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irakli maxaraZe<br />
<strong>guruli</strong><br />
<strong>firalebi</strong>
avtorisagan<br />
guriasTan da gurulebTan dakavSirebul Temaze kvleva-<br />
Ziebis Sedegad mivedi daskvnamde, rom Cveni qveynis istoriis<br />
sxvadasxva etapze gurulebi xSirad pirveli violinos<br />
partias asrulebdnen: isini an janydebodnen, an revolucionerobdnen,<br />
an mTavrobaSi isxdnen, an amerikaSi jiri-<br />
Tobdnen, an kidev tyeSi iyvnen gavardnilebi. winamdebare<br />
wigni XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe <strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong>s<br />
Tavgadasavals eZRvneba.<br />
wignis SeqmnaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis didi madloba<br />
minda movaxseno viqtor gobroniZes, ilia TavberiZes, lanCxu-<br />
Tis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis direqtors nona imnaZes, egnate<br />
ninoSvilis saxl-muzeumis arqivis gamges zoia tuRuSs,<br />
ozurgeTis istoriuli muzeumis, saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
erovnuli biblioTekis, saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis,<br />
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
saarqivo sammarTvelos, q. Tbilisis mTavari biblioTekis<br />
me-19 filialis TanamSromlebs...<br />
5
winaTqma<br />
guria abuntebula,<br />
aRar moswons Zveli wesi...<br />
xalxuri leqsi<br />
<strong>guruli</strong> da, uTofo?!<br />
ZmabiWebSi daCagruli<br />
me var simona doliZe,<br />
eqvsi weli Semisrulda,<br />
ar miZinia loginze.<br />
ubedurad dadga CemTvis<br />
aTas cxraas TerTmet weli,<br />
gamiwyda imedis Zafi,<br />
aw sicocxles aRar veli!<br />
`lelos Semobruneba~<br />
dokumenturi filmi<br />
es simRera bavSvobidan maxsovs. mamaCemi, Salva maxaraZe,<br />
am simReras xSirad mReroda. mas erTi ambis moyolac<br />
uyvarda: Turme komunistebis dros erTi firali maRal<br />
Tanamdebobaze daniSnes, cota xanSi ki moxsna gadauwyvites,<br />
magram araferi gamouvidaT. xalxi erTmaneTSi<br />
laparakobda: `mai kaZaxi tyeSi rom iyo firalad gavardnili,<br />
iqidan ver gamuagdes da axla kabinetidan gamuagdeb?!~<br />
maSin pirvelad gavige sityva `firali~. 10-12 wlisa<br />
robin hudis pirovnebiT viyavi gatacebuli, masze Seqmnil<br />
yvelanair literaturas vkiTxulobdi, `kosmossa~ da<br />
`gazafxulSi~ `robin hudis Tavgadasavali~ erol flinis<br />
monawileobiT ramdenjerme mqonda nanaxi. ufrosebisagan<br />
ki gagonili mqonda, rom <strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong>, robin hudisa<br />
da arsena oZelaSvilis msgavsad, keTilSobili yaCaRebi<br />
7
iyvnen, romlebic `mdidars arTmevdnen, Raribs aZlevdnen~.<br />
wlebis Semdeg maT dami interesi odnav gaminelda, radgan<br />
CemTvis ufro saintereso ambavi – <strong>guruli</strong> mojiriTeebis<br />
Tavgadasavali – aRmovaCine, romelzedac dRemde vmuSaob.<br />
Semdeg isev davubrundi firalebs, amisken vesTernisadmi<br />
siyvarulma mibiZga da 1998 wels gurul firalebze filmi<br />
gadaviRe, romelic dafuZnebulia anton xinTibiZis amave<br />
saxelwodebis naSromze.<br />
xinTibiZis `<strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong>~, gasagebi mizezebis<br />
gamo (is 1938 wels gamoica), gaJRenTilia bolSevikuri<br />
ideologiiT, rig SemTxvevebSi miCumaTebulia an saerTod<br />
ignorirebulia zogierTi firalis biografiis arcTu saxarbielo<br />
detali, rac naklebad heroikulad warmoaCenda<br />
mas. miuxedavad amisa, `<strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong>~ tyeSi gavardnili<br />
kacebisadmi miZRvnili kargi saxelmZRvaneloa, gansakuTrebiT<br />
saintereso da saxalisoa TanamedroveTa mier<br />
<strong>guruli</strong> kilokaviT naambobi mogonebani.<br />
`iveria~ yaCaRobis fenomenis Sesaxeb werda: `...ar aris<br />
arc erTi ganaTlebuli eri, rom Tavis ganviTarebaSi yaCa-<br />
Robis xana ar gaevlos. yaCaRoba barometria, romelic<br />
naTlad gviCvenebs oris erTi-meoris mowinaaRmdege ZalTa<br />
Soris brZolis simwvaves...~ xalxSi dagrovili boRmis da<br />
protestis gamomxatvelma, firalobis saxeliT cnobilma<br />
moZraobam XIX saukunis meore naxevris bolos guriaSi<br />
vulkaniviT amoxeTqa. <strong>firalebi</strong>s asparezze gamoCena<br />
umeteswilad socialur-politikuri kataklizmebis gamo<br />
moxda: ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsia da misi Sedegebi,<br />
saxalxo ajanyebebi, saglexo reforma, ruseT-TurqeTis<br />
omi, ramac bevr adamians nebsiT Tu uneblieT xelSi Tofi<br />
aaRebina. glexebi uars ambobdnen yovelnair gadasaxadze,<br />
ZaliT isakuTrebdnen tyes da saZovrebs, wvavdnen memamuleTa<br />
saxl-karsa da qonebas, xocavdnen Tavad-aznaurebs,<br />
samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebsa da mefis moxeleebs.<br />
8
80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan tyeSi firalad mosaxleobis<br />
gavardnam masobrivi da arnaxuli xasiaTi miiRo. erTi<br />
SexedviT, <strong>firalebi</strong> socialurad Seviwroebuli glexobis<br />
fenidan iyvnen warmoSobilni, magram sinamdvileSi, maTi<br />
umetesoba gaRatakebuli aznauri iyo. es `Tofiani kacebi~<br />
iaraRiTa da ZaladobiT wyvetdnen sakuTar problemebs<br />
da TviTonac Zaladobrivi sikvdiliT asrulebdnen sicocxles.<br />
Cvens saistorio wyaroebSi <strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong> pirobiTad<br />
dayofilia or talRad: pirveli <strong>firalebi</strong>s (XIX<br />
saukunis miwuruli) protests socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
safuZveli hqonda, meore talRis <strong>firalebi</strong> (XX saukunis<br />
dasawyisi) ki xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTvis ibrZodnen.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi <strong>firalebi</strong> lamis miTiur pirovnebebad<br />
iqcnen, maTze Seqmnili leqsebi da simRerebi ki<br />
folkloris, legendebisa da Cveni istoriis ganuyofeli<br />
nawili gaxda, miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons es Tu ara.<br />
9
10<br />
guria, gurulebi da<br />
safiralo moZraobis mizezebi<br />
guria ZvelTagan erqva saqarTvelos regions, romlis<br />
sazRvrebi iyo dasavleTiT – Savi zRva, CrdiloeTiT –<br />
mdinare rioni, aRmosavleTiT – aWara-guriis qedi da<br />
samxreTiT – mdinare Woroxi. XV-XVII saukuneebSi guriis<br />
samTavroSi zogjer aWara, WaneTis CrdiloeTi nawili<br />
(gonios mxare) da maWaxelac Sedioda. guria saistorio<br />
wyaroebSi moixsenieba XVII saukuneSi. mematianis cnobiT,<br />
murvan yrus Semosevisas (735-738 wlebi) ukandaxeulma arabebma<br />
gaiares `gza guriisa~. guriis samTavros gurielebi<br />
ganagebdnen, romelTa rezidencia ozurgeTSi iyo.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sxva mxareebTan SedarebiT,<br />
guriaze mwiri cnobebia Semonaxuli. qarTuli<br />
demografiuli Zeglebis zogadi Sefasebisas da xalxis<br />
aRweris davTrebis mniSvnelobis kvlevisas ivane javaxi-<br />
Svili aRniSnavda, rom zogierTi kuTxisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
guriis arc erTi aRweris davTari ar moipoveba.<br />
guriis etimologia dRemde daudgenelia, mas mravali<br />
axsna-ganmarteba aqvs. me aq yvela ganmartebas ar moviyvan,<br />
mxolod Tedo saxokias davesexebi. misi azriT: `... raki<br />
`guri~ megrulad guls niSnavs, aqedan unda iyos `guria~ –<br />
gulficxi da guladi qveynis gagebiT~. 1 piradad CemTvis es<br />
ganmarteba yvelaze ufro misaRebia, Tumca mas mecnieruli<br />
safuZveli ara aqvs. gurulebis gulficxobaze wers erTi<br />
Jurnalisti XX saukunis dasawyisSi Jurnal `mogzaurSi~:<br />
`<strong>guruli</strong> metad gansxvavebuli bunebis adamians Seadgens<br />
saqarTveloSi, rogorc sCans awerilobidgan. amas ukeTe-<br />
1 T. saxokia, mogzaurobani, 1985 w., gv. 22-23
saT davasuraTeb qarTl-imerlebTan SedarebiT. tetias<br />
rom aginoT, imisaTvis samagieros aras getyvis; aqeT rom<br />
wamoxvideT da suramels aginoT, samagieroT SeiZleba<br />
mizezi gkiTxos SeginebisaTvis; imereTSi xorogaulelebi<br />
ki amisTvis samagieros SemogaginebsT, quTaTuri<br />
imereli – ki cema-tyepiT da iaraRis daSiSvlebiT gadagixdian,<br />
xolo <strong>guruli</strong> – ki amas wuTieri sikvdiliT gadauxdis<br />
maginebels, iaraRiT maSinaTve gaaciebs~. 2<br />
<strong>guruli</strong>s aranakleb saintereso daxasiTebas iZleva<br />
ori revoluciamdeli rusuli enciklopedia:<br />
По физическому типу Гурийцы считаются самым красивым народом<br />
среди грузинских племен, особенною красотою отличаются женщины.<br />
Гурийцы храбры, отличные стрелки и прекрасные ходоки. Они чрезвычайно<br />
приветливы, верны данному слову, но в то же время крайне вспыльчивы и<br />
раздражительны. Нередко у Гурийцев обида кончается кровавою развязкою.<br />
Гуриeц набожeн до фанатизма, строго исполняает посты, но он не задумается<br />
в эти посты убить человека. 3<br />
Гуриец... носит красивый, своеобразный костюм, похожий на испанский<br />
народный костюм. Хотя гуриец живет у моря, но он охотно занимается<br />
земледелием и виноделием и не обнаруживает никакой склонности к<br />
мореплаванию и торговле. 4<br />
dasabamidan guria erTgvari forposti iyo Turqi dampyroblebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. mas Semdeg, rac osmalebma XVI saukuneSi<br />
trapizoni da samxreTi saqarTvelo (axalcixis<br />
mxare) daipyres, guria osmaleTis mosazRvre gaxda. xangrZlivi<br />
brZolis Semdeg gurias CamoeWra misi samxreTi<br />
nawili, dRevandeli aWara, sadac osmalebma sabolood<br />
moikides fexi da mahmadianoba gaavrceles. 1829 wlis adrianopolis<br />
traqtatiT osmaleT-guriis sazRvrad dadginda<br />
mdinare Coloqi. 5<br />
1877-78 wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros mTel saqar-<br />
2 guria, mxaris kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, krebuli II, 1997 w., gv. 230-231<br />
3 Большая Энциклопедия, Петербург т-ва Просвещение, tomi VII, 1905 w., gv. 749<br />
4 Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона, Петербург, tomi IX, 1893 w.,<br />
gv. 912-913<br />
5 g. xaWapuriZe, guriis ajanyeba 1841 wels, 1931 w., gv. 6<br />
11
TveloSi rusis jaris dasaxmareblad didi moZraoba ga-<br />
CaRda. qarTvelma intelegenciam es omi TurqeTis mier<br />
mitacebuli miwa-wylis SemoerTebis saqmes daukavSira,<br />
radgan imedovnebda, rom Sedegad mohyveboda samxreTdasavleT<br />
saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba da amisTvis farTo<br />
agitacia-propaganda gaaCaRa. 1876 wels Camoyalib da<br />
ozurgeTis mazris mcxovreblebisagan Sekrebili moxaliseTa<br />
milicia. sainteresoa, rom gawvevisTvis daniSnul<br />
adgilas, nacvlad aTasi kacisa, gamocxadda sami aTasi<br />
moxalise. omis monawile i. mayaSvilis gadmocemiT, axalgazrdebi<br />
cremlmoreuli iTxovdnen, rom dauyovnebliv<br />
CaericxaT jarSi da brZolis velze gaegzavnaT. 6 Tu ra<br />
TavganwirviT ibrZodnen isini mtris winaaRmdeg, amas generali<br />
kolubiakini ityobineboda: `yvelani xarks uxdian<br />
guriis razmis dauviwyar gmirobas, laSqrisa, romelic<br />
am dReebSi, rogorc Cveni msubuqi qveiTi nawili da adgilmdebareobasTan<br />
ufro gacnobili, mudam win iyo da<br />
Tavis mxrebze gadaitana omis mTeli simZime~. 7 cnobilia<br />
16 lixaureli glexis gmiroba, romlebic omis dawyebis<br />
pirvelsave dRes moxaliseebad Cairicxnen jarSi da xuTi<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi mamacurad ibrZodnen. 1877 wlis 23 oqtombers<br />
baTumis mimarTulebiT Setevis gzaze, uZnelesi<br />
sabrZolo davalebis Sesrulebis dros Teqvsmetive lixaureli<br />
gmirulad daiRupa. `mogzaurSi~ dabeWdilia ruseT-TurqeTis<br />
omis monawilis sityva, romelic man kavkasiis<br />
mefisnacvlis sabWos wevrTan, sulTan krim-gireisTan<br />
Sexvedrisas warmoTqva: `ukanasknelad TaTreb Tan CxubSi<br />
mec vRebulobdi monawileobas, qobuleTi, cixisZiri,<br />
Caqvi, ardagani da yarsi Cveni sisxliT aRebulia. Cveni<br />
xalxis milicia vibrZodiT, rom dagvefara mamuli da davifareT<br />
kidevac. xalxi ukeT daicavs Tavis mamuls, vidre<br />
saldaTi da yazaxi rusi, amas amtkicebs Cveni TaTrebTan<br />
6 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, 1970 w., gv. 441<br />
7 iqve, gv. 449<br />
12
omic da axlandeli iaponiis Cxubic~. bevri <strong>guruli</strong> miliciaSi<br />
ara marto patriotuli suliskveTebis gamo ewereboda,<br />
aramed imitomac, rom es bevr upiratesobas iZleoda.<br />
magaliTad: pristavi xeliT ver Seexeboda, gzis saerTo<br />
begaraze ver gaiwvevdnen, mezobeli mowiwebiT salams<br />
miscemda, SeiZleba mamasaxlisadac aerCiaT.~ omis dam-<br />
Tavrebis Semdeg moxaliseTa razmi, mTavrobis dapi rebis<br />
miuxedavad, ar daSales, ris gamoc muSaxels moklebuli<br />
ojaxebi Ratakdebodnen, Tanac am ojaxebze araviTari Se-<br />
RavaTebi ar vrceldeboda. es ki omis monawile glexobisa<br />
da gaRatakebuli Tavad-aznaurebis ukmayofilebas<br />
iwvevda da isini firalTa `partiis~ potenciuri wevrebi<br />
xdebodnen.<br />
1861 wlis 19 Tebervals imperatorma aleqsandre meorem<br />
xeli moawera manifests batonymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb<br />
da daamtkica masTan dakavSirebuli kanonebi. batonymobis<br />
gauqmebas sxvanairad, saglexo reformasac, uwodeben,<br />
ris safuZvelzedac glexebma Tavisufleba miiRes.<br />
glexs hqonda ufleba, sofeli daetovebina da xeli vaWrobisTvis<br />
moekida, gamosuliyo sasamarTloSi... magram miwa<br />
memamu lis sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli. memamuleebi valdebulni<br />
iyvnen, glexebisaTvis mudmiv sargeblobaSi gamoeyoT<br />
e. w. sanadelo miwebi, Tumca sanam glexi sabolood<br />
ar gamoisyidda, unda exada dawesebuli gadasaxadebi. memamulis<br />
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, glexs SeeZlo miwis Sesyidva,<br />
Tumca es did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.<br />
saqarTveloSi batonymoba sami wlis Semdeg gauqmda.<br />
quTaisis guberniaSi (imereTSi, raWasa da guriaSi) batonymobis<br />
gauqmeba gamocxadda 1865 wlis 13 oqtombers.<br />
tfilisis guberniisagan gansxvavebiT, quTaisis guberniaSi<br />
miwebis ganawilebis dros memamuleebma glexebs CamoaWres<br />
ara marto maT sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwebi,<br />
aramed memkvidreobiT miRebuli da axlad SeZenili miwebic.<br />
13
XIX saukunis droindel erT dokumentSi mocemulia<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelos glexTa miwiT momaragebis suraTi:<br />
`glexTa mosaxleobis komlTa umravlesoba flobs<br />
3,5 desetina sanadelo miwas, maSin roca, miwaTmflobelis<br />
minimaluri odenoba, romelsac SeuZlia Raribi glexis<br />
gamokveba quTaisis guberniaSi, 4 desetinaa meRvineobis<br />
raionSi da 5 desetina – mis danarCen nawilSi. Tavis<br />
sameurneo damoukideblobis SenarCunebisaTvis miwis ase<br />
mcire nakveTis mflobelma unda mimarTos damatebiT sa-<br />
Sovars da savsebiT moklebulia meurneobis gaumjobesebaze,<br />
iaraRebsa da miwis gapoxierebaze xarjebis gawevis<br />
saSualebas, ris gareSe SeuZlebelia soflis meurneobis<br />
progresi. Cveulebriv, glexebi mimarTaven memamuleTa<br />
miwebis ijariT aRebas~. 8<br />
rogorc momdevno xanis sinamdvilem aCvena, mTavroba<br />
batonymobis gauqmebiT mxolod movlenis zedapirul mxares<br />
Seexo da ara mis safuZvlebs, man uSualo mwarmoebels<br />
mxolod piradi Tavisufleba misca da ara ekonomikuri<br />
damoukidebloba.<br />
gazeT `Sromis~ korespondentis sityviT, guriaSi imis<br />
gamo, rom miwis mTeli fondi, `mcire nawils garda~, mebatoneTa<br />
da xazinis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, glexebs umiwod<br />
suli sZvrebodaT. bevri maTganis sakuTari mamulis<br />
odenoba Turme 900 kvadratul saJens (an erT qcevas) ar<br />
aRemateboda. `iSviaTia glexi, – werda korespondenti, –<br />
romelsac sakuTari miwa hyofnides wlis samuSaod da<br />
ojaxis sarCod. glexobis udidesi umetesoba sxvis miwaze<br />
muSaobs saziarod, e.i. im pirobiT, rom moweuli namuSevris<br />
naxevari mza-mzareulad Tavisi xeliT miwis patrons miutanos...~<br />
iqauri mciremiwianoba Turme iqamde iyo misuli,<br />
rom glexi xSirad iZulebuli xdeboda, Rori bawriT daeba<br />
ezoSi.<br />
erTi askaneli glexi Cioda, `saRamos rom davwvebiT,<br />
8 saqaTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, 1970 w., gv. 539<br />
14
Tavi sxvis mamulSi maqvs da fexebi kidev meoreSio~. Cveni<br />
Sromis nayofi TiTqmis xelpirad memamules miaqv s da<br />
Cven aRaraferi gvrCebao. rodesac Cvens gasaWirze avlaparakdiT,<br />
mTavroba, daxmarebis nacvlad, mogvesia da<br />
agvawioka~. 9 Tumca, es sityvebi naTqvami iyo XX saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi, magram is savsebiT Seesabameboda <strong>guruli</strong><br />
glexis yofas XIX saukunis nebismier monakveTSi.<br />
saglexo reformam isedac gaWirvebuli glexi ufro<br />
mZime materialur mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. misi mdgomareoba<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi uaresdeboda. marTalia, mwarmoebeli<br />
klasis mcire nawili ekonomikurad Zlierdeboda<br />
da soflis burJuaziis rigebSi gadadioda, magram absoluturi<br />
umravlesoba uZlurdeboda da ukiduresi siRatakisken<br />
mieqaneboda. es iyo mizezi imisa, rom glexi sarCos<br />
mosapoveblad tovebda sakuTar kar-midamos da saSovarze<br />
midioda. saqarTveloSi <strong>guruli</strong> glexi erT-erTi pirveli<br />
iyo, vinc gare samuSaoze gavida, es ki, TavisTavad, did<br />
siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. g. wereTeli 1873 wels<br />
werda: `...gadmoxvalT cecxlis etliTgan da Sexedav mekurtneebs...<br />
`batono, miboZeT Tqveni bargi, movikideb<br />
zurgze da gastinicisken gavSpebi~, – es gurulebia. oi,<br />
dideba SenTvis RmerTo, <strong>guruli</strong> da mekurtne, es ra ambavia,<br />
guruls iaraRi xelSi da win mteri, – ai, misi saqme...<br />
uwin rom <strong>guruli</strong>sTvis kurtani migeca, Tofs gesroda...~<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom guriis soflebidan muSaxelis gadineba<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydeboda. sulTan krim-gireis<br />
angariSebidan cnobilia, rom marto 1904-05 wlebSi gare<br />
samuSaoze gasuli iyo mozrdili mamakacebis TiTqmis<br />
naxevari. mamakacebTan erTad, gare samuSaoze gadiodnen<br />
qalebic.<br />
gurulebma, upirvelesad, geografiulad uaxles<br />
punqts, baTums miaSures. baqo-baTumis rkinigzis gayvanis<br />
Semdeg baqos navTisa da navTobis sxva produqtebis gatana<br />
9 Jurnali `mogzauri~, 1905 w., N9.<br />
15
sazRvargareT mxolod baTumis navsadguriT xdeboda. Tu<br />
ramdenad didi mniSvneloba hqonda baTumis navsadgurs,<br />
iqidanac Cans, rom marto 1888 wels baTumidan msoflio<br />
bazarze gatanil iqna navTis mTeli msoflio moxmarebis<br />
21,2 procenti. `porto frankod~ anu ucxouri saqonlis<br />
ubaJod Setana-gamotanis uflebis mqone navsadgurad gamocxadebul<br />
baTumSi gurulebi navsadgurSi, navTis qarxanasa<br />
da sxva sawarmoebSi muSaobdnen. amas garda, maT tuafseSi,<br />
novorosiiskSi, odesaSi, cimbirSi da ruseTis sxva<br />
adgilebSi SexvdebodiT. `.. .ba TomSi am bolo dros metad<br />
gamravlebula usaqmoT moxetiale, ubinao da usaxlkaro<br />
gogoebis ricxvi. ubedurni xSirad daexetebian, Sedian<br />
bufetebSi, anu erTi sastumrodan meoreSi mogzauroben.<br />
mometebuli nawili amaTganisa gurulebia.~ 10 `roca<br />
dainaxavT am sacodavebs, quCaSi mosiaruleT, adgilis<br />
maZebarT, SimSilisagan qancgawyvetilT da fermixdilT,<br />
maSin igrZnobT, Tu ra siRaribesa da siRatakes unda ganicdidnen<br />
maTi mSobelni, rom gulidan iglejen jer isev<br />
norC RviZl Svilebs da gzavnian baTomSi~. 11 sxvaTa Soris,<br />
rom SeemcirebinaT da xeli SeeSalaT glexebis gadinebis-<br />
Tvis soflebidan, xelisuflebam SemoiRo sapasporto<br />
sistema: im glexebs, romelTac ar hqondaT gadaxdili<br />
mTavrobis, memamulis da samRvdeloebis yvela gadasaxadi,<br />
ar aZlevdnen pasportebs, pasportis gareSe ki SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo qalaqSi wasvla da samuSaoze mowyoba.<br />
<strong>guruli</strong> glexoba rom ukidures gaWirvebaSi imyofeboda,<br />
kargad gadmogvcems `iveria~ statiaSi, romelic<br />
SeiZleba ganzogaddes glexebis saerTo mdgomareobaze.:<br />
`...ra gvari avadmyofoba ar ginda, rom Cvens dabaSi ar<br />
sufevdes: yivana-xvela, wiTela da sxva... rac Seexeba mosavals<br />
– kargi piri arc simidis mosavals uCans... saSineli<br />
xelmokleoba aris da am xelmokleobis dros moaRwia glex-<br />
10 gazeTi `kvali~, 1898 w., N 10<br />
11 gazeTi `iveria~, 1904 w., N 176<br />
16
TaTvis yovelgvarma gadasaxadma: saxelmwifo begaram,<br />
mwer lisa da maswavleblis jamagirma da bevrma kidev sxva<br />
wvrilmanma gadasaxadma... sawyali glexi... Zalauneburad<br />
iZulebuli Seiqmna, rom sul mcire fasad gayidos simidi<br />
da savaldebulo moTxovnilebani daakma yofilos~. 12 aseTi<br />
gausaZlisi pirobebi, ukiduresi siduxWire, gadasaxadebis<br />
simZime da mudmivi SimSiloba xSirad glexs ubiZgebda saarsebo<br />
wyaro da samarTali iaraRiT xelSi eZebna, rac Semdeg<br />
masobriv areulobasa da SeiaraRebul gamosvlebSi<br />
gadadioda. `iveria~ werda: `yaCaRobis mizezad glexkacis<br />
moSlili meurneoba gaxda, gaaumjobeseT glexkacis<br />
meurneoba da cxovreba, faqtebiT daumtkiceT, rom Sromis<br />
nayofi masve ekuTvnis da maSin igi Tavs daanebebs yaCaRobas,<br />
iaraRs dahyris da guTans mokidebs xels~. 13 am azrs<br />
amtkicebs ubralo <strong>guruli</strong> glexis naT qvamic: `firals<br />
tyeSi yofna saxlSi yofnas rava erCia, mara SuuCdeboden<br />
da gaaqcevden firalad~. 14 zogierTi cnobili firalis<br />
tyeSi gavardnis istorias maTi Tanamed roveebis monayoliT<br />
komikuri elferic dahkravda. ai, rogor aRwers<br />
ni ko loz mexuzlas ga<strong>firalebi</strong>s mizezs misi Zma siko.:<br />
`uwin yanaSi didi naduroba icoden, erjel nikolozai<br />
dafaijes nadze da uTxres: nikolozav, Cven deviwyebT da<br />
Sen guuxmevo. guuxmo nikolozam... mere, rum isvenebden,<br />
nikolozam daxeda Toxs da Tqva: amis namuSierma ra unda<br />
miqnaso, sapons ar miyidiso. igi, rum Civian Toxi geiqnia da<br />
gadaagdovo, araa marTali. Toxi ar gaduugdia, marto agi<br />
Tqva da mere yanaSi arc Casula.~ sxva Tanamedrovis TqmiT<br />
ki: `Cevida yanaSi, Sexeda mis Toxs, dazoma, Toxi erTi mtkaveli<br />
iyo, mere yanas Sexeda da Tqva: am erTi tkavela ToxiT<br />
amxela yana unda vToxno da igic Cemi ar iyoso~. 15 mexuzla<br />
12 gazeTi `iveria~, 1884 w., N 129<br />
13 gazeTi `iveria~, 1884 w., N #5<br />
14 a. xinTibiZe, <strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong>, 1938 w. gv., 13<br />
15 iqve, gv. 40<br />
17
yanidan gamovida, Tofs xeli daavlo da firalad gavarda.<br />
mas saxlSi dabruneba aRar eRirsa – tyeSi gamoasalmes<br />
sicocxles.<br />
guriis samTavros gauqmebisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis<br />
(1828 w.) Semdeg guriaSi xSiri iyo ukmayofilo glexebis<br />
mier batonebis daxocva, maTi saxl-karis gadawva, aWaraSi<br />
gadasvla da mahmadianobis miReba. saqarTvelos arc erT<br />
kuTxeSi batonymobis dros imdeni batoni ar mouklavT,<br />
ramdenic guriaSi. erTi rom mkvleli iyo, ramdenime<br />
aTeuli – misi damxmare, xelis Semwyobi da mfarveli. 16<br />
glexTa ukmayofilebam da aRSfoTebam 1841 wels zenits miaRwia,<br />
roca ifeTqa ajanyebam, romelsac organizebuli da<br />
masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda. `janyi guriaSi~, sxva niSnebTan<br />
erTad, TviTmpyrobelobisa da ruseTis sawinaaRmdego<br />
xasiaTs atarebda da mosaxleobis yvela fenis, maT Soris,<br />
Tavadaznaurobis didi nawilis uSualo monawileobiT mimdinareobda.<br />
Tumca ajanyeba sastikad CaaxSes da mas Semdeg<br />
glexebze wnexi ufro damZimda, glexoba ar urigdeboda<br />
sakuTar beds da guriis didi ajanyebis Semdeg ramdenime<br />
didi SeiaraRebuli gamosvla moxda 1862, 1881-82 wlebSi.<br />
damarcxebis miuxedavad, gurulebis gulSi protesti<br />
mainc darCa. Turme janyis anu `puntis~ CaxSobis mravali<br />
wlis Semdegac misi erT-erTi monawile gogia vadaWkoria<br />
yoveli axali wlis dilas Tofs CrdiloeTisaken miabrunebda<br />
da ukiJinebda: `sikvdili, rusebs!~<br />
albaT, yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli, rac ki xdeboda guriaSi<br />
da, saerTod, imdroindel saqarTveloSi, es iyo ymebis<br />
gayidva osmaleTSi. es sakmaod sarfiani biznesi gaxldaT,<br />
amitom iSviaTi iyo iseTi msxvili da wvrili Tavadi Tu<br />
aznauri, rom am saqmes ar dasdgomoda. noe Jordania Tavis<br />
memuarebSi `Cemi warsuli~, erT saintereso ambavs yveba:<br />
`osmalos damarcxebis Semdeg Coloqze Cveni jarebi Sevida<br />
aWara-qobuleTSi. <strong>guruli</strong> miliciis erTi razmi anton qar-<br />
16 z. tuRuSi, mogonebebi ninoSvilze, <strong>guruli</strong> leqsika, 2008 w., gv. 7<br />
18
civaZis meTaurobiT dabanakda q. arTvinSi. antonma miiRo<br />
dapatiJeba sadilad Tavisi razmiT erT berZnis ojaxSi.<br />
stumrebi gamocxadden, Sexvda axalgazrda lamazi diasaxlisi,<br />
romelmac daaxvedra Cveneburi sadili. qmari<br />
Sin ar iyo. Sua WamaSi rom arian, antons feri ecvala. dakvirvebiT<br />
aTvalierebs diasaxliss, uceb icno da iqve,<br />
stolis qveS Caikeca. mivarden, aayenes, gaiyvanes meore<br />
oTaxSi sayvedurebiT – bevri dauleviao. magram qali<br />
mixvda, raSidac iyo saqme. mixvda, rom qarcivaZem is icna,<br />
Sevida masTan oTaxSi da anugeSebs – warsuli me ukve didi<br />
xania daviviwye, xom xedav, RmerTma ar momiZula, moveswari<br />
gurulebis naxvasac... gamoCnda, rom es qalia gurianTeli<br />
glexis Svili, motacebuli da gayiduli sworeT anton<br />
qarcivaZis mier~.<br />
zemoT dasaxelebul garemoebebs Tan erTvoda guriis<br />
sasoflo, samazro da sagubernio administraciul sistemaSi<br />
gamefebuli korufcia da meqrTameoba, rusi da adgilobrivi<br />
moxeleebis aRviraxsnili moqmedeba. gazeTi<br />
`droeba~ werda: `rac CvenSi mamasaxlisoba daarsda, yvela<br />
Cveni soflis moxele pirebi da kerZod, mamasaxlisni, yuradRebas<br />
aqcevdnen mxolod TavianT sargeblobas... wurbelebiviT<br />
swovdnen sisxls sawyal glexebisas da qrTamiT<br />
Tu sxva sazizRari moqmedebiT cdilobdnen Tavis jibis<br />
gasuqebas~.<br />
Tu ra qaosi iyo imdroindel guriis mmarTveloba Si,<br />
amas mowmobs moxseneba, romelic guriis Tavad-azna -<br />
urobis warmomadgenlebma 1882 wels kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels<br />
dondukov-korsakovs miarTves. ai, ras werda<br />
gazeTi `droeba~: `xalxi minebebulia Tavis nebazed, an<br />
ukeTa vsTqvaT, minebebuli angarebis moyvare pirebis<br />
xelSi, romelnic xalxis sazaralod da Tavis saku-<br />
Tari sargeblobisaTvis moqmedeben. am gvari pirebis<br />
xelSi xalxi saSinlad daeca zneobiT da ise gamravldnen<br />
qurdni da avazakni, rom Tu marTvelobam ar miiRo<br />
19
maT winaaRmdeg raime RonisZieba, Cven aRar SegviZlian<br />
dgoma da cxovreba am mazraSi... mazris policiis uzrunvelobis<br />
da uyuradReblobis gamo da agreTve amave<br />
policiis dabali Cinebis avazakebTan TanagrZnobis<br />
gamo, bevri uwesoba da mtacebloba xdeboda, xolo<br />
damnaSaveni imalebodnen da ar iyo patroni, rom isini<br />
aRmoeCina...~<br />
dondukov-korsakovis guriaSi yofnisas, rogorc maSin<br />
ityodnen, `konfuzi~ moxda. policiam yvela sazogadoebis<br />
mamasaxlisi daibara da gamoucxada: Cven moTxovnebs<br />
CamovayalibebT, Tqven ki sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs<br />
xeli moawerineTo. moTxovnebi Semdegi xasiaTisa iyo: Cadenili<br />
danaSaulis simciris miuxedavad, sapyrobilidan<br />
TavdebiT tusaRebi ar gamouSvan, policiis mier dasaxelebuli<br />
20 Tavadi, aznauri da glexi gadaasaxlon, momavalSi<br />
policia visac ki xels daadebs – isic. policias<br />
uflebamosileba gaezardos, SemoRebuli iqnas roz gi...<br />
xelis moweraze yvela sazogadoebam, erTis garda, uari ganacxada.<br />
samagierod, TviTonve Seadgines arza, romelSic<br />
policiis mimarT saCivrebic iyo gamoTqmuli. es rom policiis<br />
pristavma dumbaZem gaigo, maSinve Seadgina TiTqosda<br />
mamasaxlisebis mier dawerili axali Txovna, sadac ewera,<br />
rom sazogadoebis mier Sedgenili arza sul tyuilia da<br />
`xalxi TviT avazakebi ariano da amgvarebi~. dumbaZis mier<br />
Sedgenili es moTxovna miitanes dvabzus kancelariaSi,<br />
sadac mTavarmarTeblis sapativsacemod purmarili iyo<br />
gaSlili. mamasaxlisebs xeli moawerines da pristavma<br />
ubrZana, moTxovna mTavarmarTebels miarTviTo. magram<br />
xalxma Seityo am xrikis Sesaxeb, atyda erTi ambavi, gawevgamoweva,<br />
mamasaxlisebs waarTves moTxovna da nakuwebad<br />
aqcies. 17<br />
firalobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mizezi sasamarTlo<br />
sistemasa da policias Soris dapirispirebac gaxldaT.<br />
17 gazeTi `droeba~, 1882 w., N 145<br />
20
imdroindeli presa SeSfoTebiT werda, rom mTeli guria<br />
gaiyo or banakad, romelTa Soris gaafTrebuli mtrobaa.<br />
`...sudielebma (sasamarTlom) gacilebiT gadaaWarbes<br />
policielebs. Tu policiam icno avazaki da daiWira, qveynis<br />
damaqcevalic rom iyos, rogorc samsjavroSi gadava<br />
saqme, maSinve gamouSveben. roca mazris ufrosTan midian<br />
saTxovrad, ama da am avazakisgan dagvifareo, is uars ambobs:<br />
`– araferi ar SemiZlia, me rom daviWiro, msajuli<br />
mainc gamouSvebso da tyuilad raT gadavimtero mTeli<br />
qveyanao~. 18 msgavsi SemTxvevebi presaSi mravlad aris aRwerili.<br />
daiWerdnen qurdebsa da yaCaRebs, meore-mesame<br />
dRes ki isini isev arxeinad gareT daseirnobdnen. erTxel<br />
mTelma sofelma moiTxova ori firalis gasaxleba, maT ki<br />
Tavs baTumSi gaqceviT uSveles da `druJinaSi~ Caewernen.<br />
cota xanSi erTi maTgani, SeiaraRebuli, isev dabrunda<br />
sofelSi, ramdenime dRis Semdeg ki ori mosaxle gaiZarcva.<br />
eWvi masze aiRes da daWera moundomes, magram firali isev<br />
`druJinaSi~ dabrunda. 19<br />
guriaSi erTmaneTs ara marto sasamarTlo da policia<br />
daupirispirda, aramed yaCaRebi da maTi mfarvelebic. gazeTi<br />
`droeba~ werda: `rogorc gvamcnobeben, guria Si ramdenime<br />
mebudeebia avazakebisao, ramdenime moTave kacebi<br />
hyavT da es moTave kacebi ubralo gavardnili glexebi<br />
rodi arian, keTilSobilad iTvlebiano~. Turme erTxel<br />
erTi kacis (gazeTSi moyvanilia misi inicialebi – T. m.<br />
nak., ris mixedviT, Tavadi nakaSiZe unda yofiliyo – i.m.)<br />
saxls cecxli gauCines, radgan mas <strong>firalebi</strong>s mfarveloba<br />
hbraldeboda. patronma maSinve yvirili atexa da<br />
`erT minutSi asamdi mogrovda kaci~, saxlis gadarCena<br />
SeiZleboda, radgan gverdiT patara Rele Camoudioda.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, saxli da qoneba mTlianad daiwva, radgan<br />
ReleSi erTi wveTi wyali ar aRmoCnda. Turme cecxlis<br />
18 gazeTi `droeba~, 1882 w., N 137<br />
19 gazeTi `droeba~, 1881 w., N 251<br />
21
mokidebamde mowinaaRmdege mxarem Reles Txrili gauTxara<br />
da wyali sxva mxareze gadauSva. gazeTebi imasac werdnen,<br />
rom xSirad administraciis warmomadgenlebs pirdapiri<br />
kavSiri hqondaT firalebTan, mfarvelobdnen maT<br />
da maTTvis arasasurvel maRali rangis moxeleebsac ki<br />
akvlevinebdnen.<br />
miuxedavad cenzurisa, 80-90-ian wlebSi <strong>guruli</strong> <strong>firalebi</strong><br />
uklebliv yvela oficialuri organos, presisa<br />
da sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi iyvnen. `droeba~,<br />
exeboda ra guriaSi gaxSirebuli yaCaRobis Temas, kerZod<br />
ki, SemTxvevas, roca guriis SuagulSi (adgili miTiTebuli<br />
ar aris), dilis aT saaTze Teqvsmetma cxenosanma<br />
yaCaRma 20 diliJansi gaZarcva da erTi mgzavri ki sasikvdilod<br />
daWra, werda: `...sizmrad maxsovs, rom amgvari<br />
saqme CaudeniaT avazakebs ispaniaSi, Tu mgoni CrdiloeT<br />
amerikaSi~.<br />
imdroindel presaSi TiTqmis yoveldRiurad waaw ydebodiT<br />
werilebs tyeSi gavardnili <strong>firalebi</strong>s Sesaxeb,<br />
gansakuTrebiT es TvalSisacemia 1881 wlidan. qarTulrusuli<br />
presis erTi Tvalis gadavlebac naTels xdis, rom<br />
arsebobda firalobasTan dakavSirebuli ori sapirispiro<br />
azri: erTi firalobas sazogadoebis Tandayolil senad<br />
miiCnvda da fiqrobda, rom saWiro misi amoZirkva, meore<br />
ki gviCvenebda, rom firalobis fenomeni ar aris martivi<br />
da mouwodebda sazogadoebas, ufro Rrmad Caswvdomoda<br />
am problemas, mis gamomwvev mizezebs da mis gamosworebaze<br />
ezruna.<br />
es Tema imdenad aqtualuri iyo, rom iqmneboda mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebebi: egnate ninoSvilis `simona~, lalionis<br />
`firali davlaZe~, ufro mogvianebiT – e. uruSaZis `<strong>firalebi</strong>~.<br />
egnate ninoSvili zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda<br />
guriis imdroindel socialur-politikur mdgo mareobas,<br />
20 sainteresoa, rom mxolod TiTo-orola adgilasaa miTiTebuli, rom <strong>firalebi</strong><br />
cxenebiT iyvnen. safiqrebelia, rom isini, mTiani reliefis gamo, umetesad fexiT<br />
dadiodnen.<br />
22
sazogadebis ganwyobas da maT damokidebulebas firalobisadmi.<br />
am Temisadmi miZRvnili misi werilebi `iveriaSi~<br />
ibeWdeboda.<br />
`– eSvela, mohkles! – modis guriidan TanisTan ambavi.<br />
vin mokles? ai, Rlonti, mexuzlai, daTunaiSvili, gogitiZe,<br />
darCia da, ra vici, ravdeni kidev sxvai.<br />
mere vin arian es Rlonti, mexuzlai, darCia? TaTrebi,<br />
`bursumanebi~, Tu Cvenive moZmeni?<br />
...gasuli wlebisas rom ar gamovudgeT, marto SarSan<br />
da wreuls ager aTze meti `firali~ mohkles guriaSi.<br />
mere, iciT, vin arian es <strong>firalebi</strong>? colSviliani kacebi,<br />
romlebic guSin mSvidi miwis muSa iyvnen, saxelmwifo<br />
begaras ixdidnen da Tavis moZmeebTan cxovrebis mZime<br />
uRels eweodnen. ai aseTi adamiani raRac uxilavi, ubeduri<br />
garemoebis mizeziT dRes tovebs col-Svils, iRebs<br />
xelSi Tofs da nadiriviT garbis tyeSi, – firaldeba!~ firalebs,<br />
rogorc gareul nadirsa da cofian ZaRlebs, ise<br />
dasdevdnen. maTi madevrebi umeteswilad sxva kuTxidan<br />
mivlinebulebi an Cin-medlebs gamokidebuli Cinovnikebi<br />
iyvnen, romlebic aranair angariSs ar uwevdnen adgilobriv<br />
pirobebs; ar icnobdnen xalxs, maT wes-Cveulebebs da<br />
arc undodaT, rom gascnobodnen. maTTvis mTeli guria<br />
<strong>firalebi</strong>T dasaxlebuli qveyana iyo, romlis wamalic mxolod<br />
tyviaa. zogierTi firali sul tyuilubralod, ciliswamebis<br />
gamo gamoasalmes sicocxles. ase moxda mixeil<br />
gogitiZis SemTxvevaSi. Turme baTumSi viRac lebedevi<br />
gauZarcvavT. daiWires ori yaCaRi, romelTac daasaxeles<br />
mesame monawile – vinme mixako. am saxels yuri mohkres<br />
guriaSi da daaskvnes, namdvilad gogitiZe iqnebodao.<br />
dauwyes devna, Seimwyvdies erTi Raribi glexis saxlSi da<br />
mokles. Semdeg gairkva, rom is mesame mixako viRac ganjeli<br />
somexi yofila.<br />
sityva firali arabulad (Φirar) gaqceuls niSnavs. XVII<br />
saukuneSi am saxelwodebis qveS gaerTiandnen TurqeTis<br />
23
armiis dezertirebi. safiqrebelia, rom es termini aWaridan<br />
aris Semosuli da damkvidrebuli gurulSi. aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi am termins ar icnoben. guriaSi firali<br />
ar niSnavda yaCaRs, mZarcvels an mkvlels. xalxis azrovnebaSi<br />
<strong>firalebi</strong> ufro Sua saukuneebis rainduli romanebis<br />
gmirebs hgavdnen TavianTi moqmedebiT, qceviT da `dasaya-<br />
CaRebeli obieqtis~ SerCeviT. maTi msxverpli, umTavresad,<br />
mdidari xalxi, memamuleebi da vaWrebi iyvnen. aleko sanadiraZe<br />
pirdapir mouwodebda: `Cveni azriT, es <strong>guruli</strong> saxelwodeba<br />
saerTod unda damkvidrdes literaturaSi e. w.<br />
`arsenas tipis yaCaRis~ aRsaniSnavad, TavisuflebisaTvis<br />
mebrZol devnilTa saxelad, Torem `yaCaRi~ araswori terminia<br />
– igi ufro mZarcvels niSnavs~. 21 amave azrisaa petre<br />
umikaSvili: `...yaCaRs eZaxian mZarcvels kacsa, mtacebels,<br />
kacis mkvlels, erTis sityviT, avazaks...~ 22 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom Turquli warmomavlobis sityva yaCaRi (kaCak),<br />
firalis msgavsad, aseve gaqceuls, gavardnils niSnavs.<br />
im dros bevri, maT Soris, ganaTlebuli qarTvelic,<br />
miiCnevda, rom firaloba iyo <strong>guruli</strong> glexis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
da Tandayolili Tviseba. rusi moxeleebi ki sakuTar<br />
patakebSi sityva `guruls~ yaCaRs, `вечный разбойник~-s uTanabrebdnen.<br />
Tedo saxokia werda: `...gurias erT xans metad<br />
cudi reputacia hqonda. zogni, vinc ar icnobdnen aqaurobas,<br />
ambobdnen: bunebaa iseTi, yaCaRoba aqaurebis dabadebiTve<br />
Tandayolili Tvisebaao. <strong>guruli</strong> Tu ar sZarcvavs,<br />
Tu visme yelSi ar uWers da ar aRrCobs, ise guli ver mousvenebso.<br />
yovelive am viTom Tandayolil TvisebiT unda<br />
aexsnaT, kerZo faqti ueWvelad unda ganezogadebinaT:<br />
erTs rom rame siwuwke Caedina, ueWvelad bukiTa da naRariT<br />
duniasTvis unda SeetyobinebinaT: SexeT gurulebs,<br />
qveyanas Zils ufrTxoben, maTze axi iqneba, sul avyrideT<br />
aqedano. kmaroda, guruls marcxad, srulebiT uneblied,<br />
21 a. sanadiraZe, cxraasxuTeli partizanebi, 1957 w., gv. 5<br />
22 a. xinTibiZe, folkloruli masalebi arsena oZelaSvilze, 1968 w., gv. 8<br />
24
aime kanonis sawinaaRmdego damarTnoda, maSinve fexze<br />
dadgebodnen yvelani: ariqa, SeTokeT, gawkepleT, CaagdeT<br />
bneleTSi, mzis sanTels daanatreT, egzekucia CauyeneT<br />
ojaxSio. arc ki daaclidnen bodiSi moexadna damnaSaves.<br />
ise gaaborotebdnen lanZRviT, ise Tvalis daxamxamebaSi<br />
Sehlaxavdnen mis Tavmoyvareobas, mis wmidaTa-wmidas, rom<br />
kaci iZulebuli xdeboda, firalad gavardniliyo, e. i.<br />
iseT kacad iqceoda, romlisTvisac ar arsebobda, rogorc<br />
frangebi amboben, ni foi, ni loi (arc rjuli, arc kanoni),<br />
<strong>guruli</strong> firali ukanaskneli sistemis Tofs iyidda, patronebiT<br />
daitvirTeboda da gavardeboda. sagani gavardnisa<br />
ori hqonda: erTi – Suri eZia SeuracxmyofelTa, da<br />
meorec – Tavi daefara mdevnelTagan...~ 23<br />
1892 wels egnate ninoSvili petre umikaSvils Semdegs<br />
swerda: `...rac Seexeba yaCaRobas Cvens samSobloSi da ker-<br />
ZoT guriaSi, me Tanaxma var, rom aq, garemoebas garda, STamomavlobasac<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveni (saqarTvelos)<br />
istoriuli cxovreba iseTi iyo, rom yovlad SeuZlebelia<br />
imisagan tradiciulad gadmocemuli cudi zne-Cveuleba<br />
ase advilad aRmoifxvras CvenSi. Cvens xalxSi tradiciulad<br />
gadmocemuli cudi zne-Cveuleba da instiqti rom<br />
gaiwmindos, amisTvis kidev ramdenime saukunea saWiro.<br />
magram amasTan esec unda mogaxsenoT, rom dRevandeli<br />
guriis xalxis sayovelTao yaCaRobis mizezi imdenad STamomavlobiTi<br />
cudi instiqti ar aris, ramdenaTac socialuri<br />
da administraciuli weswyobileba. dasamtkiceblad<br />
amisa isic kmara, rom samocian da samocdaaTian wlebSi,<br />
roca SedarebiT exlandelTan gvariani kargi mazris<br />
ufrosebi iyo da roca xalxs swamda, SromiT da garjilobiT<br />
xeirianad movawyobT Cvens cxovrebaso, guriaSi yaCaRi<br />
ar moipoeboda. magram gavida wlebi, gacruvda imedebi. im<br />
droindeli rbili administracia Seicvala sastiks, xalxis<br />
Seuracxmyofs administraciazed. mazris ufrosebma waRma<br />
23 T. saxokia, dasax. naSr., gv. 18<br />
25
da ukuRma, bralze da ara bralze dauwyo xalxs maTraxiT<br />
cema da gurulmac, ampartavanma gurulmac, veRar moiTmina,<br />
– `am sicocxles sikvdili sjobs~-o, sTqva da aiRo<br />
Tofi xelSi. vinc axlo icnobs dRevandel guriis yofacxovrebas...<br />
is guriis xalxs ki ara, dRevandel weswyobilebas<br />
dasdebs brals guriaSi firalobis gamo.~<br />
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (i. gogebaSvilis<br />
fondi #602) daculia poetisa da sazogado moRvawis,<br />
ozurgeTis mazris TavadaznaurTa winamZRolis,<br />
simon gugunavas 1892 wlis 4 martiT daTariRebuli werili<br />
`iveriis~ redaqciisadmi. es werili pasuxia 1892 wlis<br />
5 ianvris gazeT Кавказъ-Si dabeWdili statiisa (avtori ucnobia),<br />
romelic firalobis Temas exeba. statias Zlier<br />
auRelvebia gugunava, rac werilis tonidan da Sinaarsidanac<br />
irkveva. is anonim avtors mimarTavs: `...me vfiqrob,<br />
rom Tqven <strong>guruli</strong> ar unda brZandebodeT da umarTlod<br />
miTvisebuli unda gqondeT gurulobis wodeba~. gugunavas<br />
am saintereso werils me kidev davubrundebi, axla<br />
gTavazobT erT amonarids: `...im kiTxvis Sesaxeb, viTomc<br />
gurulebi Sromis uCveulobiT da sizarmaciT gadiodnen<br />
firalad, es mosazreba yovlad Semcdari da usafuZvloa,<br />
radgan sazogadod gurulebi metis meti gamWriaxni da maxvilgonierni<br />
arian...~ Semdeg is yuradRebas amaxvilebs im<br />
detalze, rom 1879 wlamde `...erTi avazaki ar yofila guriidan<br />
gavardnili~ da amas mazris imdroindeli ufrosebis<br />
damsaxurebas miawers. simon gugunava wers: `...gurulebi<br />
sazogadoT metis metis keTilSobiluri TavmoyvareobiT<br />
ampartavnoben da TviToeuli mzad aris iotis odena<br />
SeuracxyofisaTvis Tavis Tavi msxverplad Seswiros. aq<br />
sisastike da simkacre veraviTar keTil nayofs ver moutans<br />
mazras Tvinier vnebisa da ubedurebis mets, amisTvis<br />
aucilebeli saWiro aris, raoden SesaZlo iqneba da mouxerxdeba,<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba zogjer mainc moqmedebdes<br />
SeTanxmebulad xalxis zneobrivis pirobebisa<br />
26
da esred moxerxebulisa da politikuris mmarTvelobiT<br />
saqme gakeTdeba guriaSi...~<br />
miamitoba iqneba imaze fiqri, rom es problema mxolod<br />
gurias da mis mosaxleobas awuxebda, yaCaRoba mTel saqar-<br />
TveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli. 1878 wels `droebam~ am problemisadmi<br />
miZRvnili werili saTauriT `avazakobis Sesamcireblad~<br />
pirvel gverdze moaTavsa. werilidan naTlad<br />
Cans, rom yaCaRoba ara marto provinciebis, aramed TviT<br />
dedaqalaqis uzarmazari problema yofila: `...CvenSi xdeba<br />
xSirad avazakoba. qurdoben RamiT, saRamoTi, dRisiT, SuadRezed,<br />
icarcvebian miyruebul quCebSi, bazrebSi, maednebze,<br />
galavinis prospeqtze. erTis sityviT, yvelgan da<br />
yovelTvis...~<br />
imdroindeli presis mixedviT, guriis mosaxleobis<br />
erTi nawili firalobisagan Sewuxebuli iyo da ufro metad<br />
ki im moqmdebebisgan, rasac mTavroba mis aRsakveTad<br />
mimarTavda. mTavrobaSi saCivari saCivarze midioda, sadac<br />
naTqvami iyo, rom <strong>firalebi</strong>s gamo cxovreba gaWirda, xalxs<br />
gareT aRar gaesvleboda, Sebindebisas yvela saxlSi iketeboda<br />
da SeiaraRebuli icavda sakuTar kar-midamos. dRe<br />
ar gaivlida, rom guriaSi vinme ar moeklaT, ar daeWraT an<br />
ar gaeZarcvaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom firalur moZraobas<br />
xSirad Tavs afarebdnen yvelanairi juris qurdebi, avazakebi<br />
da mkvlelebi. Tu naRdi <strong>firalebi</strong> Tavisianebs mainc<br />
ar erCodnen, maTTan mitmasnebuli adamianebi yvelafers<br />
kadrulobdnen. sazogadoebaSi <strong>firalebi</strong>s Zalian negatiuri<br />
suraTi iqmneboda. 1880 wlis Semodgomaze, mas Semdeg,<br />
rac policiam veraferi gaawyo, yaCaRebTan sabrZolvelad<br />
administraciam gamoagzavna `mesame qveiTis guriis druJinis<br />
sotna~, romelic cota xans ozurgeTSi gaCerda, Semdeg<br />
ki jariskacebi im soflebSi Caayena, sadac <strong>firalebi</strong> iyvnen.<br />
amis saSualebiT ramdenime tyeSi gavardnilic SemourigebiaT<br />
da oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi mazraSi simSvides dausadgurebia.<br />
magram sul cota xanSi es simSvide isev dairRva.<br />
27
1882 wels daZabuli viTarebis gamo gubernatorma<br />
sareviziod moiara guriis soflebi, raTa iq arsebuli<br />
mdgom areoba sakuTari TvaliT enaxa, Semdeg ki sazogadoeba<br />
gaafrTxila: vinc avazakebs daifaravs da ar gascems,<br />
sastikad daisjebao. rogorc Cans, am gafrTxilebam Sedegi<br />
gamoiRo, radgan imave dReebSi ozurgeTis maxlobel tyeSi<br />
ramdenime firals miagnes da ori maTgani sicocxlesac<br />
gamoasalmes. imave ozurgeTis maxlobeli soflebidan<br />
gubernators daWerili Svidi firali warudgines, magram<br />
rekordi sofel makvaneTis mcxovreblebma moxsnes: maT 35<br />
(!) firali gadasces gubernators.<br />
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi sistematurad cdilobdnen<br />
STaegonebinaT xalxi, ar daemalaT <strong>firalebi</strong>, gaemJRavnebinaT<br />
maTi adgil-samyofeli an TviTonve gadaecaT administraciisTvis.<br />
propagandistis rolSi baTumis olqis<br />
samxedro gubernatori general-maiori smekalovic gamodioda.<br />
is xalxs mouwodebda: `viTxov maRalsa da dabals<br />
wodebisaganac, damexmarnon, rom mSvidobianoba davamyaro<br />
Zvelad naqeb guriaSio. me movsulvar marTali pirebisa da<br />
simarTliT momuSave xalxis dasafaravad. yvela macnobeT,<br />
vinc ar gasvenebT. macnobeT imaTi vinaoba, romelnic usaqmod<br />
daexetebian, rom axlave Cavricxo druJinaSio~. 24<br />
miuxedavad Catarebuli RonisZiebebisa, <strong>firalebi</strong>s<br />
ricxvi ki ar klebulobda, piriqiT, izrdeboda. `<strong>firalebi</strong><br />
sokoebiviT mravldebiano~; `axla CvenSi ori senia<br />
– yvavili da firaloba,~ – werdnen gazeTebi. 1882 wels<br />
mTavarmarTebelma dondukov-korsakovma `ozurgeTis<br />
mazraSi avtoritetSeryeuli kanonisa da xelisuflebis<br />
aRsadgenad~ da `mSvidobianobis dawesebisaTvis mkacri<br />
samxedro kanonebis Semotanis~ nebarTva gasca (imdroindel<br />
presaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom es gankarguleba iyo<br />
droebiTi, `sanam sxva misi gankarguleba ar Sescvlis<br />
guriis mdgomareobas~). es gankarguleba gamoica mas<br />
24 gazeTi `droeba~, 1882 w., N190<br />
28
Semdeg, rac mTavarmarTebelma sakuTari TvaliT ixila,<br />
Tu ra xdeboda guriaSi. gankargulebis mixedviT, guria<br />
(ozurgeTis uezdi) Camoecala quTaisis guberniis mTavrobas<br />
`administraciulis da policiuris mxriT~ da gadavida<br />
baTumis samxedro gubernatoris gankargulebaSi.<br />
am dadgenilebiT baTumis samxedro gubernators ganusaz-<br />
Rvreli Zalaufleba eZleoda samxedro mdgomareobiT<br />
gamowveuli kanonebis ZaliT, Sexedulebisamebr SeeZlo<br />
zogierTi saqme gamoewvia samoqalaqo sasamarTloebidan<br />
da gansaxilvelad gadaeca samxedro sasamarTlosTvis.<br />
aseve mas eZleoda ufleba, raTa zogierT arasaimedo elements<br />
aukrZalos cxovreba `uezdSi~ an, saerTod, kavkasiaSi,<br />
oRond mTavarmarTeblis nebarTvis safuZvelze.<br />
agreTve unda gamkacrebuliyo policiuri zedamxedveloba<br />
ara marto guriaSi, aramed qobuleTSic, radgan<br />
rogorc cnobilia, bevri <strong>guruli</strong> firali TavSesafars<br />
aWaraSi poulobda.<br />
wesrigis aRsadgenad ozurgeTis mazraSi gaigzavna<br />
samxedro gubernatoris gankargulebaSi myofi xoperis<br />
kazakTa polkis ori aseuli, xolo qobuleTSi – erTi<br />
batalioni. `droeba~ miesalmeboda am nabijs: `...Tu SemdegSi<br />
namdvilad SeuerTes guria baTomis gubernias,<br />
amaSi mavnebeli araferi iqneba ra. exlandeli ozurge-<br />
Tis da baTomis uezdi (anu rogorc uwodeben – okrugi)<br />
Zveli guria aris. imisi SeerTeba, metadre, roca rkinis<br />
gza gaTavdeba am oTx TveSi, baTomze ufro daaxlovebs,<br />
vidre quTaisTan. es SeerTeba xalxisTvisac kargi iqneba<br />
da mmarTeblobisTvisac~.<br />
amrigad, firalobis ganviTarebam guriaSi gamoiwvia,<br />
erTi mxriv, soflebSi jaris Cayeneba, egzekuciis gamoyeneba,<br />
meore mxriv, axali gansakuTrebuli zomebis gamoyeneba.<br />
erTic da meorec mZime tvirTad daawva glexobas,<br />
ufro Seaviwrova da ekonomikurad dasca. egnate ninoSvili<br />
werda: `...yaCaRebis Sesapyrobad guriis soflebSi<br />
29
mobrZandnen batoni ufrosebi. ufrosebs mohyven yazax<br />
rusebi, Cadgnen aqa-iq soflebSi da gamoucxades mamasaxlisebs<br />
– xarji soflebma unda gvaZliono. am brZanebis<br />
ZaliT, mamasaxlisebi dadian soflebSi, Tan ucxadeben<br />
xalxs – ekucias (viTomda, egzekucias) xarji unda aWamoTo<br />
da Tan hxocaven Zroxebs, Rorebs, qaTmebs, bat-indourebs<br />
da miaqvT yazax-rusebisaTvis (zogi TavisTvisac)~. 25 erTi<br />
axalgazrda <strong>guruli</strong> raRac danaSaulis Cadenis gamo osmaleTSi<br />
afarebda Tavs. uezdis ufross moaxsenes, rom<br />
Rames is mamis, mRvdlis saxlSi aTevda. ufrosma waiyvana<br />
yazax-rusebi da alya Semoartya saxls. braxunisa da lan-<br />
ZRva-ginebis Semdeg mRvdelma kari gaaRo. jariskacebi<br />
SigniT Secvivdnen, magram veravin ver naxes. maSin gabrazebuli<br />
jariskacebi mRvdlis maranSi Sevidnen `...axades<br />
RviniT savse qvevrs Tavi da imdeni sves, minam sworeT saldaTurad<br />
ar daTvren. am smaSi saldaTebs erTmaneTSi Cxubi<br />
mouvidaT da bare ori cxvir-pir damtvreuli dabrunda am<br />
unayofo laSqrobidam~. 26<br />
mTavrobis mier Catarebulma gansakuTrebulma da, unda<br />
iTqvas, sastikma zomebma droebiT Seanela firalobis aRmavloba<br />
guriaSi, magram mxolod droebiT. 1888 wlidan firaloba<br />
isev Zlieri tempiT ganviTarda. guria gadaiqca <strong>firalebi</strong>s<br />
saTareSo asparezad da mTavrobis mier Catarebel<br />
saeqsperimento adgilad – guriis TiTqmis yvela mxareSi<br />
zedized igzavneboda egzekuciebi. `...egzekuciam es ver<br />
unda SesZlos, radgan jer magaliTi ara yofila, rom am<br />
Rones aseTi sikeTe moetanos xolme,~ – werdnen gazeTebi.<br />
rogorc Cans, xelisuflebas da firalebs Soris xSirad<br />
raRac garigeba arsebobda an kidev maTi namdvilad eSinodaT:<br />
`am ori wlis winad axladmoklul avazakis surgulaZis<br />
dasaWerad sofel lixaurSi erTs weliwadze meti iyo erTi<br />
sotna yazaxebi egzekuciad Cayenebuli, magram vera gaariges<br />
25 e. ninoSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, 1954 w., gv 514-515<br />
26 gazeTi `droeba~, 1876 w., N 109<br />
30
a, eseni rom aq iyvnen da sofels sWamdnen, surgulaZe sul<br />
sxva sofelSi iyo da erTs TavadTan imaleboda guldamSvidebiT.<br />
Semdeg ozurgeTSic CamobrZandao da kacma xeli<br />
ver mohkidao...~ amis Taobaze `iveria~ werda: `...CvenSi yvela<br />
darwmunebulia, rom verc erT sofelSi firali ver gai-<br />
WaWanebs, Tu mamasaxlisTan gandobili ar aris~.<br />
1887 wlidan daaweses xevisTavebis instituti. xevisTavebad<br />
irCevdnen soflis sazogadoebis warmomadgenels,<br />
romlis movaleobaSi Sedioda Tvalyuri edevnebina<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigisTvis, gamoevlina <strong>firalebi</strong> da<br />
maTi mfarvelebi da saqmis kursSi administraciuli organoebi<br />
Caeyenebina. magram am instituts sazogadoeba eWvis<br />
TvaliT uyurebda. `...pirveli qurdebi da gamtyaveblebi<br />
xalxisa TviTon es xevisTavebi gaxdnen Turme; amaT TavianT<br />
mfarvelobis qveS hyavdaT qurdebi da yoveli dakarguli<br />
nivTisa da saqonlidam sargebloba hqondaT. amis<br />
gamoc es xevisTaoba maleve gadaagdes~. 27 imave wlidan ki,<br />
rogorc gansakuTrebuli zoma, SemoRebul iqna saldaTad<br />
gayvana, ramac am sferoSi xeli Seuwyo meqrTameobis ganvi-<br />
Tarebas. aba, romel glexs undoda oTxi wliT rusul armiaSi<br />
samsaxuri, sadac `aswavlidnen kacis kvlas, ojaxebis<br />
aklebas da sxv. amgvarebs~, 28 amitom yvela Ronesa da xerxs<br />
xmarobdnen, rom samxedro samsaxuridan Tavi daeZvrinaT.<br />
Tumca, xSirad, qrTamis micemac ar SvelodaT da sawylebi<br />
jarSi mainc mihyavdaT.<br />
Semdeg damatebiT SemoiRes `zemskaia straJa~ – `saTemo<br />
darajoba~, romelic kavkasiaSi 1862 wlidan arsebobda. es<br />
iyo policiis ganyofilebebs mimagrebuli specialuri<br />
jgufebi, romelic kompleqteboda kavkasieli da rusi<br />
moxaliseebisagan. maTze iyo dakisrebuli saguSago da<br />
sabadrago valdebulebani. rogorc `droeba~ aRniSnavs:<br />
`...yovel sazogadoebaSi 15 rigiani, marTali kaci dainiSnos<br />
27 gazeTi `droeba~, 1897 w., N 229<br />
28 Jurnali `mogzauri~, 1905 w., N 11<br />
31
avazakebisa da borotebis sadevnelad...~<br />
straJis SemoRebam firaloba ver SeaCera, samagierod,<br />
xalxi ufro Sewuxda, radgan arsebul gadasaxadebs `stra-<br />
Jis~ gadasaxadic daemata. egnate ninoSvili werda:<br />
`...yaCaRebis ricxvma imata da ramdensame dasadac aris<br />
gayofili. CvenSi rom ikiTxo amaTi aseTis gaxelebis mizezi,<br />
gipasuxeben: `igeni~ `straJebis~ jinze Svrebian am saqmeso,<br />
yaCaRebi kidev ambobeno: aba moviden magi yaziralebi da<br />
dagvaklon rameo. marTlac verafers daakleben.<br />
amas winad xuTma yaraulma erTad miaswres erT yaCaR<br />
daTunaiSvils missave saxlSi. Seteva ver gaubedes da<br />
wavidnen yvelani mTavrobis Sesatyobineblad. iq darajoba<br />
ver gaubedes: ar gamovides, ar mogvklaso. roca<br />
ramdenisame xans Semdeg saxls jari Semoaxvies, aRmoCnda,<br />
rom Sig aRar iyo; yaCaRs gamoeZina da wabZanebuliyo adre<br />
Ramian. agic kia saTqmeli, `straJebi~ arc ise moclilni<br />
arian, rom, imaTis Tqmisa ar iyos, `zdion vincxa gadareul<br />
kaZaxebs tyeSi~. mTeli dRe TiTqmis sul Zils undebian. `netai<br />
Zili ar dahxocdes mag sacodavebs, Tu ara, qurdebis<br />
daWeras vin ukveTso~, ityvis <strong>guruli</strong> xSirad sayarauloSi<br />
gulaRma wamoparWyul yaraulebis grovazed, an `magenis<br />
daWerul qurds xelmeored daWerva undao~. 29<br />
`zemskaia straJis~ Sesaxeb naTqvamia cnobili firalis,<br />
sisona darCiasadmi miZRvnil leqsSi:<br />
`mcvelefs daarqves straJia,<br />
RmerTma daswyevlos rusebi<br />
ra uTavbolo xarjia~.<br />
rodesac xelisufleba jaris monawileobiT da sxva<br />
RonisZiebebiT ver axerxebda wesrigis damyarebas, TviTon<br />
glexebisagan `sayaraulo~ jgufebs qmnida. amasTan, ozurgeTis<br />
mazraSi oTxi sagangebo saqmeTa moxele da boqauli<br />
daamates. maT daemataT 32 yazax-rusi da amdenive jariskaci.<br />
aseve adgilobriv xelisuflebas saWiroebisamebr<br />
29 e. ninoSvili, xma guriidam, 1889 w.<br />
32
SeeZlo moeTxova cxenosani jari, romelsac arasaimedo<br />
soflebSi Caayenebdnen. maTi rCena, ra Tqma unda, xalxis<br />
kiserze gadaivlida, iseve, rogorc mamasaxlis jamagiri<br />
500 maneTis odenobiT weliwadSi, da 300-300 maneTi mamasaxlisis<br />
damxmareebs... soflis glexobisagan Sedgenili<br />
yaraulebis praqtika arsebobis merve wels, 1890-Si, mTavarmarTebel<br />
golicinis brZanebiT gauqmda.<br />
yaCaRebis gasaneitraleblad xelisufleba yvelanair<br />
zomas mimarTavda, erT-erTi iyo e. w. круговая порука,<br />
anu `urTierT Tavdeboba~. rogorc `iveria~ werda: `...ra<br />
zaralic unda SeemTxvas im soflis mkvidrs, moparva iqneba,<br />
Tu gaZarcva, dawva, Tu sxva, sruliad miezRos dazaralebuls:<br />
soflis yvela mkvidrs calked da saerTod mTels<br />
sazogadoebas unda gadaxdes zarali. ...mTeli sazogadoeba<br />
iqneba valdebuli gadaixados zarali, ufro Tval-yurs<br />
iqoniebs da gaufrTxildeba sxvis qonebasaca da Tavisasaca;<br />
aRarc avs kacs dahfaravs da aRarc mabezRrobis SiSi<br />
da sircxvili eqmneba. iq mabezRroba aRar iqneba, radgan<br />
saerTo zaralSi TiTonac udevs wili da SiSic ar eqneba,<br />
radgan danakargs audgenen~. amiT sargeblobda bevri memamule<br />
da Tavadi, isini sakuTar saqaTmeebs, naliebs da sxva<br />
nagebobebs cecxls ukidebdnen, mTavroba ki ganadgurebuli<br />
qonebis safasurs erTi aTad axdevinebda. iyo SemTxveva,<br />
roca erTma Tavadma Coxa xeze Camokida, Tofi esrola<br />
da ganacxada, <strong>firalebi</strong> damesxnen Tavso. rasakvirvelia,<br />
msgavs SemTxvevebSi xelisuflebisagan glexebis winaaRmdeg<br />
reagireba Zalzed mkacri iyo.<br />
arc erT am RonisZiebas realuri Sedegi ar gamouRia,<br />
amas mowmobs `iveria~: `...ori wlis ganmavlobaSi egreTwodebulis<br />
`straJis~ Sesanaxad komlze 15 kapiks iRebdnen.<br />
guriaSi 15 000 komli iTvleba da maSasadame eg `straJa~,<br />
romelsac TiTqmis araferi gaukeTebia, 4 500 maneTi dasjdomia<br />
gurias. amas garda, fostis gaZarcvisaTvis gadahxda<br />
600 maneTi, sxvadasxva gaZarculTa sasargeblod – 1300<br />
33
maneTi. oTxs sazogadoebas – lixaurisas, akeTisas, jumaTisas<br />
da lanCxuTisas – `egzekucia~ Cauyenes. TviTeul<br />
sazogadoebas daujda ara nakleb 3000 maneTisa – esec<br />
12000 maneTi. axla is mocdena da zaralic warmoidgineT<br />
da ivaraudeT, rom TiTqmis yovel cismare dRes `kancelariaze~<br />
erekebodnen xalxs: `yrilobaa, <strong>firalebi</strong>s daWeris<br />
Sesaxeb unda moilaparakoTo~ da advilad SegiZliaT dainaxoT<br />
ilajgawyveta Cveni xalxisa... xolo is ki saeWvo ar<br />
aris, rom aseT simkacreTa usazRvroeba, romelsame Rarib-<br />
Ratak gogielas moTminebas sazRvars dasdebs da erT mSvenier<br />
dRes isic firalTa siaSi Caewereba~. 30<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, Tu mTavari mizezi ara,<br />
firalobis zeobisa is iyo, rom <strong>firalebi</strong> xalxis didi<br />
nawilis TanagrZnobiT da mxardaWeriT sar geblobdnen.<br />
`sCans, yaCaRis moqmedeba gulsa fxans xalxs, misi<br />
protesti sazogadoebis protests uaxlovdeba,<br />
– werda `iveria~, – yaCaRis midrekileba sazogadoebis<br />
midrekilebas hgavs... (sazogadoeba) mwuxarebas,<br />
kvnesas, godebas da oxvras yaCaRis piriT amcnobs<br />
qveyanas... sazogadoebis tanjvaca da yaCaRic Sedegia<br />
TviT cxovrebis mouwyoblobisa, ukanonobisa... sastikis<br />
RonisZiebiT ar moispoba yaCaRoba. yaCaRobas mospobs mxolod<br />
ganaTleba, cxovrebis gankargeba, adamianur viTarebis<br />
Seqmna~.<br />
erTi ubralo <strong>guruli</strong> glexis sityvebiT: `<strong>firalebi</strong>s<br />
Senaxva guruls eamayeboda, sindisis saqme iyo, sasaxelo<br />
saqme iyo~. 31 `Кавказъ~-Si dabeWdili statiis anonimi avtori<br />
acxadebda, rom <strong>firalebi</strong>s gacema da Ralati gurulebs did<br />
sircxvilad miaCniaTo. amis sapasuxod simon gugunavas mohyavs<br />
bevri saintereso magaliTi da detali ama Tu im cnobili<br />
firalis (zogierTis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT saubari<br />
qvemoT gveqneba) daWerisa da mokvlis Sesaxeb, agreTve,<br />
30 gazeTi `iveria~, 1892 w., N 40<br />
31 n. cqitiSvili, firalis eposidan, macne – saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis organo, 1967 w. gv. 153<br />
34
gamoaSkaravebuli aqvs <strong>firalebi</strong>s `CamSvebi~ adamianebis<br />
gvarebic, romlebsac imdroindeli presa saguldagulod<br />
malavda. gugunava oponents mTavrobisadmi guriis mosaxleobis<br />
loialur ganwyobaSi arwmunebs: `...gTxovT, mibrZanoT,<br />
batono korespondento! ra dros romeli avazaki<br />
Seipyres da mokles guriaSid gaucemlad da uRalateblad?<br />
...vin gasca saxel ganTqmuli firali surgulaZe,<br />
romelic mokla kapitanma ivane dumbaZem? gurulma gvariT<br />
vaniZem. vin uRalata avazaks goguaZes, romelic mokla<br />
senakis mazris ufrosis TanaSemwem bat. kalandariSvilma?<br />
gurulma gvarad kukulavam. vin gasca gandevnili Wyonia,<br />
romelic mokla im dros policiis boqaulad myofma bat.<br />
CigogiZem? gurulma gvarad Wyoniam, aznaurma. vin mokla<br />
RalatiT... ganTqmuli avazaki mamulaiSvili? gurulma<br />
gvarad TalakvaZem. vin gasca quTaTelaZe firali, roca<br />
SecdomiT mis magier aznauri vladimer beri Ze mokla<br />
policiis boqaulma vaSalomiZem? gurulma gvariT xajibegovma.<br />
vin miuyvana RalatiT jvarcmis eklesiazed<br />
Casafruls straJebs avazaki ilarion daTunaiSvili da<br />
misi amxanagebi darCiebi, romelnic veRar dairCines da<br />
gaeqcaT modarajeT? gurulma azna urma mgalobliSvilma.<br />
vin gasca igiveni s. jumaTSid, roca gansvenebulma iese<br />
gurielma da mazris ufrosma b. iagorovma daTunaiSvili<br />
Seipyres da umfrosi Zma darCia mokles? gurulma damsaxurebulma<br />
sawyalma niniZem, romelmanac Tavis Tavi Seswira<br />
imave dros avazakis gamosrolils tyvias. vin uRalata oragves<br />
glexis burZglas saxlSid, roca policiis boqaulma<br />
b. jafariZem Semohkra uiaraRo xalxiT saxli da gaeqcaT<br />
saxlidgan avazaki darCia? gurulma kunWuliam. vin gasca<br />
igive darCia, roca mazris ufrosi Tavadi dadiSkeliani<br />
policiis boqaulebiT da ocis straJebiT dauxvda RamiT<br />
Casafruli rkinis gzis liandagis sufsis bogarzed da<br />
gauqraT avazaki xelidgan? gurulma aznaurma anTaZem...<br />
vin gasca... sabralo gogitiZe, romlis danaSaulobac<br />
35
srulebiT auxsneli da gamouZiebeli iyo da vis dauJda<br />
sikvdiliT misi Ralati? guruls glexs gvariT CxartiSvils.<br />
me vfiqrob sakmao unda iyos es sabuTebi Tquenis<br />
mosazrebis dasarRvevad da sruli imedi maqvs SemdegSic<br />
mainc aRar iqoniebT am azrs gurulebzed~.<br />
miuxedavad werilSi moyvanili magaliTebisa, mosaxleobis<br />
mxridan <strong>firalebi</strong>s mxardaWera namdvilad mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo, rac xSirad ukuefeqts iZleoda da dam-<br />
Rupvelad moqmedebda maTze. zogierT firals, rogorc<br />
Cans, e. w. dausjelobis sindromi gauCnda, isini aravis<br />
da ara fers aRar eridebodnen, rasac qvemoT moyvanili<br />
faqtebic adasturebs.<br />
36
pirveli <strong>firalebi</strong><br />
<strong>firalebi</strong>s zust ricxvs, albaT, veravin daasaxelebs,<br />
yvelasi arc gvar-saxeli da arc foto ar Semonaxula.<br />
arsebobs zogierTi firalis fotogamosaxuleba, magram<br />
TiTqmis araferia cnobili maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb. magaliTisaTvis<br />
sakmarisia giorgi qinqlaZe da agia CxaiZe.<br />
gadmocemiT, isini erTad firalobdnen, Tumca wlebi cnobili<br />
ar aris. qinqlaZe sofel oragvesTan policiasTan<br />
Setakebisas mZimed daiWra da sofel akeTSi gardaicvala,<br />
sadac dakrZales kidec. CxaiZe ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi<br />
`moRvaweobda~ – Zarcvavda bankebs. is guriaSi daiWires,<br />
sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes da CamoaxrCves. arsebobs<br />
gadmocema, rom roca masTan sakanSi mRvdeli da policieli<br />
Sesulan, agias, uzarmazari Zalis patrons, ise miuxeTqebia<br />
erTmaneTisTvis, rom orive usulod dacemula<br />
miwaze.<br />
cnobili eTnografisa da publicistis, apolon wula-<br />
Zis mixedviT, uZvelesi <strong>firalebi</strong> arian Tavadi maqsimeiSvili<br />
da gogoriSvili. misi TqmiT, saqarTvelos aneqsiamde<br />
saqarTveloSi firaloba ar yofila. batonis mkvleli an<br />
sxvagvari damnaSave erTi kuTxidan meoreSi gadavidoda<br />
xolme, sxva batons Seafarebda Tavs. guriis janyis Semdeg<br />
ki es SeuZlebeli gaxda. miwer-moweris meSveobiT mTavroba<br />
damnaSaves yvelgan poulobda. firalebs mxolod<br />
erTi TavSesafari – axloblebi da Tavisianebi – rCebodaT.<br />
janyis damarcxebis Semdeg mTavrobam TiTqmis yvela<br />
monawile daiWira, zogi cixeSi Casva, zogi gadaasaxla,<br />
mxolod ori maTgani – maqsimeiSvili da gogoriSvili – ver<br />
Caigdo xelSi. isini iaraRiT xelSi tyeSi gacvivdnen da<br />
37
mTavrobis moxeleebsa da xalxis moRalateebs angariSs<br />
usworebdnen. orives bevri Setakeba gadautania Turme.<br />
erTxel gogoriSvili patara saxlSi moimwyvdies, alya<br />
Semoartyes, magram firals veraferi mouxerxes, amitom<br />
saxls cecxli waukides. saxlis Weri roca Camoingra,<br />
gogoriSvili maSin gamovardnila cecxlidan da jars xelidan<br />
mainc dasxltomia. 32<br />
saxelganTqmuli firalis, melqisedek gunTaiSvilis<br />
Zmis, apolonis, dRiurebSi moxseniebulia firali akaki<br />
zoiZe. is erTi Raribi glexi iyo, mebatone qarcivaZis<br />
Sinayma. cxovrobda patara qoxSi da hyavda erTi marCenali<br />
Zroxa. man colis moyvana gadawyvita da batonTan nebarTvis<br />
asaRebad mivida. batonma uTxra: `...yaZaxo, Tu qalis<br />
moyvana ginda, maSin Sen Zroxas moambi rqaSi bawari da<br />
momgvareo da maSin nebarTvas mogcemo~. Seuracxyofilma<br />
zoiZem aiRo Tofi da batoni Tavissave ezoSi gaagora,<br />
Tavad ki osmaleTSi gadavida. musulmani qarTvelebis<br />
daxmarebiT iqve ipova TavSesafari. magram rogorc ki<br />
Sansi eZleoda, gadadioda guriaSi da qarcivaZeebis ojaxs<br />
awiokebda: xan cxens, xan Zroxas, xan ki sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo<br />
nivTebs arTmevda da Coloqs gaRma hyid da.<br />
qar civaZeebi gavleniani xalxi iyo da xelisuflebam<br />
jildo daawesa zoiZis daWerisTvis. daiqiraves vinme sandro<br />
bolqvaZe, romelic, rogorc viTomda devnili da<br />
cixidan ganaqcevi, gadavida osmaleTSi da zoiZesTan daaxloeba<br />
scada. pirvel xanebSi zoiZem bolqvaZe axlos ar<br />
gaikara. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki yuradReba moaduna, amiT<br />
isargebla bolqvaZem da erT Rames akaki zoiZes saxlSi miadga.<br />
roca namZinarevi firali zRurblze gamoCnda – dambaCa<br />
daaxala. sikvdilis win zoiZem mkvlels uTxra – Sen da<br />
Sen Svilebs xeiri ar geqnebaTo. firalis mkvlelobisTvis<br />
zoiZem kargi gasamrjelo miiRo. ori Svili gazarda, magram<br />
zoiZis sityvebi win dauxvda. erTxel leRvze asuli<br />
32 z. tuRuSi, mogonebebi ninoSvilze, <strong>guruli</strong> leqsika, 2008 w., gv. 9<br />
38
Camovarda da Robis sars sajdomiT daeso, sari kisris<br />
areSi gamosula. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg misi erTi vaJi<br />
sul male gardaicvala, meore ki gagiJda. ijda xolme gzis<br />
napiras, Txrida miwas da iZaxda – aq aris Ralati damarxulio.<br />
guriaSi ambobdnen, rom <strong>firalebi</strong>s arc erTi gamcemi,<br />
mkvleli da moRalate Tavisi sikvdiliT ar momkvdara da<br />
arc mis ojaxs gauxariao.<br />
arsebobs vinme ermalo kvaWaZis mogoneba, romelic<br />
asaxelebs oTx firals, romlebic batonebs gaeqcnen da<br />
sofel oragvesTan mdebare erT daburul kldovan xevs<br />
Seafares Tavi. eseni iyvnen: miqela kvaWaZe, buWua bolqvaZe,<br />
romelsac Semdeg `burZgla~ daerqva, lixoureli uruSaZe,<br />
romelsac batoni Semokvdomia, da aWareli kaJioRli. <strong>firalebi</strong>s<br />
meTauri buWua yofila. gurieli xSirad agzavnida<br />
Turme SeiaraRebul kacebs maT dasaWerad, magram<br />
<strong>firalebi</strong> yovelTvis imarjvebdnen. Tumca buWua mainc<br />
Caigdes xelSi, gurielma buWua TavisTan waiyvana yaraulad<br />
da oTxarSiniani Tofic aCuqa. burZgla didxans ver<br />
gaCerda TavadTan da gaipara. gurielma mas mdevrebi<br />
daadevna, romlebmac firali mokles.<br />
anton xinTibiZis wignis mixedviT ki erT-erTi pirveli<br />
firali kowia cecxlaZea. cecxlaZe ozurgeTis mazris<br />
sofel gogieTis mcxovrebi iyo. ramdenime wlis firalobis<br />
Semdeg, XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, Serigebia mefis<br />
mTavrobas da ojaxSi dauwyia muSaoba. gardacvlila, daaxloebiT,<br />
70 wlisa.<br />
39
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