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D<br />

Eelizbar elizbaraSvili<br />

<strong>dedamiwis</strong> <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

Tbilisi<br />

2010

Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

1.1 islandia<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. islandia<br />

warmoadgens kunZuls, romlis reliefis didi<br />

nawili zegania. Mmisi saSualo simaRle zRvis<br />

donedan 600 metria, xolo calkeuli mwvervalebi<br />

2000m-s aRwevs. Ddablobs mcire teritoria ukavia,<br />

ZiriTadad sanapiro zolSi. reliefis<br />

mniSvnelovani nawili ukavia myinvarebs,<br />

Tanamedrove gamyinvareba islandiis farTobis<br />

13%-ze vrceldeba. kunZuli aris dedamiwaze<br />

aqtiuri vulkanizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

kera.<br />

islandiis klimatis Camoyalibebaze did<br />

gavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: misi<br />

geografiuli mdebareoba maRal ganedebSi, anu<br />

polaruli wris maxloblad, atmosferos<br />

cirkulaciis xasiaTi, okeanis dinebebi, kerZod<br />

Tbili Crdilo atlantikuri dineba da misi<br />

ganStoebebi, romlebic kunZuls Cauvlis samxreT<br />

da dasavleT sanapiroebTan, da CrdiloaRmosavleT<br />

sanapiroebTan gamdinare civi<br />

aRmosavleT grenlandiis dineba.<br />

Kklimati. Kklimaturi Taviseburebebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT islandia miekuTvneba zomieri<br />

ganedebis atlantikur-arqtikul olqs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi, rac<br />

kunZulis reliefis gavleniT xSirad icvlis<br />

mimarTulebas. sanapiroebze xSiria qari xmeleTis<br />

Sida raionebidan. zamTari samxreT da dasavleT<br />

sanapiroebTan Tbili Crdilo atlantikuri<br />

2

dinebis gavleniT SedarebiT rbilia. Yyvelaze<br />

civi Tve FTebervalia da Tvis saSuali<br />

temperatura aq minus 2 0 -ia, xolo samxreT<br />

sanapiroze dadebiTic kia. CrdiloeT sanapiroze<br />

zamTari gacilebiT civia, rac aixsneba<br />

CrdiloeTis polarul wresTan misi siaxloviT<br />

da civi aRmosavleT grenlandiis dinebis<br />

gavleniT. Uufro civia zamTari kunZulis<br />

centralur nawilSi, rasac adgilis simaRlis<br />

gazrda uwyobs xels.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi umTavresad<br />

icis Rrubliani amindi, samxreT sanapiroze,<br />

CrdiloeTisagan gansxvavebiT, xSiria naleqebi.<br />

naleqebi modis ZiriTadad Tovlis saxiT.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi agreTve<br />

gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi. zafxuli,<br />

kunZulis maRal ganedebSi ganlagebis gamo,<br />

Zalian civia. ivlissa da agvistoSi yvelaze Tbil<br />

dReebSi haeris temperatura 20 0 -s ar aRwevs.<br />

ivlisis Tvis saSualo temperatura samxreT,<br />

aRmosavleT da dasavleT sanapiroebze<br />

daaxloebiT 10 0 -ia, xolo CrdiloeT sanapiroze<br />

da kunZulis centralur nawilSi 10 0 -ze naklebi.<br />

zafxuli naklebad Rrubliania, xSiria nisli.<br />

naleqebi xSiria samxreT sanapiroze, SedarebiT<br />

iSviaTia CrdiloeT sanapiroze. saerTod wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi samxreT sanapiroze modis 2000mm,<br />

xolo CrdiloeT sanapiroze, sul 300-400mm naleqi.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Ddabali temperaturebis da<br />

Zlieri qarebis gamo islandiis mcenareuloba<br />

umTavresad tundris xasiaTs atarebs. SedarebiT<br />

maRaltaniani xe-mcenareebi mxolod samxreTis<br />

Tbil sanapiroze gvxvdeba. civi zafxuli<br />

3

teritoriis did nawilze did sirTuleebs uqmnis<br />

miwaTmoqmedebas.<br />

N1.2. norvegia da SvedeTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Ees<br />

saxelmwifoebi mdebareoben evropis udides<br />

skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze. naxevarkunZulis mTeli<br />

dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv 1500 km-is manZilze<br />

gadaWimulia masiuri skandinaviis mTianeTi, romlis<br />

samxreT nawilSi umaRlesi mwvervali(glitertini)<br />

aRwevs 2481m simaRles. MmTianeTi dasavleTiT cicabod<br />

eSveba norvegiis zRvisken, xolo aRmosavleTiT –<br />

SedarebiT damrecad baltiis zRvisken. mTianeTis<br />

CrdiloeTi nawili 400-500m simaRlisaa, Tumca<br />

calkeuli mwvervalebi 2000m-s aRwevs. mTianeTi farTo<br />

xeobebis saSualebiT danawevrebulia calkeul<br />

masivebad, saidanac bevri myinvari iRebs saTaves.<br />

aRmosavleTiT mTebi TandaTan gadadis dablobSi,<br />

romelic gadaWimulia 150-200km siganeze. Sveciis<br />

samxreT nawilSi bevria tba, maTi saerTo farTobi<br />

qveynis farTobis 8%-s Seadgens. skandinaviis<br />

naxevarkunZulis dasavleT sanapiro Zlier<br />

danawevrebulia da bevr yures, anu fiordebs qmnis.<br />

aRmosavleT sanapiro ufro swori moxazulibisaa.<br />

naxevarkunZulis farTobis 15% CrdiloeT polaruli<br />

wris SigniTaa.<br />

Kklimati. Kklimaturi Taviseburebebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT Nnorvegiis da SvedeTis didi<br />

nawili miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis<br />

atlantikur-arqtikul olqs, xolo am<br />

saxelmwifoTa samxreTi raionebi- atlantikurolqs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis<br />

dasavleT sanapiroze gabatonebulia dasavleTis,<br />

4

samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis mimarTulebis<br />

qarebi. mTagorian raionebSi qaris mimarTuleba<br />

ganisazRvreba reliefis xasiaTiT.<br />

Qqaris siCqare sanapiro zolSi saSualod<br />

5m/wm-ia, xolo naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi ar<br />

aRemateba 2m/wm-s. Nnorvegiis CrdiloeT da<br />

Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze xSiria grigali<br />

da qarbuqi.<br />

Nnorvegiis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze<br />

ianvris da Tebervlis saSualo temperatura minus<br />

3 0 -ia, xolo samxreTiT izrdeba plius 2 0 -mde. Aamis<br />

mizezia atlantikis okeanidan Tbili haeris<br />

gadmoadgileba, romelic Tbili Crdiloatlantikuri<br />

dinebis Sedegad yalibdeba.<br />

calkeul dReebSi haeris temperaturam SesaZloa<br />

minus 25 0 -mde daiklos. Uufro dabali<br />

temperaturebi aRiniSneba norvegiis da SvedeTis<br />

Sida raionebSi, sadac ver aRwevs atlantikidan<br />

Tbili haeri. Aam SemTxvevaSi skandinaviis<br />

mTianeTi klimatgamyofis rols asrulebs da<br />

eRobeba Tbili haeris masebs. calkeul dReebSi aq<br />

temperatura ecema minus 30 0 -mde, xolo<br />

absoluturi minimumi dafiqsirebulia minus 51 0 .<br />

norvegiis da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi, sadac<br />

skandinaviis mTebi dabldeba, kargad aRwevs<br />

Tbili atlantikuri haeri da temperaturac<br />

izrdeba. Bbaltiis zRva ver axdens mniSvnelovan<br />

gavlenas SvedeTis havaze, mis sanapiroebze<br />

temperatura 3-7 0 -iT dabalia, vidre atlantikis<br />

okeanis sanapiroze. Aamave dros aSkarad aris<br />

gamoxatuli zRvebis gavlena klimatis tipzesanapiroebze<br />

yvelaze civi Tve Tebervalia, rac<br />

damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri havisaTvis, xolo<br />

5

naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi yvelaze civi Tve<br />

ianvaria.<br />

dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis<br />

mimarTulebis qarebis batonobis gamo norvegiis<br />

sanapiroze umTavresad Rrubliani da wvimiani<br />

amindi dgas. Ddekember-TebervalSi sanapiros<br />

CrdiloeT nawilSi naleqi umTavresad Tovlis<br />

saxiT modis, samxreTSi Tovli iSviaTia da,<br />

rogorc wesi swrafad dneba. norvegiis da<br />

SvedeTis Sida raionebSi Tovlis safari TiTqmis<br />

Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi devs(oqtombris Sua<br />

ricxvebidan maisis Sua ricxvebamde), xolo<br />

samxreTis sanapiroebze Tovlis safari erT<br />

Tvesac ver sZlebs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi, anu<br />

oqtombridan martis CaTvliT, sakmao raodenobis<br />

naleqebi modis da Seadgens sanapiroze 500-700mm-s,<br />

xolo cicabo ferdobebze 1500mm-s.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

dasavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis<br />

mimarTulebis qarebi sustdeba, da aqtiurdeba<br />

CrdiloeTis qarebi, anu qarebi arqtikidan. Aam<br />

dros temperaturis ganawilebas Sebrunebuli<br />

suraTi aqvs wlis civ periodTan SedarebiTnorvegiis<br />

da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi ufro<br />

Tbila, vidre dasavleTis sanapiroebze. Sida<br />

raionebSi ivlisis saSualo temperaturaa 15-17 0 .<br />

zafxulSi naklebia Rrublianoba, Tumca mainc<br />

gabatonebulia moRrubluli da notio amindebi.<br />

naTeli uRrublo amindi iSviaTia da TveSi<br />

mxolod erTi-Svidi dRe aRiniSneba. sanapiro<br />

raionebSi xSiria nisli.<br />

Mmcenareuli safari. norvegiis da SvedeTis<br />

teritoriis did nawilze gavrcelebulia<br />

6

wiwvovani tyeebi. maT ukaviaT skandinaviis<br />

mTianeTis aRmosavleTi ferdobi mTlianad, da<br />

agreTve dasavleT ferdobis mTebi. Nnorvegiis<br />

CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze,<br />

zafxulis Tveebis dabali temperaturebis,<br />

agreTve maRali sinotivisa da Zlieri qarebis<br />

gamo, mcenareuloba TiTqmis ar aris, batonobs<br />

tundra. samxreT raionebSi ki wiwvovani tyeebi<br />

icvleba Sereuli wiwvovan-foTlovani tyeebiT.<br />

ukidures samxreTSi Cndeba tipiuri<br />

farTofoTlovani tyeebi, sadac Warbobs wifela.<br />

mTebSi tyis sazRvari CrdiloeTSi vrceldeba 500<br />

metramde, xolo samxreTSi 1100 metramde zRvis<br />

donedan. Aam maCveneblis maRla vrceldeba mTis<br />

tundra naxevradbuCqnari da balaxis<br />

mcenareulobiT.<br />

1.3. fineTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

Oorografiuli agebulebis TvalsazrisiT fineTi<br />

warmoadgens platoebis, qedebis da Rrmulebis<br />

mravalferovnebas, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili<br />

ukavia tbebs. tbebis siuxviT mas msoflioSi<br />

pirveli adgili ukavia, tbebis wylis zedapiris<br />

farTobi qveynis farTobis 12%-s Seadgens.<br />

teritoriis didi nawili mdebareobs zRvis<br />

donidan 80-300m farglebSi.<br />

Kklimati. Kklimaturi klasifikaciis Tanaxmad<br />

fineTi miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis<br />

atlantikur-arqtikul olqs. skandinaviis<br />

naxevarkunZulisgan gansxvavebiT, fineTis hava<br />

xasiaTdeba TandaTanobiTi cvlilebiT<br />

dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeTidan<br />

7

samxreTis mimarTulebiT, rac aq mniSvnelovani<br />

mTis qedebis ar arsebobiT aixsneba.<br />

zamTari CrdiloeTSi mkacri icis.<br />

arqtikuli haeris xSiri SemoWrebis gamo haeris<br />

temperatura ianvar-TebervalSi saSualod minus<br />

15 0 -ia, xolo calkeul dReebSi yinva minus 40 0 -ze<br />

dabla Cadis. Yyinvebi saerTod icis oqtombridan<br />

aprilamde, Tovlis safari 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />

devs da xSirad ivnisis dasawyisamde gastans.<br />

amindebi umTavresad notio da Rrubliania.<br />

samxreTis mimarTulebiT zamTris<br />

xangrZlivoba iklebs da yinvebi aRiniSneba<br />

dekembridan martamde. Yyvelaze civi Tvis-ianvris<br />

saSualo temperatura minus 6 0 -ia, Tumca calkeul<br />

dReebSi SesaZloa daiklos minus 25-30 0 -mde.<br />

dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebs<br />

atlantikidan xSirad moaqvs Tbili haeri, amitom<br />

sanapiroze zamTari rbili icis, aq yvelaze civi<br />

Tve Tebervalia.<br />

Ggazafxuli civi da xangrZlivi icis.<br />

Rrublianoba da sinotive zamTarTan SedarebiT<br />

mniSvnelovnad iklebs.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi fineTis<br />

TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze gabatonebulia<br />

CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, xolo<br />

sanapiro zolSi, gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi<br />

ganviTarebulia Bbrizi, anu perioduli qari,<br />

romelic dRisiT qris sanapirodan xmeleTisaken,<br />

xolo RamiT piriqiT-xmeleTidan okeanisaken.<br />

Yyvelaze Tbili Tve ivlisia. Tvis saSualo<br />

temperatura CrdiloeTSi saSualod 12 0 -ia, xolo<br />

samxreTSi-17 0 . Rrublianoba zafxulSi naklebia<br />

zamTarTan SedarebiT, magram naleqebi ufro meti<br />

modis. xSiria Tavsxma naleqebi da setyva.<br />

8

zafxuli saerTod xanmoklea da wayinvebi ukve<br />

seqtembridan iwyeba.<br />

mcenareuli safari. teritoriis didi nawili<br />

dafarulia tyeebiT. CrdiloeTSi wiwvnari<br />

Warbobs, samxreTSi siTbos momatebasTan erTad<br />

Cndeba foTlovani mcenareebic, umTavresad muxa.<br />

reliefis Taviseburebisa (Warbobs vakeebi da<br />

Rrmulebi), zafxulis dabali temperaturisa da<br />

maRali sinotivis gamo Zalian bevri tbaa,<br />

gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTSi. tbebs ukavia qveynis<br />

mTeli farTobis daaxloebiT 30%.<br />

D1.4. didi britaneTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. yvelaze<br />

SemaRlebulia Ddidi britaneTis CrdiloeTi<br />

nawili, anu Sotlandia da inglisis CrdiloeT<br />

raionebi. Sotlandia ukavia mTianeTs, sadac didi<br />

britaneTis umaRlesi mwvervalia-mTa ben-nevisi<br />

(1343m zRvis donedan). inglisis teritoriaze<br />

SedarebiT dabali simaRlis-peninis mTebia,<br />

romelTa simaRlec 1000m-s ver aRwevs. inglisis<br />

aRmosavleT raionebSi Warbobs dablobebi.<br />

sanapiro zoli gansakuTrebiT danawevrebulia<br />

dasavleTSi, xolo naklebad danawevrebuli<br />

aRmosavleTSi da samxreTSi.<br />

klimati. Ddidi britaneTi miekuTvneba zomieri<br />

sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur<br />

olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gabatonebulia dasavleTis da samxreTdasavleTis<br />

qarebi. sanapiro raionebSi xSiria<br />

Zlieri qarebi, xolo CrdiloeTSi-Stormi. 1953<br />

wlis TebervalSi CrdiloeTis zRvaSi ganviTarda<br />

iseTi Stormi, rom mTlianad datbora inglisis<br />

9

aRmosavleT sanapiro da miwidan aRgava mravali<br />

dasaxlebuli punqti.<br />

Ggabatonebuli Tbili zRviuri qarebis gamo<br />

zamTari Zalian rbili icis, ianvar-Tebervlis<br />

saSualo temperatura 3-5 0 , xolo inglisis<br />

samxreTSi 6-7 0 -ia. teritoriis dasavleTi nawili,<br />

Tbili Crdilo-atlantikuri dinebis gamo, ufro<br />

Tbilia, vidre aRmosavleTi nawili, sadac xSirad<br />

xdeba civi haeris masebis SemoWra evropis<br />

kontinenturi nawilidan.<br />

damaxasiaTebelia Rrubliani, notio amindi.<br />

xSiria nisli, Tova, Tumca mdgradi Tovlis<br />

safari myardeba mxolod mTebSi. Ggazafxulze<br />

temperaturis zrda Zalian nela mimdinareobs,<br />

rac zRviuri haeris masebis SemoWrebs<br />

ukavSirdeba.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebTan<br />

erTad aqtiurdeba CrdiloeTis qarebi. rogorc<br />

damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri havisaTvis, zafxuli<br />

grilia, gansakuTrebiT Sotlandiis CrdiloeTSi,<br />

sadac yvelaze Tbili Tvis saSualo temperatura<br />

12-14 0 -ia. inglisis samxreT nawilSi temperatura<br />

16-17 0 -mde izrdeba.<br />

zafxulSi Rrublianoba zamTarTan SedarebiT<br />

iklebs, Tumca naTeli mziani dReebi mainc<br />

iSviaTia. Nnaleqebi bevri modis, gansakuTrebiT<br />

CrdiloeT raionebSi, sadac maTi wliuri jami<br />

2000mm-mde aRwevs. Nnaleqebis didi raodenobis da<br />

zafxulis dabali temperaturebis gamo mdinareebi<br />

wyaluxvia.<br />

Mmcenareuli safari. maRali tenianobisa da<br />

rbili zamTris gamo mcenareuloba mdidaria.<br />

kunZulis samxreT naxevarSi maradmwvane tyeebi da<br />

10

subtropikuli olqis buCqnaric kia<br />

gavrcelebuli. Aamave dros iseTi mcenareebi,<br />

romlebic ganviTarebisaTvis moiTxovs<br />

mniSvnelovan siTbos zafxulis TveebSi aq ar<br />

xarobs. Zalian Znelad mwifdeba marcvlovani<br />

kulturebi da gansakuTrebiT xexili.<br />

1.5. safrangeTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. safrangeTis<br />

reliefi mravalferovania. teritoriis didi nawili<br />

warmoadgens saSualo simaRlis mTebis da vakeebis<br />

kompleqss. Yyvelaze maRali mTebi qveynis samxreTSiapirineis<br />

mTebis samxreTi ferdobebi, alpebis<br />

dasavleTi ferdobebi, centraluri safrangeTis<br />

masivi. Crdilo-dasavleTis sanapiro zoli Zlier<br />

danawevrebulia.<br />

klimati. safrangeTis CrdiloeTi nawili miekuTvneba<br />

zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur<br />

klimatur olqs, xolo samxreTi nawili<br />

subtropikuli sartylis atlantikurxmelTaSuazRviur<br />

olqs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi qveynis<br />

CrdiloeTSi gabatonebulia samxreT-dasavleTis,<br />

xolo samxreTSi- Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da<br />

aRmosavleTis qarebi.<br />

dabal ganedebSi mdebareobisa da atlantikis<br />

okeanes gavlenis gamo zamTari teritoriis<br />

mniSvnelovan nawilze Zalian rbilia. Ddablob<br />

raionebSi temperatura zamTarSic dadebiTia, da<br />

saSualod aRemateba 7 0 -s, mxolod CrdiloeTSi<br />

Camodis temperatura 0 0 -mde. mTebSi zamTari<br />

SedarebiT civia.<br />

Rrublianoba mniSvnelovania CrdiloeTSi da<br />

mTebSi, samxreTSi umniSvneloa. Bbevri naleqebi<br />

11

modis dasavleT sanapiroze, rac okeanis<br />

gavleniT aixsneba. samxreT sanapiroze da Sida<br />

raionebSi naleqebi mcirea.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

atmosferos cirkulacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi<br />

aqvs. safrangeTis mTel teritoriaze<br />

gabatonebulia dasavleTis, Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

da CrdiloeTis qarebi, ris Sedegadac zafxuli<br />

zomierad Tbilia. ivlisis saSualo temperatura<br />

qveynis CrdiloeTSi 16 0 -ia, parizSi-18 0 , samxreTSi-<br />

20 0 -ze meti, xolo mTebSi zRvis donedan 2000-2500m<br />

simaRleze ecema 10 0 -mde. zafxulSic bevri<br />

naleqebi modis, xSiria Tavsxma naleqebi,<br />

gamonaklisia samxreT raionebi, sadac zafxuli<br />

gvalviani icis.<br />

mcenareuli safari. siTbosa da tenis<br />

gansxvavebuli reJimebi ganapirobebs arsebiT<br />

gansxvavebas mcenareTa saxeobaSi. zomieri<br />

ganedebis vake raionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />

farTofoTlovani tyeebi, romlebic amJamad<br />

mniSvnelovnad aris gaCexili. samxreT sanapiroze<br />

xmelTaSuazRviuri maradmwvane tyeebic gvxvdeba.<br />

mTebSi kargad aris gamoxatuli tyeebis<br />

vertikaluri zonaloba: qvemod muxnaria, Semdeg<br />

wiflnari, ufro maRla wiwvovani tyeebi, xolo<br />

alpebisa da pirineis maRalmTian sartyelSi<br />

gavrcelebulia subalpuri buCqnari da mdeloebi.<br />

1.6. Nniderlandebi, belgia da luqsemburgi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Nniderlandebi<br />

da belgiis didi nawili xasiaTdeba brtyeli,<br />

erTgvarovani reliefiT, amaRlebebi mxolod belgiis<br />

samxreTSia, sadac gadaWimulia mTis masivi.<br />

niderlandebis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />

12

zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs da daculia<br />

datborvisagan kaSxalebis xelovnuri qseliT.<br />

klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT<br />

niderlandebs, belgias da luqsemburgs gaaCnia<br />

SedarebiT erTgvarovani pirobebi, ukaviaT<br />

zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinenturi<br />

klimaturi olqi.<br />

zamTarSi am saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze<br />

gabatonebulia dasavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis<br />

da samxreTis qarebi, romlebic qris Tbili<br />

atlantikis okeanedan. Aamis gamo aq zamTari<br />

Zalian rbilia. ianvris da Tebervlis saSualo<br />

Tviuri temperaturebi sanapiro zolSi<br />

daaxloebiT 3 0 -ia, xolo xmeleTis siRrmeSi 0 0 -Tan<br />

axlosaa.<br />

zafxuli SedarebiT grili icis. ivlisis da<br />

agvistos saSualo temperatura 16-18 0 -ia. mTeli<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia moRrubluli<br />

amindi, Tumca zafxulSi zamTarTan SedarebiT<br />

sinotive naklebia.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba<br />

warmodgenilia wiflnari da muxnari tyeebiT,<br />

romlebsac SigadaSig monacvleoben mdeloebi.<br />

teritoriis didi farTobi gamoiyeneba<br />

marcvlovani da teqnikuri kulturebis mosayvanad.<br />

D1.7. germania<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Dgermaniis<br />

zedapiris reliefi xasiaTdeba didi<br />

mravalferovnebiT. Qqveynis CrdiloeTi nawili<br />

dablobs warmoadgens, romelic ZiriTadad zRvis<br />

donedan 100m simaRlemde mdebareobs. Ddablobi<br />

samxreTiT icvleba uZvelesi mTebiT, romelTa<br />

simaRle ar aRemareba 800-1000m-s. teritoriis<br />

13

zedapiri daxrilia CrdiloeTisaken, da<br />

Sesabamisad yvela mTavari mdinare miemarTeba<br />

samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. CrdiloeT germaniis<br />

dablobi xasiaTdeba tbebis siuxviT.<br />

klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT germania<br />

miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikurkontinentur<br />

klimatur olqs. misi hava<br />

mniSvnelovan wilad ganisazRvreba atlantikis<br />

okeanis gavleniT. wlis civi periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia samxreT-dasavleTis<br />

qarebi. amis gamo, CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki mis dasavleT nawilSi, zamTari<br />

Zalian rbilia. yvelaze civi Tvis –ianvris<br />

saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 0 0 -ia.<br />

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT temperatura<br />

TandaTan ecema, magram CrdiloeT germaniis<br />

dablobze Zlieri yinvebi mainc ar aRiniSneba.<br />

qveynis samxreTSi zamTari SedarebiT mkacria,<br />

rasac xels uwyobs adgilis simaRlis gazrda.<br />

mdgradi Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi<br />

warmoiqmneba, CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze is<br />

swrafad dneba.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi ufro<br />

xSirdeba dasavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

mimarTulebis qarebi, anu qarebi atlantikis<br />

okeanedan. Aam dros okeanes wyali grilia da<br />

Sesabamisad germaniis Crdilo-dasavleT<br />

raionebSi zafxuli Tumca xangrZlivia, magram<br />

grilia. ivlisis Tvis saSualo temperatura<br />

daaxloebiT 16 0 -ia. aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT<br />

temperatura mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. mTebSi zRvis<br />

donedan 1000-1200m simaRleze ivlisis temperatura<br />

daaxloebiT 10 0 -s Seadgens.<br />

14

Rrublianoba zafxulSic mniSvnelovania,<br />

naleqebi, rogorc zamTarSi, xSiria. swored<br />

amitom germaniis mdinareebi wyaluxvia mTeli<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi landSafti<br />

Zlieraa Secvlili adamianis mier. farTobis didi<br />

nawili dakavebuli aqvs marcvlovan da teqnikur<br />

sasoflosameurneo kulturebs. Mmdinare reinis<br />

zemo welSi, sadac icis cxeli xangrZlivi<br />

zafxuli da Tbili Semodgoma, ganviTarebulia<br />

mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba, meTambaqooba. calkeul<br />

adgilebSi SemorCenilia muxa da wifela, mTebSi<br />

ki-fiWvi.<br />

1.8. Sveicaria<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Sveicaria<br />

mTagoriani qveyanaa, misi reliefi Zlier<br />

danawevrebulia. Mmas ukavia alpebis yvelaze<br />

mZlavri nawili. Mmravali masivi da mwvervalia<br />

aRmarTuli zRvis donedan 4000m-ze maRla. Aaq<br />

aris evropis umaRlesi mwvervali monblani(4810m).<br />

mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia Tovlis mindvrebs<br />

da farTo myinvarebs. Aalpebs kveTen mdinareTa<br />

Rrma xeobebi.<br />

klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT Sveicaria<br />

miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikurkontinentur<br />

klimatur olqs, amave dros mTis<br />

landSafti gansazRvravs <strong>klimatebi</strong>s<br />

Taviseburebebs, rac gamoarCevs Sveicarias amave<br />

klimatur olqSi ganlagebul sxva qveynebisagan.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

SveicariaSi gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanes<br />

haeris masebi. Mmagram qveynis sakmaod didi<br />

simaRlis gamo zamTari mainc civia. saSualo<br />

15

temperaturebi 0 0 -Tan axlosaa, xolo ramdenadme<br />

maRalia CrdiloeTiT.<br />

zafxuli, maRalmTiani zonis garda, zomiered<br />

Tbilia. zeganze temperatura 18-19 0 -ia, daxurul<br />

xeobebSi- 21-22 0 , xolo maRalmTian zonaSi 2500m<br />

simaRleze daaxloebiT 5 0 . zafxulSi momatebulia<br />

Rrublianoba da naleqebi.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Mmdidari mcenareulobaa<br />

dacul xeobebSi, sadac gavrcelebulia<br />

farTofoTlovani tyeebi, bevria baRi da venaxi.<br />

tye mTebSi vrceldeba daaxloebiT 1800m<br />

simaRlemde. simaRlis zrdiT Sereul tyeebs<br />

cvlis wiwvovani tyeebi, ufro maRla ki alpuri<br />

mdeloebia. Mudmivi Tovlis sazRvari gadis 2500-<br />

3000m simaRleze.<br />

A1.9. avstria<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Aavstriis<br />

mTagoriani raionebi, landSaftis xasiaTis mxriv,<br />

Zalze waagavs Sveicarias. Qqveynis farTobis 70%<br />

ukavia aRmosavleT alpebs, romelic gamoyofilia<br />

Sveicariis alpebisagan farTo xeobebiT da<br />

qvabulebiT. Qqveynis yvelaze dasaxlebuli<br />

adgili aris dunais xeoba.<br />

klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT avstria<br />

agreTve miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis<br />

atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs. mdinare<br />

dunais xeobaSi zamTari SedarebiT rbilia,<br />

uaryofiTi saSualo Tviuri temperaturebi aq<br />

mxolod ianvarSia. alpebSi ki, gansakuTrebiT<br />

maRalmTian raionebSi zamTari sakmaod mkacria,<br />

sadac uaryofiTi temperaturebi seqtembridan<br />

ivnisis CaTvliT aRiniSneba, xolo Tebervlis<br />

saSualo temperatura minus 14 0 -ia. naleqebi<br />

16

zamTarSi umTavresad Tovlis saxiT modis, Tumca<br />

mdgradi Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi<br />

yalibdeba.<br />

zafxuli xeobebSi Zalian Tbilia, ivlisis<br />

saSualo temperatura venaSi 20 0 -ia. maRalmTian<br />

raionebSi zafxuli, ra Tqma unda civia, yvelaze<br />

Tbili Tvis saSualo temperatura 0-Tan axlosaa.<br />

zafxuli yvelaze Rrubliani da naleqiania.<br />

mcenareuli safari. vakeebsa da qvabulebSi tye<br />

TiTqmis ganadgurebulia. mTis ferdobebze<br />

gvxvdeba Sereuli tyeebi, romlebsac cvlian<br />

wiwvovani tyeebi, xolo 2000m simaRlidansubalpuri<br />

mdeloebi.<br />

1.10. Pportugalia da espaneTi<br />

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Oorive<br />

qveyana mdebareobs pirineis naxevarkunZulze.<br />

naxevarkunZulis reliefis forma umTavresad<br />

mTebi da zegnebia, dablobebi mxolod sanapiro<br />

zolSia da maT umniSvnelo farTobebi ukavia.<br />

gansakuTrebiT maRalia mTebi naxevarkunZulis<br />

CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi. CrdiloeTSi<br />

gadaWimulia mZlavri pirineis qedi, sadac<br />

umaRlesi mwvervalis simaRle aRemateba 3400m-s.<br />

samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi ganlagebulia<br />

mZlavri mTaTa sistema- andaluziis mTebi.<br />

klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT Pportugalia<br />

da espaneTi miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis<br />

atlantikur-xmelTaSuazRviur klimatur olqs.<br />

amave dros naxevarkunZulis didi ganfenilobis,<br />

okeanidan sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebis da<br />

rTuli orografiuli agebulebis gamo,<br />

naxevarkunZulis sxvadasxva nawilSi klimati<br />

arsebiTad gansxvavebulia.<br />

17

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi pirineis<br />

naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia atlantikis<br />

okeanidan wamosuli zomieri ganedebis haeri.<br />

sanapiro raionebi xasiaTdeba Tbili, wvimiani<br />

zamTriT. Yyvelaze civi Tvis – ianvris saSualo<br />

Tviuri temperatura CrdiloeT da dasavleT<br />

sanapiroebze 8-10 0 -ia, xolo samxreT sanapiroze<br />

12 0 -s aRemateba. Aaq naleqebi wvimis saxiT ufro<br />

iSviaTia vidre CrdiloeTSi. CrdiloeTSi zogjer<br />

icis Tova.<br />

Pportugaliis da espaneTis centralur<br />

raionebSi zamTari ufro civia, radganac mTis<br />

masivze gadaadgilebisas haeri civdeba.<br />

centralur raionebSi Rrublianobac naklebia da<br />

SedarebiT naklebi naleqebi modis, vidre<br />

sanapiroze.<br />

zafxuli Pportugaliis da espaneTis umetes<br />

teritoriaze cxelia. pirineis naxevarkunZulis<br />

CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze<br />

agvistos saSualo temperatura 18-20 0 -ia, xolo<br />

samxreT sanapiroze, sadac aRwevs cxeli haeri<br />

saharidan, temperatura 26 0 -s Seadgens. zafxulSi<br />

wvimebi iSviaTia, yvelaze bevri naleqebi modis<br />

gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

zafxulSi mdinareebi wyalmcirea, xolo<br />

wyaluxvoba zamTrisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

mcenareuli safari. klimaturi gansxvavebebi<br />

naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosa da<br />

mis centralur raionebsa da samxreT sanapiros<br />

Soris, mizezia am raionebSi gansxvavebuli<br />

mcenareuli safaris gavrcelebaSi. CrdiloeT da<br />

Crdilo - dasavleT raionebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebelia Suaevropis mcenareuloba, anu<br />

xSiri tyeebi da naTeli mwvane mdeloebi.<br />

18

naxevarkunZulis samxreT, samxreT-dasavleT da<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroebze mcenareuloba<br />

tipiuri xmelTaSuazRviuria, maradmwvane<br />

xeSeSfoTlovani tyeebiT da buCqnarebiT.<br />

espaneTis samxreT-aRmosavleTis calkeul<br />

raionebSi gvxvdeba naxevradudabnos<br />

landSaftebic. mTebSi tyeebis gavrcelebaSi<br />

vertikaluri zonaloba SeiniSneba- muxa, wabli,<br />

fiWvi, buCqnari da alpuri mdeloebi, Tumca<br />

amJamad tyis masivebi CenarCunebulia mxolod<br />

umniCvnelo teritoriaze.<br />

1.11. italia<br />

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

mdebareobs apeninis naxevarkunZulze, romlis<br />

didi nawili danawevrebulia saSualosimaRlis<br />

mTebiT. mTeli naxevarkunZulis gaswvriv<br />

gadaWimulia apeninis mTebi. Qqveynis CrdiloeTSi<br />

ganlagebulia lombardis farTo dablobi, sadac<br />

miedineba mdinare po. Ddablobi CrdiloeTidan<br />

SemosazRvrulia alpebis mZlavri mTis sistemiT,<br />

romelic gamoyofs naxevarkunZuls mTeli<br />

danarCeni evropisagan.<br />

Kklimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT italia,<br />

lombardis dablobis gamoklebiT, miekuTvneba<br />

subtropikuli sartylis atlantikurxmelTaSuazRviur<br />

klimatur olqs, lombardis<br />

dablobi ki miekuTvneba atlantikur-kontinentur<br />

klimatur olqs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi apeninis,<br />

iseve rogoc pirineis naxevarkunZulze,<br />

gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanidan wamosuli<br />

zomieri ganedebis haeri. Aalpebi aferxebs<br />

naxevarkunZulze evropidan civi kontinenturi<br />

19

haeris masebis SemoWras. Aamitom zamTari<br />

italiaSi, misi ukiduresi CrdiloeT raionebis<br />

gamoklebiT, gansakuTrebiT rbilia. yvelaze civi<br />

Tvis, ianvris, saSualo temperatura sanapiroze 7-<br />

10 0 -ia. CrdiloeTSi lombardis dablobze zamTari<br />

ufro civia, aq . ianvris saSualo temperatura 1-<br />

2 0 -ia, xolo yinvebma SesaZloa miaRwios minus 8 0 -s.<br />

amis mizezi aris arqtikuli haeris SemoWra<br />

CrdiloeTidan.<br />

rogorc xmelTaSuazRviuri klimatisaTvis<br />

aris damaxasiaTebeli, italiaSic zamTari<br />

yvelaze wvimiania. xSirad wvimebi katastroful<br />

xasiaTs atareben da mdinare poze iwveven<br />

wyaldidobas.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia tropikuli haeri<br />

da qari qris samxreTidan da samxreTdasavleTidan.<br />

aseT qarebs, rogorc wesi, moaqvs<br />

siTbo da teni. Aamitom zafxuli, maRalmTiani<br />

raionebis garda, yvelgan cxelia. ivlis-agvistos<br />

saSualo temperatura dablob raionebSi 24-26 0 -ia,<br />

mTebSi temperatura naklebia da 700-800m<br />

simaRleze zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia.<br />

zafxulSi naleqebi Zalian cota modis, samxreTSi<br />

ki xSiria gvalvebi. Sesabamisad Zalian cotaa<br />

Rrublianoba da umTavresad naTeli mziani amindi<br />

dgas.<br />

mcenareuli safari. apeninis naxevarkunZulis<br />

mcenareuli safars, lombardis dablobisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, xmelTaSuazRviuri xasiaTi gaaCnia<br />

gamokveTili vertikaluri zonalobiT.<br />

maradmwvane xemcenareebi da buCqnari aRwevs Sors<br />

xmeleTis siRrmeSi da vrceldeba mTebSi<br />

CrdiloeTSi 500-600, xolo samxreTSi 700-800m<br />

20

simaRlemde zRvis donedan. saSualosimaRlis<br />

mTebis ferdobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wabli.<br />

lombardis dablobze, sadac zamTari sakmaod<br />

grilia, bunebrivi mcenareuloba atarebs<br />

Suaevropul xasiaTs- ZiriTadad izrdeba muxa.<br />

1.12. saberZneTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. saberZneTs<br />

ukavia balyaneTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTis<br />

viwro nawili. Qqveynis didi nawili mTagoriania,<br />

dablobebs Zalian mcire teritoria ukavia.<br />

reliefi, gansakuTrebiT teritoriis aRmosavleT<br />

nawilSi, Zlier danawevrebulia. Ddidi<br />

mdinareebi saberZneTSi ar aris. Bbevri mdinare<br />

zafxulSi saerTod Sreba. sanapiro zoli Zlier<br />

danawevrebulia.<br />

klimati. saberZneTi miekuTvneba subtropikuli<br />

sartylis<br />

kontinentur-xmelTaSuazRviur<br />

klimatur olqs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc<br />

damaxasiaTebelia subtropikuli klimatisaTvis,<br />

saberZneTSic gabatonebulia zomieri ganedebis<br />

haeri.<br />

dablobSi zamTari rbilia, gansakuTrebiT<br />

teritoriis dasavleTSi, sadac xSirad iWreba<br />

Tbili zRviuri haeri. dasavleT sanapiroze<br />

ianvris saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 10 0 -ia.<br />

xmeleTis siRrmeSi temperatura ramdenadme, xolo<br />

mTebSi ufro metad klebulobs.<br />

saberZneTis aRmosavleT sanapiroze zamTari<br />

ramdenadme Tbilia, vidre naxevarkunZulis<br />

centralur raionebSi, magram dasavleT<br />

sanapirosTan SedarebiT ufro civia. Ees aixsneba<br />

21

dasavleT sanapiroze evropis kontinentidan civi<br />

haeris xSiri SemoWrebiT.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi xSiria<br />

Rrublianoba da naleqebi. gansakuTrebiT bevri<br />

wvima modis dasavleT sanapiroze. ianvar<br />

TebervalSi CrdiloeT raionebSi, samxreTisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, xSiria Tovli. maRal mTebSi Tovli<br />

devs wlis didi drois ganmavlobaSi.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi, iseve<br />

rogorc zamTarSi, qarebi aramdgradia. zafxuli<br />

mTel saberZneTSi, maRalmTiani raionebis<br />

gamoklebiT, Zalian cxeli da gvalviania. ivlisis<br />

da agvistos saSualo temperaturebi dablobSi da<br />

mTebSi dabal simaRleebze 26-30-ia. naleqebi<br />

zafxulSi Zalian iSviaTia, gansakuTrebiT<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleT raionebSi, sadac ivlisagvistoSi<br />

mxolod 2-5 naleqiani dRea. Daq am<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi modis araumetes 5-15 mm<br />

naleqi. dasavleT sanapiroze naleqebi ufro<br />

xSiria, aq wlis ganmavlobaSi modis daaxloebiT<br />

1400 mm naleqi, maSin rodesac aRmosavleT<br />

sanapiroze naleqebis wliuri jami Seadgens 300-<br />

600mm-s.<br />

mcenareuli safari. dablob raionebSi da mTebSi<br />

dabal simaRleebze Warbobs maradmwvane buCqnari.<br />

didi teritoria ukavia kulturul<br />

mcenareulobas-marcvleuls, venaxebs, citrusebs.<br />

zRvis donedan 1700-2000m simaRleebze gvxvdeba<br />

farTofoTlovani (wifela, muxa) da wiwvovani<br />

tyeebi. Uufro did simaRleebze yalibdeba alpuri<br />

da subalpuri mcenareuloba, balaxisa da<br />

dabaltaniani buCqnarisagan. Fferdobebis<br />

mniSvnelovani nawili gaSiSvlebulia.<br />

22

1.13. bulgareTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. miuxedavad<br />

teritoriis simcirisa, bulgareTi xasiaTdeba<br />

reliefis didi mravalferovnebiT. Qqveynis<br />

CrdiloeTSi ganlagebulia dunais vake, misgan<br />

samxreTiT ganeduri mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia<br />

stara planina, anu balyaneTis mTebi., romlis<br />

umaRlesi mwvervalia mTa botevi(2376m). Uufro<br />

maRali mTebi ganlagebulia bulgareTis samxreTdasavleTSi-<br />

rila-rodopis mTianeTi, romlis<br />

mwvervalTa umravlesobis simaRle aRemateba<br />

2700m-s. Savi zRva bulgareTis sanapiroze<br />

wyalmarCxia, xolo sanapiro zoli naklebad<br />

danawevrebulia.<br />

klimati. bulgareTis CrdiloeT nawili<br />

miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis kontinentur, xolo<br />

samxreTi –subtropikuli sartylis kontinenturxmelTaSviazRviur<br />

klimatur olqs.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

bulgareTis teritoriaze gabatonebulia<br />

dasavleTis qarebi, dunais vakeze da Savi zRvis<br />

sanapiroze- agreTve CrdiloeTis da CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />

qarebi. swored kontonenturi<br />

haeris batonobis Sedegad bulgareTSi zamTari<br />

civi icis. CrdiloeTSi, dunais vakeze, ianvris<br />

temperatura 0-ze dabalia. maRalmTian raionebSi<br />

ki ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSia SenarCunebuli<br />

uaryofiTi saSualoTviuri temperaturebi,<br />

SesaZloa temperaturis dacema minus 40 0 -mde. Savi<br />

zRvis sanapiroze ramdenadme Tbila, magram zRvis<br />

Semsrbilebeli gavlena, CrdiloeTis qarebis<br />

sixSirisa da zRvis dabali siRrmis gamo,<br />

SesamCnevad umniSvneloa. Yyvelaze didi siTbo<br />

23

zamTarSi qveynis samxreT raionebSia, romlebic<br />

mTebiT daculia civi kontinenturi haerisagan.<br />

Rrublianoba da SefardebiTi sinotive<br />

zamTarSi maRalia, naleqebi mciremodis.<br />

oqtombridan aprilis CaTvliT mosalodnelia<br />

Tova.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

matulobs aRmosavleTis qarebis sixSire, rac<br />

ganapirobebs cxeli da mSrali amindebis<br />

Camoyalibebas. ivlisis saSualo temperatura<br />

vakeSi 22 0 -ia, samxreTSi-24 0 ° da meti. Rrublianoba,<br />

zamTarTan SedarebiT iklebs, naleqebi ki<br />

izrdeba, xSiria elWeqi, Tavsxma naleqebi da<br />

setyva, agreTve gvalva.<br />

mcenareuli safari. bunebrivi mcenareulobidan<br />

gamoirCeva farTofoTlovani xeebi da buCqnari,<br />

romelTa Soris bevri samxreTevropuli saxeobaa.<br />

Tavi 2. aziis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

2.1. TurqeTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. TurqeTi<br />

mTagoriani qvqyanaa. Mmisi centraluri nawili<br />

ukavia zegans, romelic aRmosavleTSi gadadis<br />

maRal somxeTis mTianeTSi. CrdiloeTidan zegans<br />

esazRvreba pontos mTebi, romelTa simaRle<br />

aRwevs 4000m, xoli samxreTidan- tavris da<br />

antitavris mTebi. Mmcire aziis naxevarkunZulis<br />

dasavleT sanapiro Zlieraa danawevrebuli,<br />

samxreT da CrdiloeT napirebs ki martivi<br />

moxazuloba gaaCnia.<br />

24

klimati. Hhava subtropikuli sartylis<br />

xmelTaSuazRviuria. wlis civi periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi xSiria ciklonebi, amitom sanapiro<br />

raionebSi es dro yvelaze moRrubluli da<br />

wvimiania. Yyvelaze civi Tvis, ianvris, saSualo<br />

temperatura Savi da egeosis zRvebis sanapiroebze<br />

6-8 0 -ia, xolo xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroze- 10 0 .<br />

magram calkeul dReebSi CrdiloeTSi,<br />

sanapirozec ki, SesaZlebelia yinvebi minus 8-10 0 -<br />

mde da Tova. Qqveynis Sida raionebSi zamTarSi<br />

piriqiT uRrublo amindi Warbobs, da zeganze<br />

zRvis donedan 700-800m-ze ianvris temperatura<br />

uaryofiTia, calkeul dReebSi ki yinvebi minus<br />

25 0 -s aRwevs.<br />

zafxulSi Warbobs cxeli, uRrublo amindi,<br />

magram zRvis siaxlovis gamo haeris tenianoba<br />

mainc maRali rCeba. Yyvelaze Tbili Tveebis,<br />

ivlisis da agvistos, saSualo temperatura<br />

egeosis da xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroebze 26-30 0 -ia,<br />

xolo Savi zRvis sanapiroze daaxloebiT 25 0 .<br />

zeganzec ki, miuxedavad misi simaRlisa, haeri<br />

Zlier Tbeba da maRali temperaturebi aRiniSneba,<br />

700-800m simaRleze 20-22 0 -s aRwevs. Aam dros<br />

wvimebi, iseve rogorc TurqeTis mTel<br />

teritoriaze, iSviaTia.<br />

mcenareuli safari. mcenareulobis xasiaTi<br />

damokidebulia naleqebis ganawilebisagan.<br />

sanapiro raionebSi, sadac sakmarisi naleqebi<br />

modis (800-1000mm) izrdeba xmelTaSuazRvis tipis<br />

maradmwvane tropikuli mcenareebi. zeganze, sadac<br />

naleqebis wliuri jami ar aRemateba 300mm-s<br />

naxevradudabnos da udabnos mcenareulobaa.<br />

25

2.2. Eerayi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Eerayis<br />

centralur mdebareobs farTo mesopotamiis<br />

dablobi. Qqveynis dasavleT da aRmosavleT<br />

raionebi mniSvnelovnad SemaRlebulia.<br />

Kklimati. Eerayis samxreTi xasiaTdeba tropikuli<br />

haviT, xolo CrdiloeTi- subtropikuli<br />

xmelTaSuazRviuri haviT.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi erayis<br />

CrdiloeT raionebze xSiria ciklonebis gavla,<br />

amitom zamTari gansakuTrebiT wvimiania. Nnaleqebi<br />

umTavresad Tavsxma wvimis saxiT modis. iSviaTad<br />

Tovs, dablobSi is swrafad dneba. Tovlis safari<br />

warmoiqmneba mxolod mTebSi. samxreTSi naleqebi<br />

mcirdeba.<br />

ianvris saSualo Tviuri temperatura<br />

mesopotamiis dablobis CrdiloeTSi daaxloebiT<br />

7 0 -ia, samxreTSi-10 0 . amave dros, zogjer, civi<br />

haeris CrdiloeTidan da Crdilo-dasavleTidan<br />

SemoWrebis dros aRiniSneba Zlieri yinvebi-<br />

CrdiloeTSi minus 18-20 0 , samxreTSi minus 7 0 .<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi erayis<br />

teritoriaze gabatonebulia mSrali da cxeli<br />

Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, romelTac xSirad<br />

axlavs qviSiani qareSxlebi. Aam dros dgas cxeli<br />

amindebi da SesaZloa ramodenime Tve wvimis wveTi<br />

ar Camovardes. ivlisi-agvistos saSualo<br />

temperaturebi dablobSi Seadgens 34-35 0 -s, xolo<br />

maqsimaluri temperatura aRwevs 45-50 0 -s.<br />

mcenareuli safari. klimaturi Tavisebarebebidan<br />

gamomdinare ZiriTadad naxevradudabnos da<br />

udabnos mcenareulobaa. Mmesopotamiis dablobze<br />

nayofieri niadagia da melioraciis pirobebSi<br />

kargi mosavali mohyavT.<br />

26

2.3. irani<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Qqveynis<br />

teritoriis didi nawili zegania, misi simaRle<br />

dasavleTSi 1000-1200m-s, aRmosavleTSi ki 500-700m-s<br />

Seadgens. zegani Crdilo-dasavleTidan<br />

SemosazRvrulia qedebiT.<br />

klimati. iranis hava kontinenturi-subtropikulia,<br />

mxolod qveynis samxreTSia tropikuli hava.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi iranze<br />

gadis polaruli fronti, anu sazRvari tropikul<br />

da zomier haers Soris. Aamitom es periodi<br />

gansakuTrebiT wvimiania. ianvris saSualo<br />

temperatura 0 0 -Tan axlosaa, yinvebi SesaZlebelia<br />

minus 20 0 -mde. Tbili zamTari mxolod qveynis<br />

samxreTSia, sparseTis yuris sanapiroze, sadac<br />

ianvris saSualo temperatura 13-15 0 -s aRwevs.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi iranis<br />

teritoriaze gabatonebulia mSrali da cxeli<br />

Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi. Aamitom myardeba<br />

mSrali, uRrublo, unaleqo amindi. zafxuli<br />

cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 30-32 0 -ia,<br />

xolo maqsimaluri temperatura aRwevs 40-45 0 -s.<br />

mcenareuli safari. mcenareuloba<br />

mravalferovania. Kkaspiis zRvis sanapiroze<br />

izrdeba xSiri tyeebi. mTebi gaSiSvlebulia, an<br />

dafarulia buCqnariT. qvabulebSi warmodgenilia<br />

stepebisa da udabnoebis mcenareuloba.<br />

dablobebSi nayofieri niadagebia, magram<br />

miwaTmoqmedeba SesaZlebelia mxolod xelovnuri<br />

morwyvis pirobebSi.<br />

27

2.4. indoeTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. indoeTi<br />

mdebareobs indostanis naxevarkunZulze, romlis<br />

zedapiric xasiaTdeba didi mravalferovnebiT.<br />

CrdiloeTSi gadaWimulia dedamiwaze yvelaze<br />

maRali- himalais mTebi. farToa mdinareebis<br />

indis, gangis da brahmaputris velebi. CrdilodasavleTi<br />

ukavia qviSian udabnoebs(Taris<br />

udabno). naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawili dekanis<br />

zegans ukavia, romelic SemosazRvrulia<br />

dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis gatebis mTebiT.<br />

klimati. indoeTi musonebis klasikuri qveyanaa, is<br />

miekuTvneba ekvatoruli musonebis klimatur<br />

sartyels.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi musonuri<br />

qarebi mimarTulia xmeleTidan zRvisken. maRali<br />

himalais mTebi eRobeba centraluri aziidan<br />

wamosul civ mSral haers, amitom zamTari<br />

indoeTSi Zalian Tbili, uRrublo da mSralia. am<br />

dros mcire wyalsatevebi da mdinareebi Sreba.<br />

ianvris temperatura dablobze 15-20 0 -ia, xolo<br />

himalais mTebze 3500m simaRleze- minus 8 0 -ia.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonuri<br />

cirkulaciis xasiaTi icvleba. isini qrian<br />

samxreT-dasavleTidan, anu okeanidan, da<br />

mniSvnelovani teni moaqvT. Mmusonebis dawyebamde,<br />

mais-ivnisSi, Zalian cxela, temperatura 40-45 0 -mde<br />

aRwevs. Dmusonebi uecrad iwyeba da swrafad<br />

icvleba amindi. temperatura ecema, izrdeba<br />

Rrublianoba da naleqebi. oTxi Tvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi naleqebis wliuri jamis 90% modis.<br />

swored aq mTa Carapujazea dafiqsirebuli<br />

dedamiwaze naleqebis maqsimumi-11000mm weliwadSi.<br />

calkeul wlebSi naleqebi 22000mm-s aRwevs.<br />

28

mcenareuli safari. mcenareuloba<br />

mravalferovania. samxreT-dasavleTSi, viwro<br />

sanapiro zolSi izrdeba maradmwvane tropikuli<br />

tyeebi, Crdilo-dasavleTSi Warbobs udabnoebi.<br />

aRmosavleTSi da qveynis centralur raionebSi<br />

umTavresad savanebia. mTebSi gvxvdeba arqtikuli<br />

tipis mcenareuloba.FfarTobis didi nawili<br />

damuSavebulia.<br />

2.5. CineTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. reliefis<br />

mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi<br />

pirvelTagania. Aaq aris msoflios umaRlesi<br />

mTebi- aRmosavleT tian-Sani, himalai, kun-luni,<br />

yvelaze umaRlesi zegani-tibeti, romlis saSualo<br />

simaRle 3500-4000m-ia, mravalricxovani qedebi 7000-<br />

8000m-simaRliT, da qveynis aRmosavleTSi<br />

ganlagebuli farTo dablobebi. CineTis udidesi<br />

mdinareebia xuanxe da ianczi, romlebic<br />

dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken miemarTebian.<br />

ivlis-agvistos wvimebis dros isini gadmodian<br />

kalapotidan da tboraven mimdebare teritoriebs.<br />

wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi xSiria da didi<br />

zaralis, zogjer ki msxverplis momtani.<br />

klimati. Qqveynis didi ganfenilobis da<br />

landSaftebis mravalferovnebis gamo, misi<br />

calkeuli provinciebis klimaturi pirobebi<br />

gansxvavebulia. teritoriis did nawilze hava<br />

subtropikulia, samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili ki<br />

miekuTvneba ekvatoruli musonebis klimatur<br />

sartyels.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi Qqveynis<br />

CrdiloeTSi civi musonuri qarebi qris<br />

aRmosavleT cimbiridan. Aamitom zamTari civia.<br />

29

CrdiloeTSi ianvris saSualo temperatura minus<br />

15 0 -ia, maSin rodesac dasavleT evropaSi igive<br />

ganedebze temperatura 8-10 0 -ia. civi zamTaria<br />

dasavleT raionebSic. samxreTSi temperatura<br />

izrdeba, ise rom ianczi ar iyineba. Yyvelaze<br />

Tbili zamTari CineTis ukidures samzreTaRmosavleTSia,<br />

sadac yvelaze civi Tvis,<br />

Tebervlis, temperatura 15 0 -mde aRwevs.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonebi<br />

qris okeanidan- aRmosavleTidan, samxreTaRmosavleTidan<br />

da samxreTidan. maT moaqvT teni,<br />

amitom am dros Rrublianoba da naleqebi<br />

maqsimums aRwevs. Tova mosalodnelia qveynis<br />

mTel teritoriaze, ukiduresi samxreTaRmosavleTis<br />

gamoklebiT. Mmagram Tovlis safari<br />

Zalian Txelia da xSirad saerTod ar<br />

warmoiqmneba.<br />

Ddablob raionebSi zafxuli Zalian Tbilia.<br />

ivlisis saSualo temperatura 25-30 0 -ia. tibetSi,<br />

lxasaSi temperatura 17 0 -ia, xolo 5000m simaRleze<br />

– daaxloebiT 10 0 .<br />

mcenareuli safari. Kklimaturi pirobebis didi<br />

mravalferovnebis gamo qveynis sxvadasxva raioni<br />

gansxvavebuli mcenareulobiT gamoirCeva. CineTis<br />

dablobebze tyeebi ar aris. Crdilo-aRmosavleTis<br />

vakeebze bunebrivi mcenareuloba stepuria,<br />

dasavleTSi-udabnos mcenareulobaa. Qveynis<br />

samxreTSi mcenareulobas subtropikuli xasiaTi<br />

aqvs-muxa, palma, citrusebi. Ddidi sameurneo<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs ianczis auzSi da samxreT<br />

provinciebSi gavrcelebul bambuks. tyis masivebi<br />

ZiriTadad ganadgurebulia, isini mxolod Znelad<br />

miuval mTebis qedebzea SemorCenili. Ddidi<br />

30

farTobebi ukavia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs,<br />

gansakuTrebiT bevria brinjis naTesebi.<br />

2.6. monRoleTi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili SemaRlebul vakes<br />

warmoadgens, romelic calkeul adgilebSi<br />

danawevrebulia mTis qedebiT. maT Soris farTo<br />

qvabulebia, romlebSic bevri msxvili tbaa.<br />

klimati. monRoleTi okeaneebidan did manZilzea<br />

daSorebuli. is CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan<br />

garsSemortymulia samxreT cimbiris da<br />

centraluri aziis mTebiT. Aamitom misi hava<br />

mkveTrad kontinenturia. monRoleTi miekuTvneba<br />

zomieri sartylis kontinentur klimatur olqs.<br />

zamTrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia uRrublo,<br />

yinviani amindi. ianvris saSualo temperatura<br />

minus 25 0 -ia. Tova iSviaTi movlenaa, Tovlis<br />

safari warmoiqmneba mxolod mTebSi. Ddabali<br />

temperaturebisa da Tovlis safaris ararsebobis<br />

gamo, niadagi iyineba did siRrmeze, xolo<br />

CrdiloeT mongoleTSi niadagi mudmivad mzralia.<br />

radganac hava kontinenturia zafxuli cxeli<br />

icis. zRvis donedan 900m simaRleze ivlisis<br />

saSualo temperatura 25 0 -s aRwevs. Nnaleqebi<br />

Zalian mcirea, wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 200mm<br />

modis.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba<br />

stepuria. samxreTSi stepebi gadadis<br />

naxevradudabnoSi da udabnoSi (udidesi gobis<br />

udabno). tye mxolod Qveynis CrdiloaRmosavleTSia<br />

mTebis CrdiloeT ferdobebze.<br />

31

2.7. iaponia<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. iaponia<br />

mdebareobs kunZulebze, romelTa Soris<br />

udidesebia hokaido, honsiu, sikoku da kiu-siu.<br />

kunZulebi wagrZelebulia CrdiloeTidan<br />

samxreTis mimarTulebiT. wynari okeanes<br />

sanapiroebi Zlier danawevrebulia, xolo<br />

dasavleTis sanapiroebi, romlebic mimarTulia<br />

iaponiis zRvisken, SedarebiT gluvia. wynari<br />

okeane iaponiis sanapiroebTan Zalian Rrmaa.<br />

kunZulebis reliefis didi nawili<br />

mTagoriania. calkeuli qedebi aRweven 3500m<br />

simaRles, umaRlesia vulkani fuZiama(3790m).<br />

Zalian bevri momqmedi vulkania, xSiria<br />

miwisZvrebi. vulkanebis maxloblad cxeli<br />

vulkanuri wyaroebia. Mmdinareebi moklea, magram<br />

swrafi da wyaluxvi.<br />

klimati. miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis<br />

musonuri olqis klimats. Ggamonaklisia mxolod<br />

kunZuli hokaido da honsius CrdiloeT nawili,<br />

romelic zomieri sartylis musonuri klimatur<br />

olqs miekuTvneba.<br />

iaponiis klimatis Camoyalibebaze did<br />

gavlenas axdens okeanes dinebebi- Tbili kurosivo,<br />

romelic Cauvlis samxreTis kunZulebs da<br />

civi oia-sivio, romelic gaedineba qveynis<br />

Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirebis gaswvriv.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis<br />

kunZulebze gabatonebulia Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

musonebi. iaponiis zRvaze gadaadgilebisas haeri<br />

mdidrdeba teniT da amitom aseT musonebs<br />

dasavleT sanapiroze da dasavleTiT mimarTul<br />

ferdobebze bevri naleqi moaqvs. Aam dros<br />

aRmosavleTis ferdobebi sakmaod mSralia.<br />

32

Tovli icis yvelgan, magram samxreTSi Zalian<br />

iSviaTad devs. Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi, uxvi<br />

Tovisa da dabali temperaturebis gamo,<br />

warmoiqmneba mZlavri Tovlis safari. Tovlis<br />

gamo bevri uReltexili iketeba.<br />

radganac civi musonuri qarebi qris CrdilodasavleTidan,<br />

dasavleT sanapiroebi ufro civia.<br />

kunZul hokaidoze ianvris saSualo temperatura<br />

minus 5 0 -ia, xolo mis ukidures CrdiloeTSi-minus<br />

10 0 . samxreTis kunZulebze Tbila-honsius dablob<br />

raionebSi ianvris temperatura daaxloebiT 5 0 -ia,<br />

xolo kiu-siuze -7 0 . yinva mosalodnelia yvela<br />

kunZulze. Mminimaluri temperatura kunZul<br />

hokaidoze dafiqsirebulia minus 25 0 , xolo<br />

qveynis samxreTSi-minus 7 0 .<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonebi<br />

qris samxreT-aRmosavleTidan. Aamitom aRmosavleT<br />

sanapiroebze da aRmosavleTis ferdobebze<br />

Warbobs Rrubliani, naleqiani amindi. dasavleTis<br />

ferdobebze ki piriqiT, zafxulSi SeiniSneba<br />

Rrublianobis da naleqebis ramdenadme Semcireba.<br />

Yyvelaze Tbili Tve agvistoa. Agvistos<br />

saSualo temperatura hokaido 17-20 0 -ia, honsiuze<br />

da samxreT kunZulebze ki 25-28 0 .<br />

mcenareuli safari. siTbosa da naleqebis siuxvis<br />

gamo iaponia gamoirCeva mcenareulobis<br />

simdidriT. kunZul hokaidos CrdiloeTi nawili<br />

ukavia taigas, samxreT iaponiaSi ki tropikuli da<br />

subtropikuli tyeebia. maTTan Sereulia<br />

foTlovani da wiwvovani tyeebi. mTis ferdobebi<br />

dafarulia foTlovani da wiwvovani tyeebiT.<br />

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebidan udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs brinjs, bambas da Cais.<br />

33

Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da okeaneTis<br />

qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

3.1. alJiri, libia, egvipte<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. ukaviaT<br />

afrikis CrdiloeTi nawili. reliefis zedapiri<br />

warmoadgens axagaris da tibestis mTis masivebs,<br />

romelTa mwvervalebis simaRle aRemateba 3000m-s<br />

zRvis donedan.<br />

klimati. samive qveyanaSi tropikuli havaa,<br />

mxolod alJiris ukiduresi CrdiloeTi<br />

moqceulia subtropikul klimatur sartyelSi.<br />

klimatis formirebaze ZiriTad gavlenas axdenen<br />

pasatebi, mudmivi qarebi, romlebic qris CrdiloaRmosavleTidan,<br />

anu kontinentidan. aseT pasatebs<br />

moaqvs ukiduresad mSrali kontinenturi haeri.<br />

amitom naleqebi Zalze cotaa. Uufro metic,<br />

udabnoebSi aris adgilebi, sadac naleqebi wlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ar modis.<br />

Rrublianoba dabalia, zogan ki iSviaTia.<br />

amitom mze xangrZlivad anaTebs da Sesabamisad<br />

miwa Zlier xurdeba. Aamis gamo haeris<br />

temperatura maRalia da Seadgens ivlisSi 30-35 0 -s,<br />

xolo ianvarSi- 15 0 . udabnos pirobebSi didia<br />

sxvaoba dRisa da Ramis temperaturebs Soris da<br />

saSualod aRwevs 15-20 0 -s, xolo <strong>dedamiwis</strong><br />

zedapirze temperaturis amplituda 70 0 -sac ki<br />

aRwevs.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Yyvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />

landSaftia qviSiani naxevradudabnoebi da<br />

udabnoebi, bunebrivi mcenareuloba mxolod<br />

wyaroebsa da mdinareebTan axlosaa. Mmdinare<br />

nilosis xeobaSi da deltaSi yalibdeba oazisebi,<br />

34

sadac brinjis da sxva marcvlovnebis mdidar<br />

mosavals iReben weliwadSi 2-3 jer. Eegviptis<br />

miwaTmoqmedebis safuZvels warmoadgens mdinare<br />

nilosi. Eaprili-seqtembris eTiopiis mTianeTSi<br />

uxvi naleqebis gamo mdinare gadmodis<br />

kalapitidan da tboravs mimdebare teritorias.<br />

mdinaris dinebis mimarTulebiT agebulia<br />

kaSxlebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba misi<br />

reJimis regulireba.<br />

3.2. sudani da eTiopia<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

mdebareoben afrikis aRmosavleTSi. Warbobs vake<br />

sivrceebi, simaRleebiT 300-400m. umaRlesi<br />

mwvervalia sudanSi mTa jebel-mara(3088m).<br />

klimati. pasatebi qris Crdilo-aRmosavleTidanevraziis<br />

kontinentidan, maT moaqvT mSrali haeri.<br />

amitom noembridan aprilis CaTvliT aq dgas<br />

gvalviani periodi da naleqebi Zalze iSviaTia,<br />

CrdiloeT raionebSi zogierT wlebSi saerTod<br />

ar modis. samxreTSi matulobs naleqebi.<br />

temperatura maRalia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

xolo maqsimaluria gazafxulze(maisi).<br />

mcenareuli safari. Nnaleqebis ganawilebis<br />

Sesabamisad icvleba mcenareuli safari. samxreT<br />

raionebSi tropikuli tyeebia, CrdiloeTis<br />

mimarTulebiT maT cvlis savanebi, Semdeg stepebi,<br />

da bolos naxevradudabnoebi. Sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

kulturebidan gavrcelebulia bamba, simindi,<br />

brinji da sxv.<br />

3.3. samxreT afrikis respublika<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. mdebareobs<br />

afrikis kontinentis ukidures samxreT nawilSi.<br />

35

orografiuli TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens zegans.<br />

dablobi mxolod ukidures samxreT-dasavleT<br />

nawilSia.<br />

klimati. hava subtropikulia. zafxuli mSralia,<br />

zamTari wvimiani, Tumca naleqebi mcire<br />

modis.Hhaeris temperatura ramdenadme naklebia,<br />

vidre analogiur ganedebSi CrdiloeT<br />

naxevarsferoSi, rac okeanis civi dinebiT<br />

aixsneba. igive mizeziT aixsneba is, rom qveynis<br />

aRmosavleTi nawili dasavleTze ramdenadme<br />

Tbilia.<br />

3.4. avstralia<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. reliefis<br />

xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT avstralia SeiZleba<br />

davyoT 3 nawilad. aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv<br />

gadaWimulia didi wyalgamyofi qedi. CrdiloeTSi<br />

misi simaRle ar aRemateba 500-600m-s, samxreTSi<br />

maRldeba da aRwevs 2000m-s, xolo umaRlesi<br />

mwvervalia kosciuSko-2290m. didi wyalgamyofi<br />

qedis dasavleTiT ganlagebulia centraluri<br />

afrikis dablobi, sadac miedineba kontinentis<br />

udidesi mdinare murei Tavisi SenakadiTdarlingiT.<br />

Qqveynis dasavleTi nawili<br />

warmoadgens SemaRlebul zegans 300-500m<br />

simaRliT. Mmisi CrdiloeT sanapiro<br />

danawevrebulia, kontinentSi SeWrilia<br />

karpentariis yure da ori didi naxevarkunZuliaarnemlendis<br />

da keip-iorkis. samxreTi sanapiro<br />

mosworebulia, akravs tasmaniis kunZuli.<br />

klimati. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi haeris<br />

moZraoba mimarTulia xmeleTidan okeanisken,<br />

amitom naleqebi mcire modis.<br />

36

ivlisis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeT<br />

raionebSi 20-25 0 -ia, samxreTisaken swrafad iklebs,<br />

da samxreTis tropikTan Seadgens 15 0 .<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi icvleba<br />

haeris cirkulaciis xasiaTi. Kkontinentis<br />

calkeul raionebSi xSirdeba okeanuri haeris<br />

masebis SemoWra da am adgilebSi izrdeba<br />

naleqebi. aseTebia aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi<br />

raionebi. samxreT sanapiroze ki haeris<br />

cirkulacia sustdeba da naleqebi iklebs.<br />

zafxulSi haeris temperatura samxreT<br />

sanapiroze daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia, CrdiloeTis<br />

mimarTulebiT matulobs da udabnoebSi 30 0<br />

aRwevs. mTebSi temperatura 15-18 0 -ia.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Teritoriis didi nawili<br />

dakavebulia savanebiT, stepebiT da udabnoebiT.<br />

tyeebs ukavia mcire farTobi sanapiro zolSi.<br />

Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros viwro zolSi,<br />

sadac bevri naleqebi modis, izrdeba maradmwvane<br />

notio tropikuli tyeebi. tropikuli tyeebi aris<br />

agreTve centraluri afrikis dablobis<br />

CrdiloeTSi. samxreTSi tropikul tyeebs cvlis<br />

subtropikuli tyeebi, sadac Warbobs evkalipti<br />

da akacia. Kkontinentis samxreT-dasavleT raionSi<br />

gavrcelebulia subtropikuli maradmwvane tyeebi<br />

da buCqnarebi.<br />

soflis meurneoba ganviTarebulia<br />

umTavresad sanapiro raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleT StatebSi. Aaq mohyavT<br />

xorbali, simindi, bamba, Saqris lerwami, Saqris<br />

Warxali, Tambaqo da sxv. savanebis da stepebis<br />

farTo sivrceebi gamoiyeneba saZovrebad.<br />

37

3.5. indonezia<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. indoneziis<br />

kunZulebis reliefi Zlier danawevrebulia.<br />

sumatras, iavas, mcire zondis da molukis<br />

kunZulebze Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreTaRmosavleTis<br />

mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia mTebi,<br />

sadac mravali momqmedi vulkania. Ddablobi<br />

sanapiroebi daWaobebulia. kunZul axali gvineis<br />

gaswvriv gadaWimulia farTo mTianeTi, romlis<br />

centraluri nawilis simaRle 5000m-s aRwevs. amave<br />

kunZulis samxreT nawilSi dablobia. farTod<br />

aris ganviTarebuli mdinareTa qseli. Mmdinareebi<br />

didi ar aris, magram wyaluxvia.<br />

klimati. hava ekvatorialuria. Ees imas niSnavs,<br />

rom wlis ganmavlobaSi sezonuri sxvaobebi<br />

umniSvneloa. zafxuli da zamTari erTmaneTisagan<br />

TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian. saSualo Tviuri<br />

temperaturebi wlis ganmavlobaSi dablobze 25-<br />

28 0 -ia, xolo mTebSi 1500-2000m simaRleze<br />

daaxloebiT 15-18 0 -ia.<br />

Nnaleqebi bevria, gansakuTrebiT ekvatoris<br />

maxloblad da Seadgens 2000-3000mm-s weliwadSi.<br />

mTis qarpira ferdobebze ki naleqebi izrdeba<br />

4000mm-mde. Nnaleqebi ramdenadme mcirea mcire<br />

zondis kunZulebze da axali gvineis samxreTSi,<br />

rac aixsneba mSrali samxreT-aRmosavleTi<br />

pasatebis moqmedebiT, romlebic gamoivlian<br />

avstraliis kontinents da Zlier Srebian.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Mmcenareuloba<br />

mravalferovania. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba<br />

dablob adgilebSi warmodgenilia notio<br />

tropikuli tyeebiT. Mmcenareebi ramodenime<br />

iaruss qmnian. zRvis donedan 1500-3000m simaRleze<br />

ganlagebulia notio mTis tyis sartyeli<br />

38

(wiwvovani subtropikuli tyeebi, zomieri<br />

sartylis mcenare wabli da sxv.). ufro maRla<br />

3500m-mde mTis dabaltaniani tyeebia. SedarebiT<br />

mSral raionebSi, maT Soris mcire zondis<br />

kunZulebze gavrcelebulia savana.<br />

Tavi 4. CrdiloeT da centraluri<br />

amerikis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

4.1. kanada<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

teritoriis didi nawili warmoadgens borcvian<br />

vakes, romelic dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis<br />

mimarTulebiT dabldeba. dasavleTSi<br />

ganlagebulia kordilieris mTebi, romlebic<br />

Sedgeba paraleluri sanapiro da kldovani<br />

mTebisagan. Qqveynis farglebSi maTi simaRle 4000m<br />

aRwevs. samxreT-aRmosavleTSi dabali Zveli<br />

apalaCis mTebia. Kkanada mdidaria mdinareebiT da<br />

tbebiT. Sanapiro zoli Zlier danawevrebulia<br />

CrdiloeTiT da DdasavleTiT, xolo naklebad<br />

danawevrebulia aRmosavleTiT.<br />

klimati. CrdiloeTi nawili miekuTvneba arqtikul<br />

da subarqtikul klimatur zonebs, xolo samxreT<br />

nawili- zomieri ganedebis klimats.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

teritoriis did nawilze gabatonebulia CrdilodasavleTis,<br />

dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis<br />

qarebi. teritoriis didi ganfenilobis gamo haeri<br />

civdeba, amitom zamTari xasiaTdeba mdgradi<br />

yinvebiT. CrdiloeTSi ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo<br />

temperatura minus 28-30 0 -ia, xolo samxreTSi minus<br />

18-20 0 . arqtikuli haeris SemoWrisas temperaturam<br />

39

samxreT raionebSic ki SeiZleba daiklos minus<br />

50 0 -ze qvemod. wynari okeanis sanapiroze ianvar-<br />

Tebervlis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 1-<br />

2 0 -ia, samxreTSi ki 3-4 0 . es gacilebiT baRali<br />

temperaturaa, vidre qveynis siRrmeSi, magram<br />

naklebia evropis Sesabamis ganedebTan SedarebiT,<br />

rac aixsneba evropis napirebTan mZlavri Tbili<br />

CrdiloeT-atlantikuri dinebis gavliT.<br />

aRmosavleT sanapiroze atlantikis okeanis<br />

gavlena sustia vidre dasavleT sanapiroze,<br />

amitom aq ufro civa da ianvar-Tebervlis<br />

saSualo temperatura minus 2-10 0 -ia.<br />

ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura qveynis<br />

CrdiloeTSi ar aRemateba 5-6 0 . samxreTSi ki<br />

zafxuli Tbilia, temperatura 18-20 0 -ia. CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />

sanapiro raionebSi civi<br />

labradoris dinebis gavlenis gamo zafxuli<br />

civia da ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura<br />

CrdiloeTSi 7-10 0 , xolo samxreTSi 15-18 0 -ia.<br />

naleqebis rejimi da ganawilebac Zalze<br />

mravalferovania. CrdiloeTSi, arqtikul zonaSi<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 250mm-ze naklebi naleqi.<br />

wynari okeanis sanapiroze teniani dasavleTis<br />

qarebis Sedegad naleqebi izrdeba@(2500mm).<br />

kordilierebis aRmosavleT ferdobebze, sadac<br />

gabatonebulia mSrali haeri naleqebic iklebs da<br />

Seadgens 500mm-s. Aatlantikis okeanis sanapiroze<br />

naleqebi kvlav izrdeba 1000mm-mde. Tovlis safari<br />

warmoiqmneba yvelgan wynari okeanes sanapiros<br />

garda.<br />

mcenareuli safari. Kkanadis CrdiloeTi raionebi<br />

ukavia tundrasa da tyetundras, samxreTiT<br />

vrceldeba taiga, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mas<br />

cvlis Sereuli tyeebi. Qveynis centralur<br />

40

aionebSi, sadac Tbili zafxuli icis, mohyavT<br />

xorbali.<br />

4.2. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. qveynis<br />

mTeli dasavleTi nawili ukavia kordilierebis<br />

mTaTa sistemas. sistemis aRmosavleT nawils<br />

kldovani mTebi warmoadgens, mis DdasavleTiT<br />

mdebareobs zegani. Zegani Sedgeba 3 nawilisagan:<br />

kolumbiis plato, didi auzi, kolorados plato.<br />

dasavleTidan kordilierebi SemosazRvrulia<br />

sanapiro mTebiT. kordilierebis mTaTa sistemis<br />

aRmosavleTiT gadaWimulia farTo vakeebi.<br />

aRmosavleTSi mdebareobs apalaCis mTebi, xolo<br />

Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi didi tbebis jgufia<br />

ganlagebuli.<br />

klimati. aSS teritoriis didi nawilze,<br />

CrdiloeT zolisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />

raionebis gamoklebiT, subtropikuli havaa.<br />

CrdiloeT zolis hava somieria, xolo samxreTaRmosavleTSi<br />

floridis hava- tropikuli. Aam<br />

zonaluri dayofis garda, fizikur-geografiuli<br />

pirobebis mravalferovnebis gamo, ganasxvaveben<br />

sam klimatur raions: dasavleT sanapiros,<br />

centralur olqebs da aRmosavleT sanapiros.<br />

dasavleT sanapiroze subtropikuli da<br />

zomieri sartylebis wynarokeanuri klimaturi<br />

olqia.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gabatonebulia qarebi wynari okeanedan, amitom<br />

zamTari gansakuTrebulad rbilia. ianvar-<br />

TebervalSi saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 5 0 -<br />

ia, xolo samxreTSi-10 0 . CrdiloeTSi ufro<br />

moRrubluli da wvimiani amindia vidre samxreTSi.<br />

41

CrdiloeTSi xSiria Tovli, samxreTSi iSviaTia<br />

da ara yovelwliurad.<br />

zafxulSi agreTve samxreTi ufro Tbilia<br />

(20 0 ), vidre CrdiloeTi (10 0 ). SedarebiT dabali<br />

temperaturebi aixsneba civi kaliforniis dinebis<br />

gavleniT.<br />

aSS centraluri olqebi subtropikuli<br />

sartylis kontinentur da atlantikurkontinentur<br />

klimatur olqebs da zomieri<br />

sartylis kontinentur olqs miekuTvneba.<br />

CrdiloeT da samxreT raionebs Soris<br />

temperaturaTa sxvaoba didia. ianvarSi<br />

CrdiloeTSi temperatura minus 10 0 -ia, xolo<br />

samxreTSi 10-12 0 . analogiurad ivlisSi<br />

CrdiloeTSi temperatura daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia,<br />

xolo samxreTSi 27-30 0 . samxreT kaliforniaSi<br />

sikvdilis velze dafiqsirebulia 57 0 . yvelaze<br />

gvalviani adgili kordilierebis<br />

aRmosavleTidaa. magaliTad arizonas StatSi<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi 100mm naleqic ar modis.<br />

wvimebi iSviaTia, SeiZleba wlebi gavides<br />

unaleqod. iseTi simSralea, rom SefardebiTi<br />

sinotive zafxulSi ar aRemateba 20-30%-s.<br />

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT naleqebi<br />

izrdeba 800-1500mm-mde, rac atlantikis okeanedan<br />

notio haeris masebis SemoWrebs ukavSirdeba.<br />

xSiria elWeqi.<br />

aRmosavleT sanapiros hava (floridis<br />

naxevarkunZulis gamoklebiT) zomieri da<br />

subtropikuli sartylebis atlantikur-musonuria.<br />

Aaq zamTari SedarebiT Tbilia, ianvris<br />

saSualo temperatura 10-12 0 -ia.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

aRmosavleT sanapiroze gabatonebulia qarebi<br />

42

okeanidan, maT moaqvT bevri siTbo da teni.<br />

ivlisis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi<br />

daaxloebiT 20 0 -ia, xolo samxreTSi, meqsikis<br />

yuris sanapiroze, 28 0 . wlis ganmavlobaSi modis<br />

1000-1500mm naleqi.<br />

gansakuTrebuli klimaturi pirobebia<br />

floridis naxevarkunZulze. is imyofeba<br />

tropikuli klimatis zonaSi, risi niSnebic<br />

gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoxatulia<br />

naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi. Aamitom<br />

naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi<br />

nawilebis temperaturuli reJimebi mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavdeba: ianvris saSualo temperatura<br />

CrdiloeTSi 12 0 , samxreTSi ki 20 0 -ia. samxreTSi<br />

Tovli ar modis.<br />

zafxulSi floridis naxevarkunZulze<br />

gabatonebulia tropikuli haeri, amitom<br />

temperaturuli reJimi mTel teritoriaze<br />

erTgvarovani xdeba. ivlisis saSualo<br />

temperatura 28-30 0 -ia. naleqebis wliuri jami<br />

Seadgens daaxloebiT 1500mm-s. wvima modis mTeli<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT bevri ivnisseqtemberSi.<br />

Am dros SeiZleba TveSi movides 200mm<br />

naleqi, rac ukavSirdeba notio atlantikuri<br />

haeris Semosvlis gaaqtiurebas.<br />

Ffloridis hava Zalze keTilsasurvelia<br />

zamTarSi rbili, Tbili da mziani amindebis gamo.<br />

amitom aq mravali zamTris kurortia. zafxuli,<br />

didi sicxeebisa da maRali sinotivis gamo,<br />

Znelad asatania.<br />

mcenareuli safari. AaSS centralur da<br />

aRmosavleT raionebSi mcenareuli safaris<br />

gavrceleba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba datenianebis<br />

pirobebiT. Aamitom bunebrivi mcenareulobis<br />

43

monacvleoba xdeba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis<br />

mimarTulebiT. Aatlantikis okeanis sanapiroze<br />

izrdeba Sereuli da farTofoTlovani tyeebi.<br />

dasavleTiT gadaadgilebisas isini gadadian<br />

stepebSi da preriebSi. Ppreriebi warmatebiT<br />

gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis<br />

da saZovrebad.<br />

gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovani<br />

mcenareulobaa floridis naxevarkunZulze. didi<br />

farTobebi ukavia tyeebs (fiWvi, kiparisi, palma).<br />

mohyavT citrusebi, Saqris lerwami, Tambaqo,<br />

bostneuli da sxv.<br />

bunebrivi mcenareuloba SedarebiT<br />

ganadgurebulia wynari okeanes sanapiroze da<br />

kordilierebis dasavleT ferdobebze. Aaq<br />

odesRac arsebuli tyis didi masivebi gaCexilia.<br />

sanapiros samxreT nawilSi ganviTarebulia<br />

mebaReoba, mevanaxeoba, mohyavT citrusebi.<br />

4.3. meqsika<br />

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Mmeqsika<br />

xasiaTdeba mTagoriani landSaftiT. Ddidi nawili<br />

ukavia meqsikis zegans, romelic samxreTSi<br />

maRldeba da aRwevs 2300m simaRles. umaRlesi<br />

mwvervalia vulkani orisaba (5550m).<br />

klimati. Mmeqsikis klimati tropikulia, magram<br />

SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT 3 klimaturi olqi: wynari<br />

okeanes sanapiro, aRmosavleT sanapiro da<br />

meqsikis zegani.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi wynari<br />

okeanes sanapiro olqSi gabatonebulia CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />

qarebi. isini gaivlian mTis qedebs<br />

da sanapiroze modian gamomSralni. Nnaleqebi am<br />

dros TiTqmis ar modis. Yyvelaze civi Tvis<br />

44

saSualo temperatura 15-20 0 -ia, magram RamiT icis<br />

yinvebi. RamiT xSirad warmoiqmneba nisli.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi wynari<br />

okeanes sanapiro olqSi aqtiurdeba samxreTdasavleTis<br />

qarebi, anu okeanedan. isini Seicaven<br />

bevr tens, amitom moaqvT naleqi. Nnaleqebi xSirad<br />

atereben Tavsxma xasiaTs da maT Tan axlavs<br />

elWeqi. zafxuli Zalian cxelia, ivlisis<br />

saSualo temperatura 27-30 0 -ia, zogjer 400-ze<br />

maRlac iwevs.<br />

Mmeqsikis aRmosavleT sanapiroze wlis civi<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia CrdiloaRmosavleTis<br />

qarebi, anu xmeleTidan. Aamitom<br />

zamTarSi naleqebi cota modis. ianvris saSualo<br />

temperatura 18-22 0 -ia. wlis Tbili periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi aqtiurdeba aRmosavleTis notio<br />

qarebi, romelTac bevri naleqebi moaqvs. zafxuli<br />

cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 27-29 0 -ia.<br />

maRal temperaturebs axlavs maRali tenianoba,<br />

rac daxuTvis SegrZnebas qmnis.<br />

meqsikis zeganze wlis civi periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia mSrali,<br />

kontinenturi Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qarebi.<br />

amitom zeganze myardeba uRrublo mSrali amindi,<br />

naleqebi iSviaTia. temperatura damokidebulia<br />

adgilis simaRleze. zRvis donedan 2000-2500m<br />

simaRleze ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo<br />

temperatura 10-12 0 -ia.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi meqsikis<br />

zeganze gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis tropikuli<br />

qarebi. Aamitom mkveTrad matulobs Rrublianoba<br />

da naleqebi. ivlisidan seqtembris CaTvliT<br />

yovelTviurad 150mm-ze naklebi naleqi ar modis.<br />

gansakuTrebiT maRali temperaturebi aprili-<br />

45

ivnisis ganmavlobaSia, rodesac dgas mSrali<br />

periodi.<br />

mcenareuli safari. meqsikis sanapiroze<br />

mcenareuloba warmodgenilia tropikuli tyeebis<br />

da buCqnaris saxiT. mTebSi tropikul tyeebs<br />

cvlis zomieri zonis tyeebi. 4000m simaRlidan<br />

alpuri mcenareulobaa.<br />

Mmeqsikis zeganze mcenareuloba Raribia, mas<br />

umTavresad stepuri xasiaTi aqvs. sasoflosameurneo<br />

kulturebidan mohyavT xorbali,<br />

simindi, Saqris Warxali. Bevria yavis da bananis<br />

plantaciebi.<br />

Tavi 5. samxreT amerikis qveynebis<br />

<strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

5.1. kolumbia<br />

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

kolumbias kveTs ekvatori. qveynis dasavleT<br />

nawilSi gadis andebi, romlis calkeuli qedebis<br />

simaRle aRemateba 5000m-s. kolumbiis aRmosavleT<br />

nawili vakea.<br />

klimati. Qqveynis udidesi nawili ekvatoruli<br />

klimatis sartyelSia, xolo CrdiloeTi raionebi-<br />

CrdiloeT naxevarsferos ekvatoruli musonebis<br />

klimatis olqSia. dablobebSi saerTod cxeli da<br />

notio amindebi icis. xSiria Zlieri Tavsxmebi.<br />

sezonuri cvalebadoba ar aris, mTeli wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi temperatura ucvlelia da Seadgens<br />

28-30 0 -s. mTebSi am Ddros ufro keTilsasurveli<br />

pirobebia, temperatura Seadgens 13-15 0 -s.<br />

46

naleqebis ganawilebaSi didi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs qedebis ganfenilobis mimarTulebas.<br />

magaliTad andebis dasavleT ferdobebze,<br />

romlebic mimarTulia notio haeris moZraobis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod, weliwadSi modis 7000mm naleqi,<br />

maSin rodesac aRmosavleTis ferdobebze, sadac<br />

mSrali haeris nakadebi Warbobs, naleqebi sul<br />

750mm-s Seadgens.<br />

mcenareuli safari. aRmosavleT kolumbiasa da<br />

wynari okeanis sanapiroze gavrcelebulia notio<br />

maradmwvane tropikuli tyeebi, CrdiloeTSi<br />

tropikuli tyeebi gadadis savanebSi.<br />

5.2. peru<br />

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. peru<br />

mTagoriani qveyanaa. teritoriis didi nawili<br />

maRali qedebiT aris dakavebuli. Qqedebs Soris<br />

Rrma xeobebia saidanac saTaves iRebs mdinare<br />

amazonkis mravali Senakadi. mTebSi xSiria<br />

miwisZvrebi. boliviis sazRvarze mdebareobs<br />

maRalmTiani tba titikaka. Ddablobebi umTavresad<br />

qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da wynari okeanes<br />

sanapirozea.<br />

klimati. Kklimaturi pirobebi mravalferovania,<br />

rac ganpirobebulia qveynis orografiuli<br />

agebulebiT da wynari okeanis gavleniT.<br />

gamoiyofa sami msxvili klimaturi olqi:<br />

dasavleT sanapiro, maRalmTiani olqi da<br />

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili.<br />

Pperus dasavleT sanapiros klimats bevri<br />

saerTo aqvs afrikis dasavleT sanapiroebis<br />

tropikuli sartylis klimatTan. wlis civi<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi sanapiroze Warbobs<br />

dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi, ris<br />

47

gamoc aq aRiniSneba mocemuli ganedebisaTvis<br />

SedarebiT dabali temperaturebi. Yyvelaze civi<br />

Tveebis, ivlis-agvistos, saSualo temperatura<br />

perus dasavleTSi 15-18 0 -ia, maSin rodesac<br />

braziliaSi igive ganedebSi temperatura<br />

aRemateba 22 0 -s.<br />

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi Pperus<br />

dasavleT sanapiroze okeane, perus civi dinebis<br />

zemoqmedebiT, gamagrilebel gavlenas axdens.<br />

haeris temperatura ianvridan martis CaTvliT<br />

(rodesac yvelaze metad Tbila) mxolod 20-22 0 -ia,<br />

maSin rodesac braziliaSi igive ganedebSi<br />

temperatura aRwevs 25-28 0 -s. rogorc<br />

damaxasiaTebelia tropikuli sartylis dasavleT<br />

sanapiroebisaTvis, wvima iSviaTia, naleqebis<br />

wliuri jami ar aRemateba 100mm-s.<br />

perus maRalmTian olqSi temperaturis<br />

ganawileba adgilis simaRleze da reliefis<br />

xasiaTzea damokidebuli. 4000m simaRleze mTeli<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi saSualo temperatura 5-7 0 -s ar<br />

aRemateba.<br />

Pperus Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, anu<br />

amazonis dablobze, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

cxeli notio amindi dgas. saSualo Tviuri<br />

temperaturebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 24-26 0 -ia.<br />

naleqebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi modis da maTi<br />

wliuri jami Seadgens daaxloebiT 2500mm-s.<br />

mcenareuli safari. wynari okeanis sanapiroze,<br />

mcire naleqebis gamo, gavrcelebulia<br />

naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba. Mmdinare amazonis<br />

dablobi dafarulia tropikuli tyeebiT.<br />

mTebSi miwaTmoqmedeba SesaZlebelia 3500msimaRlemde.<br />

miwaTmoqmedebis zonis maRla, mSral<br />

da mkacr pirobebSi ganlagebulia saZovrebi.<br />

48

5.3. brazilia<br />

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareobs mdinare amazonkis<br />

dablobi., samxreT-aRmosavleTSi farTo<br />

braziliis mTianeTia, romlis calkeuli qedebic<br />

2000-2700m-s aRwevs. Kontinentis siRrmeSi mTianeTi<br />

dabldeba.<br />

klimati. Ggamoiyofa sami msxvili klimaturi<br />

olqi: braziliis CrdiloeTi nawili, centraluri<br />

nawili da braziliis mTianeTi.<br />

braziliis CrdiloeTi nawili ekvatorul<br />

klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs. Mmas ukavia<br />

mdinare amazonkis dablobi. mTeli wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi wynari, cxeli amindebia. Haeris<br />

temperatura 25-28 0 -ia, RamiTac ki temperatura<br />

iSviaTad ecema 20 0 -ze dabla. dRis meore naxevarSi<br />

xSiria wvima, wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 1500-2000mm<br />

naleqi. xSiri wvimebi iwvevs amazonis gadmosvlas<br />

kalapotidan da mimdebare teritoriebis<br />

datborvas.<br />

Bbraziliis centralur raionebSi<br />

ekvatoruli musonebis havaa. Ggansxvaveba wlis<br />

Tbil da civ periodebs Soris ramdenadme<br />

SesamCnevia. SedarebiT grili periodi gvalviania.<br />

braziliis mTianeTSi da aRmosavleT<br />

braziliis sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia samxreTaRmosavleTis<br />

pasaturi qarebi. Aam qarebis<br />

Semxvedrad ganlagebul ferdobebze naleqebi<br />

bevri modis, 1500mm-ze meti weliwadSi.<br />

maqsimaluri naleqebi wlis Tbil periodSi modis.<br />

temperaturuli reJimi mniSvnelovan wilad<br />

damokidebulia adgilis simaRleze da reliefis<br />

49

xasiaTze. sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi cxeli notio amindia. Pplatoze,<br />

daaxloebiT 800m simaRleze, klimaturi pirobebi<br />

ufro keTilsasurvelia- zafxuli zomierad<br />

Tbilia, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura<br />

20-22 0 -ia, xolo civ periodSi (ivlisi) temperatura<br />

15-17 0 -ia. uaryofiTi temperatura braziliis<br />

mTianeTSi mxolod zRvis donedan 1500-2000m<br />

simaRleebis maRla aRiniSneba.<br />

mcenareuli safari. amazonis dablobi dafarulia<br />

xSiri tropikuli maradmwvane tyeebiT. tropikuli<br />

tyeebi gadaWimulia agreTve qveynis aRmosavleT<br />

sanapiros gaswvriv.<br />

samxreTis mimarTulebiT klimati ufro<br />

mSrali xdeba da Sesabamisad tye iSviaTdeba.<br />

braziliis centralur nawilSi tropikuli tyeebi<br />

da savanebi monacvleoben.<br />

ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebia<br />

yava, Saqris lerwami da brinji. Bbrazilia<br />

samSobloa ananasis, kakaos, vanilis.<br />

5.4. argentina<br />

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. qveynis<br />

aRmosavleT nawili vakea (laplatis dablobi),<br />

sadac miedineba mdinare parana Tavisi SenakadiT<br />

paragvaiT. dasavleT nawilSi andebis mTebia,<br />

sadac kontinentis umaRlesi mwvervaliaakonkagua<br />

(7040m). Aandebi aRmosavleTSi gadadian<br />

paTagoniis platoSi.<br />

klimati. Mmeridianis gaswvriv didi ganfenilobis<br />

gamo klimaturi pirobebi icvleba. CrdiloaRmosavleTSi<br />

subtropikuli sartylis<br />

atlantikuri klimaturi olqia. CrdilodasavleTSi<br />

– kontinenturi tropikuli da<br />

50

subtropikuli. samxreTSi – zomieri ganedebis<br />

wynarokeanuri havaa.<br />

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi tropikul<br />

da subtropikul sartyelebSi, sanapiro zolSic<br />

ki yvelaze civi Tveebis (ivnisi da ivlisi)<br />

temperatura ar eSveba 10 0 -ze dabla, xolo<br />

centralur raionebSi Seadgens 14-16 0 . samxreTis<br />

mimarTulebiT zamTari ufro civi xdeba da<br />

cecxlovan miwaze temperatura 1-3 0 -ia.<br />

zafxuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da sanapiro<br />

zolSi cxelia, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo<br />

temperatura 20-22 0 -ia, xolo okeanedan daSorebul<br />

raionebSi 25-28 0 . am ganedebSi 3500m simaRleze<br />

yvelaze Tbili Tvis temperatura daaxloebiT 12 0 -<br />

ia. yvelaze civi zafxulSi kunZuli cecxlovani<br />

miwaa (9-10 0 ).<br />

Nnaleqebis ganawilebasac rTuli xasiaTi<br />

aqvs. Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi daaxloebiT 1000mm<br />

naleqi modis. Qqveynis siRrmeSi naleqebi<br />

klebulobs. Yyvelaze mcire naleqebi modis<br />

argentinis samxreTSi da paTagoniaSi (150mm<br />

weliwadSi). wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

SesaZlebelia Tova, umTavresad samxreTSi, magram<br />

Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi yalibdeba.<br />

mcenareuli safari. argentinis teritoriis didi<br />

nawili ukavia pampas, anu stepebs nayofieri<br />

niadagebiT. amJamad pampebis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />

gadaxnulia, an dakavebulia saZovrebad.<br />

dablobebSi subtropikuli tyeebia, paTagoniaSi –<br />

buCqnari.<br />

51

sarCevi<br />

gv.<br />

Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 2<br />

1.1 islandia 2<br />

1.2. norvegia da SvedeTi 4<br />

1.3. fineTi 7<br />

D1.4. didi britaneTi 9<br />

1.5. safrangeTi 11<br />

1.6. Nniderlandebi, belgia<br />

da luqsemburgi 12<br />

D1.7. germania 13<br />

1.8. Sveicaria 15<br />

A1.9. avstria 16<br />

1.10. Pportugalia da espaneTi 17<br />

1.11. italia 19<br />

1.12. saberZneTi 21<br />

1.13. bulgareTi 23<br />

Tavi 2. aziis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 24<br />

2.1. TurqeTi 24<br />

2.2. Eerayi 26<br />

2.3. irani 27<br />

2.4. indoeTi 28<br />

2.5. CineTi 29<br />

2.6. monRoleTi 31<br />

2.7. iaponia 32<br />

Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da<br />

okeaneTis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 34<br />

3.1. alJiri, libia, egvipte 34<br />

3.2. sudani da eTiopia 35<br />

3.3. samxreT afrikis respublika 35<br />

3.4. avstralia 36<br />

3.5. indonezia 38<br />

Tavi 4. CrdiloeT da centraluri<br />

amerikis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong> 39<br />

52

4.1. kanada 39<br />

4.2. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 41<br />

4.3. meqsika 44<br />

Tavi 5. samxreT amerikis qveynebis <strong>klimatebi</strong><br />

5.1. kolumbia 46<br />

5.2. peru 47<br />

5.3. brazilia 49<br />

5.4. argentina 50<br />

53

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