stalini

saimon sebag
montefiore
axalgazrda
stalini
inglisuridan Targmna
nana dixaminjiam

ilustraciebis CamonaTvali
1878-1904
stalini, 1912
stalini gorel seminarielebTan erTad, 1880-iani wlebi
saxli gorSi, sadac daibada stalini
stalinis mama, beso
stalinis deda, keke
koba egnataSili
saSa egnataSvili
damiane davriSevi
16 wlis stalini, 1893
stalini, 1896
stalini seminariaSi swavlisas, 1890-iani wlebi
xanZari rotSildebis kompaniaSi
rotSildebis navTobkompania baTumSi
haSimi smirba
quTaisis patimarTa jgufuri foto, 1903
novaia uda
quTaisis cixe
stalinis sakani
nataSa kirTava
olga alilueva
olga alilueva SvilebTan erTad
1905-1910
kamo
quCis bavSvebis banda, 1905
`oxrankis~ agentebi samoqalaqo formaSi
lenini, daax. 1905
stalini, daax.1905-0906
trocki
kato svaniZe
kato svaniZe (saflavis qvis eskizi)
`deili miroris~ 1907 wlis 16 maisis nomeri
rusi social-demokratebis mier xelmowerili dokumenti
`deili miroris~ 1907 wlis 27 ivnisis nomeri
`deili miroris~ 1907 wlis 15 maisis nomeri
kamo, policiis arqividan, daax. 1908 w.
sergo orjonikiZe

aqos navTobWaburRili
nagaievis sasaxle baqoSi
navTobis `Sadrevnebi~ baqoSi, 1903 wlis 14 seqtemberi
murTuza muxTarovi da misi meuRle liza
stalini da katos ojaxi katos cxedartan, 1907
alvasi TalakvaZe
ludmila stali
stalini
stalini, foto policiis arqivebidan, 1910 wels
1910-1917
stalini da spandariani, 1915
safosto baraTebi (ukana mxare)
safosto baraTebi (wina mxare)
maria kuzakova SvilTan da SviliSvilTan erTad
stalini, foto policiis arqivebidan, 1911
stalinis sacxovrebeli venaSi
leninis bina krakovSi
roman malinovski
stalini, 1913
tatiana slavatinskaia
kureika, 1930-iani wlebi
tribesmani CrdiloeTis irmebTan
aleqsandre davidovi
lidia pereprigina
bolSevikebis jgufuri foto monastirskoeSi, 1915
vera Svaiceri
sukis ufrosis, serovis xelmowerili dokumenti, 1956
tavridis sasaxle
mTavrobis wevrebi da jariskacebi tavridis sasaxlesTan, 1917
1917-1918
leninis Stabi qseSinkaias sasaxlesTan, sanqt-peterburgi, 1917
ivlisis ambebis amsaxveli foto
nadia aliluevas fotoebi
stalinis oTaxi aliluevebis binaSi
lenini
smolni; axali sabWoTa xelisufleba, 1917
pirveli sabWoTa mTavrobis wevrebi
bolSevikuri mTavrobis pirveli sxdoma
stalini
aleqsandra kolontai da pavle dibenko, daax. 1917
stalini, daax.1917

mariami
(mariko)
1882 - 1941
aleqsandre
(alioSa)
1884 - 1941
ioseb stalinis genealogiuri xe
juRaSvilebi
svaniZeebi aliluevebi
daq. 1870
besarion
(beso)
juRaSvili
1850 - 1910
=
ekaterine
(keke)
gelaZe
1858 - 1937
sergo aliluevi
1866 - 1945
daq. 1893
=
olga fedorenko
1877 - 1951
maria
korona
1889 - 1942
aleqsandra
(saSiko)
1878 - 1936
mixeil
monaseliZe
ekaterine
(kato)
1878 - 1936
ioseb stalini
1878 - 1953
= = = =
nadeJda
(nadia)
1901 - 1932
fiodori
(fedia)
1898 - 1955
ana
1896 - 1964
=
stanislav
redensi
1893 - 1940
pavle
1894 - 1938
=
evgenia
(Jenia)
zemlianitsiani-alilueva
1898 - 1974
zoia
gunina
1908 - 1957
iakobi
(iaSa)
1907 - 1943
= = iulia
meltceri
? - 1967
gulia
1939 -
vasili
1921 - 1962
svetlana
1926 -
= daq. 1940
daq. 1946
1. galina
bourdonovskaia
gard. 1990
= daq. 1950
2. (katia) 3. kapitolina
timoSenko vasilieva
gard. 1983
= = daq. 1945 =
1. grigori
morozovi
1921 - 2002
daq. 1948
2. iuri
Jdanovi
1918 -
aleqsandre
1941 -
nadeJda
1943 -
vasili
1949 - 1972
svetlana
1947 - 1990
jozef
morozovi
1945 -
katia
Jdanova
1950 -

londoni
C r d i l o e T i s
z R v a
n o r v e g i a
(damoukidebeli
1905 w. gaxda)
stokholmi
S v e d e T i
tampere
f i n e T i s
s a
d i d i
h e r c o g o
s a f r a n g e T i
g e r m a n i i s
i m p e r i a
berlini
potsdami
b a l t i i s
varSava
z R v a
riga
vilniusi
helsinki
sanqt-peterburgi
(1914 wels daerqva
petrogradi)
vologda
vena
krakovi
minski
i t a l i a
h a b s b u r g i s
i m p e r i a lembergi
kievi
kurski
moskovi
xarkovi
odesa
r u s e T i s i m
S a v i
z R v a
ialta
x m e l T a
soWi
nalCiki
vladikavkazi
baTumi
S u a
z R v a
o s m a l e T i s
i m p e r i a
gori
tfilisi
ar
z
baqo
k a s p i i s
z R v a
e g v i p t e
a r a b e T i
Teirani
s p a r s e T i

useTis imperia 1878 -1917
b a r e n c i s z R v a
md. enisei
kureika
solviCegodski
monastirskoe
kostino
permi
narimi
c i m
b i
r i
p e r i a
novosibirski
aCinski
krasnoiarski
novaia
uda
omski
alis
Rva
ruseTis imperiis dasavleTi sazRvari
1914 wlamde
stalinis sarkinigzo marSruti
1917 wlis martSi
0
0
gori
gori
1500 km
1000 mili
moskovi
sanqt-peterburgi

novorosiski
kislovodski
nalCiki
gagra
grozno moskovisken
vladikavkazi
soxumi
quTaisi WiaTura
baTumi
borjomi
gori
tfilisi
erevani
baqo
a z e r b a i j a n i
r u
s e T i
a
s i m p e r i
a f x a z e T i
s v a n e T i
i m e r e T i
S a v i
z R v a
k a x e T i
g u r i a
q a r T l i
mtkvari
s a q a r T v e l o
o
s
m
s o m x e T i
a l e T i s
1878 wels osmaleTis imperiisgan
miRebuli teritoria
kavkasionis mTebi
k a s p i i s
z R v a
i m p
sxva teritoria
e r i a
rkinigza
s e T i
a r
s p
0 100 mili
0
200 km

CrdiloeTi okeanisken
CrdiloeTi polusi
kureika
kureika
turuxanski
selivanixa
monastirskoe
patara tunguska
enisei
N
kostino
0
50 mili
krasnoiarskisken 0 100 km

prologi
bankis gaZarcva
1907 wlis 13 ivniss, oTxSabaTs, dilis 10 saaTsa da 30 wuTze,
Tbilisis (maSindeli tfilisis) mTavar moedanze, Ceqmebsa
da samxedro SarvalSi gamowyobili kavaleriis Tavmomwone,
ulvaSebiani kapitani, romelsac wels didi Cerqezuli xmali
umSvenebda, cxens daajiriTebda da or momxiblav, kargad Cacmul
qarTvel gogonas exumreboda. gogonebi Wrel qolgebs
atrialebdnen da drodadro kabebSi damalul mauzerebs isinjavdnen.
quCis kuTxeSi axalgazrdebi Segroviliyvnen. maT Ria feris
glexuri perangebi da mezRvauris farTo Sarvlebi ecvaT,
xolo ubeebSi revolverebi da TviTnakeTi xel yumbarebi hqondaT
damaluli. moedanTan mdebare saeWvo reputaciis mqone
duqnis – `tilipuWuris~ – daxlTan kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli
banditebi isxdnen da gamvlelebs mxiarulad epatiJebodnen
sasmelze. yvela eloda, rodis daiwyebda 29 wlis ioseb juRaSvili
pirvel Setevas, romlis Sedegebi msoflios yuradRebas
miipyrobda – dRis movlenebi msoflio gazeTebis gverdebze
aRmoCndeboda, Zireulad Searyevda Tbiliss da isedac
daqsaqsul social-demokratebs erTmaneTze gadamterebul
jgufebad dayofda. es dRe gaxdeboda wyalgamyofi stalinis
cxovrebaSic: an gaanadgurebda, an warmatebas moutanda mas.
bandis wevrebis garda, kidev ramdenime adamianma icoda am
kriminalur-teroristuli „sanaxaobis~ ambavi, Tavad juRaSvili
ki masze ramdenime Tves muSaobda. erT-erTi, vinc am
farTomasStabian gegmas kargad icnobda, bolSevikuri par-
15

16
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
tiis* lideri vladimer lenini iyo, romelic im dros Soreul
CrdiloeTSi, fineTSi, kuokolas erT-erT vilaSi imaleboda.
lenini jer berlinSi, Semdeg ki londonSi saidumlo viTarebaSi
Sexvda stalins da, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTma socialdemokratiulma
partiam mkacrad akrZala bankebis Zarcva, anu
`eqspropriacia~, mas didi Zarcvis organizeba daavala. stalini,
organizebulad da konspiraciis sruli dacviT mowyobili
Zarcvebisa da mkvlelobebis wyalobiT, `bolSevikebis mTavar
finansistad~ iyo miCneuli...
erevnis moedanze `SeiaraRebulebis~ saxeliT cnobilma
stalinis bandam adgilebi daikava. maTi ramdenime mzveravi
uTvalTvalebda golovinis prospeqts – Tbilisis mTavar da
lamaz quCas, sadac mefisnacvlis italiuri stilis didebuli
sasaxle idga. `SeiaraRebulebi~ diliJansisa da misi gamyoli
kazakebis eskadronis gamoCenas elodnen. Cerqezulxmlianma
kapitanma ramdenjerme SeaTamaSa cxeni, mere CamoqveiTda da
feSenebelur bulvarze Caiseirna.
quCis yovel kuTxes kazaki an policieli icavda: xelisufleba
ianvridan eloda raRacas. ruseTis mefis saidumlo policiis
– `oxrankis~ – da formiani politikuri policiis – Jandarmeriis
– agentebi da informatorebi angariSs angariSze werdnen
kriminalebisa da revolucionerebis saidumlo gegmebisa da
Sida dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. banditebi da teroristebi iatakqveSeTSi
saqmianobdnen da ise iyo yvelaferi erTmaneTSi areuli,
marTalsa da gamogonils ver gaarCevdi, Tumca mosalodneli
`sanaxaobis~ Sesaxeb TveebiT adre vrceldeboda xmebi.
im nislian dilas ver ityodi, rom Tbilisis aRmosavluri
ferebi imave samyaros ekuTvnoda, romelsac aTasobiT kilometris
moSorebiT gaSenebuli sanqt-peterburgi – mefis ruse-
Tis dedaqalaqi. Tbilisis ZvelisZveli da bneli quCebi mTawmindis
kalTebze miiklakneboda, vaziT daCrdiluli aivnebiT
damSvenebuli ulamazesi saxlebis gaswvriv. es qalaqi erT did
sofels hgavda, sadac yvela yvelas icnobda.
zustad samxedro Stabis ukan, freilinis lamaz quCaze, mTavar
moedanTan axlos cxovrobda stalinis coli, axalgazrda
momxibvleli mkeravi, erovnebiT qarTveli kato svaniZe Tavis
* 1903 wels ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia orad gaiyo: bolSevikebad
(leninis meTaurobiT) da menSevikebad (martovis meTaurobiT). bolSevikebi
da menSevikebi 1912 wlamde inarCunebdnen formalur erTianobas; 1912 wels
ki bolSevikuri partia oficialurad Camoyalibda. partia bankebis ZarcviTa da
sxva kriminaluri saqmianobidan Semosuli TanxebiT finansdeboda.

p r o l o g i
axalSobil vaJTan, iakobTan erTad. is da stalini siyvaruliT
daqorwindnen. stalini colis erTguli iyo, kato ki aRmerTebda
qmars da iziarebda mis revoluciur miswrafebebs. swored
maSin, roca kato vaJiSvilTan erTad aivanze mzes eficxeboda,
misi qmari misTvis da mTeli TbilisisTvis saSineli dartymis
miyenebas apirebda.
Tbilisi – es idumali qalaqi – mTeli kavkasiis dedaqalaqi
iyo; kavkasia ki – mefis ruseTis daumorCilebeli mTiani gubernia,
Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris gadaWimuli, ficxi da amayi
xalxebis mSfoTvare samSoblo. golovinis prospeqti parizul
quCas Camohgavda TeTri neoklasikuri TeatriT, mavritanuli
stilis operis SenobiT, mdidruli sastumroebiT, qarTveli
Tavadebisa da somexi navTobmagnatebis sasaxleebiT, Tumca
samxedro Stabis Senobas gascdebodiT Tu ara, erevnis moedani
aziur stilSi gadadioda.
egzotikurad Cacmuli damtareblebi da patara fardulebis
mepatroneni cxaresaneleblian qarTul lobiosa da
cxel xaWapurs sTavazobdnen gamvlelebs. TuluxCebs, xelze
movaWreebs, jibis qurdebsa da mtvirTavebs saqoneli dahqondaT
an iparavdnen somxur da sparsul bazrebSi, romelTa
viwro gasasvlelebi aRmosavlur bazars ufro hgavda, vidre
evropuli qalaqisas. sparseTisa da TurqeTis abreSumiTa da
saneleblebiT, soflebidan Camotanili xiliTa da Rvinis tik-
WorebiT datvirTuli aqlemebisa da virebis qaravnebi qarvaslis
WiSkarSi Sediodnen. axalgazrda oficiantebi da laqiebi
stumrebs emsaxurebodnen, bargs ezidebodnen, aqlemebs tvir-
Tavdnen da moedans uTvalTvalebdnen. qarTuli arqivebidan
(romlebic sul axlaxan gaxda xelmisawvdomi farTo wreebisaTvis),
ukve cnobilia, rom stalini qarvaslis patara biWebs
moTvalTvaleebad da kurierebad iyenebda. swored Zarcvis
dRes qarvaslis erT-erT saidumlo oTaxSi bandis meTaurebi
xelqveiTebs ukanasknel darigebebs aZlevdnen da kidev erTxel
imeorebdnen gegmas. im diliT stalinic iq imyofeboda.
im orma momxiblavma gogonam, facia galdavam da aneta
sulaqveliZem, romlebic Wrel qolgebs atrialebdnen, kabebqveS
ki datenil mauzerebs malavdnen, TiTqos udardelad
gadaWres moedani, samxedro StabTan SeCerdnen da rus oficrebs,
moxdenil lurj formebSi gamowyobil Jandarmebsa da
fexmrud kazakebs kekluci saubari gaubes.
17

18
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
Tbilisi iyo – da axlac aris – moseirneTa qalaqi. moseirneni
xSirad Cerdebodnen Rvinis dasalevad Ria duqnebSi. Tuki emociuri
qarTveli xalxi romelime evropul ers hgvanan, albaT
italielebs. Coxosani qarTvelebi da kavkasiuri warmoSobis
sxva mamakacebi omaxiani simReriT amayad miuyvebodnen quCas.
SavTavsaburaviani qarTveli qalebi da rusi oficrebis evropul
yaidaze Cacmuli colebi puSkinis baRSi seirnobdnen da
sparselebTan, somxebTan, CeCnebTan, afxazebTan da ebraelebTan
erTad Saqaryinulsa da SarbaTs yidulobdnen.
quCis biWebi gafacicebiT akvirdebodnen xalxs, iqneb raime
avcincloTo. TeTr, koWebamde stiqarebSi gamowyobili ymawvili
seminarielebi maswavleblebTan, anaforian grZelwvera
mRvdlebTan erTad gamodiodnen seminariis TeTri, svetebiani
Senobidan, sadac cxra wlis win stalini lamis mRvdlad
akurTxes. swored es aRmosavlur-dasavluri, araslavuri,
ararusuli, kavkasiuri kaleidoskopi iyo is samyaro, romelmac
stalini aRzarda.
anetam da faciam dro Seamowmes da moednis sxvadasxva kuTxe-
Si daikaves adgilebi. saeWvo duqan `tilipuWuris~ mravalferovani
klientura – Tavadebi, maWanklebi, informatorebi da
jibis qurdebi – qarTul Rvinosa da somxur koniaks miirTmevda.
swored maSin revolucioneri daviT saRiraSvili, romelic
stalinsac da bandis sxva wevrebsac icnobda, megobars duqanSi
estumra. karTan moqeife banditi baWua kupriaSvili daxvda.
baWuam maSinve skami SesTavaza da, qarTuli wesis mixedviT,
wiTeli RviniT savse Wiqa daudga. daviTma Rvino dalia da is
iyo, wasvla daapira, rom baWuam `xazgasmulad zrdilobianad~
sTxova, SenobaSi darCeniliyo da kidev gaesinja Rvino da ker-
Zebi. daviTi mixvda, Senobidan ver gavidoda. karTan ramdenime
SeiaraRebuli kaci idga, romlebic restoranSi uSvebdnen
xalxs, magram aravis aZlevdnen gareT gasvlis nebas....
momxiblavma Savgvremanma mzveravma facia galdavam bulvarze
WenebiT momavali badragi dainaxa Tu ara, maSinve Cqari
nabijiT gaemarTa puSkinis baRisken da gazeTi dauqnia baRis
WiSkarTan mdgar stepko inwkirvels.
stepkom Tavi dauqnia aneta sulaqveliZes, romelic quCis
mopirdapire mxares, `tilipuWurTan~ idga, qalma ki duqanSi
myofT aniSna, gareT gasuliyvnen. karTan mdgarma `SeiaraRebulma~
duqanSi msxdomi yaCaRebi gamoixmo. saRiraSvilma dainaxa,
rom duqanSi `moqeife~ gamxdari da uWmelobiT daWleqianebuli,

p r o l o g i
farToSarvliani axalgazrda TavadiSvilebi micemul niSanze
gareT gamovidnen da moedanze mimoifantnen. maTi saqmianoba
albaT borotmoqmedeba iyo, magram mizani fulis Sovna ar iyo:
maTi gulebi lenins, partias da TbilisSi maT meTojines, stalins
ekuTvnoda.
`yvela Cvenganis funqcia winaswar iyo gansazRvruli~, –
ixsenebda bandis mesame wevri, anetas megobari aleqsandra
daraxveliZe – cxrameti wlis gogona, romelsac, asakis miuxedavad,
Zarcvebsa da mkvlelobebSi monawileobis didi gamocdileba
hqonda.
TiToeulma banditma TiTo policieli amoiRo mizanSi. policielebs
`faraonebs~ eZaxdnen. orma SeiaraRebulma yaCaRma
ratuSasTan mdgar kazakebs daumizna; danarCenebma saxelmwifo
bankis Soriaxlo, veliaminovis quCisa da somxuri bazris
kuTxe daikaves. aleqsandra daraxveliZe Tavis gamouqveynebel
memuarebSi ixsenebs, rogor icavda quCis erT-erT kuTxes or
SeiaraRebul yaCaRTan erTad.
am dros baWua kupriaSvilma, viTom udardelad rom kiTxulobda
gazeTs, Sors cxenis floqvebisgan avardnili mtvris
Rrubeli SeamCnia. baWuam daaxvia gazeTi da moemzada... isini
modiodnen!
iqamde moedanze moseirne kavaleriis laplapaxmliani kapitani
jer gamvlelebs afrTxilebda, moedans moridebodnen,
magram roca aravin ar miaqcia yuradReba, isev Tavis Cinebul
cxens moaxta. es 25 wlis kamo iyo, naxevrad raindi, naxevrad banditi,
`SeiaraRebulTa~ meTauri da, rogorc stalini ambobda,
`SeniRbvis didostati~, romelsac SeeZlo Tavi gaesaRebina
mdidar Tavadadac da soflel mrecxav qaladac. kamos siarulis
nerviuli manera hqonda, marcxena Tvals, romliTac cudad
xedavda, aelmebda da acecebda: Zarcvamde ramdenime kviriT
adre xelSi TviTnakeTi yumbara afeTqeboda da jer kidev ar
gamojanmrTelebuliyo.
kamo `mojadoebuli~ iyo staliniT, romelmac is marqsizms
aziara. isini erTad izrdebodnen gorSi – Tbilisidan ramdenime
kilometriT daSorebul patara qalaqSi. bankis guladi
mZarcveli kamo, erTi mxriv, gulubryvilod mimndobi, meore
mxriv ki fsiqofati iyo. ucnaurad mSvids, fermkrTalsa da
arafrismTqmeli mzeris patrons guliT surda esiamovnebina
batonisTvis da bevrjer uTxovia, neba momeci, Sen magivrad
me movklao. aranairi saqme, arc Semzaravi mkvleloba da arc
Tavxeduri eqstravagantuloba ar eTakileboda: erT msxverpls
mkerdic ki gaupo da guli amoacala.
19

a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
stalini mTeli sicocxle magnitiviT izidavda kamosnair
amoralur, TavaSvebul fsiqopaTebs da maT Tavis Tayvanismcemlebad
aqcevda. misi bavSvobis megobari kamo da bandis
sxva wevrebi pirvelebi iyvnen am grZel siaSi. es axalgazrdebi
Tavdauzogavad emsaxurebodnen stalins, romelsac maTi
aRtaceba saSualebas aZlevda, rkinis disciplina daenerga maT
rigebSi. kamo xSirad stumrobda stalins saxlSi. `sanaxaobamde~
cota xniT adre man katos mamis xmali iTxova, viTom kazaki
oficris gansasaxiereblad. aristokratad aRzrdil leninsac
ki xiblavda TavzexelaRebuli kamo, moferebiT `kavkasiel
bandits~ eZaxda. `kamo, – ambobda 51 wlis lenini, – marTlac,
saocari adamiani iyo~.
`kapitanma~ kamom bulvarisken Seabruna cxeni da CorTiT
gaemarTa momavali badragisken. misi gaTvliT, operacia srolis
dawyebidan 3 wuTSi unda damTavrebuliyo.
kazakebma erevnis moedanze SemoaWenes cxenebi. isini or etls
moacilebdnen. ori kazaki win mouZRoda, ori ukan mosdevda da
erTic gverdiT mohyveboda. mtvris koriantelSi yaCaRebma
SeamCnies, rom diliJansSi isxdnen serTukiani mamakacebi – saxelmwifo
bankis molare kurdiumovi da buRalteri golovni a,
kidev ori jariskaci SemarTuli TofebiT, faetoni ki policielebiTa
da jariskacebiT iyo savse. etlebma da cxenosnebma
wamebSi gadaWres moedani da gezi aiRes sololakisken, sadac
saxelmwifo bankis axali Senoba idga: Sesasvleli karis Tavze
gamoyvanili lomebisa da titanebis bareliefebi rusuli kapitalizmis
keTildReobis niSani iyo.
Setevis dawyebis niSnad baWuam gazeTi Zirs dauSva, mere
gadaagdo da iaraRs daswvda. banditebma Zlieri Wurvebi – `vaSlebi~
– amoiRes, romlebic TbilisSi anetam da aleqsandram
did divanSi damaluli Semoitanes.
yaCaRebma da gogonebma oTx Wurvs detonatorebi moxsnes da
isroles. Wurvebi etlebis qveS gamayruebeli xmauriT afeTqda.
afeTqebis Zalam cxenebi gamofatra, adamianebi ki dafliTa.
banditebma axla mauzerebi da brauningebi moimarjves da moednis
irgvliv mdgar kazakebsa da policielebs gauxsnes cecxli.
dabneuli, daWrili policielebi iqve ecemodnen an xoxviT eZebdnen
TavSesafars. aT bombze meti afeTqda. mowmeebis CvenebiT,
Wurvebi yvela mxridan cvioda, saxuravebidanac ki: Semdeg isic
iTqva, pirveli Wurvi Tavad sumbaTovis sasaxlis saxuravidan
TviTon stalinma isrolao.
bankis etlebi gaCerda. gamvlelebi kiodnen da usafrTxo
adgilisken mixoxavdnen. zogs miwisZvra egona. `aravis SeeZlo
20

p r o l o g i
eTqva, es saSineli xmauri zarbaznebis guguni iyo Tu bombebis
afeTqeba, – werda qarTuli gazeTi `isari~. am xmam panika gamoiwvia...
diliJansebi, etlebi da fexiT mosiarulebi mTel qalaqSi
darbodnen...~ saxuravebidan sakvamurebi cvioda; irgvliv yvela
Senobis fanjara, mefisnacvlis sasaxlis CaTvliT, Camsxvreuli
iyo.
im dros kato svaniZe Tavis aivanze idga da ojaxTan erTad
Svils eTamaSeboda. `uceb bombebis afeTqebis xma gavigoneT da
dazafrulebi oTaxSi SevcvivdiT,~ – ixsenebda misi da, saSiko,
gareT ki kvamlsa da qaosSi cxenebis gvamebi da dasaxiCrebuli
adamianebis sxeulebi erTmaneTSi iyo areuli.
etlSi Sebmul cxens nel-nela sicocxlis niSnebi daubrunda.
rogorc ki erT-erTi yaCaRi gamoiqca, raTa etlSi Cadebuli
fulis CanTebisTvis etaca xeli, cxeni adgils moswyda da
jariskacebis bazrisken gaqusla. male gauCinardeboda kidec im
fuliT, romelsac stalini lenins Sehpirda revoluciisTvis.
* * *
mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi stalinis roli im dRis
movlenebSi saeWvod miaCndaT. Tumca axla, Zarcvidan erTi
saukunis mere, ukve SesaZlebelia simarTlis dadgena: moskovsa
da TbilisSi arsebuli arqivebidan ukve cnobilia, Tu
rogor ostaturad warmarTa stalinma es operacia da ramdenime
Tvis ganmavlobaSi rogor `amuSavebda~ `Tavis kacs~ bankSi.
misi colisdis, saSiko svaniZis gamouqveynebel memuarebSi,
romelic qarTul arqivebSi inaxeba, naTqvamia, rom stalini
TviTonac aSkarad aRiarebda am operaciis xelmZRvanelobas.
stalini tkbeboda `binZuri~ politikiT, revoluciuri
SeTqmulebis dramiT. sanam sabWoTa ruseTis diqtatori iyo, is
xSirad TiTqmis nostalgiiT, ixsenebda cnobil TamaSs `kazakebi
da banditebi~ (`казаки и разбойники~), Tumca arasdros yveboda
iseT detalebs, rac mis, rogorc saxelmwifo mmarTvelis, reputacias
Searyevda.
1907 wels stalini dabali, jmuxi, sxvadasxva saxelebiT cnobili
idumali kaci iyo. Cveulebriv, wiTeli satinis perangi da
nacrisferi palto ecva da fetris Savi qudi exura. zogjer
tradiciul qarTul Coxas aniWebda upiratesobas da moswonda
TeTri kavkasiuri yabalaxis mxrebze moxdenilad moxveva.
daudgromeli da xSirad policiis mier Zebnili, bevr formas
iyenebda SesaniRbad – policias bevrjer qalis kabaSi gadacmulic
damalvia.
qalebs Zalian izidavda, xSirad mReroda qarTul simRerebs
21

22
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
da kiTxulobda leqsebs. qarizmatulic iyo da iumoris grZnobac
hqonda, magram mainc pirquSi da ucnauri eTqmoda. mis `mwvel~
Tvalebs Taflisferi gadahkravda megobruli gamoxedvisas,
yviTeli – gabrazebisas. maSin jer ar atarebda ulvaSs,
Tmas zRarbiviT iWrida. zogjer ki piriqiT – wvers uSvebda da
Tmas izrdida; Worfliani da nayvavilari saxe hqonda; swrafad,
magram gverdulad dadioda; marcxena xels SezRudulad amoZravebda,
rac bavSvobaSi gadatanili avadmyofobebisa da ubeduri
SemTxvevebis Sedegi iyo.
daRla ra iyo, ar icoda, mudam ideebiTa da gamomgoneblobiT
iyo Sepyrobili. swavlis wyurviliTa da maswavleblobis
instinqtiT STagonebuli, bejiTad swavlobda literaturasa
da istorias, Tumca teqstisadmi siyvaruls mainc brZanebebisa
da dominirebisadmi swrafva, mtrebis ganadgurebisa da mciredi
wyenis gamo SurisZiebis survili sjabnida. momTmensa da
mSvids, SeeZlo ampartavanic yofiliyo da Tavxedic, ficxic
da advilad feTqebadic.
iyo mtkice realistic, sarkastuli cinikosic da gansakuTrebulad
umowyalo mkvlelic: swored man Seqmna bankis
mZarcvelebisa da mkvlelebis bolSevikuri banda `SeiaraRebulebi~,
romelsac mafioziviT akontrolebda.
katoze siyvaruliT daqorwinebulma stalinma ugulo, mousvenari
cxovreba arCia, rac, misi azriT, Cveulebrivi moralisa
da pasuxismgeblobisgan, TviT siyvarulisganac ki aTavisuflebda.
is sxvebis gandidebis maniaze werda da Zalauflebisaken
Tavisi swrafva ar hqonda gacnobierebuli. Tavisi idumaleba
xiblavda. roca megobrebis karze akakunebda, SekiTxvaze,
`vin aris~, stalini moCvenebiTad avbediTi xmiT pasuxobda:
`fostalioni~.
erT-erTi pirveli profesionali revolucionerisTvis
iatakqveSeTi bunebrivi saarsebo garemo iyo. eqstremistad da
konspiratorad dabadebuli `ymawvilobidan fanatikosi marqsisti
fostalioni~ rwmeniT iyo savse.
`Zarcvebis xana stalinma daiwyo,~ – werda mSobliuri qalaqidan
erT-erTi misi megobari, ioseb davriCevi, visTan erTadac
stalini bankze Tavdasxmebs gegmavda. gavrcelebuli azriT,
stalini operaciebs xelmZRvanelobda, magram piradad arasdros
monawileobda maTSi. iqneb ase iyo im dResc, 1907 wels... Tumca
ukve cnobilia, rom stalini, Cveulebriv, mauzeriT SeiaraRebuli,
xSirad uSualod iyo CarTuli sxvadasxva ZarcvaSi.
is yovelTvis gafacicebiT eZebda samizne obieqts, radgan
icoda, rom saukeTeso Zarcva swored gasaZarcvi obieqtis

p r o l o g i
TanamSromlebis daxmarebiT xdeba. amjeradac mas ori `Tavisi
kaci~ hyavda bankSi. is jer moTminebiT cdilobda bankis klerk-
Tan daaxloebas, Semdeg SemTxveviT waawyda skolis amxanags,
romelic bankis safosto ganyofilebaSi muSaobda. stalini
mas ramdenime Tves `amuSavebda~, sanam amxanagma ar gaando, rom
fuli – SeiZleba milioni rublic ki – TbilisSi 1907 wlis 13
ivniss Camovidoda.
es TanamSromeli Semdeg gamotyda, rom mxolod imitom daexmara
stalins am uzarmazari Zarcvis ganxorcielebaSi, rom
misi romantikuli poeziis Tayvanismcemeli iyo. mxolod saqarTveloSi
SeiZleboda aseTi ram momxdariyo – poeti stalinis
xaTriT bandit stalins `daxmarebodnen~.
* * *
etlianad gaqceulma cxenma Tavisi Zvirfasi tvirTiT moedani
gadaWra. banditebi panikam Seipyro, magram sami yaCaRi saocari
siswrafiT daedevna. baWua kupriaSvili auRelveblad gadaxta
cxenisken da kidev erTi `vaSli~ Seugdo cxovels fexebSi.
afeTqebam cxens fexebi waawyvita da nawlavebi gadmoayrevina,
baWua ki haerSi aisrola da ugonod daagdo qvafenilze.
etli gadabrunda. baWua ar iZroda. etlze daTiko WibriaSvili
Sexta da fuliT savse tomrebi gadmoaTria. is veliaminovis
quCisken wabarbacda. banda ukve dafantuliyo, mZime tvirTiT
daTiko Sors ver gaiqceoda: fuli vinmesTvis unda gadaeca,
magram visTvis?
sqeli kvamli gaifanta. iqauroba naomars hgavda. jer kidev
ismoda kivili da srolis xma, qvafenilze sisxlis mdinareebi
miedineboda. kazakebi da jariskacebi samalavebidan gamodiodnen
da iaraRs amzadebdnen. damxmare jari ukve modioda. `yvela
amxanagi, maT garda, visac nervebma umtyuna da gaiqca, mowodebis
simaRleze iyo ~, – werda baWua kupriaSvili. fulis tomrebiT
datvirTulma daTikom uceb aRmoaCina, rom marto darCa. is
daibna da Seyoymanda. gegmis warmateba bewvze ekida.
* * *
marTla isrola pirveli xelyumbara stalinma Tavad sumbaTovis
saxlis saxuravidan? sxva wyaro, p. a. pavlenko, diqtatoris
erT-erTi piradi mwerali, amtkicebda, rom stalinma
TviTon esrola etls da Wurvis namsxvreviTac daiWra. magram
es aradamajereblad JRers. stalins aseT situaciebSi, Cveulebriv,
`Sors eWira Tavi~, erTi mxriv, usafrTxoebis mizniT,
meore mxriv ki imitom, rom Tavi gansakuTrebulad miaCnda.
23

24
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, mogvianebiT, 20-ian wlebSi,
nasvami kamo amticebda, rom stalini ar iyo am Zarcvis uSualo
monawile, is mxolod Soridan adevnebda Tvals Zarcvas. amas
sxva, Tumca saeWvo wyaroc amtkicebs, kerZod, policiis angariSi,
romelSic weria, rom stalini `golovinis prospeqtze
mdebare saxlis ezoSi sigarets eweoda da mSvidad akvirdeboda
am umowyalo sisxlisRvras~. SeiZleba, `saxli~ swored Tavad
sumbaTovisa iyo. bulvaris merZeveebs, meduqneebs, mewaReebs,
dalaqebsa da mewvrilmaneebs Soris mravlad iyvnen oxrankis
informatorebi. amitomac savaraudoa, rom stalini, saidumlo
saqmeebis ostati, romelsac gansakuTrebiT exerxeboda
ucabedi gamoCena da gauCinareba, am adgils srolebis dawyebisTanave
gaecala. yvelaze sando wyaros Tanaxmad, stalini im
dilas rkinigzis sadgurze imyofeboda.
aqedan mas advilad SeeZlo kavSiri hqonoda erevnis moedanze
motriale mtvirTavebTan da quCis biWebTan. Tu isini cud
ambebs Seatyobinebdnen, is matarebels Seaxteboda da gauCinardeboda.
* * *
Zarcva ukve CaSlis piras iyo, roca `kapitani~ kamo vesternis
filmebis kovboiviT Sevarda moedanze faetoniT. cal
xelSi sadaveebi epyra, meoreSi – mauzeri. gegmis CavardniT
gamwarebulma faetoni ramdenjerme daatriala wreze da irgvliv
sivrce gaiTavisufla, Tan mTeli xmiT igineboda. Semdeg
daTikos mivarda, gadaixara da erT-erTi SeiaraRebuli gogonas
daxmarebiT, naalafari tomrebi faetonSi Cayara. mere mowyvetiT
moabruna faetoni, ukan, bulvarze gaaWena da mefisnacvlis
sasaxlis miRma gauCinarda. sasaxle skasaviT bzuoda: jaris
nawilebi modiodnen, kazakebi cxenebs kazmavdnen da damxmare
Zalebi brZanebebs Rebulobdnen.
kamom misken swrafad momavali policiis faetoni SeamCnia.
faetonSi policiis ufrosis moadgile a. g. balabanski ijda.
– fuli usafrTxodaa. Cqara moednisken! – dauyvira kamom.
balabanski moednisken gaqanda. man mxolod meore dRes aRmoaCina
Tavisi Secdoma da Tavi moikla.
kamom etli erT-erT sadurglos ezoSi Seiyvana, im saxlis
ukan, romelic xanSi Sesul qalbatons, barbara (babe) boWoriZes
ekuTvnoda. stalins aq bevri Rame hqonda gatarebuli babes
vaJTan, mixasTan erTad. Zarcvis gegmac swored aq SemuSavda. es
misamarTi kargad iyo cnobili policiisTvis, Tumca banditebs
mosyiduli hyavdaT Jandarmeriis erTi oficeri, kapitani

p r o l o g i
zubovi, romelsac mogvianebiT qrTamis aReba da nadavlidan
wilis miReba daedo bralad.
Zalagamoclilma kamom fuli daabinava, forma gamoicvala
da gaxurebul Tavze saTliT wyali gadaivlo.
* * *
stalinis `sanaxaobam~ msoflio SeZra. londonSi `deili
mirorma~ gamoaqveyna statia: `bombebis wvima: revolucionerebma
xalxis masebs cecxli gauxsnes. dRes qalaqis centrSi,
xalxiT savse moedanze daaxloebiT 10 Wurvi isroles. Wurvebi
afeTqda da uamravi adamiani Seiwira~... `taimsma~ am faqts
`bombebis afeTqeba TbilisSi~ uwoda; parizis `le tempi~ ufro
lakoniuri iyo: `katastrofa!~
Tbilisi Relavda. kavkasiis gulTbili mefisnacvali, grafi
voroncov-daSkovi maRalfardovnad saubrobda `teroristebis
Tavxedobaze~. `administracia da jari mobilizebulia,
– acxadebda `isari~, – policia da samZebro jgufebi mTel
qalaqSi moqmedeben. bevri dapatimrebulia ~... sanqt-peterburgi
Seuracxyofili iyo. uSiSroebis organoebs ubrZanes,
rac SeiZleba swrafad epovaT fuli da mZarcvelebi. dainiSna
specialuri deteqtivi da Seiqmna sagamoZiebo jgufi; gadaiketa
gzebi; alya Semoartyes erevnis moedans; kazakebsa da Jandarmebs
Cveulebrivi eWvmitanilebi ahyavdaT. yvela informatori
Tu ormagi agenti agrovebda informacias; saWiro
adgilas uamravi versia midioda, Tumca arc erT versiaSi ar
figurirebdnen namdvili damnaSaveebi.
gadabrunebul etlSi 20 aTasi rubli darCa. sikvdils gadar-
Cenilma meetlem ifiqra, beds vewieo, da 9.5 aTasi rubli miiTvisa,
magram mogvianebiT daapatimres: man araferi icoda stalinisa
da kamos bandis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT viRac qali amtkicebda,
erT-erTi mZarcveli me varo, magram SeSlili aRmoCnda.
verafriT daadgines, ramdeni mZarcveli monawileobda am
saqmeSi. mowmeebis CvenebiT, ormocdaaTamde banditi isroda
Wurvebs saxuravebidan da mTawmindidanac ki. aravis daunaxavs,
rom fulis tomrebi kamom aiRo. `oxrankas~ mTeli ruseTidan
misdioda Worebi imis Sesaxeb, rom es Zarcva TviT saxelmwifos,
poloneli socialistebis, rostoveli anarqistebis, somexi
daSnakebisa Tu socialist-revolucionerebis mier iyo mowyobili.
bandis verc erTi wevri ver daiWires, TviT kupriaSvilic
ki. isic droulad movida gons da koWlobiT maSinve gaecala
iqaurobas. banditebma areulobiT isargebles da sxvadasxva
25

26
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
mimarTulebiT gaifantnen. erT-erTi maTgani, eliso lominaZe,
romelic aleqsandrasTan erTad icavda quCis kuTxes, maswavlebelTa
Sekrebaze Seipara, maswavleblis uniforma moipara
da mere mSvidad dabrunda ukan, rom Tavisi namoqmedariT damtkbariyo.
`maSin yvela gadarCa,~ – Cawera memuarebSi 1959 wels
aleqsandra daraxveliZem – im bandis erTaderTma cocxlad
darCenilma wevrma.
moedanze ormocdaaTi daWrili moqalaqe imyofeboda da
sami kazakis, bankis TanamSromlebisa da ramdenime udanaSaulo
gamvlelis dafleTili gvamebi eyara. Cveulebriv, gazeTebi,
romelTac cenzura akontrolebda, daRupulTa raodenobas
amcirebda, magram `oxrankis~ arqivebidan irkveva, rom ormocamde
adamiani daiRupa. daWrilebisaTvis samedicino punqtebi
axlos mdebare maRaziebSi iyo gaxsnili. ocdaoTxi mZimed
daWrili saavadmyofoSi gadaiyvanes. erTi saaTis mere gamvlelebi
Seeswrnen etlebis samgloviaro msvlelobas golovinis
prospeqtze, romelsac dasaxiCrebuli gvamebi mihqonda.
TviTon saxelmwifo bankmac ar icoda zustad, ra raodenobis
fuli daikarga: 250 an 341 aTasi rubli Tu Tanxa am or ricxvs
Soris, – nebismier SemTxvevaSi es didi fuli iyo, dRevandeli
kursiT daaxloebiT 1.7 milioni funti (3.4 milioni dolari).
Zarcvis monawile boWoriZem da misma colma marom fuli
leibebSi Caakeres. mauzerianma tanwerweta facia galdavam
mtvirTavebs (albaT stalinis biWebs) fuli mtkvris meore
mxares, ufro usafrTxo saxlSi gadaatanina. mogvianebiT
erT-erTi leibi Tbilisis meteorologiuri observatoriis
direqtoris sawolze daages. aq stalini cxovrobda da muSaobda
seminariis datovebis Semdeg. observatoria stalinis
bolo oficialuri samsaxuri iyo 1917 wlis oqtombramde, anu
im dromde, sanam iatakqveSeTis saidumlo saqmianobaSi Caebmeboda
da sabWoTa xelisuflebas SeuerTdeboda. mogvianebiT am
meteocentris direqtori ambobda, rom warmodgena ar hqonda,
Tu aseT simdidreze iwva.
bevri wyaros mtkicebiT, stalini piradad daexmara banditebs
observatoriaSi fulis damalvaSi. SeiZleba miTs hgavs,
Tumca mainc damajereblad JRers, rom SeiaraRebul stalins
mTaSi dasamalad mihqonda naZarcvi fuliT savse xurjinebi.
ucnauria, magram im RamiT, roca Zarcva moewyo, stalini
imdenad usafrTxod grZnobda Tavs, rom ojaxSi dabrunda da
colis axloblebTan waitrabaxa, es Cemma biWebma Caidineso.
meore dRes is udardelad qeifobda sanapiros duqnebSi. Tumca

p r o l o g i
oriode dRis Semdeg cols ganucxada, rom isini miemgzavrebodnen
da axal cxovrebas iwyebdnen baqoSi – kavkasiis navTobiT
cnobil qalaqSi.
rac Seexeba fuls: is kontrabandiT gaitanes sazRvargareT.
stalinze an Tundac kamoze eWvi aravis miutania. ramdenime
saxelmwifos policia fulisa da banditebis povnas Tveebis
ganmavlobaSi cdilobda, magram sruliad uSedegod.
`eSmakma icis, rogor ganxorcielda es gansakuTrebulad
Tavxeduri Zarcva,~ – werda `novoe vremia~. stalinis mier
dagegmili danaSauli srulyofili iyo.
Tumca Zarcvis operacia srulyofili erTi SexedviT Canda.
sinamdvileSi is mowamluli sasmisi aRmoCnda – am ambis Semdeg
stalins aRarasdros ucxovria Tbilissa da saqarTveloSi.
warmatebulma Zarcvam mas lamis ubedureba moutana. msoflioSi
gavrcelebuli informacia leninisa da piradad stalinis
winaaRmdeg mZlavr iaraRad iqca.
banditebi nadavls ver iyofdnen. lenini da misi amxanagebi
ise ibrZodnen fulis xelSi Casagdebad, rogorc virTxebi –
galiaSi; leninis mtrebi ki sami wlis ganmavlobaSi awarmobdnen
sam damoukidebel partiul gamoZiebas leninis ganadgurebis
mizniT. stalini, Persona non grata saqarTveloSi, partiis wesebis
Tavxedurad ugulebelyofisa da sisxlisRvris mowyobisaTvis,
Tbilisis komitetma partiidan garicxa. erTi mxriv, amas
SeiZleboda xeli SeeSala stalinis ambiciebisTvis, rac leninTan
erTad ruseTis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi mosvlasa da
marqsizmis mTavar ideologiad qcevas isaxavda miznad. 1918
wels stalini mTeli ZalisxmeviT Seecada am ambis CaxSobas*.
misi, rogorc bandis meTauris, bankis mZarcvelis, mkvlelisa
da yaCaRis kariera saidumlod rCeboda XXI sauku nemde, Tumca
arasabWoTa kritikosebs Zalian uyvardaT am Temaze kuluareb-
Si saubari.
meore mxriv, swored Tbilisis `sanaxaobam~ Seqmna stalini.
am `warmatebuli~ operaciiT man Tavis erTaderT patrons
daumtkica, rom is ara marto niWieri, aramed Seubralebeli
politikosic iyo. lenini darwmunda, rom stalini zustad is
iyo, vinc mas sWirdeboda.
* 1923-1924 wlebSi, bandis ufrosma kote cincaZem gamoaqveyna mogonebebi erT
mciretiraJian qarTul JurnalSi. mogonebebi meored 1927 wels gamoqveynda,
magram is gverdebi, sadac saubari iyo stalinis monawileobaze Zarcvebsa
da mkvle lobebSi, amoiRes. faqtebis miCqmalvis procesi gagrZelda 1930-ian
wlebSic, berias mmarTvelobis xanaSi. am faqtobrivi masalis mopoveba dResac
Zalian Znelia.
27

* * *
stalinma da misma col-Svilma Zarcvidan ori dRis mere
datoves Tbilisi. win axali samyaro iyo dasapyrobi – navTobiT
mdidari qalaqi baqo, ruseTis maSindeli dedaqalaqi sanqtpeterburgi
da, bolos da bolos, TviT didi ruseTi. patara
qarTuli qalaqis sastik quCebSi gazrdili stalini fexs dgamda
did rusul scenaze. mas mere arc arasdros mouxedavs ukan.
didebasTan erTad piradi tragediac eloda, ramac mkvleli
pirvelxarisxovan politikosad aqcia. stalinisTvis aranairi
jildo, gamowveva an adamianis sicocxle ar iyo imdenad Rirebuli,
rom uari eTqva Tavisi ambiciebisa da utopiuri ideebis
ganxorcielebaze.

pirveli nawili
dila
vards gaefurCqna kokori,
gadaxveoda iasa,
zambaxsac gaRviZeboda
da Tavs uxrida niavsa.
torola maRla RrublebSi
wkrial-wkrialiT galobda,
bulbulic, gaxarebuli,
nazis xmiT amas ambobda:
`ayvavdi turfav qveyanav,
ilxine, iverT mxareo,
da Senc, qarTvelo, swavliTa
samSoblo gaaxareo~!
i. j-Svili
(gaz. `iveria~, 1895, 14 ivnisi)

I
kekes saswauli: soso
1872 wlis 17 maiss axalgazrda warmosadegi mewaRe, 22 wlis
besarion (beso) juRaSvili daqorwinda 17 wlis momxiblav, Worflian,
wablisferTmian gogonaze, ekaterine (keke) gelaZeze.
jvriswera gorSi, miZinebis (uspenskis) eklesiaSi Catarda.
maWankali saxlSi estumra kekes da mewaRe besos winadadeba
gadasca. beso baramovis patara saxelosnos pativcemuli
xelosani da sasurveli sasiZo iyo. `Cemi megobrebis wreSi beso
warmatebul kacad iTvleboda da yvela gogo mis colobaze
ocnebobda. beso marTlac kargi sasiZo iyo, namdvili yaraCoReli,
lamazi ulvaSebiT, Zalian kargad Cacmuli da daxvewili, –
wers keke Tavis memuarebSi, romelic axlaxan aRmoaCines*. kekes
arc imaSi epareboda eWvi, rom TviTonac saxarbielo sarZlo
iyo: `Cems megobar gogonebs Soris me yvelaze lamazi viyavi~.
marTlac, rogorc ambobdnen, es `tanwerweta, wablisferTmiani,
didTvaleba gogona~ Zalian momxiblavi iyo.
tradiciisamebr, qorwinebis ceremoniali mzis CasvlisTanave
daiwyo. `qarTuli socialuri cxovreba, – wers erTi istorikosi,
– iseve ritualizebuli iyo, rogorc inglisis viqtorianuli
yofa~. qorwili qalaq gorisTvis Cveuli xmauriani
zeimiT Catarda. rogorc keke ixsenebs, `is marTlac brwyinvale
iyo~. mxiaruli, Tamami da gulwrfeli stumrebi moxdenil Sav
CoxebSi gamowyobiliyvnen. besos ori mejvare hyavda, maTgan
* kekes memuarebis audioCanaweri (Caiwera l. kasraZem) saqarTvelos komunisturi
partiis arqivSi aRmoCnda. is arasodes gamouqveynebiaT stalinis diqtatorobis
dros. savaraudod, Tavad stalins warmodgena ar hqonda am memuarebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb, radgan Canaweri arasodes gaugzavniaT moskovis arqivSi. cnobilia, rom
mas ar moswonda presis dedamisiT daintereseba. 1935 wels, roca erT-erT sab-
WoTa JurnalSi gamoqveynda kekesTan interviu, stalinma politbiuros sxdomaze
mkacrad moiTxova `presaSi msgavsi sisuleleebis raxaruxis~ akrZalva. savaraudod,
kekes Tavisi memuarebi Svilisgan saidumlod unda Caewera gardacvalebamde
cota xniT adre, 1935 wlis 23-27 agvistos.
31

32
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
mTavari iakob (koba) egnataSvili iyo – Ronieri moWidave, mdidari
vaWari da adgilobrivi gmiri, romelic, rogorc keke
ixsenebs: `yvelanairad mogvexmara, ojaxi rom Segveqmna~.
megobrebi siZis saxlSi Seikribnen, sadRegrZeloebi warmoTqves
da mere siZesTan erTad quCaSi gavidnen, raTa kekesa
da mis ojaxs Sexvedrodnen. yvavilebis gvirgvinebiT TavdamSvenebuli
wyvili wkriala zanzalakebiTa da friala bafTebiT
morTuli saqorwino faetoniT gaemarTa eklesiisken. eklesiaSi,
mbJutav sanTlebs Soris, qalebi da mamakacebi cal-calke
dajgufdnen. mgalobelTa gundis momRerlebma amaRlebuli da
harmoniuli qarTuli sagaloblebi Seasrules.
mere patarZali Semovida mejvareebTan erTad. mejvareebi
cdilobdnen, fexi ar daebijebinaT Sleifze (es cudis niSani
iyo). ceremonia erovnebiT somexma mRvdelma xaxanovma Caatara,
qorwineba mRvdelma kasraZem gaaforma, ojaxis megobarma mama
qristefore Carkvianma ki ise kargad imRera, rom iakob egnataSvilma
`guluxvad aCuqa 10 rubli,~ rac maSin arcTu ise patara
Tanxa iyo. jvrisweris Semdeg besos megobrebi tradiciuli
qarTuli cekva-simReriT gaemarTnen sufrisken.
jvriswera da simRera jer isev qarTul enaze mimdinareobda,
radgan saqarTvelo maSin arc ise didi xnis SeerTebuli hyavda
romanovebis imperias. aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi, bagrationTa
dinastiis mefobisas, saqarTvelos samefo (jorjia
– dasavleTisTvis, gruzia – rusebisTvis) uSiSari raindebis
damoukidebeli qristianuli bastioni iyo monRolebis, Temuridebis,
otomanebisa da sparsuli imperiis winaaRmdeg. man
apogeas miaRwia Tamar mefis mmarTvelobis xanaSi, romelic
rusTavelma ukvdavyo `vefxistyaosanSi~. momdevno saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi samefo urTierTmoqiSpe samTavroebad
daiSala. 1801 da 1810 wlebSi, ruseTis mefeebma pavlem da
aleqsandre I-ma saqarTvelos samTavroebi ruseTis imperias
SeuerTes. ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyroba imam Samilisa da
misi CeCeni mebrZolebis kapitulaciiT dasrulda 1859 wels,
ocdaaTwliani omis Semdeg; aWara ruseTma 1878 wels miierTa.
yvelaze aristokratuli qarTvelebic ki, romlebic sanqtpeterburgSi,
imperatoris karze an TbilisSi mefisnacvalTan
msaxurobdnen, damoukideblobaze ocnebobdnen. kekec amayobda
qarTuli tradiciebiT.
`beso kargi meojaxe aRmoCnda... is morwmune iyo da xSirad
dadioda eklesiaSi,~ – ixsenebda keke. siZe-patarZlis mSoblebi
adgilobrivi Tavadebis ymebi iyvnen, romlebic 1864 wels gaaTavisufla
mefe aleqsandre II-m. besos papa, zaza, erovnebiT osi

k e k e s s a s w a u l i : s o s o
iyo, goridan CrdiloeTiT mdebare sofel geridan*. zaza 1804
wels SeuerTda ruseTis winaaRmdeg Tavad erisTavis amboxebas.
Semdeg, sxva `monaTlul osebTan~ erTad Tbilisidan 13 kilometris
daSorebiT, sofel did liloSi dasaxlda da Tavad baadur
maCabels daudga ymad. zazas Svili vano Tavadis venaxebs uvlida.
mas ori Svili hyavda: giorgi, romelic yaCaRebma mokles, da
beso, romelmac TbilisSi, adelxanovis fexsacmlis fabrikaSi
iSova samuSao; mere somexma ioseb baramovma gadaibira, rom
goris samxedro garnizonisTvis Seekera Ceqmebi. swored iq
SeniSna axalgazrda besom `wablisferTmiani da lamazTvalebiani,
mimzidveli, koxtad Cacmuli gogona~.
kekec, glaxo gelaZis qaliSvili, axali Casuli iyo gorSi.
glaxo gelaZe adgilobrivi Tavadis, amilaxvris yma iyo. is jer
meqoTned muSaobda, Semdeg mdidari somexis, zaxar gambarovis
mebaRe gaxda. gambarovs gorTan axlos, gambareulSi, mSvenieri
baRebi hqonda. radgan mama adre gardaecvala, keke dedis
ojaxma gazarda. is ase ixsenebda gorSi gamgzavrebas: `ra bednieri
mogzauroba iyo! lamazad morTul gorSi xalxi zRvasaviT
Relavda. samxedro aRlumi Tvalebs gvWrida, xmamaRali
musika ismoda, sazandari da tkbili duduki ukravda da yvela
mReroda~.
kekes axalgazrda saqmro – gamxdari, Savgvremani, SavTvalwarba
da SavulvaSa beso qamriT Sekrul Cerqezul paltos,
maRalyelian CeqmebSi Catanebul farTo Sarvalsa da wvetian
quds atarebda. uCveulo, ucnauri da pirquSi, magram Wkviani
da amayi beso oTx enaze laparakobda (qarTul, rusul, Turqul
da somxur enebze) da `vefxistyaosnidan~ mTeli rigi adgilebi
icoda zepirad.
juRaSvilebis saqme win midioda. gorSi bevri ojaxi iseTi
Raribi iyo, rom aliziT Selesil qoxSi an pirdapir miwurSi
cxovrobda. magram Sromismoyvare mewaRe besos cols aseTi
siRaribis SiSi ar unda hqonoda. `Cveni ojaxis bedniereba usaz-
Rvro iyo,~ – ambobda keke.
besom miatova baramovi, raTa sakuTari saxelosno gaexsna
megobrebis xelSewyobiT, gansakuTrebiT misi mfarveli egnataSvilis
daxmarebiT, romelmac xelsawyoebi uyida. male keke
dafexmZimda. `bevr daojaxebul wyvils SeSurdeboda Cveni bed-
* stalinis mamis samedicino anketaSi miTiTebulia `erovneba – osi~. stalinis
oponentebi xSirad usvamdnen xazs beladis osur warmoSobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom
gvari `juRaSvili~ osuri warmoSobisaa. keke ixsenebda, rogor uxsnida beso, rom
sityva `juRa~ qarTuli `jogis~ osuri Sesatyvisia. aRsaniSnavia, rom stalinis
dabadebisTvis juRaSvilebi mTlianad gaqarTvelebulebi iyvnen.
33

34
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
nierebis~, – ambobda keke. marTlac, misi da besos daqorwineba
Surs iwvevda kekes amxanagebSi. boroti enebi arc qorwinebis
mere gaCumebulan. sainteresoa, rom Tavad kekec xazs usvams
Worebs: SeiZleba vinme sxva apirebda besos colobas da kekem is
marTlac waarTva sabedos, `boroti enebi, – rogorc amas egnataSvili,
mRvdeli Carkviani, goris policiis oficeri damian
davriSevi da bevri sxva cnobili adamiani Tu maRali wris warmomadgeneli
ambobda, – qorwinebidan maleve gavrcelda~.
* * *
keke igonebs: `qorwinebidan 9 Tvis Tavze, 1875 wlis 14 Tebervals,
Cveni bedniereba vaJiSvilis dabadebam gaaormaga~. bavSvi
egnataSvilma monaTla da besom didebuli naTloba gamarTa.
beso giJs hgavda sixarulisgan. magram ori Tvis mixeili gardaicvala.
bedniereba ubedurebad gadaeqcaT. besom dardisgan smas
mihyo xeli. keke male isev dafexmZimda. meore Svili, giorgi, 1876
wlis 24 dekembers daibada. egnataSvili isev naTlia gaxda, isev
uiRblod – bavSvi yvaviliT daiRupa 1877 wlis 19 ivniss.
wyvilis bedniereba daimsxvra. beso mwuxarebisgan lamis
gagiJda; is yvelaferSi mSobliuri soflis siwmindes, geris
xats adanaSaulebda. kekes dedam, melaniam, mkiTxavebTan daiwyo
siaruli. besom sma gaagrZela. saxlSi wminda giorgis xati
moabrZanes. ojaxi gorijvris mTazec avida im eklesiaSi salocavad,
romelic Suasaukuneebis cixis gverdiT idga da qalaqs
gadmohyurebda. keke mesamed dafexmZimda da daifica, rom Tu
Svili gadaurCeboda, is mlocvelad wavidoda gerSi, rom wminda
giorgis saswaulisTvis madloba gadaexada. 1878 wlis 6 dekembers
man mesame vaJi gaaCina.
`Cven is saswrafod movnaTleT, rom mounaTlavi ar momkvdariyo,~
– ixsenebs keke. keke Svils pawia, oroTaxian, erTsar-
Tulian saxlSi zrdida. saxlSi TiTqmis araferi iyo, samovris,
sawolis, taxtis, magidisa da navTis lampis garda. xveuli kibe
sardafSi Cadioda, romelic sami niSisgan Sedgeboda. erTSi
besos xelsawyoebi elaga, meoreSi – kekes samkervalo mowyobilobebi,
mesameSi ki cecxli enTo. iqve idga bavSvis akvanic.
ojaxi ikvebeboda Cveulebrivi qarTuli saWmliT: lobioTi,
badrijniT, lavaSiT... iSviaTad hqondaT mwvadi.
17 dekembers bavSvi iosebad monaTles, moferebiT ki sosos
eZaxdnen. soso `susti, gamxdari, saTuTi bavSvi iyo, – ixsenebda
dedamisi, – avadmyofoba Tu gamoCndeboda, aucileblad pirvelad
mas Seeyreboda~. bavSvs marcxena fexis meore da mesame
TiTebi apkiT hqonda SeerTebuli.

k e k e s s a s w a u l i : s o s o
besom gadawyvita, maTi ojaxis mfarveli egnataSvilisTvis
ar moenaTvlinebina Svili. amtkicebda, iakobs uiRblo xeli
aqvso. Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWars bavSvi ar mounaTlavs
eklesiaSi, stalini da dedamisi mas yovelTvis `naTlia iakobad~
moixseniebdnen.
besos sidedrma Seaxsena, rom maT geris eklesiaSi asvlis
aRTqma hqondaT dadebuli.
– oRond icocxlos da muxlisCoqviT avfofxdebi gerSi
mxrebze Sesmuli bavSviT! – upasuxa besom.
magram man asvla gadado. Semdeg bavSvi gacivda. aman ise Sea-
Sina beso, rom salocavad wasvla gadawyvita: mTeli ojaxi gerSi
wavida. keke ixsenebda: `gzaze bevri sirTule Segvxvda, cxvari
SevwireT da samadlobelo wirva SevukveTeT~. roca mivediT,
geris mRvdlebi rituals atarebdnen – patara gogona xramSi
CaekidaT, raTa eSmaki ganedevnaT. sosos SeeSinda da yvirili
morTo. juRaSvilebi gorSi dabrundnen. SeSinebuli soso Zil-
Si drodadro krTeboda da bodavda kidec, Tumca gadarCa da
dedis saunjed iqca.
kekes sakmarisi rZe ar hqonda, amitom bavSvma cixiTaTriSvilis
(misi oficialuri naTlia) da egnataSvilis colebis ZuZuc
mowova. `pirvelad bavSvma ar miiRo dedaCemis rZe, – ixsenebs
aleqsandre cixiTaTriSvili, – magram nel-nela mieCvia, oRond
Tvalebs xuWavda, rom dedaCemis saxe ar daenaxa~.
`egnataSvilis bavSvebTan rZis gaziarebam isini sosos ZuZumteebad
aqcia,~ – ambobda galina juRaSvili, stalinis SvilTaSvili.
sosom adre daiwyo laparaki. mas yvavilebi da musika uyvarda,
gansakuTrebiT kekes Zmebis, giosa da sandalas mier dudukze
Sesrulebuli melodiebi moswonda. qarTvelebs uyvarT simRera;
stalinic tkbeboda gulSi Camwvdomi qarTuli simRerebiT*.
is mogvianebiTac ixsenebda xolme `qarTvel kacebs, simReriT
rom dadiodnen bazarSi~.
besos patara biznesi yvaoda – man Segirdebic aiyvana da
aTamde muSac daiqirava. erT-erTi Segirdi, daTo gasitaSvili,
romelsac soso uyvarda da mis gazrdaSi exmareboda kekes, am
ojaxis keTildReobas ixsenebda: `Cveni profesiis xalxs Soris
beso yvelaze ukeT cxovrobda. maT yovelTvis hqondaT karaqi
saxlSi~. Semdegac bevrs Woraobdnen am keTildReobaze, rac
proletariatis gmirs saCoTiro mdgomareobaSi agdebda. `me
muSis Svili ar var, – adasturebda stalini, – mamaCems fexsac-
* stalins yvelaze metad `gafrindi Savo mercxalo~ da `suliko~ uyvarda.
35

36
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
mlis saxelosno hqonda, Segirdebi hyavda, eqspluatatori iyo.
Cven ar vcxovrobdiT cudad~. swored am bednieri cxovrebis
dros daumegobrda keke maria da arSak ter-petrosianebs, mdidar
somex samxedro kontraqtorebs, romelTa Svili simoni
SemdegSi saxels gaiTqvams, rogorc bankis mZarcveli kamo.
keke sicocxlis bolomde aRmerTebda Svils: `me isev vxedavdi
mis pirvel nabijebs da es xilva sanTeliviT menTo gulSi~.
keke da dedamisi stalins siaruls aswavlidnen da amaSi mis
yvavilebisadmi siyvaruls iyenebdnen. keke gvirilas aCvenebda
bavSvs, isic mis wasarTmevad iwevda da siaruls swavlobda.
erTxel patara soso viRacis qorwilSi waiyvanes. bavSvma yvavili
SeamCnia dedoflis gvirgvinSi da maSinve xeli staca mas.
kekem xeli gaaSvebina, naTlia egnataSvilma ki siyvaruliT akoca
bavSvs da gaexumra, axlave Tu patarZlis motacebas apireb,
rom gaizrdebi, RmerTma uwyis, ras izamo.
sosos gadarCena dedisTvis saswauli iyo. rogorc Cans,
swored dedis mxridan aseTma Tayvaniscemam STaagona stalins,
rom yvelasgan gamorCeuli iyo: froidis avtoritetuli azri,
rom dedis Tavdadebam aiZula stalini, dampyroblad egrZno
Tavi, udavod marTalia. `soselo,~ rogorc siyvaruliT eZaxda
deda, adreuli asakidanve amJRavnebda Tavdajerebulobas.
besos keTildReobas, warmatebis drosac ki, Crdili adga:
zogjer klientebi gasamrjelos fulis nacvlad RviniT
ixdidnen. Rvinos ise uxvad amzadebdnen saqarTveloSi, rom
es Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. ufro metic, beso Tavis saqmeebs
megobrebis duqnebSi agvarebda, ris gamoc kidev ufro mets
svamda. besom erTi Tanameinaxec ipova, politikuri devnili
ruseTidan, saxelad poka, savaraudod, `narodniki~ xalxosani
an radikali, teroristul organizacia `narodnaia volias-
Tan~ dakavSirebuli. am axalgazrdam ramdenjerme uSedegod
scada imperator aleqsandre meoris mokvla. ase rom, stalini
adreuli asakidan icnobda rus revolucioners. `Cemi Svili
mas male daumegobrda, – ambobda keke, – pokam iadoni uyida~.
es rusi wyalwaRebuli loTi iyo da daZonZili dadioda. erT
zamTars ki TovlSi ipoves mkvdari.
beso mixvda, rom smas Tavs veRar anebebda. erT dros meojaxe
kaci ukve ganadgurebuli iyo. mudmivi simTvrale saxelosnos
saqmesac afuWebda: `xelis kankali daewyo da fexsacmels veRar
keravda. saqme marto Segirdebis wyalobiT grZeldeboda,~ –
ambobda keke.
verc pokas sikvdilma aswavla Wkua besos: male axali Tanameinaxe
ipova, mRvdeli Carkviani.

k e k e s s a s w a u l i : s o s o
provinciul saqarTveloSi samRvdeloebas didi gavlena
hqonda, magram RvTis kacebi xSirad arc amqveyniur siamovnebaze
ambobdnen uars. RvTismsaxurebis Semdeg mRvdlebi
goris duqnebSi midiodnen da iq manam rCebodnen, sanam kargad
ar gamoTvrebodnen. xanSi Sesuli stalini ixsenebda: `mama
Carkviani wirvas daasrulebda Tu ara, CvenTan Semoivlida da
ori megobari duqnisken miiCqaroda~. Sin ugonod mTvralebi
brundebodnen, erTmaneTs eyrdnobodnen, exveodnen da
areulad mRerodnen.
– kai kaci xar Sen, beso, mewaRis kvalobazec ki, – luRluRebda
mRvdeli.
– Sen mRvdeli xar, magram ra mRvdeli, me Sen miyvarxar! –
xvneSoda beso. keke xan mama Carkvians exveweboda, ar waeyvana
beso dasalevad, xan besos aficebda, Seewyvita sma. egnataSvilic
imaves sTxovda megobars, magram amaod. iqneb besos
galoTebis mizezi qalaqSi ukve gavrcelebuli Worebi iyo?!
iqneb es igive `boroti enebi~ iyo, qorwilTan dakavSirebiT
rom axsenebda keke. ioseb davriSevi, goris policiis ufrosis
Svili, Tavis memuarebSi amtkicebs: `sosos dabadeba salaparako
gaxda samezobloSi; Woraobdnen, rom bavSvis namdvili mama koba
egnataSvili iyo... an mamaCemi damian davriSevi~. ra Tqma unda, es
gaauaresebda besos (davriSevis daxasiaTebiT, `maniakalurad
eWviani kacunas~) mdgomareobas, romelic ukve loTad qceuliyo.
* * *
1883 wlidan beso `uxeSi da uyuradRebo~ gaxda, xSirad
ereoda xolme mTvralebis CxubSi da metsaxelic miiRo – `giJi
beso~.
namdvili mamis Sesaxeb Worebi Svilis Zalauflebisa da saxelis
zrdasTan erTad vrceldeboda. mas Semdeg, rac stalini
sabWoTa diqtatori gaxda, mis mamad asaxelebdnen centraluri
aziis ganTqmul mkvlevars nikolai prJevalskis, romelic
zrdasrul stalins hgavda da gorSic iyo namyofi; stalinis
mamad saxeldeboda TviT momavali imperatori aleqsandre
III-c ki, romelic erTxel estumra Tbiliss da im sasaxleSi gaCerda,
sadac keke msaxurobda. Tumca es usafuZvlo Worebi iyo:
prJevalski homoseqsualisti iyo da saqarTvelos siaxlovesac
ar gauvlia stalinis Casaxvis dros; keke ki TbilisSi ar imyofeboda
taxtis memkvidris stumrobisas.
marTlac sainteresoa, sinamdvileSi vin iyo stalinis
biologiuri mama. SeZlebuli siraji egnataSvili marTlac
37

38
a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
mfarvelobda ojaxs, anugeSebda kekes da exmareboda mis
Svils. is TviTonac colSviliani iyo, mdidrulad cxovrobda
da bevr duqans flobda. ufro metic, es ulvaSebiani Ronieri
kaci saukeTeso moWidave iyo im qalaqSi, romelic aRmerTebda
moWidaveebs. rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, keke TviTon werda:
`is yovelTvis cdilobda, dagvxmareboda ojaxis SeqmnaSi~. am
orazrovani fraziT garkveulwilad simarTle mJRavndeba.
savaraudod, keke amas pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar ambobda –
iqneb cdilobda, raRac eTqva CvenTvis?
policiis ufrosi davriSevi, romelic kekes daexmara, roca
am ukanasknelma sakuTari qmris galoTebaze SesCivla, aseve
sosos mamad saxeldeboda: `rogorc vici, soso davriSevis namdvili
Svili iyo, – irwmuneboda davriSevis megobari da qalaqis
meri Juruli, – gorSi yvelam icoda misi romanis Sesaxeb sosos
momxiblav dedasTan~.
TviTon stalinma Tqva erTxel, rom sinamdvileSi misi mama
iyo mRvdeli, anu Cndeba mesame kandidati – mama Carkviani. egnataSvilic,
davriSevic da Carkvianic daqorwinebulebi iyvnen,
magram qarTveli mamakacebisTvis, iseve, rogorc italielebisTvis,
Cveulebrivi movlena iyo sayvarlis yola. sasiyvarulo
skandalebSi mRvdlebic ki exveodnen. zemoT xsenebuli samive
kandidati cnobili pirovneba iyo, romlebic siamovnebiT daexmarebodnen
gasaWirSi myof axalgazrda qals.
TviTon kekeze rom visaubroT, Znelia 1930-iani wlebis
RvTismoSiSi moxuci qalis Sedareba 1880-iani wlebis axalgazrda,
daucxromel qalTan. arsebobs cnobebi, rom mas miwieri
midrekilebebi hqonda, aSkarad moswonda, rom `sasurveli da
lamazi gogo iyo~. amboben, moxuci keke lavrenti berias cols,
ninasac ki urCevda, sayvarlebi gaeCina, Tan seqsualur ambebze
uyveboda pikanturad. roca axalgazrda viyavi, saxlebs valagebdi
da, lamaz biWs Tu Sevxvdebodi, xelidan ar vuSvebdio, –
uTqvams kekes ninasaTvis.
beriebi mtrulad ganwyobili mowmeebi arian, magram kekes
memuarebSic arsebobs miniSnebebi misi `ancobis~ Sesaxeb. is
ixsenebs, rom erTxel, roca baRSi sosos yvaviliT mityuebas
cdilobda, mxiarulad moiSiSvla mkerdi da bavSvs daanaxva.
sosomac yuradReba aRar miaqcia yvavils da mkerdisken gaiwia.
am scenas nasvami rusi devnili poka Seswrebia da sicili autexavs.
`amitom me kaba Sevikari~, – ixsenebs keke.
stalini TviTonac xels uwyobda Worebis gavrcelebas. man
bolo wlebSi Tavis qarTvel proteJesTan, mgelaZesTan saubrisas
mianiSna, rom `egnataSvilis ukanono Svili~ iyo. 1934 wels

k e k e s s a s w a u l i : s o s o
ki, oficialur miRebaze, xazgasmiT Tqva: `mamaCemi mRvdeli
iyo~. besos aryofnisas mis aRzrdaSi mamobis samive kandidati
monawileobda: soso CarkvianebTan cxovrobda, davriSevi
mfarvelobda, drois naxevars ki egnataSvilebTan atarebda.
kidev erTi mizezi arsebobda mRvdlis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli
WorebisTvis: sasuliero saswavlebelSi mxolod mRvdlebis
Svilebs iRebdnen da, kekes TqmiT, stalini sasuliero saswavlebelSi
miiRes, rogorc mRvdlis Svili.
stalins orazrovani damokidebuleba hqonda giJi besosadmi:
ezizReboda, magram mis mimarT TanagrZnobasac gamoxatavda.
bavSvobaSi beso uambobda qarTveli amboxebuli gmirebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic `mdidrebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, mdidars arTmevdnen
da Raribs aZlevdnen~. mogvianebiT, kremlis sadilebze,
sadac bevrs svamdnen, stalini etrabaxeboda xruSCovs da sxva
maRalCinosnebs, rom smis unari mamisgan gamohyva; rom mamamisi
Tavis WiqaSi isvelebda TiTebs da ase asinjebda Rvinos
patara sosos. imaves akeTebda stalini Tavis SvilebTanac, rac
mis cols, nadias, agiJebda. mogvianebiT man gulSi Camwvdomad
aRwera ucnobi mewaRis cxovreba, romelsac patara saxelosno
hqonda da romelic sastikma kapitalizmma gaanadgura.
`ocnebis frTebi SeaWres,~ – werda stalini. erTxel stalinma
isic daikvexna, mamaCems dReSi erTi wyvili fexsacmlis Sekerva
SeeZloo. is diqtatorobis drosac ki Tavis Tavs mewaRes eZaxda.
mogvianebiT fsevdonimad iyenebda saxels `besoSvili~,
uaxloesi goreli megobrebi ki besos eZaxdnen.
am yvelafris SejerebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom stalini
namdvilad besos Svili iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom loTi beso
mas xSirad `nabiWvars~ eZaxda. qarTvelebi gaTxovili qalisgan
yovelTvis moiTxoven erTgulebas, magram maincdamainc
gasakviri ar iqneboda, Tu axalgazrda momxiblavi keke egnataSvilis
sayvareli gaxdeboda uiRblo qorwinebis Semdeg. kekes
memuarebSi egnataSvili iseve xSiradaa naxsenebi, rogorc misi
qmari, da gacilebiT ufro Tbiladac. keke aRniSnavda, rom egnataSvili
ise exmareboda mis ojaxs, rom es erTgvar `uxerxulobas~
qmnida. egnataSvilis ojaxis wevrebis mtkicebiT, stalinsa
da iakob egnataSvils Soris genetikuri kavSiri iyo. egnataSvilis
SviliSvili guram ratiSvili ambobs: `ar vici, iyo Tu ara
vaWari stalinis mama, magram danamdvilebiT vici, rom misTvis
mamis magieri gaxda~.
Worebi stalinis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb am tiranis damcirebis
kidev erTi xerxi iyo saqarTveloSi, sadac is bevrs sZulda
da romelic man 1930-ian wlebSi represiebis wnexSi gaatara.
39

a x a l g a z r d a s t a l i n i
misi skolis megobari daviT papitaSvili ixsenebs, rom
stalini axalgazrdobaSi `Zalian hgavda mamas~; aleqsandre
cixiTaTriSvili ki ambobs: `rac ufro Sedioda xanSi, miT ufro
emsgavseboda mamamiss, xolo roca ulvaSi mouSva, isini tyupebiviT
hgavdnen erTmaneTs~.
roca soso xuTi wlis gaxda, beso ukve paranoiiT Sepyrobili
loTi iyo. `dRiTidRe uaresad xdeboda,~ – ambobda keke.
40