1 saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis resursebis potenciali saqarTvelo ...
1 saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis resursebis potenciali saqarTvelo ...
1 saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis resursebis potenciali saqarTvelo ...
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<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> <strong>resursebis</strong> <strong>potenciali</strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong> azerbijanuli energetikuli <strong>resursebis</strong> tradiciulisatranzito qveyanaSesavaliliana jervaliZeeqsperti energetikis sakiTxebzesaerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>2008 wlis ivnisisaqarvelo energetikuli resursebiT umdidres regionSi mdebareobs. kaspiisregionis resursebi Tavisi raodenobiTa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobiT meorea msoflioSi.azerbaijanSi navTobi <strong>da</strong> gazi uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n amodio<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong>pirze, zogjer ze<strong>da</strong>pirze amosul resurss bunebrivad ekidebo<strong>da</strong> cecxli,ris axsnac imdroindel mecnierebas ar SeeZlo. amitom am auxsnelmafenomenma safuZveli Cauyara cecxlTayvanismcemlobas, romelicgavrcelebuli religia iyo mTels iransa <strong>da</strong> samxreT kaspiispireTSi vidremahmdianobis miRebamde VII saukuneSi.gar<strong>da</strong> azerbaijanisa <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> uaxloes samezobloSi navTobi <strong>da</strong> gazimoipoveba ruseTis CrdiloeT kavkaskiur CeCneTSi <strong>da</strong> maikopSi XIX bolo<strong>da</strong>nvidre dRemde. arsebobs varaudi, rom navTobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> budobebi arislekeTSi <strong>da</strong> kalmikeTSi, Tumca iq mopoveba jer ar mimdinareobs. boloperiodSi energetikuli <strong>resursebis</strong> TvalsazriT gansakuTrebul yu<strong>da</strong>dRebasiqcevs Savi zRvis auzi, sa<strong>da</strong>c rumineTi <strong>da</strong> ukraina ukve awarmoebs mopovebas,TurqeTi ki saZiebo samuSaoebs awarmoebs, risTvisac specialurad moiwviabraziliuri kompania “petrobrasi” romelsac braziliis sazRvao akvatoriisRrma wylebSi saZiebo samuSaobis <strong>da</strong> mopovbis mniSvnelovani gamocdilebaaqvs.varaudebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> budobebis arsebobis Sesaxebdidi xania arsebobs. am varaudebs safuZvels umagrebs <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong>mravalricxovani gamosavlebi, romlebic mimofantulia mTeli <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong>teritoriaze. saqarTveoloSi navTobis maqsimaluri mopoveba <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. 2007 wels <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mopovebuli iqna 55-60aTasi tona navTobi,rac Zalze <strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebelia qveynisaTvis, romelicwliurad 750 aTas tona navtobproduqts moixmars.<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> teritoriaze navTobis saZiebo samuSaoebs awarmoebs sami<strong>da</strong>savluri kompania frontera aRmosavleT <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> teritoriaze,kanargo centralur nawilSi <strong>da</strong> ana<strong>da</strong>rko zRvis akvatoriaze. jerjerobiTdidi navTobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> budobi aRmoCenili ar aris Tumca arsebobsmolodini, rom <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> Savi zRvis Selfze mniSvnelovani resursi un<strong>da</strong>arsebobdes.<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si navTobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> saZiebo samuSaoebi XIX bolo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong>sam perio<strong>da</strong>d iyofa:• XIX- meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n bolSevikuri xelisuflebis axali energetikulipolitiks CaTvliT (1929 weli);angariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs1
• sabWoTa periodi 1929 – 1990• <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde<strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> saZiebo samuSaoebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si XIX- meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>nvidre “nep”-amde (1929 wlamde)am periodSi navTobis mopovebis samuSaoebi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwisze<strong>da</strong>piris axlos, dRevandelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT primitiuli <strong>da</strong>nadgarebiT. risgamoc SeuZlebeli iyo WaburRili<strong>da</strong>n did wneviT wamosuli navTobis nakadisgamklaveba.baqo-Tbilisis RerZze navtobis saZiebo samuSaoebi pirvelad cnobilmagermanelma industrialistebma Zmebma simensebma wamoiwyes. isinielizavetpolSi (dRevandeli ganja) 1860-iani wlebis bolos eleqtroobis <strong>da</strong>telegrafis sistemebis Seqmnis mizniT Camovidnen. amave dros maT 180 WagaburRes Siraqis velze <strong>da</strong> mimdebare teritoriebze. zogierT adgilze maTiZieba warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ukve 1876 wlisaTvis 2.1 milion litr navTobsawarmoebdnen <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d adgilobriv bazarze <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi yididnen.Zmebi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi verner simensi gansakuTrebiT iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebulinavTobis mopovebiT <strong>da</strong> bevri WaburRili gaTxara wiTel wyaroSi, mirzaanSi<strong>da</strong> qvemo xevsureTsa <strong>da</strong> qvemo TuSeTSic ki. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Zmebmasimensebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mcire baqosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT magram mainc<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si navTobis mopovebiT mniSvnelovani finansuri sikeTe saxes, maTkaxeTis <strong>da</strong> qvemo mTispireTis sabadoebis geologiuri ruka ar SeuqmniaT.XIX- saukunis bolos xelisuflebam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita kaxeTis navTobis <strong>resursebis</strong>aTviseba. 1896 wels orma evropelma geologma britanelma Taunsendma <strong>da</strong>germanelma Stalma aRmoaCines navTobis maragebi mdinare riyisa <strong>da</strong> krintsqlivianixevis auzebSi. es sabado ganTavsebuli iyo 75 futis siRrmeze <strong>da</strong>msubuq navTobs Seicav<strong>da</strong>. aTiode wlis Semdeg galicielma geologma makma(Muck) boWormis midmoebSi ramdenime WaburRili gaTxara <strong>da</strong> maRal wnevianinavTobis rezervuarebi aRmoaCina <strong>da</strong>axleobiT 1 000 futis siRrmeze.axmetis raionis zemoT, sofel veZebis teritoriis maxloblad tyeSi dResacarsebobs <strong>da</strong>luquli WaburRili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac belgiuri jgufi navTobsmoipoveb<strong>da</strong> bolSevikebis xelisuflebis sawyis etapze, axali ekonomikuripolitikis periodSi vidre 1929 wlamde. belgielebi navTobs tikebSiasxavdnen <strong>da</strong> jorebiT Camohqon<strong>da</strong>T vakeze.XIX – saukunis bolos vidre 30-ian wlebamde navTobis mopoveba midio<strong>da</strong>de<strong>da</strong>miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirTan axlos primitiuli teqnologiebiT. aseTiteqnologiebiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si navTobis didi budobebis aRmoCena vermoxerx<strong>da</strong>. mcire <strong>resursebis</strong> mopovebiT ki seriozuli finansuri <strong>resursebis</strong>mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebi <strong>da</strong> kompaniebi ar interesdebodnen. maT erCivnaT isev baqoSiCaedoT Tavisi kapitali vidre <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c adgilobrivi fermerebinavTobis mopovebis winaaRmdegni iyvnen imis SiSiT, rom maTi miwebi<strong>da</strong>binZurebis Sedegad miwaTmoqmedebisTvis gamusadegari gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>.qarTveli miwaTmoqmedebis aseT skepticizms navTobis mopovebis mimarTsruliad konkretuli faqtebi amyareb<strong>da</strong>. mag. 1877 wels garusebulma ZmebmaangariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs2
orbelianebma 1 , romlebic baqoSi navTobis mopovebiT Tavs iqcevdnen, gaTxaresWaburRili, romli<strong>da</strong>nac navTobi iseTi siZlieriT wamovi<strong>da</strong>, rom Zmebma maTxelT arsebuli yvela rezervuari, maTi mezoblebis rezervuarebic aavses <strong>da</strong>mainic 2 milioni heqtolitri CaiRvara miwaSi <strong>da</strong> mosavlisaTvis sruliadgamousadegari gaxa<strong>da</strong>. imave Zmebma 1881 wels isev aRmoaCines navTobis budobize<strong>da</strong>pirTan axlos, sai<strong>da</strong>nac navTobi iseTi siZlieriT wamovi<strong>da</strong>, rom 180 000heqtolitrma navTobma erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>tbora mTeli are-mare.gaCn<strong>da</strong> cecxli, romelmac imsxverpla ara marto maTi, aramed maTimezoblebis mompovebeli mowyobilobebi. sazogadoebis zewolis gamo Zmebiorbelianebi iZulebuli gaxdnen Tavad WaburRilisTvis gaeCinaT cecxli.aseTi mware gamocdilebis arseboba mezobel qveyanaSi qarTveli fermerebssifrTxilis seriozul safuZvels aZlev<strong>da</strong>.amgvarad SeiZleba gakeTdes <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom baqos navTobis bumis pirvelperiodSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si navTobis mopoveba ver ganviTar<strong>da</strong> vinai<strong>da</strong>n ver iqnaaRmoCenili iseTi didi budobi iseT siRrmeze, romlix mopovebacekonomikurad gamarTlebuli iqneb<strong>da</strong> (gansakuTrebiT baqos navTobis fonze).meore mxriv <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si navTobis mopovebas seriozuladewinaaRmdegebodnen adgilobrivi fermerebi.<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si navTobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> saZiebo <strong>da</strong> mopovebiTi samuSaoebi sabWoTaperiodiqarTveli geologebis saerTo SefasebiT <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong><strong>resursebis</strong> <strong>potenciali</strong>s Seswavla mox<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa periodSi. gaiTxara 1300-zemeti Rrma (3700 metris siRrmis) WaburRili, aRmoCenili iqna ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mcirezomis sabadoebi. 40-ian wlebSi aRmoacines <strong>da</strong> omis periodsi muSaob<strong>da</strong>mirzaanis sabado, romelic Siraqis velze mdeobareobs <strong>da</strong> dRes amerikulikompanias “fronteras” salicenzio zonaSia moqceuli.<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si aRmoCenil navTobis sabadoebs Soris yvelaze didi iyosamgoris sabado. igi aRmoaCines 1974 wels. gaTvlebis mixedviT sabadoSeicav<strong>da</strong> 105 milion tona navTobs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n ukve amoRebulia 27 milioni tona,anu saerTo Semcvelobis 25%. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si aRmoCenil sabadoebSi navTobissaerTo raodenobis 30% amoReba karg maCveneblad iTvleba, Tumca 40%amoRebac gamoricxuli ar aris.samgoris sabado<strong>da</strong>n resursis 25% iuve amoRebulia <strong>da</strong> sabado ukve klebaSiawasuli. amoRebis maqsimaluri maCvenebili iyo 1980-1983 wlebSi. qarTveligeologebis azriT Tu arsebuli wyalwneviTi reJimi SenarCunebuli iqnasabado klebiT, magram mainc imuSavebs 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi.<strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> saZiebo samuSaoebi 1996 wlis<strong>da</strong>n dRemde 2<strong>da</strong>moukideblobi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde saqarTveliSi <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> saZiebosamuSaoebs awarmoebs <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> korporacia <strong>da</strong> sami1 Oil and Gas in the Caucasus and the Caspian, Charles van der Leeuw2 wyaro: interviu <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> korporaciis eqspertTan sosoRuduSaurTanangariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs3
ucxouri kompania kompania: amerikuli kompaniebi frontera, kanargo <strong>da</strong>ana<strong>da</strong>rko. <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> navtObisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> korporaciis ZiriTadi moqmedisabado aris ioris veli <strong>da</strong> samgori. amas gar<strong>da</strong> korporacia saxelmwifossaxeliT monawileobs qveyanaSi moqmed ucxour kompaniebTan produqciisganawilebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebSi.Sotlandiurma konmpanis “Ramco”- m, (romelmac faqtobrivad safuZveliCauyara azeri –Ciragi - giuneSlis azerbaijanul sabadoze saerTaSorisokonsorciumis Camoyalibebas 1990-1994 wlebSi), awarmoa saZiebo samuSaoebi<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> aRmosavleT mTispireTSi, tumca miRebuli SedegebiTukmayofilo <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>da</strong> maleve <strong>da</strong>tova qveyana.indurma kompania Global Oil and Energy LTD –2008 wlis ianvarSi SeiZina oribloki <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si. amas gar<strong>da</strong> saxmeleTo blokebzegamocxadebulia tenderi, romlis gamarjvebulic un<strong>da</strong> gairkves 2008 wlis 14ivlisamde.saqarTvleoSi momuSave kompaniebma awarmoes sakmaod Rrma gaburRvebi (4 000metramde siRrmeze), gamoiyenes horizontaluri gaburRvis meTodi <strong>da</strong>rezervuaris D3 Seswavla. Tumca dRemde <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si didi navTobis budobiar aRmouCeniaT. navTobze <strong>da</strong>bali fasebis pirobebSi mcire <strong>da</strong> saSualobudobebis aTviseba ki komerciulad saintereso ar iyo. dRes saerTaSorisobazarze arsebuli fasebi xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis saSualo <strong>da</strong> mcirebudobebis aTvisebisTviasac Tu aseTi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si.frontera 3 –aris hiustonSi bazirebuli amerikuli kompania, romelic Seiqmna1996 wels specialurad axal bazrebze samuSaod. 1997 wels fromteram<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si SeiZina kaxeTis bloki, romelsac XII bloks uwodeben. amblokSi mTavari sabado aris taribanas sabado, romelic eqspluataciaSiSevi<strong>da</strong> jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris dros 50-ian wlebSi. am arealSi Tavisdroze saqmianobdnen Zmebi simensebi. dRes kompaniis mTavari sabadoebiataribana, sazare tba, mware xevi, vaSlovani, fxoveli, algeti <strong>da</strong> qedebi.mware xevze kompania moipovebs mZime navTobs, taribanaze msubuq navTobs,nazarlebze saSualos. komaniis mopoveba wliurad ramdenime aTas tonas araRemateba. amJamad kompaniis mTeli yuradReba mimarTulia savaraudobudobebis geologiis Seswavlisaken. 2006 wels kompaniam moaxdina $100milionis investireba, ramc saSualeba misca <strong>da</strong>edgina navTobis ori budobissazRvrebi, romlebic SesaZlioa komerciulad saintereso iyo mtkvris auzisze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qvemo nawilSi.kanargo 4kanargo aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli navTobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> mwarmoebeli kompania,romlis mTavari opearciebi aris ganTavsebuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si. kanargo<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Semovi<strong>da</strong> 1997 wels, igi muSaobs ninowmindis, nazvrevis,norios, rusTavis <strong>da</strong> XIII blokis sabadoebze. yvela es bado aRmoCenili iyojer kidev sabWoTa periodSi. kompaniis mTavari mwarmoebeli sabado3 informacia kompniis vebgverdi<strong>da</strong>n agreTve interviu kompaniis mTavar geologTanartem saniSvilTan4 infrmacia kompaniis verbgverdi<strong>da</strong>n, agreTve intereneti<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>angariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs4
ninowmin<strong>da</strong> aRmoCenili iqna 1979, igi mdebareobs 2 600 metris siRrmeze.sabado<strong>da</strong>n amoRebulia 11,5 milioni bareli navTobi <strong>da</strong> 331 milioni kuburimetri gazi.kompaniam gasul wels moipova 21 000 tona navTobi. maqsimaluri mopovebahqon<strong>da</strong> 2003 wels – 92 000 tona, mas Semdeg mopoveba mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong>.ninowmindis sabadoze jer kidev aris <strong>gazis</strong> qudi, romelis raodenoba<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 430 milion kubur metrs Seadgens. kanargo ninowmindis sabadozeawarmoebs <strong>gazis</strong> mopoverbasac, rac wliurad 70-80 aTas kubur metrsSeadgens 5 . es <strong>gazis</strong> milsadeniT sagarejos mosaxleobas miewodeba 1000 kuburimetri $ 25 aSS dolarad, rac Zalze ararealuri fasia. kompaniamosaxleobisaTvis wlis bolomde fasis gazr<strong>da</strong>s apirebs.kompania did emedebs amyareb<strong>da</strong> kumisis budobze, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>gazis</strong> mniSvenelovanraodenobis miRebas varaudob<strong>da</strong>. 2006 wels komopaniam sagarantioxelSekrulebac ki <strong>da</strong>dosaxelmwifosTan kumisze moppvebuli <strong>gazis</strong> $43dolarad miyidvis Sesaxeb. paralelurad ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> gazsadenis mSeneblobakumisi<strong>da</strong>n gar<strong>da</strong>bnis blokebamde. 2006 wels kumisze <strong>da</strong>idga WaburRili,romelmac mniSvnelovani Sedegi ar ACvena. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rommxolod erTi WaburRiliT rezervuarze sruli informaciis miReba rTulia,Tu ara SeuZlebeli.kanargos manavis blokze saZiebo samuSaoebi jer ar <strong>da</strong>usrulebia.savaraudod manavis bloki navTobis saSualo budobs un<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes.ana<strong>da</strong>rko <strong>da</strong> <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> zRvis Selfi 6<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> Savi zRvis Selfze navTobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> budobebis arsebobisSesaxeb informacia jer kidev sabWoTa periodi<strong>da</strong>n arsebobs. Savi zRvisauzSi gazs moipovebs ukariana <strong>da</strong> TurqeTi. ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> ukrainas Soris <strong>da</strong>vawarmoiSva yirimis naxevarkunZulis aRmosavleTiT, kerCTan mdebare blokebTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romlebzec saZiebo samuSaoebs ruseTis azriT aramarTebula<strong>da</strong>warmeobs ukraina 7 .es faqtebi aCens molodins im sami rezervuaris mimarT, romlebic baTumi /guriis akvatoriaSi mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c Seswavlas awarmoebs amerikulikompania “Ana<strong>da</strong>rco”. 2005 wels Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> konsorciumi Ana<strong>da</strong>rco (aSS), BP(didibritaneTi),TPAO (TurqeTi) , Chevron (aSS), <strong>da</strong> JKX-is(didi britaneTi)monawileobiT 8 . gaiburRa erTi WaburRili, romlis monacemebic zogierTicnobiT arasworad iqna wakiTxuli, ramac erTgvari skepticizmi gaaCina. maleBP(didi britaneTi) konsorciumi<strong>da</strong>n gavi<strong>da</strong>, riTac misi muSaobagarkveulwilad Seferx<strong>da</strong> 9 . Ana<strong>da</strong>rco-s Catarebuli aqvs D3 Seswavla, racrezervuaris mimarT garkveul imedebs iZleva.5 wyaro: <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> korporacia6 wyaro: interviu <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>gazis</strong> korporaciis eqspertTan sosoRuduSaurTan7 Bulletin de l”Industrie Petrolier, June 10 20088 TPAO-s veb-gverdi9 BP-s ganmartebiT blokze samuSaobi Seferxebulia imis gamo, rom Savi zRvis auzSisaZiebo samuSaoebi intensiurad ar mimdinareobs. calke aRebul nebismier kompaniaski Rrma wylebSi momuSave platformis <strong>da</strong>qiraveba Zalian Zviri <strong>da</strong>ujdeba.angariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs5
TurqeTma, romelic Savi zRvis Tavis akvatoriaSi muSaobs partinoradbraziliuri kompania “Petrobras” –i Semoiyvana. “Petrobras”-ss meqsikis yuresa <strong>da</strong>braziliis ofSorul zonis Rrma wylebSi muSaobis didi gamocdileba aqvs.savaraudoa, rom Turqulma kompania TPAO- m “Petrobras”-i partniorad swore<strong>da</strong>mis gamo airCia 10 . Savi zRvis auzSi ukve Seiqmna “Rrma wylebis platformis”klubi, romlis wevrebic morigeobiT gamoiyneben platformas. jerjerobiTAna<strong>da</strong>rco am klubis wevri ar aris, Tumca SeiZleba gaxdes. es mas saSualebasmiscems Rrma wylebis platformis gamoyenebiT Tavisi Selfi ukeTesadSeiwavlos.qarTvel geologTa SefasebiT gu<strong>da</strong>uTa – oCamCire Savi zRvis SelfissaxmeleTo-sazRvao rezervuari Zalze perspeqtiulia, amasTan erTadSeswavlisa <strong>da</strong> mopovebis TvalsazrisiT ufro iolic, vinai<strong>da</strong>n am adgilebSiSavi zRva Rrma ar aris. am blokis intensiur Seswavlas aferxebs afxazeTiskonfliqti.<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> uZvelesi satranzito qveyanais faqti, rom <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> <strong>resursebis</strong> mimarT didi interesi ar iyoganpirobebuli iyo sul ramdenime aseul kolometrSi baqos <strong>navTobisa</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>gazis</strong> uzermazari resursebiT. am <strong>resursebis</strong>aTvis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> Suasaukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli bunebrivi satranzito gza iyo.yvelaze Zveli <strong>da</strong>savluri wyaro, romelSic <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> baqos navTobissatranzito gzad aris moxseniebuli didi britaneTis dedofal elizabedpirvelis epoqas ekuTvnis. 1580 wels inglisel jefri dekets 11 (Geoffrey Decket)baqoSi savaWro saxli gauxsnia didi britanuli sanvaWro saxlebis finansuri<strong>da</strong> dedoflis politikuri mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT.mis bizness didi safrTxe Seeqmna 1590 wels, rodesac baqo otomanTa imperiissferoSi moeqca. Tumca jefri deketma moaxerxa sulTnisagan licenziismiReba <strong>da</strong> baqos navTobis transportireba Tbilisamde, Semdeg samxreTiTevfratamde, sia<strong>da</strong>nac is basraSi Cahqon<strong>da</strong>T. navTobis transportireba xdebo<strong>da</strong>tikebiT, romlebic jorebs an aqlemebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T akidebuli.1600 wels britaneli misioneri jon kartraiti aRwers Tu rogor gadeyara300-400 jorisgan Semdgar qaravans, romelsac am gziT navTobi ga<strong>da</strong>hqon<strong>da</strong>T.navTobis transportireba baqo<strong>da</strong>n xmelTaSua zRvisken Tu sparseTis yurisken(maSin iseve rogorc dRes) <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo regionSi politikurstabilurobasa <strong>da</strong> satranzito gzebis usafrTxoebaze.jefri deketi pirveli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mewarmea msoflios istoriaSi,romelic navTobis biznesiT gamdidr<strong>da</strong>.<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> satranzito funqcia mefis ruseTis dros10 TPAO-s veb-gverdi11 Oil and Gas in the Caucasus and the Caspian, Charles van der Leeuw, p. 35angariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs6
Zmeb nobelebs, romlebic baqoSi 1860 wli<strong>da</strong>n gamoCndenen, navTobi kaspiiszRviT astraxanSi, iqe<strong>da</strong>n ki rusuli rkinigziT evropaSi gahqon<strong>da</strong>T.<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> satranzito mimarTulebaze garRveva mox<strong>da</strong> 1878 wlis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, rodesac gamarjvebulma ruseTma baTumi <strong>da</strong> yarsiSemoierTa. baTumi mefis ruseTma Tavisufal savaWro zonad gamocxa<strong>da</strong>.swored am faqtma ganpiroba baqos navTobis ufro mokle gziT baTumisakengadmosrola.baqos navTobis evropis <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso bazarze gatana <strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong>gavliT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sam did finansur jgufTan romlebic baqos navTobiswarmoebas, transportirebas <strong>da</strong> komercializacias kurirebdnen. eseni iyvnenSvedi Zmebi nobelebi, evropeli sarkinigzo <strong>da</strong> finansuri magnati roTSildi<strong>da</strong> britaneli komersanti markus samueli, romelsac savaWro saxli hqon<strong>da</strong>samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi.roTSildebi kavkasiaSi 1879 wels Semovidnen <strong>da</strong> transkavkasiuri rkinigzaaaSenes. rginigza mwyobrSi Cadga 1883 12 wels <strong>da</strong> maSinve navTobis ga<strong>da</strong>zidviT<strong>da</strong>itvirTa. bTumSi roTSildebma <strong>da</strong>arses navTobis savaWro kompania BNITO.pasuxad nobelebma baTumSi <strong>da</strong>arses SavizRvis orTqlis navigaciis <strong>da</strong>savaWro kompania, romelsac baqos navTobs ara marto evropis aramed bombeisbazarzec gahqon<strong>da</strong>. am orma jgufma mogvianebiT evropisa <strong>da</strong> aziis bazarigaiyo.britanelma komersantma markus samuelma, romelsac savaWro saxli hqon<strong>da</strong>britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi, faruli garigeba <strong>da</strong>doroTSildebis savaWro saxlTan baTumSi navTobis samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSigatanis Sesaxeb. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad suecis arxze arsebuli navigaciis SezRudvebisaman Tavisi megobrebis saSualebiT moipova navTobis tankerebis arxiTgatarebis ufleba <strong>da</strong> ormagfskeriani saokeano tankerebi SeukveTa. pirveliaseTi tankeri baTumis portSi 1892 wels gamoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>itvirTa <strong>da</strong> suecis arxiTbaqos navTobi samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTa. markus samuelispirvel tankers Murex- i erqva. aqamde samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi mxolodrokfelebis navTobi iyidebo<strong>da</strong>. amgvarad nobelebma, roTSildebma <strong>da</strong> markussamuelma amrikel navTobis magnats rokfelers konkurencia Seuqmnes aramarto everopaSi aramed aziis bazarzec sa<strong>da</strong>c is wlebis ganmavlobaSierTpirovnuli lideri iyo 13 .satranzito gzebis gaxsnam xeli Seuwyo baqos navTobis mopovebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s.1901 wels baqos navTobis mopovebam 11.7 milioni tona Seadgina <strong>da</strong> gauswroamerikeli rokfeleris warmoebas, romelmac 9.5 milioni tona Seadgina. amdros baqoSi warmoebuli navTobis <strong>da</strong> navtobproduqtebis 60%transkavkasiuri rkinigziT <strong>da</strong> baTumis portiT gadio<strong>da</strong> rogorc evropaSi isesamxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi. <strong>da</strong>narCeni 40% ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> iranSi iyidebo<strong>da</strong> 14 .meore msoflio omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris Sekavebis mizniTSeiqmna <strong>da</strong>savleTis samxedro politikuri gaerTianeba, romelSic 1952 welsTurqeTi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. amgvarad natos wevri qveyana TurqeTi sul ramdenime aseul12 Oil and Gas in the Caucasus and the Caspian, Charles van der Leeuw13 Oil and Gas in the Caucasus and the Caspian, Charles van der Leeuw14 Oil and Gas in the Caucasus and the Caspian, Charles van der LeeuwangariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs7
kilometrSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTad energetikul centrTanbaqosTan. sabWoTa xelisuflebam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, rom aseTi siaxlove mxareebsSoris konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi Zalian saxifaTo iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom navtobismopovebam jer volga-uralis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleT cimbiris <strong>da</strong>blobzega<strong>da</strong>inacvla. baqos navTobis mniSvenelobis <strong>da</strong>kargvasTan erTad<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>mac <strong>da</strong>karga satranzito funqcia. Tumca sabWoTa kavSiri<strong>da</strong>nwamosuli navtobis nakadebi Savi zRvis sruteebiT mainc gadio<strong>da</strong> rusuliSavi zRvis port novorosiiski<strong>da</strong>n.<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> satranzito funqciis aRdgena mox<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>SlisSemdeg, rodesac azerbaijanis saxmeleTo <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d kaspiis zRvisfskerze ganTavsebuli resursebi kvlav saerTaSoriso yuradRebis centrSimoeqca.angariSi moamza<strong>da</strong> `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m~ BP<strong><strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s</strong> mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi arasaxavs donoris mosazrebebs8
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