Cw|VC<br />

114

lic „Wasser“<br />

ulcuna „umbewässert“<br />

xyr „Ärger“<br />

lyxrine „verärgert“<br />

3ymil „Bruder“<br />

la3mila „Bruder“<br />

− CVC<br />

↓<br />

− V|C∅C|VCV|<br />

− CVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV|C∅C|VCV<br />

− CVCVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV|C∅C|VCV usw<br />

Anhand der vorliegenden Beispiele läßt sich folgern, <strong>da</strong>ß die Vokale a (ä), e, i<br />

und y im leichten Kern drei- und viersilbiger Wörter einer vollständigen<br />

Reduktion unterliegen, d.h. v/ ∅ alternieren. Folglich erhält die allgemeine<br />

Formel A folgendes Anssehen:<br />

{CVC}<br />

+ +<br />

V VC (VC) wobei V gleich a (ä), e, i oder y ist<br />

V | C ∅ C | VC (VC) = A<br />

Betrachten wir jetzt die Reduktion der Vokale o (ö) und u (ü) in potentiell dreiund<br />

viersilbigen Wörtern. Bekanntlich wecheln die Vokale o (ö) und u (ü) bei<br />

der Reduktion mit w, <strong>da</strong>s vom strukturellen Gesichtspunkt ein Konsonant ist.<br />

Demnach tritt bei dieser Reduktion ein Verlust der silbenbildenden Kraft ein<br />

(es geht die Eigenschaft der Vokalität verloren, die in der Lage ist, eine Silbe<br />

zu bilden). Beispiele für die Reduktion der Vokale o (ö) und u (ü) in den<br />

Typen des leichten Kerns:<br />

cod „Sünde“<br />

licwdile „leid tun“<br />

− CVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV | CwC |VCV<br />

115

kāhöd „du hast verkauft“<br />

lihwdu „verkaufen“<br />

− CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CwC|V<br />

šdugw „Maus“<br />

lašdwg & a r „Mausefalle“<br />

mubür „dunkel“<br />

libwere „finster werden“<br />

− C c VCw<br />

↓<br />

− CV|c c wCw| V & C<br />

− CVC V & C<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CwC|V<br />

Folglich alternieren im leichtern Kern eines drei- und viersilbigen Wortes die<br />

Vokale o (ö) und u (ü) mit w, d. h. wir erhalten eine reduktion der<br />

Silbenbildungsfähigkeit. Die allgemeine Formel B erhält folgendes Aussehen:<br />

{CVC}<br />

+ +<br />

V VC(VC) wobei V gleich o (ö), oder u (ü) ist<br />

V | CwC | VC(VC) = B<br />

Kommen wir jetzt zum zweiten Teil unserer Analyse: dem Prozeß, der im<br />

schweren Kern vor sich geht.<br />

II. Der schwere Kern<br />

Reduktionsvokale sin a (ä), e, i und y. Nach den oben beschriebenen<br />

Reduktionsgesetzen muß in potentiell drei- und viersilbigen Wörtern der<br />

zweite Vokal von vorn eine Änderung erfahren, z. B.<br />

116

lartam „Gemüsegarten“<br />

Lelyrtäm „Platz für Gemüsegarten“<br />

gärgla „sprechen“<br />

mygyrgäli, „sprechend“<br />

merčil „ Sense“<br />

lymyrčil „mit Sense“<br />

bintqil „Daune“<br />

lybyntqil „mit Daunen“<br />

xyrm y n „er röchelt“<br />

lixurm y ni „Röcheln“<br />

tyrkad „Schere“<br />

lityrkadi „mit der sSchere schneiden“<br />

− CVC s CVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV | CyC s C | V & C<br />

− C V & C s CCV<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CyC s C| V & CV<br />

− CVC s CVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CyC s C|VC<br />

− CVC s C c VC<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CyC s C c |VC<br />

− CVC s C V C<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CyC s C c | V CV<br />

− CVC s CVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CyC s C|VCV<br />

Wie man auch immer die letzteren Wörter verändert, der Vokal y wechselt<br />

nicht, denn im Kern ist von Anfang an jener Vokal vertreten, der ihre<br />

phonologische Distribution völlig befriedigt, d. h. y → y. Eine weitere<br />

Veränderung von y ist nicht zu erwarten. Im Gegfenteil, <strong>da</strong>s wäre eine<br />

Durchbrechung der Regel.<br />

Dia Analyse ergab, <strong>da</strong>ß die Vokale a (ä), e, i und y im schwere Kern drei und<br />

viersilbiger Wöretr eine Wechsel zum Vokal y zeigen. Die allgemeine Formel<br />

C gewinnt folgendes Ansehen:<br />

117

{CVCsC}<br />

+ +<br />

V VC(VC) wobei V gleich a (ä), e, i oder y ist<br />

V | CyC s C | VC(VC) = C<br />

Worauf ist diese Alternation zurückzuführen<br />

Unserer Ansicht nach handelt es sich hierbei um eine Form der reduktion. In<br />

diesem Zusammenhang ist A. Schanidses These vom Vokal y höchst<br />

beachtenswert: „Das Swanische besitzt auch einen Vokal y, aber es ist strittig,<br />

ihn zu den grundlegenden zu zählen: Wie die Beobachtung einiger Sprachen,<br />

in denen er vertreten ist (Abchasisch, Armenisch, Swanisch selbst), zeigt, ist er<br />

in vielen Fällen des Ergebnis der reduktion anderer Vokale und oft auch ein<br />

zur Erleichterung der Aussprache von Konsonantenhäufungen entwickelter,<br />

sekundärer Vokal“.<br />

Wir nehmen an, <strong>da</strong>ß wir es in diesem Fall mit einer reduktion zu tun haben: y<br />

nimmt die Stelle eines reduzierten Vokals ein. Entsprechend erfahren die<br />

Vokale a (ä), e, i und y im leichten Kern des drei- und viersilbigen Wortes eine<br />

vollständige Reduktion, d. h. sie zeigen den Wechsel a (ä) / ∅, e/ ∅, i / ∅ und<br />

y / ∅.<br />

Die These, <strong>da</strong>ß y ein sekundärer, entwickelter Vokal ist (d. h. <strong>da</strong>ß eine<br />

vollständige Reduktion stattfand und sich <strong>da</strong>nach y entwickelte), scheint<br />

zweifehlhaft, denn die Tilgung eines Vokals und <strong>da</strong>nn die Entwicklung eines<br />

anderen Vokals dort, wo er notwendig ist (als Konsonantentrenner), ist nicht<br />

zu erwarten. In solchem fall wäre es eher gerechtfertigt, <strong>da</strong>ß der ursprüngliche<br />

Vokal unveränder erhalten bleibt.<br />

Die These, <strong>da</strong>ß es sich bei y um einen konsonantentrennenden Vokal handelt,<br />

wird teilweise durch die Existenz solcher Beispiele negiert wie anγri < anγyri<br />

esγri < esγyri, antxe < antixe usw. In den aufgeführten Beispielen ist der Vokal<br />

nicht entwickelt, sondern ein vorhandener Vokal wurde vollständig reduziert.<br />

Und dies geschah trotz der konsonantenhäufung, d, h, die reduktion bestimmte<br />

118

die Struktur des Wortes. Sie ist eine mächtige Erscheinung im Swanischen.<br />

Deshalb ist die Entwicklung eines Vokals in der Reduktionsposition<br />

unwahrscheinlich. Zwar ergibt die Konsonantenfolge in den angeführten<br />

Beispielen nicht CC s C (ein derartiger Fall ist überhaupt nicht belegbar),<br />

weshalb wir nichts Endgültiges aussagen können (vielleicht kann ein Sonor<br />

nicht zwischen zwei Geräuschkonsonanten stehen, und deshalb entsteht y);<br />

aber eines ist klar: <strong>da</strong>s Auftreten von y in dieser Position hängt von der<br />

Konsonantendistribution ab. Der schwere Kern und seine phonologische<br />

Umgebung bedingen die Veränderlichkeit der reduktionsvokale.<br />

Es genügt, von den drei die Reduktion bestimmenden Grundfaktoren (Struktur<br />

des Kerns, phonologische Umgebung des Kerns, Reduktionsvokal) einen zu<br />

verändern, um die Art der reduktion zu verändern. In diesem Fall tritt der erste<br />

Faktor in seiner ganzen Vollständigkeit in Erscheinung: Die Veränderung der<br />

Struktur des Kerns führte zu unterschiedlichen Alternationen ein und derselben<br />

Vokale.<br />

Bei einer für die Reduktion zutreffenden phonologiscehn Umgebung ergaben<br />

die Vokale a (ä), e, i und y im leichten Kern den Wechsel V / ∅, im schweren<br />

Kern <strong>da</strong>gegen V / y.<br />

Noch überzeugender wird es, die Alternation V/∅ als Reduktion zu werten,<br />

wenn man <strong>da</strong>s Verhalten der Vokale o (ö) und u (ü) im schweren Kern<br />

analysiert.<br />

Nehmen wir als Beispiel den typ CVC s C des schweren Kerns:<br />

V = ö<br />

qölp „Herd“<br />

− C V & C s C<br />

↓<br />

mequlpa „Famnilienmitglieder“ − CV | CuC s C |V<br />

Körbil „Hochzeit“<br />

likurbil & a l<br />

− C V & C s CV<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CuC s C|VC V & C<br />

119

V = u (ü)<br />

xur3n & a al, „Tragbeutel (Plur.)“<br />

lyxyrJin „mit Tragbeutel“<br />

šündba „selig werden“<br />

läšundob & a r „Trinkspruch“ zum<br />

Andenken an einen Verstorbenen<br />

− CVC s CV V & C<br />

↓<br />

− CV|CuC s C|VC<br />

− C V & |C s CCV<br />

↓<br />

− C V & |CuC s C|VC V & C<br />

Die allgemeine Formel D, die wir aus diesen Ergebnissen gewinnen, hat<br />

folgendes Aussehen:<br />

{CVCsC}<br />

+ +<br />

V VC(VC) wobei V gleich o (ö), oder u (ü) ist<br />

V | CuC s C | VC(VC) = D<br />

Zu erwarten gewesen wäre eine Alternation dieser Vokale mit w, aber überall<br />

liegt in der Reduktionsposition ein Vokal vor. Womit sind die Alternationen<br />

/u, u/u und ü/u zu erklären Zur Klärung dieser Frage ist es nötig, folgendes in<br />

Betracht zu ziehen: Bekanntlich ergeben die Vokale ö und u (ü) im leichten<br />

Kern einen Wechsel mit w, d. h. ihr vokalisches Element geht verloren, und es<br />

bleibt w übrig, denn u = wy, ü – wi, ö – we. Was o anbelangt, so ist es durch<br />

kein inziges Beispiel belegbar). Dagegen bieten die Vokale a, e, i und y im<br />

schweren Kern als Reduktionsergebnis y. Dies ist dr Endpunkt ihrer<br />

Veränderlichkeit. Deshalb ist:<br />

ö = we →wy<br />

ü = wi →wy<br />

u<br />

u = wy → wy<br />

120

Demnach erfahren die Vokale ö und u (ü) im schweren Kern drei und<br />

viersilbiger Wörter eine „versteckte“ Reduktion.<br />

Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse unterstreichen noch einmal die Besonderheiten<br />

des schweren Kerns. Anderfalls würden die Vokale ö, u (ü) einen Wechsel mit<br />

u ergeben. Bestimmend ist die phonologische Umgebung des<br />

Reduktionsvokals, und zwar die Konsonantenfolge, C s C, die Reduktionsvokal<br />

unbedingt folgen muß.<br />

III.<br />

Die Vokalreduktion in potentiell fünfsilbigen Wörtern<br />

In potentiell fünfsilbigen Wörtern unterliegen zwei Vokale der Reduktion (der<br />

zweite von vorn und der zweite von hinten), <strong>da</strong>her sind zwei Reduktionskerne<br />

zu unterscheiden. Theoretisch zulässig ist, <strong>da</strong>ß in einem Wort zwei<br />

Reduktionskerne unterschiedlicher Art und unterschiedliche Reduktionsvokale<br />

auftreten, weshalb natürlich auch die Reduktion unterschiedlich verläuft. Ihre<br />

einfache Form kann durch folgende Formel ausgedrückt.<br />

V + {CVC} + V + {CVC } + V →<br />

↓ ↓<br />

→ V | C∅C | V | C∅C | V<br />

Beispiele:<br />

Xabžine „er teilt mit“<br />

laxbažine „er teilte mit“<br />

− CVC∅CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

− CV |C∅C |V | C∅C | V<br />

apšire „er vermehrt“ − VC∅CVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

adpišre „er vermehrte“ − V | C∅C | V | C∅C |V<br />

121

akwtune „er rüttelt“<br />

adkutwune „er rüttelte“<br />

− VCwCVCV<br />

↓ ↓<br />

− V|C∅C | V | CwC | V<br />

sargib „nützlich“<br />

asyrgebil „du nutztes“<br />

lisyrgeble „nutzen“<br />

− CVC s CVC<br />

↓<br />

− V | CyC s C | VCVC<br />

↓<br />

− CV | CyC s C | V | C∅C | V<br />

Auf der Grundlage der gewonnenen Ergebnisse lassen sich die Schemata der<br />

Vokalreduktion des oberbalischen Dialekts der swanischen Sprache für alte<br />

theoretisch zulässigen typen des leichten und schweren Kerns <strong>da</strong>rstellen:<br />

V + { C V C } + V →<br />

→ V | C Ø C | V<br />

Schema 1. Reduktionsvokal a (ä), e, i, und y<br />

CVCc<br />

CcVC<br />

CVCw<br />

…..….<br />

CVCcw<br />

………<br />

CVCcw<br />

……….<br />

CVCc<br />

CcVC<br />

CVCw<br />

CwVC<br />

CVCcw<br />

CcwVC<br />

CVCcw<br />

CcwVC<br />

V + { C V C } + V → V | C w C | V<br />

122

Schema 2. Reduktionsvokal o (ö) und u (ü).<br />

V + { C V C s C } + V →<br />

→ V | C y C s C | V<br />

Schema 3. Reduktionsvokal a (ä), e, i und y.<br />

CVCsCc<br />

CcVCsC<br />

CVCsCw<br />

…....….<br />

CVCsCcw<br />

….……<br />

……......<br />

CcVCsw<br />

CVCsCc<br />

CcVCsC<br />

CVCsCw<br />

…....….<br />

CVCsCcw<br />

….……<br />

……......<br />

CcVCsw<br />

V + { C V C s C } + V →<br />

→ V | C u C s C | V<br />

Schema 4. Reduktionsvokal o (ö) und u (ü).<br />

123

literatura<br />

1. g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi,<br />

Tb., 1949.<br />

2. g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis Sesavali,<br />

Tb., 1966.<br />

3. T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema<br />

<strong>da</strong> ablauti <strong>qarTvelur</strong> enebSi, Tb.,<br />

1965.<br />

4. T. gamyreliZe, TanxmovanTa `gan<strong>da</strong>seba~<br />

qarTulSi, varlam Tofuria 100, 2001.<br />

5. v. Tofuria, Sromebi, I, Tb., 1967.<br />

6. v. Tofuria, reduqciisaTvis <strong>qarTvelur</strong><br />

enebSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, I,<br />

Tb., 1986.<br />

7. v. Tofuria, r <strong>da</strong> n TanxmovanTa monacvleobisaTvis<br />

svanur zmnebSi, sax. universitetis<br />

Sromebi, Tb., 1941.<br />

8. v. Tofuria, saxelTa <strong>da</strong>boloebis istoriisaTvis<br />

svanurSi. Tbilisis universitetis<br />

moambe, VII, Tb., 1927.<br />

9. g. maWavariani, xmovanTa sistemis <strong>da</strong>xasia-<br />

TebisaTvis svanurSi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis, Sromebi, t. 96, 1963.<br />

10. g. maWavariani, saerTo-<strong>qarTvelur</strong>i konsonanturi<br />

sistema. Tb., 1965.<br />

11. a. oniani, <strong>qarTvelur</strong> <strong>enaTa</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />

gramatikis <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, Tb., 1989.<br />

12. a. oniani, opozicia `xmovani-Tanxmovani~<br />

Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi. ike<br />

XXII, Tb., 1980.<br />

124

13. a. oniani, grZeli xmovnis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

svanurSi, ike XIII, Tb., 1962.<br />

14. a. oniani, svanuri ena. Tb., 1998.<br />

15. s. JRenti, <strong>qarTvelur</strong> <strong>enaTa</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />

fonetika, Tb., 1960.<br />

16. s. JRenti, <strong>qarTvelur</strong> <strong>enaTa</strong> fonetikis<br />

<strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, Tb., 1965.<br />

17. s. JRenti, svanuri enis fonetikis ZiriTadi<br />

<strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, Tb., 1949.<br />

18. T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri<br />

struqtura, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1976.<br />

19. m. qal<strong>da</strong>ni, svanuri enis fonetika, I,<br />

umlautis sistema svanurSi, Tb., 1969.<br />

20. i. CantlaZe, qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, Tb.,<br />

1998.<br />

21. a. SaniZe, weliwadis etimologiisaTvis.<br />

`weliwdeuli~, Tb., 1923-24.<br />

22. a. SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi, qarTuli enis<br />

struqturisa <strong>da</strong> istoriis sakiTxi. I, Tb.,<br />

1957.<br />

23. a. SaniZe, berZnuli sityva akuzativis<br />

formis svanurSi, Tbilisis universitetis<br />

moambe, t. V, Tb., 1925.<br />

24. a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis<br />

safuZveli, Tb., 1953.<br />

25. a. SaniZe, v. Tofuria, svanuri prozauli<br />

teqstebi, I, balszemouri kilo, Tb., 1939.<br />

26. T. SaraZeniZe, uaryofiTi nawilaki<br />

svanurSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri mecniereba, I,<br />

Tb., 1946.<br />

27. g. wereTeli, sonantebisa <strong>da</strong> ablauris Teoriis<br />

gamo <strong>qarTvelur</strong> enebSi, T. gamyreliZe,<br />

125

126<br />

g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema <strong>da</strong> ablauti<br />

<strong>qarTvelur</strong> enebSi, Tb., 1965.<br />

28. z. WumburiZe, umlauti lentexur kiloSi.<br />

Tsu Sromebi, Tb., 1960.<br />

29. z. WumburiZe, grZeli xmovnebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

<strong>qarTvelur</strong> enebSi, krebuli, akaki<br />

SaniZe _ 100, Tb., 1987.<br />

30. z. WumburiZe, l. niJaraZe, r. qur<strong>da</strong>Ze,<br />

svanuri ena, Tb., 2007.<br />

31. О.С. Ахманова, Фонология, морфонология,<br />

морфология, М., 1966.<br />

32. В.И. Георгиев, Фонематический и морфематический<br />

подход к объяснению флексии славянских языков,<br />

«Вопросы языкозняния», №4, 1968.<br />

33. Е.С. Кубякова, Ю.Г. Панкрац, Морфонология в<br />

описании языков, М., 1983.<br />

34. К.Г. Шмидт, Место сванского в семье картвельских<br />

языков, «Вопросы языкозняния», №2, 1991.<br />

35. K. Schmidt, Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes<br />

der südkaucasischen Grundsprache. Wiesbaden, 1962.<br />

<strong>qarTvelur</strong>i fuZe-enis bgeraTsistemis rekonstruqciisaTvis.<br />

Targmani T. kvaWantiraZisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> l. nafetvariZisa: `samecniero-bibliografiuli<br />

krebuli. Tsu, 1964.<br />

36. k. Smidti (1997): K. Schmidt, Zur Funktion,<br />

Formation und Entwicklung des verbalnomens in den<br />

Kartvelsprachen: `zurab WumburiZes~ (<strong>da</strong>badebis<br />

70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli), Tsu,<br />

1997.<br />

37. Н.С. Трубецкой, Основы фонологии, 1967.<br />

38. Р.И. Аванесов, Фонетика современного русского<br />

языка, 1956.

39. Г. Гдисон, Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику,<br />

1959.<br />

40. Г.А. Климов, Этимологический словарь картвельских<br />

языков. 1964.<br />

41. Г.А. Климов, Скланение в картвельских языках в<br />

сравнительно-историческом аспекте, М., 1962.<br />

42. Ф. де Соссюр, Курс общей лингвистики, 1933.<br />

43. А. Мартине, Принцип экономии в ыонетических<br />

изменениях, 1960.<br />

44. А.И. Томсон, Общее языковедение, Одесса, 1910.<br />

127

128<br />

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavleba<br />

Sesavali<br />

1.1. saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis<br />

Semdeg qarTulma enam SeiZina saxelmwifo enis<br />

realuri statusi. nebismier qveyanaSi erovnuli<br />

(saxelmwifo) enis floba aucilebelia iq mcxovrebi<br />

moqalaqeebisaTvis. Tumca saqarTveloSi<br />

realoba, samwuxarod, sxva iyo, rac im araswori<br />

politikis Sedegad miviReT, romelsac sabWoTa<br />

kavSiri atareb<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT.<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

yvela respublikaSi eTnikur umciresobaTa urTierTobis<br />

ena, rasakvirvelia, iyo rusuli ena.<br />

isini swavlobdnen rusul skolebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qar-<br />

Tuli ena iswavlebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc `ucxo ena~ <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />

erT-erTi rigiTi sagani, umetesad zereled.<br />

amitom, bunebrivia, umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi ar flobdnen saTanadod qar-<br />

Tul enas an saerTod ar icodnen. sayovelTaod<br />

cnobilia, rom ucxo enis swavla zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />

asakis a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis sakmaod rTulia. saxelmwifo<br />

enis codnis gareSe ki a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavs arasrulfasovan<br />

moqalaqed grZnobs. demokratiul<br />

saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebis yvela wevri un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos Tanasworuflebiani. amisaTvis, aucilebelia,<br />

flobdes saxelmwifo enas.<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebma<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gaicnobieres, rom<br />

saWiro iyo saxelmwifo enis codna qarTul sazogadoebaSi<br />

ukeT integrirebisaTvis. araqarTvelTa-

Tvis qarTuli enis Seswavlis sakiTxi dRiTidRe<br />

ufro aqtualuri xdebo<strong>da</strong>. amave periodSi saqarTveloSi,<br />

rogorc axladSeqmnil <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoSi, ixsnebo<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis<br />

saelCoebi, Camodiodnen ucxoelebi <strong>da</strong> maTac<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T survili qarTuli enis <strong>Seswavlisa</strong>.<br />

1.2. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis axali qarTuli enis<br />

kaTedras hqon<strong>da</strong> Zalian didi gamocdileba qar-<br />

Tuli enis araqarTvelTaTvis <strong>swavlebis</strong>a TiTqmis<br />

universitetis <strong>da</strong>arsebis dRi<strong>da</strong>n. bolo dros am<br />

sferos vkurirebdiT Cven kaTedris gamgis,<br />

profesor elene babunaSvilis, xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />

amdenad met-naklebad vicodiT yvela is problema,<br />

romelic axl<strong>da</strong> qarTulis, rogorc ucxo enis,<br />

Seswavlis saqmes. naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom saWiro iyo<br />

qarTuli enis swavlebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT axali<br />

realobis gaTvaliswineba. is ucxoelebi, romlebsac<br />

Cven adre vaswavlidiT qarTul enas, umetesad<br />

iyvnen lingvistebi, an humanitarul mecnierebaTa<br />

warmomadgenlebi: istorikosebi, eTnologebi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva. axla ki saqme exebo<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva specialobis<br />

mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romelTaTvisac mTavari<br />

iyo qarTuli enis Seswavla sakomunikaciod. maT-<br />

Tvis sruliad ar iyo saintereso <strong>da</strong> xSir Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi ki savsebiT gaugebari enis lingvisturi<br />

aspeqtebi.<br />

enis aTvisebebis ori gza<br />

2.1. me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n mTel<br />

msoflioSi Zalian aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong> meore (ucxo)<br />

129

enis <strong>da</strong>uflebis meTodologiuri <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>s Seswavla.<br />

Seiqmna mravali Teoria, romelic, cxadia,<br />

iyo gansxvavebuli, magram yvelas safuZvlad edo<br />

erTi mTavari principi: ucxo enis <strong>swavlebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>wyeba<br />

komunikaciuri midgomiT. wina planze iwevs<br />

metyveleba. sametyvelo komunikaciuri anu lokuciuri<br />

(ing. locution) aqti. enis <strong>swavlebis</strong> amgvar<br />

procesebs Seiswavlis komunikaciuri lingvistika,<br />

anu sxvagvarad mas uwodeben diskursis (laT.<br />

discursus `aqeT-iqeT svla, rbena, `saubari~. frang.<br />

discours `saubari~, `sityva~, `msjeloba~; ing.<br />

discourse `saubari~, `sityva~, `msjeloba~, `diskusia~)<br />

an teqstis lingvistikas. teqsti aris enobriv<br />

gamonaTqvamTa simravle, romelic warmoadgens<br />

funqciurad <strong>da</strong>srulebul sakomunikacio<br />

erTeuls. mas un<strong>da</strong> axasiaTebdes azris mTlianoba.<br />

teqstis lingvistika Seiswavlis mxolod iseT<br />

enobriv gamonaTqvamebs, romelTac SeuZliaT sakomunikacio<br />

funqciis Sesruleba. es SeiZleba iyos<br />

erTi sityva, wina<strong>da</strong>deba <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba mTeli wigni.<br />

(1,434) teqsti un<strong>da</strong> iyos maqsimalurad informaciuli,<br />

gamokveTilad warmoaCendes molaparakis<br />

mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobas, ganzraxvas <strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes<br />

situacias, garemos.<br />

enis <strong>swavlebis</strong> komunikaciuri midgoma niSnavs<br />

metyvelebis <strong>da</strong>wyebas pir<strong>da</strong>pir wina<strong>da</strong>debebiT. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi calkeuli sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n ki ar mivdivarT<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debisaken, aramed, piriqiT, wina<strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

viwyebT, romelic garkveul azrs gadmogvcems<br />

enis gramatikuli wesebiT erTmaneTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sityvebis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

xdeba misi Semadgeneli sityvebis Seswavla. Cveu-<br />

130

lebriv, es wina<strong>da</strong>debebi dialogebia. sintaqsuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT martivi agebulebisaa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsobrivad<br />

sayofacxovrebo Temebs exeba.<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debaSi sityvebs Soris garkveuli<br />

urTierTkavSiri arsebobs, romelTa gaanalizeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaxsna, saerTod, rTulia, magram gansakuTrebiT<br />

rTulia qarTulis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

2.2. cnobilia, rom qarTuli enis gramatikuli<br />

sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba indoevropuli enebisagan.<br />

qarTuli zmnis mravalpirianoba gulisxmobs<br />

zmnis formaSi subieqturi <strong>da</strong> obieqturi<br />

pirebis warmoCenas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad am pirebis<br />

mixedviT misi formebis cvlas. misi uaRresad<br />

rTuli <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani kategoriebi garkveul<br />

siZneles uqmnis Semswavlels. aseve rTulia<br />

zmnasTan Sewyobili aqtantebis brunvis formebis<br />

gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> sxva. magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am sirTuleebisa,<br />

yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong> vixelmZRvaneloT principiT:<br />

nu gavarTulebT imas, rac ise<strong>da</strong>c rTulia,<br />

piriqiT, gavamartivoT. am mxriv Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />

qarTuli zmnis sistemis gasagebad, naTlad<br />

<strong>da</strong>, rac SeiZleba, martivad warmodgena. gramatikuli<br />

kategoriebis ise miwodeba, rom<br />

Semswavlelma SeZlos misi gaazreba <strong>da</strong> aTviseba.<br />

mniSvnelovania gansakuTrebiT enis <strong>swavlebis</strong><br />

sawyis safexurze ZiriTadi gramatikuli struqturebis<br />

gacnoba, gaanalizeba <strong>da</strong> Tanmimdevrulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>lageba.<br />

aseve mniSvnelovania teqstebis SerCeva <strong>da</strong><br />

gramatikuli formebis axsna. un<strong>da</strong> iqnes <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

principi: martivi<strong>da</strong>n rTulisken. sakomunikacio<br />

masalaSi zmnebi imgvarad un<strong>da</strong> iqnes warmodge-<br />

131

nili, rom Semswavlelma SeZlos aagos martivi<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debebi, romelTa saSualebiTac gadmogvcems<br />

informacias Tavisi vinaobis, specialobis, sacxovreblis,<br />

survilis, grZnobebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

amgvari <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>s Sesaxeb. rac aris am tipis<br />

saxelmZRvanelos agebis principi. saWiroa sakomunikacio<br />

modelebis fonze ZiriTadi gramatikuli<br />

kategoriebis warmodgena <strong>da</strong> analizi.<br />

mTeli yuradRebis ga<strong>da</strong>tana morfosintaqsur <strong>da</strong><br />

morfosemantikur aspeqtebze.<br />

2.3. cnobilia enis SeTvisebis ori gza: 1. enis<br />

aTviseba bunebriv garemoSi. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es aris<br />

bavSvis mier mSobliuri enis aTviseba. gramatikuli<br />

struqturisa <strong>da</strong> wesebis specialuri Seswavlis<br />

gareSe. rogorc r. traski aRniSnavs: mSobliuri<br />

enis aTviseba mimdinareobs ara imitaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />

waxalisebis, aramed cdisa <strong>da</strong> konstruirebis<br />

gziT. yvela bavSvi xuT wlamde asakSi zusti<br />

TanmimdevrobiT awesrigebs enobriv masalas ise,<br />

rom 5-6 wlis asakSi mSobliuri enis gramatikis<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 97%-s uSualod iyenebs. am warmatebas<br />

ganapirobebs sami ram:<br />

• mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

bavSvs ar usworeben arazustad warmo-<br />

Tqmul frazebs (yuradReba ga<strong>da</strong>tanilia<br />

Sinaarsze).<br />

• mSobliuri enis <strong>da</strong>ufleba bunebriv garemoSi<br />

xdeba;<br />

• ena bavSvisaTvis aris garkveuli funqciisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobis matarebeli (15,169-170).<br />

d. uznaZe ase warmogvidgens bavSvis metyvelebis<br />

ganviTarebis etapebs, romlebic, Cveni az-<br />

132

iT, Zalian mniSvnelovania ucxo enis Seswavlis<br />

procesis gaanalizebisaTvis. sawyis etapze, sanam<br />

bavSvi metyvelebas <strong>da</strong>iwyebs, is sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva bgeriT<br />

reaqcias iZleva <strong>da</strong> ase gamoxatavs mozrdilis<br />

metyvelebis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. sityvebis,<br />

anu diferencirebuli metyvelebis aRqmas igi<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro gvian iwyebs (5 Tvis Semdeg),<br />

xolo pirveli wlis bolos bavSvi pirvel sityvas<br />

<strong>da</strong> ramdenime calkeul erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

TiTo-TiTo sityvas ambobs. bavSvis<br />

metyvelebis ganviTarebis am etaps avtori pirvel<br />

stadias, anu `erTsityviani wina<strong>da</strong>debebis~ stadias<br />

uwodebs. es procesi grZeldeba naxevari<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg bavSvi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />

aRwevs gonebrivi ganviTarebis uaRresad mniSvnelovan<br />

etaps, rodesac is eufleba sityvas, rogorc<br />

obieqtis aRmniSvnels, anu sityva xdeba<br />

garkveuli obieqtis mniSvnelobis matarebeli. am<br />

etapi<strong>da</strong>n d. uznaZis azriT, bavSvi `metyvel<br />

arsebad~ iqceva. e.i. amTavrebs `simunjis periods~.<br />

Semdeg procesi swrafad viTardeba <strong>da</strong> 2 wlis<br />

asakSi bavSvma <strong>da</strong>axloebiT icis 300 sityva, xolo<br />

4 wlis asakSi – 2000 sityva. pirvelad ambobs<br />

arsebiT saxelebs, Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>dis zmnebze, Semdeg<br />

mimarTavs zedsarTav saxels <strong>da</strong> a.S. metyvelebis<br />

metad mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens bavSvis<br />

mier fleqsiebis (saxelis brunvebis, zmnis uRlebis<br />

formebis <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong>ufleba, anu rodesac<br />

bavSvi axerxebs ori sityvis erTmaneTTan sworad<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebas <strong>da</strong> ityvis wina<strong>da</strong>debebs, rogorc erT<br />

mTlian gramatikul struqturas (6,339-342).<br />

133

enis gramatikuli struqturis `intuiciurad~<br />

aTviseba bavSvs saSualebas aZlevs warmoTqvas<br />

grZeli wina<strong>da</strong>debebi. bavSvi iTvisebs enis Sinagani<br />

wesebis rTul sistemas, romelsac mas aravin<br />

aswavlis. aRsaqmelad mas eZleva mxolod konkretuli<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debebi konkretul situaciaSi. ra<br />

procesi mimdinareobs bavSvis fsiqikaSi jerjerobiT<br />

Seuswavlelia. es uaRresad rTuli <strong>da</strong><br />

gaurkveveli procesia. zogierTi fsiqologi aRni-<br />

Snavs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis tvinSi arsebobs genetikurad<br />

<strong>da</strong>programebuli lingvisturi meqanizmi. aseTia,<br />

magaliTad, noam Comskis Teoria, romlis mixedviT:<br />

bavSvs aqvs Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili unari <strong>da</strong>amuSaos<br />

informacia <strong>da</strong> Seqmnas mSobliuri enis gramatikis<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> struqturebi. T. gamyreliZis azriT, es debuleba<br />

hipoTezur xasiaTs atarebs, magram<br />

mniSvnelovania erTi ram, rom bavSvis tvinSi<br />

namdvilad xdeba miRebuli informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba,<br />

radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi is orwevriani<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debebi, romlebsac bavSvi warmoTqvams,<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir ara aqvs miRebuli. gasaocaria bavSvis<br />

unari, moaxdinos ganzogadeba. mas aqvs mowesrigebulobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> normatiulobis grZnoba. mSobliur<br />

enaSi igi cdilobs `simwyobris aRmoCenas~.<br />

mas SeuZlia gansazRvros mocemuli gamonaTqvamis<br />

siswore garkveuli enobrivi struqturebis <strong>da</strong><br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis mixedviT. lingvistebi am unars<br />

`gramatikis grZnobas~ uwodeben. es grZnoba dro-<br />

Ta ganmavlobaSi viTardeba <strong>da</strong> bavSvi ufro metad<br />

rwmundeba Tavis lingvistur kompetenciaSi (1,77).<br />

2.4. Cveni azriT, bavSvis mier metyvelebis<br />

aTvisebis sawyis etapze xdeba enis `JReradobis~<br />

134

(vgulisxmobT enis mTlian kompozicias) aTviseba.<br />

es procesi zr<strong>da</strong>srul a<strong>da</strong>mianSic mimdinareobs<br />

(ucxo enis swavlis dros), raTa SeZlos teqstis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli aRqma, anu calkeuli sityvebis<br />

gagoneba gabmul teqstSi. amisaTvis garkveuli<br />

muSaobaa saWiro. es problema didxans gasdevs<br />

Semswavlels, sanam kargad ar aiTvisebs enas. mag.:<br />

Cqari metyvelebis dros ver igebs azrs, an<br />

misTvis gaugebari xdeba im a<strong>da</strong>mianis saubari,<br />

visac metyvelebis defeqti aqvs (magaliTad, sityvebs<br />

ar gamoTqvams bolomde). enis `JReradobis~<br />

aTviseba aris Zalian mniSvnelovani ucxo enis<br />

Seswavlis procesSi. arian zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />

romlebsac uaRresad ganviTarebuli aqvT smeniTi<br />

mexsiereba <strong>da</strong> ucxo enis aTvisebas mxolod smenis<br />

saSualebiT axerxeben. am a<strong>da</strong>mianebs esmiT, rom<br />

fraza ar aris swori, raRac gaumarTavia, is amas<br />

ase ar ityo<strong>da</strong>, magram konkretulad raSia saqme,<br />

ver getyvian. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ise, rogorc es aris<br />

bavSvis SemTxvevaSi. Tu zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />

amgvari niWiT aris <strong>da</strong>jildoebuli, is albaT<br />

ufro martivad iTvisebs enas, magram amisaTvis<br />

sxva xelSemwyobi pirobebicaa saWiro. kerZod,<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani un<strong>da</strong> moxvdes iseT garemoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi<br />

ena ar ecodinebaT <strong>da</strong> igi iZulebuli iqneba<br />

komunikacia a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan <strong>da</strong>amyaros misTvis ucxo<br />

enis saSualebiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi lomis wili<br />

individzea, magram es procesi mainc sakmaod did<br />

dros moiTxovs. rac Seexeba bavSvis swrafvas<br />

enis sistemurobisaken, Cveni azriT, es imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom bavSvs ase ufro eadvileba<br />

masalis aTviseba, struqturirebuli masalis<br />

135

<strong>da</strong>xsomeba gacilebiT ufro advilia (4,166), anu es<br />

aris ufro martivi gza enis aTvisebisaTvis.<br />

leqsikis aTviseba bavSvis mier, cxadia, xdeba<br />

mravaljer mosmenilis <strong>da</strong>maxsovrebiT.<br />

3.1. axla warmovadgenT enis aTvisebis meore<br />

gzas. es aris enis aTviseba zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

mier saWiroebis gamo, gamiznulad, gaazrebulad.<br />

es gza Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveli gzisgan. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia sami aspeqti:<br />

lingvisturi, fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri.<br />

lingvistur aspeqtSi Cven vgulisxmobT: 1. enis<br />

aTvisebas komunikaciuri midgomiT <strong>da</strong> 2. enis<br />

aRqmas erT mTlian sistemad. pirvelis Sesaxeb<br />

Cven mokled gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari, rac Seexeba meores,<br />

`ena sistemaa~ _ es cnobili debuleba enis<br />

Sesaxeb imas niSnavs, rom ena ar aris raRac<br />

erTeulebis mouwesrigebeli simravle, aramed<br />

iseTi elementebis erTobliobaa, romelTa Soris<br />

garkveuli mimarTebebi <strong>da</strong> kavSirebi arsebobs. es<br />

elementebi Tavisebur struqturebs (laT. srtuctura<br />

`agebuleba~) qmnian. amave dros enis erTeulebi<br />

qmnian sistemas, anu erTianobas, romelSic yoveli<br />

erTeuli garkveul kavSirSia yvela sxva erTeul-<br />

Tan. mimarTeba erTeulebs Soris SeiZleba iyos<br />

sintagmuri <strong>da</strong> paradigmatmuli. am sistemebis<br />

gaazreba <strong>da</strong> Seswavla aris saWiro. aRniSnuli<br />

sistemebi aRiwereba enaTmecnierTa mier. enaTmecnieris<br />

ZiriTadi mizania enis bunebis garkveva.<br />

rogorc arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs: enis kvlevis<br />

dros, upirveles yovlisa, un<strong>da</strong> vixelmZRvaneloT<br />

`meTodologiuri imanentizmiT~, rac gulisxmobs<br />

136

enobrivi <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>Wras uSualod konkretuli<br />

enis bunebi<strong>da</strong>n amosvliT. kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad<br />

miRebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes debulebaTa organizebuli<br />

sistema, romelic ganisazRvreba enis<br />

funqcionirebiT.<br />

ukve aRvniSneT, rom bavSvisaTis enis aTvisebis<br />

dros udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs bavSvis<br />

mier enis gramatikuli struqturis `intuiciur~<br />

aRqmas. bavSvis swrafva enis `sistemurobisaken~,<br />

Cven simartivisaken swrafvad moviazreT (rasakvirvelia,<br />

es procesi bavSvisaTvis gaucnobierebelia).<br />

vfiqrobT, igive procesebi mimdinareobs<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>srul a<strong>da</strong>mianSic meore enis Seswavlis<br />

dros. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs enis srulyofili<br />

sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> struqturebis miwodebas<br />

SemswavlelTaTvis. ras vgulisxmobT srulyofil<br />

sistemaSi Tu Cven mier warmodgenili sistemebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> struqturebi moicavs enis did nawils <strong>da</strong><br />

mcirea gamonaklisi, es imaze miuTiTebs, rom<br />

modeli Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT srulyofilia.<br />

sainteresoa, rom gamonaklisebi enisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

ar arsebobs. isic raRac sistemis<br />

mixedviT moqmedebs, romelic SeiZleba arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />

garkveul safexurze, kidev meti, SeiZleba<br />

sinqroniula<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs, magram gauxsnelia, anu<br />

`farulad moqmedebs~. swored misi aRmoCena <strong>da</strong><br />

gaanalizebaa enaTmecnierebis saqme.<br />

3.2. zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani fsiqologiurad meore<br />

enis Seswavlis dros sakmaod rTuli problemis<br />

winaSe dgas. Camoyalibebuli aqvs de<strong>da</strong>enis<br />

saartikulacio bazisi, icis TiToeuli leqsikuri<br />

erTeulis semantika, iyenebs mSobliuri enis<br />

137

gramatikul struqturas, anu flobs enis lingvokulturul<br />

kompetencias. ucxo enis Seswavlis<br />

dros didia de<strong>da</strong>enis gavlena, rogorc trubeckoi<br />

ambobs, ucxo ena de<strong>da</strong>enis speqtrs gaivlis<br />

individSi (16,37). magram es gavlena SeiZleba iyos<br />

rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve <strong>da</strong>debiTi. aRniSnuli<br />

movlena enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia interferenciis<br />

saxelwodebiT. interferencia aris orenovnebis<br />

pirobebSi enobrivi sistemebis urTierTqmedeba,<br />

romelic yalibdeba enobrivi kontaqtebis<br />

(mag.: meore enis Seswavlis) dros (4,164). meore<br />

enis Seswavlis dros nebismieri ga<strong>da</strong>xra mSobliuri<br />

enis zegavleniT aris swored interferencia.<br />

aseTi SemTxvevebi, cxadia, uaryofiT<br />

gavlenas axdens ucxo enis Seswavlis procesze.<br />

gansakuTrebiT es aris zr<strong>da</strong>srul a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi,<br />

romelTa cnobierebaSi mtkiced aris fesvebgadgmuli<br />

mSobliuri enis yvela sistema. amitom<br />

Semswavlelebs mudmivad awuxebT kiTxva: ratom<br />

maT un<strong>da</strong> miiRon amaze pasuxi. sasurvelia<br />

<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli, rom moexsnaT es kiTxva.<br />

fsiqologiurad amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />

3.3. meore enis <strong>swavlebis</strong> dros gverds ver<br />

avuvliT im fsiqologiur procesebs, romelsac<br />

ganicdis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani. saerTod, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

mier enis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs fsiqologiuri<br />

procesebi, rasac swavlobs mecnierebis axali<br />

<strong>da</strong>rgi fsiqolingvistika. es termini pirvelad 1953<br />

wels iqna miRebuli fsiqologebis, lingvistebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> anTropologebis saerTo konferenciaze. fsiqolingvistika<br />

ikvlevs 2 ZiriTad sakiTxs:<br />

138

1. enis ra codnaa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom<br />

ena gamoviyenoT<br />

2. ra kognitiur procesebia CarTuli enis<br />

gamoyenebaSi<br />

kognitiur procesebSi igulisxmeba aRqma, mexsiereba,<br />

azrovneba <strong>da</strong> iseTi aqtivobebi, rogoric<br />

aris saubari <strong>da</strong> mosmena (1,473).<br />

fsiqolingvistika safuZvlad udevs ucxo<br />

enis Seswavlis meTodikas.<br />

enisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur parametrTa Soris<br />

kavSiris mimarT interesi gansakuTrebiT gacxovel<strong>da</strong><br />

XX saukunis bolos. interdisciplinaruli<br />

midgoma saSualebas iZleva pasuxi gaeces mraval<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetel problemas, rogorc enis funqcionirebis,<br />

aseve a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevis sakiTxebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />

jer kidev boduen de kurtene yof<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTisagan<br />

enis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare movlenebs. misi<br />

azriT, masala enis gareSe istoriisaTvis igive<br />

iyo, rac masala istoriisaTvis saerTod. xolo<br />

enis Si<strong>da</strong> istoriisaTvis masalas TviT ena<br />

iZleo<strong>da</strong> (12,56). am sakiTxs yvelaze ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT<br />

Seexo frangi enaTmecnieri ferdinand de<br />

sosiuri. igi mijnav<strong>da</strong> enis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare mxareebs<br />

ara istoriasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed struqturaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. manve gamoyo lingvistikis<br />

sakvlev obieqtad enis struqtura, rogorc Caketili<br />

sistema (5,24). Semdeg l.blumfildis Teoriam<br />

(11,98) Tu transformaciulma gramatikam<br />

kidev ufro gaaRrmava sxvaoba enis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare<br />

mxareebs Soris. ignorirebuli iyo enis socialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena<br />

139

enis istoriaze. lingvists saqme un<strong>da</strong> hqondes<br />

idealur molaparakesTan <strong>da</strong> msmenelTan. mTavaria<br />

enis referenciuli funqcia. wina<strong>da</strong>deba aris<br />

iseTi erTeuli, romelic yvelaze advilad<br />

eqvemdebareba sistemur analizs. ena individis<br />

mimarT imperatiulia, radganac ena socialuri<br />

movlenaa. ena warmoadgens TiToeulisa <strong>da</strong> yvelas<br />

kuTvnilebas mocemul enobriv koleqtivSi <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom yovelgvari individualuri ga<strong>da</strong>xveva <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

enobrivi normebi<strong>da</strong>n koleqtivis mxriv<br />

mxolod winaaRmdegobas iwvevs. enobrivi koleqtivi<br />

konservatiuli Zalaa, romelic aiZulebs<br />

calkeul individebs imetyvelon ise, rogorc<br />

metyvelebs yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni. am TvalsazrisiT ena<br />

gansxvavdeba sxva socialuri movlenebisagan (5,27-<br />

28). lingvistebis umravlesoba iziareb<strong>da</strong> f. sosiuris<br />

am midgomas enisadmi.<br />

gamonaklisi iyo mecnierTa patara jgufi,<br />

romlebic did yuradRebas uTmobdnen enis gare<br />

faqtorebs. maT ricxvs ekuTvnodnen cnobili<br />

mecnierebi amerikaSi e.sepiri <strong>da</strong> b.l.uorfi. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom zemoxsenebulma SezRudvebma Tavis<br />

droze progresuli roli iTamaSes TviT enis<br />

struqturis safuZvlian SeswavlaSi <strong>da</strong> saerTod<br />

lingvistikis ganviTarebaSi. magram Semdgom<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom arsebobs enaSi iseTi cvlilebebi,<br />

romlebic ver aixsneba TviT enobrivi masaliT. am<br />

fonze warmoiSva fsiqolingvistika <strong>da</strong> sociolingvistika.<br />

interdisciplinaruli midgomis momxreebisaTvis<br />

ena Ria sistemaa, romelic ganicdis<br />

gare movlenebis zemoqmedebas <strong>da</strong> amis gamo<br />

icvleba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mTeli yuradReba modis<br />

140

molaparake a<strong>da</strong>mianze. samyaros gaazrebis aucileblobam<br />

enaTmecniereba axali problemebis<br />

winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena.<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis gareSe enis Seswavla arasrulyofilia.<br />

komunikaciis procesi aqtualuria, cocxali,<br />

rac imas niSnavs, rom ena, romelic kodis saxiT<br />

arsebobs a<strong>da</strong>mianSi, aqtualizdeba konkretuli<br />

procesis dros. amgvari midgoma komunikaciuri<br />

procesisadmi gulisxmobs enis Seswavlas dinamikaSi,<br />

anu molaparakisa <strong>da</strong> msmenelis warmodgenas<br />

azrovnebis procesSi, rac aucileblad<br />

fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba <strong>da</strong>, Tavis<br />

mxriv, kognitiur aspeqtebs moicavs. es niSnavs<br />

enobrivi erTeulebisa <strong>da</strong> kategoriebis Seswavlas<br />

fsiqologiur aspeqtebTan gaTvaliswinebiT (aRqma,<br />

azrovneba, warmosaxva, mexsiereba <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />

3.4. fsiqologebis azriT, or individs Soris<br />

komunikaciis aqti xorcieldeba mentaluri<br />

movlenebis (warmodgenebis, cnebebis) materializaciis<br />

gziT. warmodgenis materializacia enaSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moxdes bgeris saSualebiT, magram bgeras ar<br />

aqvs unari warmodgenebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri materializaciisa<br />

(radgan warmodgena xatia), samagierod<br />

Tavisuflad axerxebs cnebebis materializacias.<br />

radgan cneba ar aris xati, igi azria sagnis an<br />

movlenis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg bgeraSi<br />

(sityvaSi) realizdeba. es procesi mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. a<strong>da</strong>mians Tavisi<br />

anatomiuri struqtura saSualebas aZlevs mentaluri<br />

movlenebis realizacia moaxdinos bgeraSi,<br />

anu Tavisi warmodgenebi <strong>da</strong> cnebebi gareT<br />

gamoitanos fizikuri saSualebebiT, romelTa<br />

141

Sorisac upirvelesia bgera. warmodgena cnebebad<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba mxolod bgerasTan kavSirSi. bgeris<br />

gareSe es procesi ver ganxorcieldeba. warmodgenis<br />

cnebebad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas fsiqologebi azrovnebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawevrebas uwodeben, rac apirobebs vizualuri<br />

azrovnebis konceptualur azrovnebaSi<br />

transformacias. es procesi Tavis mxriv gavlenas<br />

axdens TviT bgerazec, radgan azrovnebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebisas<br />

TviT bgerac <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli xdeba. es ase<br />

rom ar iyos, maSin a<strong>da</strong>mians eqnebo<strong>da</strong> bgeriTi<br />

gamoxatulebis ramdenime forma: kivili, Rriali,<br />

CurCuli, tirili, sicili <strong>da</strong> a.S. azrovnebis<br />

saSualebiT xdeba bgeris <strong>da</strong>nawevreba garkveuli<br />

raodenobis Rirebulebebis mqone (konkretuli<br />

enisaTvis) erTeulad, romelTa kombinaciebiT<br />

SeiZleba gamoixatos cnebaTa usasrulo raodenoba.<br />

amrigad, ena formdeba fsiqologiisa <strong>da</strong><br />

fiziologiis sazRvarze, romelTa sinTezis gziT<br />

warmoiqmneba axali Tvisobrioba. anu enobrivi<br />

struqtura. enis roli azrovnebis warmoqmnis<br />

saqmeSi ganuzomelia. azrovnebis yvelaze ganviTarebuli<br />

safexuria konceptualuri azrovneba, romelic<br />

enis saSualebiT warmoiqmneba. ena rom ar<br />

iyos, arc konceptualuri azrovneba iqneba <strong>da</strong><br />

arc a<strong>da</strong>miani (6,433-437; 4,196-199).<br />

3.5. Cven savsebiT veTanxmebiT fsiqologTa am<br />

gamonaTqvamebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vZenT, rom azrovnebis cnebebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawevreba, marTalia, fsiqologiuri procesia,<br />

magram aq Tavs iCens enis problema. kerZod,<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi azrovnebis<br />

cnebebad <strong>da</strong>nawevreba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad xdeba. es<br />

aris swored is, rasac Cven `enis meqanizms~<br />

142

vuwodebT. mSobliur enaze metyvelebis dros es<br />

procesi meqanikuria, Tu raRacas sagangebod ar<br />

mieqca yuradReba. rac Seexeba bavSvs, is metyvelebis<br />

ganviTarebasTan erTad am `meqanizmsac~<br />

iTvisebs (radgan mas es `meqanizmi~ jer ar aqvs<br />

Camoyalibebuli). cxadia, aRniSnuli procesi<br />

vizualurad ver aRiqmeba <strong>da</strong> verc raime aparatiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iReba. mxolod SegviZlia amis Sesaxeb<br />

logikurad vimsjeloT. ase mag.: warmodgena<br />

`dis~ Sesaxeb qarTul enaSi azrovnebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis<br />

Semdeg erT cnebaSi (sityvaSi) gamovlindeba:<br />

`<strong>da</strong>~. svanurSi ki igive warmodgena or cnebad<br />

yalibdeba imis mixedviT, Tu romel `<strong>da</strong>zea~ saubari.<br />

Tu igulisxmeba `<strong>da</strong>~ `disTvis~, iqneba:<br />

`udil~, xolo Tu igulisxmeba `<strong>da</strong>~ `ZmisTvis~ −<br />

`<strong>da</strong>Cuir~. aseve or cnebad gvevlineba `Zmis~<br />

warmodgena azrovnebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis Semdeg: `Zma~<br />

ZmisTvis iqneba `mux…be, xolo Zma disTvis: jémil.<br />

ungrul enaSi am <strong>da</strong>yofas kidev emateba asakis<br />

mixedviT garCeva: ufrosi <strong>da</strong> umcrosi, rac<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sityvebiT gadmoicema. arsebobs enebi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c `<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `Zma~ erTi sityviT gamoixateba. e.i.<br />

ar xdeba am naTesauri kavSiris sqesis mixedviT<br />

garCeva. iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, qarTulSi sityva<br />

`maswavlebeli~ gulisxmobs qalsac <strong>da</strong> kacsac.<br />

magram igive warmodgena rusul enaSi or cnebad<br />

yalibdeba: «учитель» <strong>da</strong> «учительница». qarTulSi ar<br />

arsebobs mocemuli sityvis sqesis mixedviT<br />

diferencirebuli variantebi, radgan qarTuls ar<br />

aqvs sqesis kategoria, gasagebia. magram sai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

modis yovelive es es aris warmodgenis azrovnebad<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari <strong>da</strong>nawevreba, romelic<br />

143

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari aqvs, rasac Cven<br />

`enis meqanizms~ vuwodebT. romelic nawilobriv<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad gramatikul struqturebSi vlindeba.<br />

`maswavleblis~ SemTxvevaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

saqme exebo<strong>da</strong> sqesis gramatikul kategorias,<br />

`dis~ magaliTSi ki gramatika uZluri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saWiroa sakiTxis interdisciplinaruli kvleva,<br />

rac gulisxmobs enis movlenebis ufro farTo<br />

kuTxiT <strong>da</strong>naxvas, cxadia, esec ver iqneba bolomde<br />

srulyofili. amgvari midgoma Tanamedrove<br />

lingvistikaSi uaRresad aqtualuria.<br />

3.6. Cveni azriT, enis Seswavlis dros leqsikuri<br />

fondisa <strong>da</strong> gramatikuli struqturis Seswavlis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli yuradReba un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamaxvildes `enis meqanizmze~, romlis aTvisebis<br />

gareSe Semswavleli sasurvel mizans ver miaRwevs.<br />

gamoTqmuli azris <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad sakmarisia<br />

aseTi magaliTebis gaxseneba: uamravia iseTi<br />

SemTxveva, rodesac zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani ucxo<br />

enis leqsikuri erTeulebis garkveul marags<br />

flobs, ase Tu ise icis gramatikuli sistemebi,<br />

magram laparaks ver axerxebs. an kidev: esmis,<br />

rasac eubnebian, magram azris Camoyalibeba uWirs.<br />

swored `enis meqanizmis~ <strong>da</strong>uflebis Semdeg<br />

mTavrdeba Semswavlelis `simunjis periodi~. am<br />

process Cven `enaSi Sesvlas~ vuwodebT, rac<br />

gulisxmobs enis `semantikuri velebisa~ <strong>da</strong><br />

garkveuli sakomunikacio dialogebis codnas,<br />

enis struqturaSi garkvevas <strong>da</strong> `enis meqanizmis~<br />

aTvisebas. sainteresoa, rom am procesebis gavlis<br />

Semdeg a<strong>da</strong>mians aRar uWirs axali wina<strong>da</strong>debebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> leqsikuri erTeulebis <strong>da</strong>maxsovreba, amisaTvis<br />

144

mas aRar sWirdeba didi energiis <strong>da</strong>xarjva. Tu,<br />

magaliTad, ar axsendeba, an ar icis, romelime<br />

sityva, sxva sityvebiT Secvlis <strong>da</strong> Tavis azrs<br />

mainc gamoTqvams.<br />

amrigad. Cveni azriT, pasuxi kiTxvaze: enis ra<br />

codnaa sakmarisi, rom ena gamoviyenoT aseTia:<br />

Semswavlelma un<strong>da</strong> icodes enis leqsikuri fondi<br />

(<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2000 sityva mainc, rogorc es aris 5<br />

wlis bavSvis SemTxvevaSi), erkveodes enis struqturaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> aiTvisos `enis meqanizmi~. am ukanasknelis<br />

aTviseba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d smeniTi mexsierebiT<br />

xdeba. aRniSnuli procesebis gavlis Semdeg<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani 5-6 TveSi axerxebs komunikacias<br />

Sesaswavl enaze (rac <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa praqtikam).<br />

meore enis <strong>Seswavlisa</strong>dmi amgvari midgoma<br />

iZleva saSualebas ganvsazRvroT Semswavlelis<br />

enis flobis doneebi. rac Seexeba enis codnis<br />

gaRrmaveba, yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom is<br />

<strong>da</strong>usrulebeli procesia.<br />

4.1. enis ZiriTadi ganmartebi<strong>da</strong>n: ena sazogadoebrivi<br />

movlenaa, naTelia, rom ar arsebobs<br />

ena sazogadoebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> arc sazogadoeba<br />

arsebobs enis gareSe. amdenad, bunebrivia, ismis<br />

kiTxva: rogoria urTierToba enasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas<br />

Soris. ra gavlenas axdens sazogadoeba<br />

enaze an, piriqiT, ena – sazogadoebaze. am sakiTxebs<br />

ikvlevs sociolingvistika, romlis Sesaxeb<br />

zemoT mokled gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />

4.2. sociolingvistika Seiswavlis mimarTebas<br />

enasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris. amasTan, enac <strong>da</strong><br />

145

sazogadoebac ganixileba rogorc garkveuli<br />

struqturebi. sociolingvistikis amocanas Seadgens<br />

imis garkveva, Tu rogoria urTierTmimarTeba<br />

enobriv sistemasa <strong>da</strong> socialur struqturebs<br />

Soris (1,449-50). enaTmecnierebaSi am mimarTulebis<br />

fuZemdeblad iTvleba antuan meie. misi azriT,<br />

enis srulyofili gaazreba SeiZleba mxolod<br />

misi socialuri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT. enobrivi<br />

erTeulebis cvlilebebs ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d socialuri<br />

faqtorebi gansazRvraven. ena sazogadoebaSia<br />

ganfenili, xolo sazogadoeba – garkveul<br />

teritoriaze, rac ganapirobebs enebSi teritoriuli<br />

dialeqtebis warmoqmnas. erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave<br />

sazogadoebaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri fenebi<br />

arsebobs, rac socialuri dialeqtebis warmoqmnis<br />

safuZvelia. sociolingvistika ikvlevs metyvelebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis im Tavisufal variantebs, romlebic<br />

ukavSirdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis gansxvavebebs sazogadoebaSi.<br />

sociolingvisturi kvlevis dros gansakuTrebuli<br />

yuradReba eqceva saliteraturo enas,<br />

rogorc stan<strong>da</strong>rtizebul enobriv sistemas,<br />

romelic iqmneba sazogadoebis garkveuli moTxovnis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad (1,451). saliteraturo<br />

enas, romelsac oficialuri enis statusi aqvs,<br />

zogierT qveyanaSi konstituciiT eniWeba saxelmwifo<br />

enis statusi. am enis momxmareblebia saganmanaTleblo<br />

skolebi <strong>da</strong> organizaciebi, universitetebi,<br />

saerTod saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />

struqturebi, media saSualebebi, sazogadoebis<br />

ganaTlebuli fena, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalaqis mosaxleoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva. sociolingvistikasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSi-<br />

146

ebuli terminebi: `koine~, `enobrivi norma~,<br />

`enobrivi <strong>da</strong>gegmareba~, `enobrivi politika~ <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva. gvin<strong>da</strong> SevCerdeT ukanasknelze. `enobrivi<br />

<strong>da</strong>gegmareba~ mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi mWidrod<br />

ukavSirdeba enobriv politikas, romelsac<br />

xelisufleba atarebs enobrivi situaciis <strong>da</strong>saregulireblad.<br />

ase magaliTad: <strong>da</strong>dgena imisa, Tu<br />

romel enas un<strong>da</strong> mieces saxelmwifo enis statusi;<br />

aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac erT qveyanaSi or<br />

enas aqvs miniWebuli erTdroulad saxelmwifo<br />

enis statusi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

4.3. saqarTvelosaTvis ar aris ucxo saxelmwifo<br />

enasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi. rogorc<br />

aRniSnuli iyo, kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />

eTnikuri umciresobebi sakmarisad ver floben saxelmwifo<br />

enas, rac uqmnis maT problemas. am<br />

problemis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />

uwevs evropis sabWos enis politikis ganyofileba.<br />

147

ogor vaswavloT qarTuli wera-kiTxva<br />

araqarTvelebs<br />

1.1. enis aTvisebis dros Zalian didi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs <strong>swavlebis</strong> sawyis etaps. maswavlebeli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> Seecados, gauadvilos Semswavlels es<br />

procesi. am pirvelma nabijebma ar un<strong>da</strong> gamoiwvios<br />

masSi uaryofiTi emocia, SiSi, ramac SeiZleba<br />

saerTod ga<strong>da</strong>afiqrebinos enis Seswavla.<br />

maswavlebeli valdebulia Semswavlels Seuqmnas<br />

ganwyoba, radgan ganwyoba aadvilebs winaaRmdegobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zlevas (6,80).<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viwyoT umartivesiT, rom male miva-<br />

RwioT pirvel warmatebebs, rac stimuls aZlevs<br />

Semswavlels.<br />

1.2. Cven SemTxvevaSi viwyebT asoebis weriT.<br />

cnobilia, rom qarTuli anbani ar hgavs sxva<br />

enebis <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebs, amitom asos moxazulobis<br />

aTvisebas garkveuli dro sWirdeba. viwyebT umartivesi<br />

asoebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisgan moxazulobis<br />

mixedviT cotaTi gansxvavdebian. asoebs<br />

vaswavliT Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:<br />

iwereba Sua xazze:<br />

iwereba xazze <strong>da</strong> xazis zeviT:<br />

148

iwereba xazis zeviT:<br />

iwereba xazis qveviT:<br />

iwereba xazs qvemoT <strong>da</strong> amodis Sua xazze:<br />

149

iwyeba Sua xazze <strong>da</strong> Cadis qvemoT:<br />

uWiravs Suaxazi<strong>da</strong>n zemo <strong>da</strong> qvemo are<br />

asoebs aucileblad aqvs maCvenebeli isari,<br />

romlis mixedviT gasagebi xdeba, sai<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba <strong>da</strong><br />

sad mTavrdeba asos moxazuloba. asoebis weris<br />

dros mudmivad vumeorebT mocemul bgerebs, gamovTqvamT<br />

garkveviT, nela gasagebad, vuwerT transkrifcias,<br />

vameorebinebT, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi<br />

ar vaiZulebT, rom gamoTqvas zustad (gavixsenoT<br />

bavSvis SemTxveva). is droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

amas aiTvisebs. masac vamSvidebT <strong>da</strong> varwmunebT,<br />

rom cota xnis Semdeg martivad moaxerxebs am<br />

bgerebis gamoTqmas. axladSeswavlili asoebis<br />

150

paralelurad mudmivad vameorebinebT Zvels,<br />

romelic adre iswavla <strong>da</strong> ase bolomde<br />

(`progresuli <strong>da</strong>swavlis~ meTodi) (9,67).<br />

1.3. ga<strong>da</strong>vdivarT kiTxvaze. es ukve axali<br />

safexuria. Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs sawyis<br />

teqstebs, romlebic ar un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes ucxo sityvebs,<br />

raTa mTeli yuradReba koncentrirebuli<br />

iqnes kiTxvaze, rom es procesi martivad warimarTos.<br />

pirveli teqsti aris a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sakuTari<br />

saxelebi, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gavrcelebulia<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba misTvis nacnobic iyos.<br />

am teqstSi ar aris arc erTi bgera, romlis<br />

gamoTqmac mas gauWirdeba (anu yvela bgera<br />

misTvis nacnobia). kiTxvas axerxebs martivad, rac<br />

mas did stimuls aZlevs. aqve vaswavliT, rom<br />

mimarTvisas es saxeli mxolod iseTi formiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> vixmaroT, rogorc Cvens teqstSia. yvela<br />

saxeli warmodgenilia fuZis saxiT (e.i. ar aqvs<br />

boloSi raime <strong>da</strong>matebiTi sufiqsi). es aris<br />

mimarTvis forma, romelsac wodebiT brunvas uwodeben.<br />

1.4. Seswavlis process Zalian efeqturs xdis<br />

diqtorTan muSaoba, romelic garkveviT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

nela kiTxulobs teqsts. teqstis ramdenjerme<br />

mosmenis Semdeg Semswavleli karnaxis<br />

<strong>da</strong>weras axerxebs diqtoris kiTxvis procesSi. es<br />

faqti Zalian mniSvnelovania: man un<strong>da</strong> moaswros!<br />

dro SezRudulia! Cveni moTxovnaa: rac SeiZleba<br />

cota sityva gamotovos! (cxadia, Tu ver axerxebs,<br />

gamotovebs). weris Seswavlis xarisxi amiT<br />

izomeba. misi wera un<strong>da</strong> miuaxlovdes mSobliur<br />

enaze weris process, anu gaxdes meqanikuri. I<br />

151

teqstis Semdeg II teqsti kvlav a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxelebia,<br />

magram aq ukve irTveba misTvis ucxo<br />

bgerebi, yuradRebas vamaxvilebT maT gamoTqmaze,<br />

aris sagangebo savarjiSoebi <strong>da</strong> sxva. Semdegi<br />

teqsti aris msoflios qveynebis saxelwodebebi<br />

qarTulad, Semdeg msoflios qalaqebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba.<br />

bolos iwyeba saqarTvelos kuTxeebis,<br />

mdinareebis saxelwodebebi <strong>da</strong> gamoCenil a<strong>da</strong>mian-<br />

Ta saxelebi <strong>da</strong> gvarebi, romelTa umetesoba<br />

misTvis ukve nacnobia quCis saxelwodebebis<br />

mixedviT. kiTxvas mudmivad Tan sdevs karnaxiT<br />

wera, rasac sabolood mivyavarT Sedegamde.<br />

praqtikam <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, rom am gziT wera-kiTxvis<br />

Seswavla zr<strong>da</strong>srul a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi karg Sedegebs<br />

iZleva.<br />

152<br />

rogor vaswavloT saxelTa bruneba<br />

araqarTvelebs<br />

1.1. saxelTa brunvebis Seswavlas viwyebT etapobrivad,<br />

radgan yvela brunvis formis erTdroulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxsovreba (kiTxvebis gareSe) Zalian Znelia<br />

<strong>da</strong> kidev ufro Znelia maTi funqciebis<br />

gacnobiereba.<br />

1.2. amitom vaswavliT jer 3 brunvas (saxelobiTi,<br />

moTxrobiTi, micemiTi), romlebic pirmimarTi<br />

aqtantebis brunvebia (samive brunvaSi<br />

gvxvdeba qvemdebare; saxelobiTsa <strong>da</strong> micemiTSi –<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri obieqti; micemiTSi – iribi obieqti) <strong>da</strong><br />

maT gareSe ar aigeba umartivesi wina<strong>da</strong>debac ki.

aRniSnul brunvebs gansakuTrebuli gramatikuli<br />

mniSvneloba aqvT, amitom maT pir<strong>da</strong>pir brunvebs<br />

vuwodebT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am sam brunvaSi<br />

saxelis fuZe ar icvleba, mxolod brunvis<br />

niSnebi icvlian saxes.<br />

Semdeg vaZlevT <strong>da</strong>narCen sams (naTesaobiTi,<br />

moqmedebiTi, viTarebiTi), romlebsac gramatikul<br />

mniSvnelobasTan erTad gansakuTrebuli semantikuri<br />

mniSvnelobebic aqvT. es mniSvnelobebi<br />

aucileblad cal-calke un<strong>da</strong> SevaswavloT. am<br />

brunvis formebiT warmodgenili saxelebi zmnas<br />

ar Seewyoba pirSi anu es brunvebi ar aris<br />

pirmimarTi aqtantebis brunvebi, amitom maT irib<br />

brunvebs vuwodebT.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, irib brunvebSi xdeba saxelis<br />

formis cvlilebebic. yovelive es ganapirobebs<br />

maTi calke Seswavlis aucileblobas. Semswavlelma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> kargad gaacnobieros aRniSnuli<br />

brunvebis formebi <strong>da</strong> funqciebic.<br />

aucileblad saWiroa sqemebis warmodgena,<br />

rac aaqtiurebs vizualur mexsierebas. sqemebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos srulyofili, <strong>da</strong>samaxsovrebeli.<br />

rac Seexeba wodebiT brunvas, sakuTar<br />

saxelebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ukve gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari,<br />

xolo sazogado saxelebs rac Seexeba, calke<br />

vaswavliT.<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> iribi brunvebis Seswavlis<br />

Semdeg vaanalizebT mravlobiTi ricxvis formebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamonaklisebs. bolos Tandebulebs <strong>da</strong> Tandebulian<br />

formebs. TandebulebSi gamovyofT Serwymul<br />

<strong>da</strong> calke mdgom Tandebulebs. maT lokalu-<br />

153

i mniSvnelobebis mixedviT warmovadgenT calcalke.<br />

ganvixiloT aRniSnuli <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>:<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, pir<strong>da</strong>piri brunvebi fuZis<br />

TvalsazrisiT problemebs ar qmnian, mxolod<br />

saWiroa gavarCioT saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania<br />

(........C), Tu xmovanfuZiani (........V), rac aregulirebs<br />

brunvis niSnebs.<br />

Semswavlelma ukve icis saxelobiTi brunvis<br />

forma. Tu saxels saxeldebiT formaSi aqvs -i es<br />

aris TanxmovanfuZiani saxeli, -i aris saxelobiTi<br />

brunvis niSani (gar<strong>da</strong> ramdenime gamonaklisisa:<br />

Cai, taqsi, kivi <strong>da</strong> sxva). Tu ar aqvs -i <strong>da</strong><br />

aqvs sxva romelime xmovani (a, e, o, u), saxeli<br />

xmovanfuZiania, saxelobiTi brunvis niSani mas<br />

<strong>da</strong>karguli aqvs. amitom aRiniSneba nulovani alomorfiT.<br />

mag: xmovanfuZiani sazogado saxelebi,<br />

romlebic bolovdeba:<br />

a-ze: de<strong>da</strong>, mama, <strong>da</strong>, Zma, ca <strong>da</strong> sxva;<br />

e-ze: xe, tye, mze, kibe, mebaRe <strong>da</strong> sxva;<br />

o-ze: ezo, uTo, wyaro, oqro, spilo <strong>da</strong> sxva;<br />

u-ze: bu, ku, ZuZu <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

Semswavlelma mxolod moTxrobiTi brunvis<br />

formebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imaxsovros kargad, radgan<br />

micemiTi brunvis niSani orive SemTxvevaSi erTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> igivea -s. rac Seexeba moTxrobiT brunvas:<br />

TanxmovanfuZianebSi gvaqvs -ma, xolo xmovanfuZianebSi<br />

-m.<br />

154

TanxmovanfuZiani sazogado saxelebi. mag.:<br />

qal-i, kaci-i, saxl-i, Svil-i, sofel-i <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

warmovadgenT TanxmovanfuZian <strong>da</strong> xmovanfuZian<br />

sazogado saxelebs pir<strong>da</strong>pir brunvebSi:<br />

TanxmovanfuZiani (. . .C-)<br />

sax. . . . C – i qal-i<br />

moTx. . . . C – ma qal-ma<br />

mic. . . . C – s qal-s<br />

xmovanfuZiani (. . . V-)<br />

sax. . . . V – Ø de<strong>da</strong>- Ø<br />

moTx. . . . V – m de<strong>da</strong>- m<br />

mic. . . . V – s de<strong>da</strong>-s<br />

(C – Tanxmovnis simboloa, V – xmovnis)<br />

1.3. iribi brunvebis ganxilvas viwyebT maTi<br />

formebis gaanalizebiT, radganac am brunvebSi<br />

xdeba saxelis formis cvlilebebi. jer warmovadgenT<br />

TanxmovanfuZian saxelebs (…C), romlebic<br />

SeiZleba or qvejgufad gavyoT:<br />

• saxelebi, romlebic brunebis dros fuZes<br />

ar icvlian, anu fuZeukumSveli saxelebi.<br />

• saxelebi, romlebic brunebis dros fuZes<br />

icvlian. ikargeba sityvis bolo marcvlis<br />

xmovani, anu fuZekumSvadi saxelebi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>ikargeba sami xmovani a, e, o sam brunvaSi,<br />

viRebT alternaciebs: a/Ø, e/Ø, o/Ø an o/v<br />

(monacvleobas o/Ø viRebT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

fuZeSi aris bagismieri bgerebi: b, m, o, u, v, Tu<br />

ara – o/v-s). amrigad, samive brunvaSi sami xmovani<br />

icvlis saxes, rac gamowveulia xmovniT<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebuli brunvis niSnebiT (esenia: -is, -iT <strong>da</strong> –<br />

ad).. sqematurad ase gamovxatavT:<br />

155

iribi brunvebi<br />

. . . C -<br />

fuZeukumSveli<br />

fuZekumSvadi<br />

a/∅<br />

e/∅<br />

naT.<br />

... C-is qal-is<br />

naT.<br />

...V C-is qaTam-is<br />

sofel-is<br />

moq.<br />

... C-iT qal-iT<br />

moq.<br />

...V C-iT qaTam-iT<br />

sofel-iT<br />

viT.<br />

... C-ad qal-ad<br />

viT.<br />

...V C-ad qaTam-ad<br />

sofel-ad<br />

o/∅<br />

o/v<br />

naT.<br />

...V C-is foTol-is<br />

mindvr-is<br />

moq.<br />

...V C-iT foTol-iT<br />

mindvr-iT<br />

viT.<br />

...V C-ad foTol-ad<br />

mindvr-ad<br />

axla ganvixiloT xmovanfuZiani sazogado<br />

saxelebi, romlebic aseve or qvejgufad iyofa:<br />

• saxelebi, romelTa fuZe mTavrdeba a an e<br />

xmovanze, or brunvaSi naTesaobiTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

moqmedebiTSi kargaven fuZiseul xmovans<br />

(a/Ø <strong>da</strong> e/Ø), e.i. ikveceba saxelis fuZe. am<br />

rigis saxelebs fuZekvecad saxelebs uwodeben.<br />

mag. de<strong>da</strong>-is, xe-is, de<strong>da</strong>-iT, xe-iT <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva.<br />

• saxelebi, romelTa fuZe mTavrdeba o, u an<br />

i xmovanze (i fuZiani saxelebis Sesaxeb<br />

zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari). brunebis dros<br />

fuZe ar icvleba, magram icvleba brunvis<br />

niSani, ekveceba xmovani<br />

(naT. – is → s (i), moq. – iT → Ti).<br />

mag. oqro-is (i), ku-is (i),<br />

156

oqro-iTi, ku-iTi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

xmovanfuZiani saxelebs fuZe ar ekvecebaT<br />

viTarebiT brunvaSi. un<strong>da</strong> avuxsnaT ratom radgan<br />

am SemTxvevaSi viTarebiTi brunvis niSania -d<br />

Tanxmovani, xmovnis gareSe. amitom ar xdeba saxelis<br />

fuZis kveca. mag. oqro-d, xe-d, ku-d, de<strong>da</strong>-d,<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

iribi brunvebi<br />

. . . V -<br />

fuZekvecadi<br />

fuZeukveceli<br />

a/∅ an e/∅<br />

naT. ... V-is de<strong>da</strong>-is<br />

moq. ... V-iT de<strong>da</strong>-iT<br />

viT. ... V-d de<strong>da</strong>-d<br />

naT. ...V-is rko-is (i)<br />

moq. ...V-iT rko-iTi<br />

viT. ...V-d rko-d<br />

ku-is (i)<br />

ku-iTi<br />

ku-d<br />

saboloo sqemebi<br />

TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi<br />

. . . C-<br />

sax. . . . C – i<br />

mic. . . . C – ma<br />

naT. . . . C – s<br />

fuZeukumSveli<br />

naT. . . . C – is<br />

moq. . . . C – iT<br />

viT. . . . C – ad<br />

fuZekumSvadi V-a, e, o-s<br />

. . . V C – is<br />

. . . V C – iT<br />

. . . V C – ad<br />

(o/v-s SemTxvevaSi V<br />

nacvlad iqneba v)<br />

157

xmovanfuZiani saxelebi<br />

. . . V-<br />

sax. . . . V – Ø<br />

mic. . . . V – m<br />

naT. . . . V – s<br />

fuZekvecadi<br />

naT. . . . V – is<br />

moq. . . . V – iT<br />

viT. . . . V – d<br />

fuZeukveceli<br />

V-o, u, an i<br />

. . . V – (i)s<br />

. . . V – (i)Ti<br />

. . . V – d<br />

1.4. aRvniSnavT ramdenime iseT SemTxvevas,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>matebiT axsna-ganmartebas moiTxovs:<br />

• a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sakuTari saxelebi, romelTa fuZe<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>mTavrdes rogorc Tanxmovanze (levan,<br />

eTer, mariam <strong>da</strong> sxva), aseve xmovanze (nana, elene,<br />

niko <strong>da</strong> sxva). brunebis dros fuZes ar icvlian,<br />

e.i. fuZeukumSvel <strong>da</strong> fuZeukvecel saxelTa paradigmebs<br />

mihyvebian. mag.:<br />

sax. levan-i giorgi- Ø nana-Ø<br />

moTx. levan-ma giorgi-m nana-m<br />

mic. levan-s giorgi-s nana-s<br />

naT. levan-is giorgi-is(i) nana-is(i)<br />

moq. levan-iT giorgi-iTi nana-iTi<br />

viT. levan-ad giorgi-d nana-d<br />

158

sax. elene-Ø niko-Ø nunu-Ø<br />

moTx. eleme-m niko-m nunu-m<br />

mic. elene-s niko-s nunu-s<br />

naT. elene-is(i) niko-is nunu-is(i)<br />

moq. elene-iTi niko-iT nunu-iTi<br />

viT. elene-d niko-d nunu-d<br />

• ramdenime arsebiT saxels (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10),<br />

romelic bolovdeba a an e xmovanze, samive irib<br />

brunvaSi fuZiseuli xmovani ekumSeba <strong>da</strong> fuZis<br />

bolo xmovanic ekveceba. aseT saxelebs kumSvadkvecad<br />

saxelebs uwodeben.<br />

naT. pepela-is moyvare-is<br />

moq. pepela-iT moyvare-iT<br />

viT. pepela-ad moyvare-ad<br />

• zogierT a-ze <strong>da</strong>boloebul saxels ar ekveceba<br />

fuZe, radgan es – a kninobiTobis (an sxva<br />

mniSvnelobis) mawarmoebeli sufiqsia. mag.<br />

sax. lurja dedofala<br />

naT. lurja-is dedofala-is<br />

1. calke gvin<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT sityva `Rvino~,<br />

romlis fuZe mTavrdeba -o xmovanze, magram<br />

brunvebis dros -o moikveceba <strong>da</strong> gveqneba:<br />

`Rvino-is, Rvino-iT.<br />

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, iribi brunvebi<br />

garkveul semantikur mniSvnelobebs gamoxataven.<br />

warmovadgenT ZiriTads:<br />

naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT warmodgenili<br />

saxelebi gamoxataven:<br />

159

• kuTvnilebas:<br />

mag. levan-is burTi, Tamar-is qudi, elene-s<br />

wigni <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• genetikur kavSirs:<br />

mag. vano-s Svili, levan-is <strong>da</strong>, irakl-is<br />

coli <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• masalas:<br />

mag. x-is sawoli, qv-is saxeli, vercxl-is<br />

beWedi, oqro-s saaTi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

moqmedebiTi brunvis formiT warmodgenili<br />

saxelebi gamoxataven:<br />

• samoqmedo iaraRs:<br />

mag.: kalm-iT <strong>da</strong>wera, fanqr-iT <strong>da</strong>xata <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• moqmedebis saSualebas:<br />

mag.: manqan-iT mivdivar, TviTmfrinav-iT viyavi,<br />

fex-iT <strong>da</strong>vdivar <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• awarmoebs drois zmnizedebs:<br />

RamiT movi<strong>da</strong>. diliT adre vdgebi. saRamoTi<br />

vuyureb televizors <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

viTarebiTi brunvis formiT warmodgenilma<br />

saxelebma (igulisxmeba arsebiTi, zedsarTavi,<br />

ricxviTi saxelebi) SeiZleba gamoxaton Semdegi<br />

mniSvnelobebi:<br />

• zedsarTavi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis<br />

forma (TiTqmis yovelTvis) viTarebiT zmnize<strong>da</strong>s<br />

gamoxatavs:<br />

mag.<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

sax. cudi<br />

viT. cud-ad. vTqvaT: cu<strong>da</strong>d keravs.<br />

sax. lamaz-i<br />

viT. lamaz-ad, vTqvaT: lamazad wers<br />

160

• rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis viTarebiTi<br />

brunvis forma wilobiTi saxelis fuZes awarmoebs:<br />

mag. sax. mesame<br />

viT. mesame-d vTqvaT: erTi mesamedi, an<br />

mesamedi nawili.<br />

• sagnis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas:<br />

mag.: vano mxecad iqca.<br />

• <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas:<br />

mag.: wamlad min<strong>da</strong>, colad Txoulobs, eqimad<br />

muSaobs <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• miuTiTebs adgils:<br />

mag.: mezoblad cxovrobs.<br />

arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba<br />

1.1. arsebiTi saxelebi orgvarad awarmoeben<br />

mravlobiTi ricxvis formebs. es aris –ebiani <strong>da</strong><br />

narTaniani mravlobiTi (maT istoriaze aq ar<br />

SevCerdebiT). maT Soris ufro mniSvnelovania<br />

_ebiani mravlobiTi, radgan axal qarTulSi<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d is ixmareba.<br />

I. –ebiani mravlobiTi iwarmoeba saxelis fu-<br />

Zeze –eb sufiqsis <strong>da</strong>rTviT, romelsac Semdeg <strong>da</strong>erTvis<br />

brunvis niSnebi. un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT<br />

Semdegi:<br />

• TanxmovanfuZian fuZeukumSvel saxelebSi –<br />

eb sufiqsis <strong>da</strong>rTviT fuZe ar Seicvleba. mag.:<br />

qal-i, qal-eb-i, saxl-i, saxl-eb-i <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• TanxmovanfuZian fuZekumSvad saxelebSi –eb<br />

sufiqsis <strong>da</strong>rTvis Sedegad fuZe SeikumSeba eqvs-<br />

161

save brunvaSi. mag.: sofel-i, mravlobiT ricxvSi<br />

iqneba:<br />

sax. sofel-eb-i<br />

moTx. sofel-eb-ma<br />

mic. sofel-eb-s<br />

naT. sofel-eb-is<br />

moq. sofel-eb-T<br />

viT. sofel-eb-ad<br />

• xmovanfuZiani saxelebi, romelTa fuZe<br />

mTvardeba a xmovanze (igulisxmeba absoluturad<br />

yvela saxeli) –eb sufiqsis <strong>da</strong>rTvis Sedegad<br />

bolo xmovans <strong>da</strong>kargaven eqvsive brunvaSi.<br />

sax. de<strong>da</strong> -eb-i torola-eb-i<br />

moTx. de<strong>da</strong> -eb-ma torola-eb-ma<br />

mic. de<strong>da</strong> -eb-s torola-eb-s<br />

naT. de<strong>da</strong> -eb-is torola-eb-is<br />

moq. de<strong>da</strong> -eb-T torola-eb-iT<br />

viT. de<strong>da</strong> -eb-ad torola-eb-ad<br />

• xmovanfuZiani saxelebi, romelTa fuZe<br />

mTavrdeba e, o an u xmovanze. fuZe ar ekvecebaT –<br />

eb sufiqsis <strong>da</strong>rTvisas. mag.:<br />

sax. xe -eb-i spilo-eb-i ku-eb-i<br />

moTx. xe -eb-ma spilo -eb-ma ku-eb-ma<br />

mic. xe -eb-s spilo -eb-s ku-eb-s<br />

naT. xe -eb-is spilo -eb-is ku-eb-is<br />

moq. xe -eb-T spilo -eb-iT ku-eb-iT<br />

viT. xe -eb-ad spilo -eb-ad ku-eb-ad<br />

1.2. rogorc aRvniSneT, narTaniani mravlobi-<br />

Ti axal qarTulSi iSviaTad ixmareba, gvxvdeba<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d msazRvrelis funqciiT. mag. qalTa<br />

dRe, moswavleTa sasaxle <strong>da</strong> sxva. iwarmoeba –n<br />

162

<strong>da</strong> –T morfemebis saSualebiT, romlebic <strong>da</strong>er-<br />

Tvian saxelis fuZes <strong>da</strong> ar cvlian mas. –n<br />

gamoxatavs mravlobiTobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erTvis saxels<br />

saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis i-s win. mag: qal-n-i,<br />

kac-n-i <strong>da</strong> sxva. xolo rac Seexeba –T mawarmoebels,<br />

is sam brunvaSi (moTx., mic. <strong>da</strong> naT.) gamoiyeneba<br />

<strong>da</strong> yovelTvis Tan axlavs savrcobi –a.<br />

mag. moTxrobiTi<br />

micemiTi qalTa, kacTa.<br />

naTesaobiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCen or brunvaSi (moq. <strong>da</strong> viT.) narTaniani<br />

mravlobiTi ar gvxvdeba. gvaqvs wodebiTi<br />

brunvis formac. warmovadgenT paradigmas:<br />

sax. qal-n-i xe-n-i<br />

moTx. qal-Ta<br />

xe-Ta<br />

mic. qal-Ta xe-Ta<br />

naT. qal-Ta xe-Ta<br />

moq.. ----------- -----------<br />

viT. ----------- -----------<br />

wod. qal-n-o xe-n-o<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom arc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sakuTari<br />

saxelebi <strong>da</strong> arc geografiuli saxelebi mravlobiTi<br />

ricxvis formebs ar awarmoeben masagebi<br />

mizezis gamo.<br />

163

Tandebuliani brunvebi<br />

1.1. cnobilia, rom qarTulSi saxels <strong>da</strong>er-<br />

Tvis Tandebulebi, romlebic garkveul mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWeben saxels. aRniSnuli morfemebi<br />

SeiZleba Seerwyas saxelis fuZes, an brunvis ni-<br />

Sans, ris gamoc maT saxelTan Serwymuli Tandebulebi<br />

ewodeba. Tandebulebi, romlebic ar uerTdeba<br />

saxelis fuZes <strong>da</strong> calke aris warmodgenili,<br />

aseT Tandebulebs calke mdgom Tandebulebs<br />

uwodeben.<br />

1.2. Serwymuli Tandebulebi saxelTan ur-<br />

TierTobis mixedviT sam variants gviCveneben:<br />

• Tandebuli <strong>da</strong>erTvis saxelis brunvisniSnian<br />

formas.<br />

• Tandebulis <strong>da</strong>rTvis dros ikargeba brunvis<br />

niSani nawilobriv.<br />

• Tandebuli <strong>da</strong>rTvis dros saerTod ikargeba<br />

brunvis niSani <strong>da</strong> igi pir<strong>da</strong>pir uerTdeba saxelis<br />

fuZes.<br />

garkveuli Tandebulebi garkveul brunvebs<br />

ukavSirdeba. ase rom maTi <strong>da</strong>rTva saxelis brunvis<br />

formaze gansazRvrulia. xuT brunvas SeiZleba<br />

hqondes Tandebuli. zog brunvas SeiZleba 4-<br />

5 Tandebuli <strong>da</strong>erTos (cxadia, cal-calke), zogs<br />

ki – mxolod erTi. warmovadgenT sqemas, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

naCvenebi iqneba: romeli Tandebuli, romel brunvas<br />

mierTvis <strong>da</strong> rogor.<br />

164

unvis<br />

niSania<br />

warmodgenili<br />

brunvis<br />

niSania<br />

warmodgenili<br />

nawilobriv<br />

brunvis<br />

niSani<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargulia<br />

saxelobiTi i-viT _ _<br />

micemiTi s-Tan, sa-viT _ -ze, -Si, -Tan<br />

naTesaobiTi is(a)-Tvis,<br />

is(a)-gan,<br />

_<br />

_<br />

is(a)-ken<br />

moqmedebiTi _ -i<strong>da</strong>n _<br />

viTarebiTi _ -amde -mde<br />

1.3. Tandebulebis semantika ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d lokalur<br />

mniSvnelobebs ukavSirdeba. lokalur mni-<br />

SvnelobebSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod sivrce. aqve<br />

Semodis droc. saerTod, bevr enaSi es cnebebi<br />

erT sistemaSia gaerTianebuli. vfiqrobT, qar-<br />

TulSic asea. garkveul lokalur mniSvnelobebs<br />

garkveuli Tandebulebi gamoxataven. am principis<br />

mixedviT aris <strong>da</strong>jgufebuli Tandebulebi:<br />

• ze<strong>da</strong>pirze yofna gamoixateba –ze TandebuliT.<br />

mag.: wigni magi<strong>da</strong>-ze devs, Tav-ze maxuravs<br />

qudi, saxurav-ze kaci dgas <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

aseve –ze Tandebuli miuTiTebs zust droze.<br />

mag.: moval xuT saaTze. sam saaTze iwyeba<br />

leqcia <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• Sig yofna gamoixateba –Si TandebuliT.<br />

mag.: kara<strong>da</strong> oTaxSi dgas. mivdivar universitetSi.<br />

viyavi TeatrSi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

165

aseve –Si gamoxatavs moqmedebas garkveuli<br />

drois monakveTSi.<br />

mag. xuT saaTSi <strong>da</strong>vwer. or saaTSi moval.<br />

• axlos yofna gamoixateba –Tan TandebuliT.<br />

xesTan dgas, saxlTan mivi<strong>da</strong>, CemTan cxovrobs.<br />

• mimarTulebas uCvenebs – ken Tandebuli.<br />

mag. Tina skolisken wavi<strong>da</strong>. Cemi saxlisken #3<br />

avtobusi midis <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• Signi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlas gviCvenebs Tandebuli<br />

–i<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

mag. vano oTaxi<strong>da</strong>n gamovi<strong>da</strong>. TviTmfrinavi<br />

Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gafrin<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aseve –i<strong>da</strong>n aRSnavs drois monakveTis sawyis<br />

periods<br />

mag.: dilis sami saaTi<strong>da</strong>n ar mZinavs. xuTi<br />

saaTi<strong>da</strong>n Tavisufali var.<br />

• garkveul punqtamde miRwevas –mde Tandebuli<br />

gamoxatavs.<br />

mag. Tbilisamde 2 kilometri <strong>da</strong>rCa. quTaisamde<br />

vmgzavrob.<br />

–mde Tandebuli gamoxatavs moqmedebis<br />

gagrZelebas drois garkveul perio<strong>da</strong>mde.<br />

mag. vwer 5 saaTamde. gnaxav 8 saaTamde.<br />

1.4. gar<strong>da</strong> lokaluri mniSvnelobebisa Tandebulebi<br />

sxva mniSvnelobebsac gamoxataven.<br />

mag.<br />

• <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas gamoxatavs –Tvis Tandebuli.<br />

mag.: wiTeli kaba SvilisTvis viyide. es wigni<br />

SenTvis gamovitane biblioTeki<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

• masalas gamoxatavs _gan Tandebuli.<br />

166

mag. magi<strong>da</strong>s xisgan akeTeben. vercxlisgan<br />

lamaz nivTebs amzadeben.<br />

• Se<strong>da</strong>rebas gamoxatavs _viT Tandebuli.<br />

mag. sawyali kaci ZaRliviT Rmuo<strong>da</strong><br />

vano mxeciviT iqceva.<br />

rac Seexeba calke mdgom Tandebulebs, isini<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>erTvian naTesaobiTi brunvis formas.<br />

Tandebulebis funqcias xSirad zmnizedebic<br />

asruleben.<br />

mag.: saxlis win, amxanagis gamo universitetis<br />

ukan <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

mxolod Sua <strong>da</strong> Soris Tandebulebi <strong>da</strong>erTvis<br />

mic. brunvis formas.<br />

mag.: kedlebs Sua, kedlebs Soris.<br />

mimarTva<br />

mimarTva qarTulSi wodebiTi brunvis formiT<br />

gadmoicema. tradiciulad mas wodebiT brunvas<br />

uwodeben, Tumca arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi.<br />

v. Tofuria wodebiTis formas ar miiCnevs<br />

brunvad, radgan igi ver asrulebs brunvis sintaqsur<br />

funqcias (araris sityvaTa <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />

zmnasTan) ver Sedis zmnis sintagmaSi. imaves<br />

amtkicebs S. afridoniZec. Cvenc viziarebT maT<br />

mosazrebas <strong>da</strong> ar Segvyavs wodebiTi brunvaTa<br />

rigSi. CamovTvliT ramdenime SemTxvevas, romlebic<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia mimarTvis formebis<br />

sworad xmarebisaTvis.<br />

• a<strong>da</strong>mianis sakuTari saxelebi mimarTvis<br />

dros ixmareba fuZis saxiT.<br />

167

• boloTanxmovniani sazogado saxelebi mimarTvisas<br />

<strong>da</strong>irTaven -o sufiqss. magaliTad: kaco,<br />

qal-o, amxanag-o <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

• xmovanfuZian sazogado saxelebSi mimarTvis<br />

formis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba -o <strong>da</strong> -v<br />

sufiqsebi. -o erTmanercvlianebSi, mag.: Zma-o, <strong>da</strong>-o,<br />

mze-o, <strong>da</strong> sxva. or- <strong>da</strong> metmarcvlian sazogado<br />

saxelebSi _ -v, mag.: qveyana-v, miwa-v, samSoblo-v.<br />

rogor vaswavloT qarTuli zmna araqarTvelebs<br />

1.1. qarTuli zmnis sirTule cnobilia. Cven<br />

SevecadeT SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad martivad warmogvedgina<br />

misi analizi. zmnaTa klasifikacias vaxdenT<br />

formalur safuZvelze, vemyarebiT maT paradigmebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vamaxvilebT<br />

struqtura meqanizmebze.<br />

1.2. qarTuli zmnis sirTule mis mravalpirianobaSia,<br />

rac gulisxmobs zmnis formaSi ramdenime<br />

piris warmodgenas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad am pirebis mixedviT<br />

misi formebis cvlas. subieqtur-obieqtur<br />

mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebi zmnur formaSi<br />

TavianT reprezentantebs, esponentebs warmoaCenen<br />

(184) sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zmnuri struqtura<br />

Seicavs S <strong>da</strong> 0 pirebis gamomxatvel Sesabamis<br />

niSnebs afiqsebis saxiT. qarTuli zmnis sistema<br />

warmoadgens pirovani uRlilebis Camoyalibebul<br />

struqturas. misi formebi icvleba subieqturi<br />

<strong>da</strong> obieqturi pirebis mixedviT. Cven ar<br />

SevCerdebiT zmnis pirianobisa <strong>da</strong> valentobis sakiTxze,<br />

mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom axal qarTulSi<br />

168

zmnis formaSi SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili erTi<br />

an maqsimum ori piris niSani. sami piris niSani<br />

erTdroulad ar gvxvdeba. magram aseve SesaZlebelia<br />

zmnis forma warmodgenili iyos piris<br />

niSnis gareSe ∅ alomorfebiT.<br />

ak. SaniZe aRniSnavs, Tu subieqturi piri icvleba<br />

(ricxvis mixedviT) <strong>da</strong> obieqtisa ki ara,<br />

wyoba iqneba subieqturi. mag. v-amzadeb, amzadeb,<br />

amzadebs <strong>da</strong> sxva. sa<strong>da</strong>c subieqturi piri yvelgan<br />

ucvlelia, obieqtisa ki – cvalebadi, wyoba obieqturi<br />

iqneba. mag. m-amzadebs, g-amzadebs, amzadebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva (7,190). amrigad, qarTuli zmna SeiZleba<br />

iyos, rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi wyobis.<br />

axal qarTulSi subieqturi <strong>da</strong> obieqturi piris<br />

niSnebis xmareba gansazRvrulia qarTuli saliteraturo<br />

enis normebiT. warmovadgenT subieqturi<br />

<strong>da</strong> obieqturi piris niSanTa cxrilebs:<br />

subieqturi piris niSnebis cxrili:<br />

mx. r. mr. r.<br />

I v-, ∅ 1 ––––––<br />

II x-,∅- ––––––<br />

III ––––––––––––– -s,-a,-o,<br />

v-,∅ ––– -T<br />

x-,∅- ––– -T<br />

––– -en,-an,-n,-nen,-es<br />

pirveli S piris niSani axal qarTulSi<br />

yvelgan ixmareba, gar<strong>da</strong> val/ved zmnebisa. ∅ alomorfis<br />

sxva SemTxveva qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.<br />

meore S piris niSani x – axal qarTulSi<br />

ixmareba mxolod or zmnasTan. esenia v-ar <strong>da</strong><br />

val/ved zmnebi. <strong>da</strong>narCen SemTxvevaSi ∅ alomorfi<br />

gvaqvs.<br />

169

mesame S piris niSani mx. ricxvSi oTxi<br />

alomorfiT aris warmodgenili. maTi xmareba ar<br />

aris Tavisufali, gansazRvrulia.<br />

mravlobiTi ricxvis I <strong>da</strong> II piris formebSi<br />

igive niSnebi ixmareba <strong>da</strong> emateba –T sufiqsi,<br />

romelic mravlobiTobas aRniSnavs. rac Seexeba<br />

III piris mravlobiTi ricxvis formas, is SeiZleba<br />

gamoixatos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva alomorfiT (5 alomorfiT),<br />

romlebic or gramatikul kategorias<br />

aRniSnaven erTdroulad: pirsa <strong>da</strong> ricxvs, maTi<br />

xmarebac gansazRvrulia.<br />

I me v-ar Cven v-ar-T me mo-v-val Cven mo-v-val-T<br />

II Sen x-ar Tqven x-ar-T Sen mo-x-val Tqven mo-x-val-T<br />

III is ari-s isini ari-an is mo-v-a isini mo-vl-en<br />

I me mo-v-vedi Cven mo-v-vedi-T me v-wer Cven v-wer-T<br />

II Sen mo-x-vedi Tqven mox-vedi-T Sen ∅-wer Tqven ∅-wer-T<br />

III is mo-vid-a isni mo-vid-nen is wer-s isinis wer-en<br />

170<br />

obieqturi piris niSnebis cxrili:<br />

mx. r. mr. r.<br />

I m- ___<br />

gv- ___<br />

II g- ____ g- ___ -T<br />

III h-, s-, ∅-,_ h-, s-, ∅-,_ (T)<br />

I <strong>da</strong> II pirSi pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> irib obieqts erTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> igive niSnebi aqvT. xolo mesame pirSi<br />

(literaturuli normis mixedviT) mxolod irib<br />

obieqts, romelic sami alomorfiT warmogvidgeba.<br />

xmovnebis, sonori Tanxmovnebisa <strong>da</strong> napralovani

Tanxmovnebis win nulovani alomorfia, xolo<br />

xSuli Tanxmovnebis win ixmareba rogorc s-, aseve<br />

h. b f p g q k y-s win h iqneba. xolo d T t Z c w<br />

j C W-s win _ s. sqematurad ase gamovxatavT:<br />

b f p<br />

d T t<br />

h- s Z c w<br />

j C W<br />

g q k<br />

- - y<br />

2.1. meore mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba, riTac<br />

gansxvavdeba qarTuli indoevropuli enebisagan,<br />

aris zmnis rTuli forma. igulisxmeba mravali<br />

gramatikuli kategoriis morfemebiT warmodgena.<br />

qarTuli aglutinaciuri tipis enaa <strong>da</strong> mosalodnelia<br />

yvela gramatikuli kategoria saTanado<br />

morfemebiT gamoixatos, Tumca fleqsiuri tipis<br />

movlenebic sakmaod gvxvdeba, rac Tavis mxriv<br />

kidev <strong>da</strong>matebiT sirTuleebs qmnis. zemoT visaubreT<br />

pirisa <strong>da</strong> ricxvis kategoriis gamomxatvel<br />

niSnebze. axla gvin<strong>da</strong> yuradReba gavamaxviloT<br />

iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa gvari <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>mavloba.<br />

ak. SaniZis cnobili Teoriis mixedviT qar-<br />

TulSi sami gvari gamoiyofa: moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> saSuali.<br />

171

vnebiTi <strong>da</strong> saSuali Tavis mxriv kidev 2<br />

jgufad iyofa. vnebiTi: dinamikuri <strong>da</strong> statikuri.<br />

saSuali: saSual-moqmedebiTi <strong>da</strong> saSual-vnebiTi.<br />

xolo uRlebis 4 tips gamoyofs. I tipSi gaer-<br />

Tianebulia moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi, II tipSi<br />

dinamikuri vnebiTi, III tipSi – saSual-moqmedebiTi,<br />

xolo IV tipSi – saSual-vnebiTi <strong>da</strong> statikuri<br />

vnebiTi.<br />

arn. Ciqobavas Teoriis mixedviT qarTul<br />

zmnaSi ori gvari gamoiyofa: moqmedebiTi <strong>da</strong> vnebiTi<br />

(8,060).<br />

<strong>da</strong>mana meliqiSvilis azriT, vnebiTi <strong>da</strong> saSuali<br />

gvaris kategoriaTa gamoyofa ver akmayofilebs<br />

gvaris kategoriis im gagebas, romelic<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d enaTmecnierebaSia miRebuli <strong>da</strong> universalura<strong>da</strong>a<br />

miCneuli 2,65).<br />

sainteresoa, irine meliqiSvilis mosazreba<br />

vnebiTi gvaris Sesaxeb:<br />

vnebiTi naklebad aris konversiuli xasiaTis<br />

<strong>da</strong> is garkveuli semantikis mqone zmnur klasad<br />

warmogvidgeba (3,92).<br />

gvin<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT diana holiskis Tvalsazrisic,<br />

romelmac pirvelma Seusabama qarTuli zmnis<br />

morfologiuri klasebi semantikur klasebs<br />

(13,24).<br />

Cven viziarebT zmnis gvaris klasifikacias<br />

sintaqsurTan erTad semantikuri aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

magram uRlebis tipebis gamoyofa<br />

gvaris kategoriaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ar migvaCnia mar-<br />

Tebulod<br />

rac Seexeba gar<strong>da</strong>mavlobas, ase ganisazRvreba:<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>mavalia aqtiuri zmna, romelsac<br />

172

gaaCnia pir<strong>da</strong>piri obieqti <strong>da</strong> Tu ar gaaCnia _<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>uvali. gvin<strong>da</strong> sagangebod aRvniSnoT mo-<br />

TxrobiTi brunvis Sesaxeb: xSirad mas mxolod<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>mavali zmnis subieqtis brunvad miiCneven.<br />

arc qarTulSi <strong>da</strong> arc zogierT sxva enaSi, romelsac<br />

ergatiuli brunva aqvs, ergatiuli brunva<br />

ar udris pir<strong>da</strong>pir gar<strong>da</strong>mavali zmnis subieqtis<br />

brunvas.<br />

yvela is mosazreba, romelic iqna warmodgenili<br />

qarTuli zmnis gvaris Sesaxeb garkveuli<br />

argumentaciis safuZvelzea Seqmnili, romelic<br />

bunebrivi enobrivi sistemis moqmedebis SedegebiT<br />

ganisazRvreba. enaTmecnieri moklebulia SesaZleblobas,<br />

uSualod <strong>da</strong>akvirdes a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tavis<br />

tvinSi warmodgenili bunebrivi enobrivi sistemis<br />

moqmedebas <strong>da</strong> Sea<strong>da</strong>ros igi mis mier agebul<br />

warmomSob gramatikas. es gramatika mxolod saboloo<br />

Sedegebis mixedviT Tu SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>emTxves<br />

realur enobriv sistemas (1,268).<br />

Cveni azriT, arc gvarisa <strong>da</strong> arc gar<strong>da</strong>mavlobis<br />

kategorebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla ar<br />

aris saWiro enis <strong>da</strong>uflebis pirvel etapze.<br />

amitom, Cveni analizi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d formalur<br />

monacemebs eyrdnoba.<br />

2.2. qarTuli enis analizis dros upirveles<br />

yovlisa yuradRebas iqcevs erTi faqti. ena<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or sistemas warmogviCens:<br />

• zmnaTa garkveuli jgufi formis cvlilebebis<br />

dros seriebis mixedviT forma-ucvlel aqtantebs<br />

Seiwyobs, anu brunvebs ar icvlis S <strong>da</strong> O<br />

zmnebTan urTierTobisas, amitom amgvar sistemas<br />

aracvlads vuwodebT.<br />

173

• zmnaTa garkveuli jgufi formis cvlilebis<br />

dros seriebis mixedviT formacvalebad<br />

aqtantebs Seiwyobs, anu brunvebs icvlis S <strong>da</strong> O<br />

zmnebTan urTierTobisas, amitom amgvar sistemas<br />

cvlads vuwodebT.<br />

1. aracvladisa <strong>da</strong> cvladis mixedviT gamovyofT<br />

swored I <strong>da</strong> II tips.<br />

I tipi – aracvladi konstruqciis mqone<br />

zmnebi.<br />

II tipi – cvladi konstruqciis mqone zmnebi.<br />

I tipSi erTiandeba yvela is zmna, romelic<br />

myofadis mwkrivi<strong>da</strong>n vnebiTis –ebi/-eba yalibSi<br />

moeqceva (10,121). un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom am jgufSi –<br />

ebi/-eba-s gar<strong>da</strong> gvxvdeba –evi/-eva-c <strong>da</strong> (ramdenime<br />

zmna) –obi/-oba-c. am zmnebs Seewyoba brunvaucvleli<br />

pirmimarTi aqtantebi. ak. SaniZis mixedviT<br />

es is zmnebia, romlebsac avtori aerTianebs II <strong>da</strong><br />

IV uRlebis tipebSi, anu dinamikuri vnebiTi. mag.:<br />

vTbebi, vizrdebi, vemalebi, vwiTldebi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

statikuri vnebiTi. mag.: kidia – ekideba, vwerivar<br />

– vewerebi <strong>da</strong> sxva. saSual-vnebiTi. mag.: vdgavar –<br />

vidgebi, zis – ijdeba <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

II tipSi erTiandeba yvela is zmna, romelic<br />

awmyos mwkrivSi (myofadSic) mTavrdeba Temis<br />

niSnebze: _av. –am, eb, _ob, _i, –of, _em an saerTod<br />

Tanxmovanze. ak. SaniZis mixedviT I <strong>da</strong> IV tipis<br />

uRlebis zmnebi, anu moqmedebiTi <strong>da</strong> saSualomoqmedebiTi.<br />

mag. vaSeneb, vxatav, vawyob, vccem,<br />

vabam, vTli, vwer, vtiri, vmReri <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

aRniSnul sistemebSi, cxadia, gamoiyofa<br />

qvejgufebic, romlebic qarTuli zmnis bunebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare garkveul semantikur jgufebad<br />

174

gaerTiandeba an formis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyofa, magram tipebs Soris aRreva ar moxdeba.<br />

ar iqneba iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac –ebi/-eba<br />

yalibis zmna brunvacvalebad pirmimarT aqtantebs<br />

Seiwyobs, an piriqiT.<br />

warmovadgenT I <strong>da</strong> II tipis zmnebis ramdenime<br />

magaliTs:<br />

I tipi<br />

II tipi<br />

(zmnebi mTavrdeba<br />

____<br />

–ebi/eba-ze)<br />

I seriis mwkrivebi:<br />

me v-izrd-eb-i<br />

me v-cxovrob<br />

bavSv-i izrd-eb-a<br />

qal-i cxovrob-s<br />

bavSv-i izrd-eb-od-a qal-i cxovrob-d-a<br />

bavSv-i ga-izrd-eb-a qal-i i-cxovreb-s<br />

II seriis mwkrivebi:<br />

me ga-v-izard-e<br />

qal-ma i-cxovr-a<br />

bavSv-i ga-izard-a qal-ma un<strong>da</strong> icxovro-s<br />

I seriis mwkrivebi:<br />

me v-efer-eb-i kata-s me v-xatav suraT-s<br />

eTer-i efer-eb-a kata-s biW-i xatav-s suraT-s<br />

eTer-i efer-eb-od-a kata-s biW-i xatav-d-a suraT-s<br />

eTer-i mo-efer-eb-a kata-s biW-i <strong>da</strong>-xatav-s suraT-s<br />

II seriis mwkrivebi:<br />

me mo-v-efer-e kata-s me <strong>da</strong>-v-xat-e suraT-i<br />

eTer-i mo-e-fer-a kata-s biW-ma <strong>da</strong>-xat-a suraT-i<br />

eTer-i un<strong>da</strong> mo-efero-s<br />

kata-s<br />

biW-ma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>-xato-s<br />

suraT-i<br />

warmovadgenT sqemebs samive seriisTvis<br />

175

176<br />

I tipi<br />

I seria<br />

II tipi<br />

S V O ir. (O ir. ) S V O pir. O ir.<br />

| | | | | |<br />

sax. sub. w. mic. mic. sax. sub. w. mic. mic.<br />

II seria<br />

S V O ir. (O ir. ) S V O pir. O ir.<br />

| | | | | |<br />

sax. mic. mic. moTx. sub. w. sax. mic.<br />

III seria<br />

S V O ir. (O ir. ) S V O pir. O ir.<br />

| | | | | |<br />

sax. mic. X mic. ob. w. sax. X<br />

3.1. struqtura-meqanizmebi, romlebic zmnis<br />

formebis mixedviT iqmneba, faqtiurad aris<br />

martivi, gauvrcobeli wina<strong>da</strong>debebi, e.i. zmna, Tavisi<br />

pirmimarTi aqtantebiT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

struqtura meqanizmi gadis morfologiis sfero<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> sintaqss ukavSirdeba. es aris, Cveni azriT,<br />

klasikuri SemTxveva morfosintaqsisa, rodesac<br />

sintaqsi mTlianad eyrdnoba morfologiuri<br />

kategorebis meqanizms an piriqiT, sintaqsis meqanizmi<br />

gansazRvravs garkveul morfemaTa gamovlinebas.<br />

ase Tu ise, aRniSnuli struqtura-meqanizmi<br />

arc morfologias ganekuTvneba <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

sintaqss, amitom Semogvaqvs Sualeduri donisa-<br />

Tvis, Cveni azriT, misaRebi erTeuli – ZiriTadi<br />

<strong>da</strong> araZiriTadi piri.<br />

piri, romelic asrulebs zmniT gamoxatul<br />

moqmedebas (SeiZleba ganc<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong> zmna mis

mixedviT iuRleba (anu icvleba pirebis mixedviT),<br />

ZiriTad pirs vuwodebT, xolo yvela <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />

pirs, romelic warmodgenili iqneba zmnis<br />

formaSi – araZiriTad pirs.<br />

amrigad, zmnaSi SeiZleba iyos erTi ZiriTadi<br />

piri, anu erTpiriani zmnebi; an erTi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong><br />

erTi araZiriTadi, anu orpiriani zmnebi; an erTi<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> ori araZiriTadi, anu sampiriani<br />

zmnebi. yvela es SemTxveva imis mixedviT, Tu<br />

rogori wyobisaa zmna, garkveul struqturameqanizmebs<br />

Seqmnis. ganvixiloT yvela SemTxveva:<br />

• erTpiriani zmna, anu zmnas aqvs mxolod<br />

ZiriTadi piri, zmna ki subieqturi wyobisaa,<br />

sqematurad aseT saxes miiRebs:<br />

mag. Zir. pir. subieq. wyoba<br />

| |<br />

sax. br.<br />

V<br />

kac-i<br />

ari-s<br />

yvavil-i yvavi-s<br />

saxl-i<br />

Can-s<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT I seriis formebTan (e.i.<br />

awmyos wre <strong>da</strong> myofadis wre) cvladi sistemis<br />

aqtantebic igive brunvebSi warmogvidgeba, romel-<br />

Sic aracvladi sistemis. amitom am etapze isini<br />

ar gvaZleven gansxvavebul sqemebs.<br />

• orpiriani zmna, e.i. erTi piri iqneba Ziri-<br />

Tadi, xolo meore araZiriTadi. zmna subieqturi<br />

wyobisaa. aseTi suraTi warmogvidgeba: ZiriTadi<br />

177

piri saxelobiT brunvaSi, xolo araZiriTadi –<br />

micemiTSi.<br />

178<br />

sqema I<br />

Zir. pir. sub. wyoba araZir. piri<br />

| | |<br />

sax. br. V mic. br.<br />

me v-icnob levan-s<br />

Sen icnob levan-s<br />

is icnob-s levan-s<br />

kac-i icnob-s levan-s<br />

qal-i wers weril-s<br />

nana aSeneb-s saxls-s<br />

me velaparakebi nino-s<br />

nana ejibreba nuca-s<br />

orpiriani zmnis sqema, cxadia, pirvel sqemasac<br />

gulisxmobs. igive viTareba gveqneba, Tu zmna-<br />

Si kidev erTi araZiriTadi piri iqneba, anu zmna<br />

iqneba sampiriani, aseT SemTxvevaSi meore araZiri-<br />

Tadi piric micemiTi brunviT warmogvidgeba. mag.<br />

elene eTamaSeba burT-s nunu-s. yvela es SemTxveva<br />

mocemul sqemaSi erTiandeba. mas aRvniSnavT<br />

pirveli nomriT.<br />

axla ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />

zmna obieqturi wyobisaa. aseTi zmnebi yovelTvis<br />

orpiriania, yovel SemTxvevaSi ori piris niSania<br />

warmodgenili (potenciurad) zmnaSi, magram SeiZleba<br />

erTi piri <strong>da</strong>ikargos, an niSani <strong>da</strong>ikargos<br />

(fonetikuri mizeziT). yovelive amas ara aqvs<br />

mniSvneloba. struqtura-meqanizmi iqneba aseTi: ZiriTadi<br />

piri micemiT brunvaSi, xolo araZiriTadi

piri saxelobiT brunvaSi. sqema aseT saxes<br />

miiRebs.<br />

sqema II<br />

Zir. pir. ob. wyoba araZir. piri<br />

| | |<br />

mic. br. V sax. br.<br />

me m-yav-s Svil-i<br />

Sen g-yav-s Svil-i<br />

mas h-yav-s Svil-i<br />

eTer-s h-yav-s Svil-i<br />

Tamar-s ∅aqv-s ful-i<br />

Tina-s ∅und-a Cai-∅<br />

levan-s ∅uyvar-s elene-∅<br />

niko-s ∅uyvar-s Tamar-i<br />

me m-Si-a X<br />

Sen g-Sia X<br />

mas ∅-Si-a X<br />

nino-s s-Zinav-s X<br />

levan-s s-civ-a X <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT sxvagvari sqemebi I seriis<br />

zmnis formebTan ar arsebobs. rac Seexeba meore<br />

seriis zmnebs, aq gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebi<br />

gvaqvs. I tipis zmnebi arafers ar Seicvlian, xolo<br />

meore sistemis zmnebi sxva sqemas gviCveneben.<br />

ZiriTadi piri iqneba moTxrobiT brunvaSi, araZiriTadi<br />

piri (pir<strong>da</strong>piri) – saxelobiT brunvaSi,<br />

xolo araZiriTadi piri (iribi) – micemiT brunvaSi.<br />

imis mixedviT, Tu ra kombinacia gvaqvs, formula<br />

gansazRvravs maT formebs.<br />

179

sqema III<br />

Zir. pir. sub. wyoba araZir.<br />

piri<br />

araZir.<br />

piri<br />

(pird. O) (iribi O)<br />

| | | |<br />

moTx. br. V sax. br. mic. br.<br />

me <strong>da</strong>vwere weril-i<br />

Sen <strong>da</strong>were weril-i<br />

man <strong>da</strong>wer-a weril-i<br />

nikom miwer-a weril-i de<strong>da</strong>-s<br />

vano-m aaSen-a saxl-i<br />

nana-m imRer-a himn-i<br />

Tina-m imRer-a<br />

Tamar-ma itir-a<br />

kac-ma icxovr-a<br />

profesor-ma uxelmZRvanel-a<br />

nanas<br />

<strong>da</strong><br />

sxva<br />

rac Seexeba mesame serias, yvelaferi garkveulia.<br />

Tu zmna aris subieqturi wyobis, pirvel<br />

sqemas wahyveba. Tu zmna obieqturi wyobisaa _<br />

meore sqemas. II tipis zmnebi mesame seriaSi<br />

mxolod mesame sqemis mixedviT iuRleba, xolo I<br />

tipis zmnebi _ I sqemis mixedviT.<br />

amrigad, aRniSnuli sami struqtura-meqanizmi<br />

udevs safuZvlad wina<strong>da</strong>debebis agebas qarTulSi.<br />

4.1. Cven ganvixileT iseTi SemTxvevebi, ro -<br />

desac ZiriTadi piri icvlebo<strong>da</strong> pirebis mixedviT,<br />

xolo araZiriTadi piri mesame pirSi iyo<br />

warmodgenili <strong>da</strong> ar icvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

180

mesame araZiriTadi piri umTavresad usulo<br />

sagania. ra suraTi gveqneba, Tu araZiriTadi piri<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miania <strong>da</strong> is I an II pirSia warmodgenili.<br />

ganvixiloT es SemTxvevebi.<br />

kombinacia: ZiriTadi piri I pirSia –<br />

araZiriTadi II pirSi<br />

me ∅ - g – elaparakebi Sen<br />

zmnaSi warmodgenilia araZiriTadi piris (anu<br />

iribi obieqtis) niSani, nacvlad imisa, rom<br />

mocemuli yofiliyo ZiriTadi piris niSani v-<br />

sufiqsi. aseT SemTxvevaSi I piris niSani arasdros<br />

ar yofila zmnaSi, radgan igi gaCenisTanave<br />

ikargeba, anu simultanuri procesia. amitom is ∅<br />

alomorfs utoldeba, rac aRniSnuli iyo<br />

subieqturi piris niSnebis cxrilSi (I subieqturi<br />

piri ∅ alomorfiT).<br />

kombinacia: ZiriTadi piri II pirSi –<br />

araZiriTadi piri I pirSia.<br />

Sen ∅ m – elaparakebi me<br />

rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, aqac zmnaSi araZiriTadi<br />

piris (anu iribi obieqtis) niSania mocemuli,<br />

radgan meore S piris niSani yovelTvis ikargeba.<br />

aRniSnuli kombinaciebi ase warmogvidgeba. mag.:<br />

me g-ixatav Sen suraTs<br />

Sen m-ixatav me suraTs<br />

me g-ikerav Sen kabas<br />

181

Sen m-ikerav me kabas<br />

me g-eTamaSebi Sen<br />

Sen m-eTamaSebi me<br />

me g-aRviZeb Sen<br />

Sen m-aRviZeb me <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

vfiqrobT, rom Cven mier warmodgenili sqemebi<br />

gauadvilebs qarTuli enis SemswavlelT<br />

sworad aagon martivi wina<strong>da</strong>debebi.<br />

182

Resume<br />

The main for studying Georgian language is to analyze and learn the<br />

verb well. There are two main groups for verbs in Georgian language:<br />

1 . The first group, when the actants don’t change forms of case<br />

according to the series;<br />

2. The second group, when the actants change the forms of the case<br />

according to the series.<br />

We call unchangeable for the first type and changeable for the second<br />

type.<br />

Here are given the scheme of these types:<br />

I type<br />

I series<br />

II type<br />

S . V O ind. (O ind. ) S V O dr. O ind.<br />

| | | | | |<br />

nom.c. sub. w. <strong>da</strong>t.c. <strong>da</strong>t.c. nom.c. sub. w. <strong>da</strong>t.c. <strong>da</strong>t.c.<br />

II series<br />

S V O ind. (O ind. ) S V O dr. O ind.<br />

| | | | | |<br />

nom.c. <strong>da</strong>t.c. <strong>da</strong>t.c. erg.c. nom.c. <strong>da</strong>t.c.<br />

III series<br />

S V O ind. (O ind. ) S V O dr. O ind.<br />

| | | | | |<br />

nom.c. <strong>da</strong>t.c. X <strong>da</strong>t.c. obj. w. nom.c. X<br />

According to the verb some structure-mechineries are formed in<br />

Georgian, which is the sphere of morphosyntax. We create the basic<br />

and non-basic person. The person according to which the verb is<br />

conjugated we call the BASIC person of the verb. A person according<br />

to which the verb is not conjugated i. e. according to which the verb<br />

doesn’t change its form, we call a NON-BASIC person of the verb.<br />

183

In mono-personal verbs of the subjective version in the Present tense<br />

the noun (pronoun) that expresses a basic person is presented in the<br />

Nominative. The construction of mono-personal verbs will look like the<br />

following:<br />

Basic person Subjective order<br />

| |<br />

Nomin. case V<br />

is<br />

aris<br />

kac-i ari-s<br />

yvavil-i yvavi-s<br />

saxl-i Can-s<br />

When a bi-pesonal verb is in the present tense, the subjective order,<br />

noun (pronoun) that expresses the basic person is in the Nominative<br />

case and the non-basic person is in the Dative:<br />

Basic person Subjective order Non-basic person<br />

| | |<br />

Nomin. case V Dative case<br />

me v-icnob levan-s<br />

Sen icnob levan-s<br />

is icnob-s levan-s<br />

kac-i icnob-s levan-s<br />

qal-i wers weril-s<br />

nana aSeneb-s saxls-s<br />

me velaparakebi nino-s<br />

nana ejibreba nuca-s<br />

When a verb of the objective order is in the Present tense, the basic<br />

person stands in the Dative case and the Non-basic person in the<br />

Nominative:<br />

184

Basic person Objective order Non-basic person<br />

| | |<br />

Dative case V Nomin. case<br />

me m-yav-s Svil-i<br />

Sen g-yav-s Svil-i<br />

mas h-yav-s Svil-i<br />

eTer-s h-yav-s Svil-i<br />

Tamar-s ∅aqv-s ful-i<br />

Tina-s ∅und-a Cai-∅<br />

levan-s ∅uyvar-s elene-∅<br />

niko-s ∅uyvar-s Tamar-i<br />

me m-Si-a X<br />

Sen g-Sia X<br />

mas ∅-Si-a X<br />

nino-s s-Zinav-s X<br />

levan-s s-civ-a X <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

When a verb of the II type is in the Past Perfect tense the basic person<br />

stands in the Ergative case and the non-basic person in the Nominative<br />

case and the second non-basic person in the Dative case<br />

Basic person Subjective order Non-basic<br />

person (O dir. )<br />

Non-basic<br />

person (O ind. )<br />

| | | |<br />

Ergative case V Nomin. case Dative case<br />

me <strong>da</strong>vwere weril-i X<br />

Sen <strong>da</strong>were weril-i X<br />

man <strong>da</strong>wer-a weril-i X<br />

nikom miwer-a weril-i de<strong>da</strong>-s<br />

vano-m aaSen-a saxl-i X<br />

nana-m imRer-a himn-i<br />

Tina-m imRer-a X<br />

Tamar-ma itir-a X<br />

kac-ma icxovr-a X<br />

profesor-ma uxelmZRvanel-a X nanas<br />

185

186<br />

literatura<br />

1. T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n.<br />

Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi,<br />

Tb., 2003.<br />

2. d. meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis<br />

sistema, 2001.<br />

3. i. meliqiSvili, vnebiTi gvari <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal<br />

sityvaTa rigi rogorc aqtantebis topikalizaciis<br />

alternativebi, informaciis struqturireba,<br />

Tb., 2009.<br />

4. r. naTaZe, fsiqologiis mokle kursi, Tb.,<br />

1989.<br />

5. fernand de sosieri, zogadi enaTmecnierebis<br />

kursi, Tb., 2002.<br />

6. d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, t. III-IV. Tb.,<br />

1964.<br />

7. a. SaniZe, Txzulebani, III, Tb., 1980.<br />

8. arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi<br />

leqsikoni, Tb., 1950.<br />

9. arn. Ciqobava, martivi wina<strong>da</strong>debis problema<br />

qarTulSi, Tb., 1968.<br />

10. b. jorbenaZe, zmnis gvaris formaTa warmoebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> funqciis <strong>sakiTxebi</strong> qarTulSi, Tb.,<br />

1975.<br />

11. Л. Блумфилд, «Язык», М., 1968.<br />

12. Бодуэн де Куртенэ, Избранные Труды по Общему<br />

Языкознанию, М., 1963.<br />

13. Dee Ann Noliski, Aspect and Georgian Medial Verbs,<br />

Tbilisi, 2000.<br />

14. E. Sapvr, Language and Environment “American<br />

Anthropologist”, 1912.

15. R.L. Trask, Language, the Basic, Routledge, London and<br />

New York, 2004.<br />

16. Н.С. Трубецкой, Избранные Труды по Филологии, М.,<br />

1987.<br />

17. Б.Л. Уорф. Отношение норм поведения и мышления к<br />

языку, Новое в Лингвистике, М., 1960.<br />

187

s a r C e v i<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia svanurSi<br />

Sesavali 3<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia, rogorc araablauturi<br />

bgeraTmonacvleoba 4<br />

xmovanTa reduqciis saxeebi svanurSi 6<br />

a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- an oTxmarcvliani sityvebis msubuq<br />

birTvSi 17<br />

o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvebis msubuq<br />

birTvSi 37<br />

a/ð/, e, i <strong>da</strong> é xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvebis mZime<br />

birTvSi 47<br />

o/ñ/ <strong>da</strong> u/ò/ xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

sam- <strong>da</strong> oTxmarcvliani sityvebis mZime<br />

birTvSi 66<br />

xmovanTa reduqciis sqemebi msubuq <strong>da</strong><br />

mZime birTvSi potenciurad sam- <strong>da</strong><br />

oTxmarcvliani sityvebis mixedviT 75<br />

TanxmovanTa mimdevroba CsC, rogorc<br />

sonoruli kompleqsi svanurSi 77<br />

xmovanTa reduqcia potenciurad<br />

xuTmarcvlian sityvebSi 80<br />

morfologiuri SezRudvebi, romlebic<br />

cvlian reduqciis fonologiur sqemas 94<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvniTi debulebani 109<br />

Die Vokal Reduktion in der swanischen Sprache 111<br />

literatura 124<br />

188

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavleba<br />

Sesavali 128<br />

rogor vaswavloT qarTuli wera-kiTxva<br />

araqarTvelebs 148<br />

rogor vaswavloT saxelTa bruneba<br />

araqarTvelebs 152<br />

Tandebuliani brunvebi 164<br />

mimarTva 167<br />

rogor vaswavloT qarTuli zmna<br />

araqarTvelebs 168<br />

Resume 183<br />

literatura 186<br />

189

190<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos erovnuli mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis stambaSi

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