politikuri lideroba
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366 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen im drois yvelaze niWieri adamianebi,<br />

magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni saxelmwifo mdivnisa da aleqsandre hamiltoni<br />

finansTa ministris Tanamdebobebze. amgvari kabinetis SeqmniT igi partiulobis<br />

Tavidan acilebas cdilobda. am ori niWieri, magram msoflmxedvelobiT<br />

urTierTdapirispirebuli pirovnebis daniSvna asaxavda vaSingtonis rwmenas,<br />

rom eris yvelaze Wkviani da yvelaze sazogadoebrivad moazrovne moqalaqeebis<br />

TanamSromloba sazogadoe bisaTvis sikeTis momtani iqneboda.<br />

samwuxarod, partiuli politikis Tavidan acilebis vaSingtoniseuli<br />

keTilSobiluri mcdeloba Cavarda. jefersonsa da hamiltons Soris piradi<br />

uTanxmoeba warmoiqmna metwilad xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikis<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdego gagebis irgvliv, ris gamoc es ori adamiani<br />

erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda. 1790­iani wlebis bolos jefersonma<br />

da misma mimdevrebma sakmaod sustad organizebuli respublikuri partia Camoayalibes.<br />

am partiis mTavari mizani iyo federalistebis (romelTa warmomadgenlebi<br />

iyvnen, magaliTad, jon adamsi da aleqsandre hamiltoni), Zlieri<br />

antifranguli politikisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tumca,1789 wels Tavad<br />

jefersonma dawera: `Tu CemTvis samoTxeSi wasvla mxolod Cems partiasTan er­<br />

Tad iqneboda SesaZlebeli, saer Tod uars vityodi samoTxeze~. 27<br />

ratom ucxadebda undoblobas politikur partiebs jefersonis Taobis<br />

amdeni saxelmwifo moRvawe? jefersonis SemTxvevaSi partiebisadmi antipaTia<br />

amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmidan momdinareobda,<br />

romelic dRemde arsebobs. `SemeZlo sakuTari azri mqonoda, Tavad mefiqra,<br />

Cemi religiuri, filosofiuri, <strong>politikuri</strong> an sxva romelime SexedulebaTa<br />

sistema arasodes damiqvemdebarebia aranairi partiis kredosTvis, rogori<br />

Semadgenlobisac ar unda yofiliyo igi,~ ambobda igi da askvnida, rom aseTi<br />

midrekileba Tavisuflebisa da moralis warmoudgeneli degradaciaa. 28 jefersonis<br />

Taobis sxva amerikelebs da zogierT maT inglisel kolegas sjeroda,<br />

rom <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi zogadi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze<br />

viwro pirad intere sebs aRvivebda. am azriT politikur partiebs xSirad<br />

aRiqvamdnen, rogorc sazogadoebis doneze gavrcelebul egoizms.<br />

partiulobam es damRa mxolod TandaTanobiT dakarga. sxvadasxva <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

filosofiis ganmasaxierebeli <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebisagan sargeblis<br />

miRebis (magaliTad politikis alternativebis warmodgeniT) ideam inglisSi<br />

meCvidmete saukunis bolos daiwyo gavrceleba. mowinave amerikeli<br />

saxelwifo moxeleebis gamocdilebam saukuniT gvian amerikac analogiur<br />

daskvnamde miiyvana, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi demokratiuli procesisaTvis<br />

sasicocx lod aucilebelia.<br />

ZiriTadi miznebi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi, rogorc wesi, politiuri Zalauflebis mopovebis<br />

an SenarCunebisaken miiswrafvian, rac praqtikulad xelisuflebaze kontrolis<br />

mopovebas niSnavs. vinaidan konstituciur demokratiaSi marTvis uflebas<br />

arCevnebi gansazRvravs, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi <strong>politikuri</strong> par­

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

367<br />

tiebis Zalisxmeva arCevnebis mogebazea koncentrirebuli. isini cdiloben<br />

mravlismomcveli konsensusis Seqmnas sakuTari partiis platformisaTvis,<br />

romelic Camoyalibebulia sxva partiis an partiebis mimzidveli alternativis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

rogorc wesi, warmatebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> partia qmnis uTvalavi ekonomikuri,<br />

socialuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli interesebis saerTo saqveyno<br />

konsensuss. partia unda iTvaliswinebdes mravali amomrCevlis interesebs<br />

da amavdroulad SeZlos maTi gaerTianeba damyol umravlesobad. Tu<br />

partias ara aqvs imedi umravlesobis xmebis mopovebisa, misi gavlena da<br />

sakanonmdeblo Zala, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miRebuli xmebis saerTo<br />

raodenobasa da ganawi lebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs mis warmatebas<br />

SedarebiT farTo speqtris amomrCevlis mizidvaSi.<br />

xmebis miRebis mizniT kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebas, rom amomrCevlis<br />

interesebis _ e.w. saarsebo saSualebebis mimarT iqnebian ufro<br />

metad pasuxismgeblebi da energiulebi, vidre maTi oponentebi. Tumca xandaxan<br />

kandidatebi da partiebi aqcents akeTeben ideologiur sakiTxebze an<br />

saSinao da sagareo politikis sadavo iniciativebze. am strategiebis gamoyenebiT<br />

partiebi xSirad qmnian politikur alternativebs memarcxene liberalur<br />

da memarjvene konservatiul politikas Soris. es gansakuTrebiT<br />

exeba did britaneTs da kontinenturi evropis saparlamento da kvazi­saparlamento<br />

demokratiebs, sadac xSirad ramdenime partia ibrZvis xmebis<br />

mosapoveblad da TiToeuls SeuZlia gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo<br />

politikis alternativebi Camoayalibos. aseT sistemebSi umravlesobis<br />

partiebis <strong>politikuri</strong> platforma ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre calkeuli<br />

kandidatis piradi popularoba, vinaidan saparlamento sistemis dros partiebi<br />

cdiloben moipovon da SeinarCunon rac SeiZleba meti adgili parlamentSi.<br />

amgvarad, partia, romelic akontrolebs parlaments, mTavrobasac<br />

akontrolebs. Sedegad saparlamento sistemis dros <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

maTi amerikuli analogebisgan gansxvavebiT, cdiloben iyvnen ara mxo lod<br />

disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli da centralizebuli, aramed ufro metad<br />

politikaze orientirebuli da mkafio ideologiis matarebeli.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

gamijnulia da kandidatebs Tanamdebobaze xSirad irCeven ufro<br />

pirovnuli, vidre <strong>politikuri</strong> Tvisebebis gamo, partiebi iSviaTad mimar­<br />

Taven mkveTr politikur alternativebs. rogorc wesi, prezidentobis<br />

kandidatebidan airCeva is, vinc politikur centrTan ufro axlos aris. 29<br />

amerikuli orpartiuli sistema, misi momxreebis azriT, qmnis stabilurobas,<br />

politikurad zomier kandidats da xels uSlis mZafr ideologiasa da<br />

politikur polarizacias.<br />

kritikosebi _ gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc aRfrTovanebulia imiT, rogor<br />

funqcionireben partiebi britanul saparlamento sistemaSi an sxva<br />

mravalpartiuli sistemebSi _ amerikis saprezidento arCevnebs ubralod<br />

popularobaSi gajibrebad aRiqvamen. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciur demokratiaSi<br />

yvela partia cdilobs miaRwios konsensuss da sxvadasxva umniSvnelovanesi<br />

qmedebis Sedegad, rogoricaa kandidatebis SerCeva an wax­

368 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

aliseba, finansuri saxsrebis mozidva, mediakampaniebis warmarTva fasiani<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> reklamebis CaTvliT da sxv. Seqmnas alternativebi. partiis<br />

platformaSi SemoTavazebebi da politika imnairad aris formulirebuli,<br />

rom daakmayofilos mTavari interesTa jgufebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv<br />

mxars dauWeren partiis kandidatebs finansebiTa da saarCevno xmebiT.<br />

arCevnebs Soris partiebs sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT. britanuli<br />

stilis saparlamento sistemaSi gamarjvebuli partia an koalicia<br />

mTavrobis organizebas axdens; saprezidento sistemaSi, magaliTad, aSS­s<br />

SemTxvevaSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo sferoebi gayofilia,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi xels uwyoben am ori sferos moqmedebaTa koordinirebas,<br />

gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da igive partia dominirebs<br />

orive sferoSi. ramdenadac gamarjvebuli partia umniSvnelovanes rols<br />

TamaSobs qveynis <strong>politikuri</strong> dRis wesrigis Camoyalibebisa da samTavrobo<br />

moqmedebebis fasilitaciaSi, imdenadve damarcxebuli partia kisrulobs<br />

arsebuli mTavrobis oponirebisa da kritikis umniSvnelovanes funqcias<br />

da sazogadoebas sTavazobs alternativas momaval arCevnebSi. mxolod iSviaTad<br />

SeiZleba xelisuflebaSi myofma partiam srulad daakmayofilos<br />

eleqtorati (liberalur­demokratiuli partia iaponiaSi SeiZleba gamonaklisad<br />

ganvixiloT); rodesac inflacia gaizrdeba an umuSevroba dauSvebel<br />

zRvars miaRwevs, amomrCevlebi axali liderisa da axali <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

alternativis Zebnas iwyeben.<br />

erTpartiuli sistema<br />

aqamde ganvixilavdiT konstituciur demokratiebs, sadac partiebi arCevnebis<br />

mosagebad cdiloben miaRwion saqveyno konsensuss da moqalaqeebs Ses­<br />

Tavazon <strong>politikuri</strong> alternativebi. Tumca, <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi SeiZleba<br />

Camoyalibdes iseT qveynebSic, sadac Tavisufali arCevnebi ar tardeba.<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi partia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom CaaxSos<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> alternativebi, iseve, rogorc saxalxo konsensusi. xSirad,<br />

rogorc mmarTveli reJimis mTavari iaraRi, igi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo<br />

Zala uflebis gansamtkiceblad da <strong>politikuri</strong> opoziciis aRsakveTad.<br />

totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi partia mraval funqcias asrulebs,<br />

maT Soris <strong>politikuri</strong> rekrutirebis, indoqtrinaciis, mobilizaciisa da<br />

zedamxedve lobis. faSistur germaniaSi, iseve rogorc komunisturi qveynebis<br />

umetesobaSi, partia mTavrobad iqca. ramdenadac viTardeboda es saxelmwifoebi,<br />

mTavrobis yvela umniSvnelovanesi funqcia nel­nela srulad<br />

gadadioda an pirdapir partiis, an partiis liderebs daqvemdebarebuli<br />

biurokratiuli moxeleebis xel Si. amgvarad, partiis koncefcia, rogorc<br />

saxalxo nebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, Tavdayira dadga da partiebi centralizebuli<br />

sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmi gaxda, romelsac srulad<br />

SeeZlo individualuri TviTgamoxatvis nebismieri mcdelobis CaxSoba. rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvar garemoebebSi masobrivi monawileoba reJimis<br />

antidemokratiuli bunebis miCqmalvis gamiznuli niRabia.

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

369<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom erTpartiu li sistema ZiriTadad avtoritarul<br />

sa xelmwifoebSi arsebobs, zogierTi maT gani met­naklebad demokratiul<br />

po litikaSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 2000­ian wlebamde meqsikis instituciurrevoluciuri<br />

partia dominirebda meqsikur politikaSi. indoeTSi damoukideblobis<br />

mopovebis Semdgom periodSi <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba TiTqmis<br />

eqskluziurad indoeTis kongress (saxelis miuxedavad, igi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

partiaa) ekuTvnoda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, liberalur­demokratiuli<br />

partia domi nirebda iaponiis politikaSi 1950­iani wlebis Sua periodidan.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSic ki, romelic ar aris erTpartiu li tendenciis mqone<br />

qveyana, samxreTSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg demokratiuli partia TiTqmis<br />

erTi saukune dominirebda. meqsikis SemTxvevaSi instituciur­revoluciurma<br />

partiam dominanturi roli SeinarCuna korufciis, daSinebisa da ar­<br />

Cevnebis gayalbebis kombinaciiT. indoeTSi, iaponiasa da samxreT amerikaSi<br />

es faqtorebi mcire rols asrulebda, Tumca korufcia yvela am SemTxvevaSi<br />

2000 wels visente foqsi pirveli<br />

opozicioneri kandidati iyo, ro­<br />

melic daaxloebiT 70 wlis ganmavloba­<br />

Si meqsikis arCeuli prezidenti gax­<br />

da. foqsis istoriul gamarjvebamde<br />

instituciur­revoluciur partias<br />

monopolia hqonda prezidentobaze<br />

da mTlianad akontrolebda meq sikis<br />

xelisuflebas. foqsma daifica, rom<br />

SeebrZoleboda korufcias da safuZ­<br />

vels Cauyrida Sorsmimaval ekonomi­<br />

kur da po litikur reformebs.<br />

arsebobda, xolo daSineba da arCevnebis gayalbeba samxreT amerikaSi ZalaSi<br />

rCeboda1960­iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis ganviTarebamde<br />

_ am regionis politikis transformaciamde.<br />

demokratiuli erTpartiuli sistemebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. aseTi partiebi<br />

gansakuTrebiT amJRavneben korufciul midrekilebebs; <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

Zala uflebis virtualuri monopolia biznes­liderebs, bankirebs, fesvgadgmul<br />

bi urokratebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs sarfiani garigebebisken<br />

ubiZgebs. amgvarad, ar aris moulodneli, rom ukanasknel wleb­<br />

Si meqsikasa da iaponiaSi korufciaSi braldebebma erTi partiis dominirebis<br />

droebiT SeCerebaSi (da ara dasrulebaSi), mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.

370 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

orpartiuli sistema<br />

orpartiuli sistemis dros amomrCevelTa didi umralesoba mxars uWers<br />

erT­erT ZiriTad partias. mxolod ZiriTadi partiis wevrebs aqvT Tanamdebobaze<br />

arCevis meti Sansi, xolo opoziciuri partia konstituciis mier<br />

daculia xelisuflebis mxridan zewolis an daSinebisgan. orpartiuli<br />

sistemis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris SedarebiT stabiluri mTavroba,<br />

vinaidan umravlesoba iziarebs ZiriTad politikur Sexedulebebs, romelic<br />

miRebulia saSualo fenaSi, aris kulturulad da eTnikurad homogenuri,<br />

rac iSviaTobaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. garkveulwilad gangrZobadoba uzrunvelyofilia<br />

Tavad sistemis mier, vinaidan ori ZiriTadi partia awonasworebs<br />

interesTa farTo speqtrs. amave dros mudmivad arsebobs farTo<br />

masebisTvis misaRebi opoziciuri partia, romelic mzad aris xelisuflebaSi<br />

mosasvlelad.<br />

orpartiuli sistema samarTlebrivad da konstituciurad ar aris Sez­<br />

Ruduli mxolod ori partiiT. mcire partiebs SeuZliaT iarsebon da arseboben<br />

kidec, Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi maTi warmateba erTob mokrZalebulia.<br />

ZiriTadad mcire partiebi fuZndeba im calkeuli <strong>politikuri</strong> figuris<br />

Zalisxmevis Sede gad, romelic gaemijneba erT an orive ZiriTad partias<br />

(magaliTad, Teodor ruzveltis [aSS­is prezidenti 1901­1909 w. _ mTarmn.<br />

Sen.] progresuli partia 1912 wels an ros pero reformebis partia 1990ian<br />

wlebSi). germaniaSi, sadac II msoflio omis Semdeg ori ZiriTadi partia<br />

cvlis erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, mcirericxovani Tavisufal­demokratiuli<br />

partia Tavis masStabTan SedarebiT Zalian didi ZalauflebiT<br />

da gavleniT sargeblobda 1990­iani wlebis bolomde, vidre mwvaneTa partia<br />

social­demokratebTan `wiTel­mwvane~ koaliciur mTavrobaSi umcros<br />

partniorad Sevida.<br />

mravalpartiuli sistema<br />

mravalpartiuli sistema Cndeba iq, sadac orze meti partia sakmaod<br />

Zlieria imisTvis, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaTvis konkurencia gauwios<br />

erTmaneTs. aseT sistemaSi mudmivad arc erTi partia ar aris umravlesobaSi;<br />

ama Tu im arCevnebSi nebismier partias SeuZlia moipovos mandatebis<br />

didi umravlesoba, Tumca xSirad imarjveben absolutur umravlesobaze<br />

naklebi xmebiT. mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemis dros individualuri<br />

partiebi arCevnebisas dros gaurbian kompromisebs da specifikur<br />

sakiTxebsa da programebze laparaks. axali mTavrobis formirebisaTvis mxolod<br />

xmebis daTvlis Semdeg xdeba saWiro kompromisebis daSveba. rogorc<br />

wesi, uZlieresi partia mmarTveli umravlesobis Seqmnis mizniT cdilobs<br />

Camoayalibos koaliciuri mTavroba sxva partiasTan an partiebTan erTad.<br />

koaliciis formirebis Semdeg igi marTavs momaval arCevnebamde, an koaliciis<br />

daSlamde. es procesi amerikelebisaTvis ucnaurad JRers, magram ev­

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

371<br />

ropelebisTvis, azielebisa da sxva saparlamento demokratiul qveynebSi<br />

mcxovrebTaTvis igi normaluria.<br />

mravalpartiuli sistemis mTavari upiratesoba aris is, rom amomrCevels<br />

farTo arCevani aqvs. misi mTavari uaryofiTi Tviseba aris arastabiluri<br />

xelisufleba _ zogierT qveyanaSi es arastabiluroba SeiZleba qronikulic<br />

ki gaxdes. procesi SeiZleba TavisTavad ganviTardes: daZabulobas moaqvs<br />

fraqciaTaSori si dapirispirebebi mTavrobaSi, politikis centrSi saerTo<br />

areulobas _ ndobis krizisi, xolo es krizisi Tavis mxriv ufro met daZabulobas<br />

iwvevs. II msoflio omis Semdeg italia am fenomenis saukeTeso<br />

magaliTad rCeba evropaSi.<br />

partiuli sistemis ganmsazRvrelebi<br />

ra gansazRvravs <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis raodenobas ama Tu im qveyanaSi?<br />

pirvel rigSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis formas _ mxolod<br />

konstituciur demokratiebSi SeuZliaT politikur partiebs ibrZolon<br />

politikur sistemaze droebiTi (Semdgom arCevnebamde) kontrolis<br />

mopovebisTvis.<br />

meore, demokratiul qveynebSi saarCevno sistemis saxeobam SeiZleba gavlena<br />

iqonios partiuli sistemis tipze. mcire partiebis warmatebas xels<br />

uSlis iseTi sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia erTmandatian saarCevno ubanze,<br />

sadac nebismieri kandidati igebs erTi xmis upiratesobiT (xmaTa ubralo<br />

umravlesobiT) erTaderT arsebul mandats. patara partiebs uWirT moizidon<br />

amomrCevlebi, vinaidan maT kandidatebs mogebis Zalian mcire Sansi<br />

aqvT. amis sawinaaRmdegod, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema, sadac<br />

ramdenime kandidati irCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan, ufro mcire<br />

partiebs mogebis gacilebiT did Sanss aZlevs. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

saarCevno sistemis SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT im sistemisagan,<br />

sadac kandidati ubralo umravlesobiT igebs, mravalpartiuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

sistemis arseboba ufro savaraudoa.<br />

mesame, <strong>politikuri</strong> partiuli sistema, iseve, rogorc xelisuflebis ZiriTadi<br />

forma, xandaxan gansazRvrulia konstituciiT. konstituciebi gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisagan partiuli sistemebis mimarT damokidebulebiT.<br />

zogierTi, magaliTad, aSS­is konstitucia, saerTod ar exeba am sakiTxs,<br />

zogi ki pirdapir an iribad asaxavs mas. rogorc ar unda iyos, yovelTvis arsebobs<br />

aSkara gamijvna partiasa da biurokratias Soris. pirveli exmareba<br />

politikisa da mTavrobis organizebas, xolo meores evaleba mTavrobis administrireba;<br />

iq, sadac am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba an Zalian mcirea, an<br />

saerTod ar arsebobs, demokratiac an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs.<br />

meoTxe, tradicia gavlenas axdens qveynis marTvelobis formasa da mis<br />

par tiul sistemaze. vinaidan ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umetesobaSi avtoritaruli<br />

reJimebi arsebobs, romelTac TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT demokratiis<br />

tradicia, ar aris gasakviri, rom mesame samyaroSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba

372 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

erTpartiuli sistema. am tendenciis ori yvelaze cnobili gamonaklisia<br />

laTinuri amerikis venesuela da kolumbia. II msoflio omis Semdeg orive am<br />

qveyanaSi Zalian STambeWdavi demokratiuli tradiciebi ganviTarda. orive<br />

maTganis mTavroba Zali an stabiluri iyo; kolumbiaSi ki xangrZlivma ajanyebebmac<br />

ver SeZles sistemisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba (Tumca venesuelaSi<br />

sistemam Sva apopulisti ugo Cavesi, romelmac demokratia farsad<br />

aqcia _ mTAargmn. Sen.).<br />

mexuTe, sadac arsebobs Rrma socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an<br />

religiuri gansxvavebebi, rogorc wesi, <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovreba polarizebulia,<br />

gajerebulia emociiTa da ideologiiT. amgvari garemoebebi upiratesad<br />

mravalpartiul sistemebs aviTarebs da ara orpartiuls.<br />

partiebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul demokratiebSi.<br />

zogierT maTganSi Zalaufleba Zlier struqtuirebulia da<br />

mTlianad saTaveSia koncentrirebuli. magaliTad, britanuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

partiebi ufro disciplinirebuli da centralizirebuli arian, vidre ori<br />

mTavari partia SeerTebul StatebSi. partiis centralizacia mniSvnelovania<br />

saparlamento sistemaSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis<br />

Serevisas kanonmdeblebi an unda `gahyvnen partiis xazs,~ an<br />

mudmivad hqondeT xelisuflebaSi opoziciis mosvlis SiSi. centralizebul<br />

partias yvelaze kargad SeuZlia ganaxorcielos <strong>politikuri</strong> zewola<br />

partiuli disciplinis Camosayalibeblad. metic, vinaidan saparlamento<br />

sistemaSi mniSvnelovania partiis programa da ara individualuri kandidatis<br />

pirovneba, dagegmva, organizeba da finansuri kampaniebi qveynis doneze<br />

yvelaze kargad muSaobs.<br />

aseve isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tavad <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema centralizebulia<br />

Tu decentralizebuli. federalur sistemaSi partiebi cdiloben<br />

federaluri struqturis mTavrobis analogiiT moaxdinon sakuTari<br />

partiebis struqtuTireba. am sakiTxis praqtikuli warmoCenisTvis erT<br />

magaliTs ganvixilavT. SeerTebul StatebSi maJoritaruli sistemiT<br />

saprezidento arCevnebis dros xmaTa mTliani raodenoba mTeli qveynis<br />

masStabiT ganisazRvreba, magram iTvleba (da Sejereba xdeba) Statebis<br />

mixedviT. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jorj buSma gaimarjva 2000<br />

wlis arCevnebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom misma oponen tma al gorma qveynis<br />

masStabiT ufro meti xma miiRo. gasamarjveblad politikurma partiebma<br />

unda gaimarjvon ara erT, aramed 50 arCevnebSi. aseT politikur garemoSi<br />

decentralizebuli struqtura mniSvnelovania. erovnul doneze Zlieri<br />

partiuli organizacia xels uwyobs senatorebis, warmomadgenlebisa da<br />

saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevas. msgavsi sistema<br />

gvxvdeba sxva federalur sistemebSic.<br />

Tumca, amerikuli <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi SedarebiT sustia. isini ar arian<br />

ufro Zlierni nawilobrivi imis gamoc, rom es ar sWirdebaT. SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi didwilad saSualo fenis sazogadoebaa, romlis wevrTa Soris<br />

politikis ZiriTad principebze konsensusi arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom arcer­<br />

Ti ZiriTadi partiaa ideologiurad dogmaturi da moTxovnebSi SezRuduli;<br />

partia ufro metad gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da interesebis koaliciaa,

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

373<br />

vidre TanamoazreTa monoliTuri organizmi. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis<br />

saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobasa da koordinaciaSi prezidenti ufro<br />

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi; saparlamento<br />

sistemebSi <strong>politikuri</strong> partia (an partiebis koalicia) axali mTavrobis<br />

ZiriTadi birTvia.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi _ Tuki isini gamoiyeneben liberalur­demokratiul<br />

konstituciur sistemas konstituciis gasanadgureblad _ SeiZleba totalitaruli<br />

moZraobis safuZvlad iqcnen (amis klasikuri magaliTia nacionalsocialisturi<br />

anu nacisturi partia germaniaSi or msoflio oms Soris).<br />

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg totalitaruli partia ganicdis transformacias<br />

da yalibdeba mTavrobad. avtoritaruli partiebis SesaZleblobebi<br />

SedarebiT ufro viwroa. es partiebi axorcieleben mmarTvelis survilebsa<br />

da politikas, magram ara sayovelTao mobilizaciis kampaniebs, grandiozul<br />

samSeneblo proeqtebs an `revolucias zemodan,~ romelic mimarTulia<br />

sazogadoebis transformaciis an ganwmendisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive<br />

tipis partia _ totalitarulic da avtoritarulic, rogoc wesi, centralizebulia<br />

da reJims eqvemdebareba, isini yovelTvis araa efeqtiani. avtoritaruli<br />

partiebi sruliadac ar aris Tavisufali mflangvelobisagan, degradaciisa<br />

da konfliqturi interesebisagan, romelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela<br />

sxva biurokratiaSi.<br />

perspeqtivebi: <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis daknineba?<br />

bevri eqsperti Tvlis, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis mniSvneloba SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi nel­nela iklebs. isini saubroben sazogadoebriv gamokiTxvebze,<br />

romlebic avlenen sazogadoebaSi partiebis pativiscemis klebas:<br />

xalxis azriT, partiebs ar gaaCniaT unari, aiZulon Tanamdebobis pirebi<br />

_ pasuximgeblobiT moekidon amomrCevelTa moTxovnebs. amomrCeveli sul<br />

ufro iSviaTad aigivebs sakuTar Tavs partiasTan da saarCevno biuleteni<br />

sxvadasxva partiis kandidatiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa. politologebi ixrebian<br />

sazogadoebriv azrisaken: <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi araefeqtiania.<br />

ram ganapiroba amgvari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba? zogierTi mimomxilveli<br />

amtkicebs, rom bevri sponsori arCevs fuli misces pirdapir kandidats<br />

da ara partias, vinaidan unda, rom momavali Tanamdebobis piri misgan<br />

iyos `davalebuli.~ sxvebi Tvlian, rom bevri amomrCeveli ararealur imeds<br />

amyarebs partiebze an partiebi Sromasa da bizness Soris klasobrivi brZolis<br />

Sedegi iyo, ramac mniSvneloba dakarga. 30 zogierTi ki maT warumatebeli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> procesis nawilad ganixilavs.<br />

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul StatebSi partiuli politikis<br />

idea winaaRmdegobaSi movida demokratiis idealTan. rogorc adgilobriv,<br />

aseve saxelmwifo doneze demokratebi da respublikelebi erTnairad<br />

cdilobdnen SeemcirebinaT partiuli profesionalebis gavlena kandidatis<br />

SerCevis procesze. demokratiis amerikul koncefcias ewinaaRdegeba gabo­

374 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

lil oTaxSi partiuli xelmZRvanelis usiamovno imiji, romelic wyvets romeli<br />

uwyeba vin unda marTos. am imijma, realurma Tu warmosaxviTma, xeli<br />

Seuwyo saarCevno reformebs (Tumca arCevnebis sistemis namdvili reforma<br />

dRemde Zalze efemerulia).<br />

kandidatis wamoyenebis procesis demokratizaciis mcdeloba gansakuTrebiT<br />

popularulia. Statis doneze winaswari arCevnebi, erT dros gamonaklisi,<br />

wesad iqca. axla Statebi erTmaneTs winaswari arCevnebis ufro adre<br />

CatarebaSi ejibrebian. Tavad arCevnebi zogierTi StatisTvis sarfian saqmed<br />

iqca, vinaidan didi Semosavali da mediis yuradReba moaqvs. sxva Statebi atareben<br />

Sidapartiul daxurul sxdomebs, sadac partiis rigiTi wevrebi irCeven<br />

delegatebs, romlebic Semdgom monawileobas iReben Statis yrilobaSi,<br />

sadac, Tavis mxriv, irCeven delegatebs, romlebsac davalebuli aqvT ama Tu<br />

im konkretuli kandidatis mxardaWera partiis nacionalur yrilobaze.<br />

aseTi reformebi agrZnobinebs moqalaqeTa saSualo fenas, rom isini<br />

monawileoben partiis nominaciis procesSi da amcirebs Statisa da erovnuli<br />

partiis erTgul mxardamWerTa Zalauflebas. Tumca, rac ufro meti Stati<br />

atarebs winaswar arCevnebs, amerikis saprezidento arCevnebi miT ufro daZabuli,<br />

Zvirad Rirebuli da gaxangrZlivebulia; prezidentis nominaciisa da<br />

arCevnebis procesma SeiZleba erT welsac gastanos (masTan SedrebiT, britanuli<br />

saparlamento arCevnebi xSirad erT Tveze nakleb xans grZeldeba da<br />

gacilebiT iafi jdeba, vidre amerikuli arCevnebi.) ufro metic, finansebis<br />

mozidva udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtori gaxda ara marto prezidentobis<br />

msurvelTaTvis, aramed senatisa da palatis seriozuli kandidatebisaTvisac,<br />

rac cinikosebs safuZvels aZlevs SeniSnon, rom SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

arCevnebi mudmiv RonisZiebad iqca.<br />

es situacia unikaluria SeerTebul StatebSi. arc erTi liberaluri demokratia<br />

msoflioSi ar xarjavs imden drosa da finansebs Tanamdebobis pirebis ar­<br />

Cevaze, rogorc amerika. ramdenad SueZlia amgvar demokratias pasuxismgeblobiT<br />

moekidos amomrCevelTa survilebsa da moTxovnebs, upasuxo kiTxvad rCeba.<br />

partiebi jer kidev exmarebian kandidatebs arCevaSi, magram isini axlosac<br />

ver mivlen SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebisaTvis saWiro finansebTan. rogor<br />

ivseba es deficiti? vis mimarTaven kandidatebi finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis?<br />

rogorc vnaxavT, interesTa jgufebi iswrafvian Seavson deficiti, magram<br />

amis sanacvlod wina planze iwevs kiTxvebi, romlebic eris demokratiis idealebs<br />

exeba.<br />

interesTa jgufebi<br />

interesTa jgufebi ar cdiloben xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, ar monawileoben<br />

sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis rekrutirebasa, wardgenasa da arCevaSi.<br />

sama gierod, Zal­Rones ar iSureben, raTa zegavlena moaxdinon kanonmdeblobaze,<br />

politikasa da programebze, maTi specialuri, gansakuTrebuli<br />

interesis sferoebis mixedviT (aqenad modis specialuri interesis cnebac)<br />

_ magaliTad, korporaciebis (mogebis) gadasaxadi da subsidiebi (didi

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

375<br />

biz nesebi), sabanko regulaciebi, subsidiebi soflis meurneobisaTvis, federaluri<br />

daxmareba ganaTlebis sferoSi, an garemos dacva. Cveni ganxilva<br />

interesTa jgufebis sxvadasxva tipis SeswavliT daviwyoT.<br />

interesTa jgufebis tipebi<br />

interesTa jgufebis klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqema ekuTvnis<br />

profesor gabriel almonds, romelic ganasxvavebda oTx ZiriTad<br />

tips. 31 pirveli da yvelaze gavrcelebulia asociaciis tipis interesTa<br />

jgufebi, ro mlebsac, rogorc wesi, aqvT saxelwodeba, erovnuli Stabbina,<br />

hyavT profesionali Ta namSromlebi, da a.S. amis magaliTia mewarmeTa<br />

erovnuli asociacia, iaraRis moyvarulTa asociacia da sxva.<br />

meorea araasociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebsac ara aqvT<br />

saxelwodeba da formaluri struqtura, magram gamoxataven socialur,<br />

eTnikur, kulturul an religiur intresebs da SeuZliaT saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi Seerwyan Zlier politikur Zalebs. aseTi interesTa jgufebi<br />

yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebadi aziis, arabuli samyaros, laTinuri<br />

amerikisa da saha ­ris samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi.<br />

mesamea instituciuri interesTa jgufebi, romlebic mTavrobis SigniT<br />

arseboben. samTavrobo departamentebsa da saagentoebs sakuTari interesi<br />

gaaCniaT sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebisa da programebis mimarT, risTvisac<br />

isini Signidan _ xSirad sazogadoebis TvalTaxedvis miRma, lobireben. magaliTad,<br />

pentagoni urigdeba Tavdacvis sferos kontraqtorebs SeiaraRebis<br />

programebis erTobli vi ZaliT `gasatanad~; Sromis, soflis meurneobisa da<br />

ganaTlebis departamentebs xSirad sdeben brals, rom isini im interesTa<br />

jgufebis tyveebi arian, romelTa interesebi am departamentebis mier mar­<br />

Tul programebs emTxveva.<br />

meoTxe, anomikuri (anomic) interesTa jgufebi spontanurad yalibdeba,<br />

rodesac bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba raime politikas. am fenomenis brwyinvale<br />

magaliTia studenturi demonstraciebi 1960­iani wlebis bolos da 1970iani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. almondi ambobs, rom quCis<br />

areulobebi da zogierTi mkvlelobac ki amave kategoriaSi SeiZleba moeqces.<br />

interesTa jgufebis kategorizaciis kidev erTi gzaa maTi dayofa viwro<br />

da sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebad. Common Cause (saerTo saqme) _ organizacia,<br />

romelic daaarsa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socuzrunvelyofis<br />

yofilma mdivanma (ministrma) da romelic 300 000­ze met wevrs aerTianebs,<br />

aseTi tipis interesTa jgufis magaliTia.<br />

interesTa jgufebi marto imiT ar gansxvavdebian, ra sakiTxebze muSaoben,<br />

aramed imiTac, rom isini gansxvavebul aqcentebs svamen. Zalze viwro<br />

aqcentebi yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikuri (magaliTad, amerikel<br />

italielTa fondi), religiuri (amerikel ebraelTa kongresi), profesiuli<br />

(universitetebis profesorTa amerikuli asociacia), asakobrivi niSniT<br />

gansazRvruli (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) da sxva mravali jgufisaTvis,<br />

romelTaTvisac romelime kategoriaSi adgilis miCneva Zalze rTu­

376 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

lia (magaliTad, amerikel unarSezRudul veteranTa organizacia). yovel<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi kerZo intersTa jgufebi, pirvel rigSi, cdiloben Tavis<br />

wevrTa interesebis dacvas.<br />

sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebis interesTaA sfero ufro farToa. isini<br />

ibrZvian im sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />

SeuZlia sargeblobis motana. aseTi organizaciis erTi magali­<br />

Tia siera klubi, romelic lobirebs mkacr da konsercaciul garemosdacviT<br />

politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela ar eTanxmeba siera klubis miznebs,<br />

veravin daadanaSaulebs mis wevrebs viwro piradi interesebisaTvis brZolaSi;<br />

marTlac, sufTa haeri da wyali xom yvela moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa.<br />

asociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi Zlier gansxvavdebian kapitali­<br />

Ta da TvisebebiT. ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, ramdeni<br />

fulis Sekreba SeuZliaT maT, ramdeni da ramdenad araerTgvarovani tipis<br />

wevrebi hyavT, rogori kavSirebi aqvT kanonmdeblebTan da gadawyvetilebis<br />

mimReb pirebTan, aqvT Tu ara kvalificirebuli TanamSromlebis daqiravebis<br />

saSua leba. garda amisa, interesTa jgufebi gansxvavdebian maT<br />

mier arCeuli moqmedebis taqtikiTac, iqneba es xelisuflebis wevrebTan<br />

erTi­erTze lobireba, <strong>politikuri</strong> Semowirulobebi, masobrivi safosto<br />

gzavnilebi, sasamarTlo sarCelebi, demonstraciebis da gamosvlebis organizeba<br />

Tu mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis dafinanseba.<br />

zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi<br />

interesTa jgufebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben Secvalon sajaro politika<br />

arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebs da sazogadoebriv azrze (saxelmwifo an regionul<br />

doneze) zegavlenis moxdeniT. amas isini sami ZiriTadi gziT axerxeben:<br />

(1) arCevnebSi maTi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis gamarjvebis miRweviT; (2) cdiloben<br />

arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebTan dakavSirebas da (3) masobrivi sainformacio<br />

saSualebebiT kampaniebis gaCaRebiT. interesTa jgufebi eZeben pirdapir<br />

kavSirebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebebTan. bevri interesTa jgufi qiraobs<br />

lobists, romelic sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs kanonmdebelTa ndobisa da maTze<br />

gavlenis mopovebas. lobisti eqspertebis specifikuri codnis safuZvelze,<br />

isini gamodian sakanonmdeblo komitetebis winaSe, Suamdgomloben axlo megobrebsa<br />

Tu amomrCevlebs maTi Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. lobistebi<br />

aseve organizebas ukeTeben da sargebloben piar­kampaniebiT, satelefono<br />

Tu internetkavSirebiT; saerTo sakanonmdeblo miznebis misaRwevad<br />

koordinirebas axdenen da TanamSromloben Tanamoazre lobistebTan; cdiloben<br />

gaafarToon kanon mdeblebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi (magaliTad,<br />

marTaven wveulebebs an afinanseben saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs). 32<br />

cxadia, zogierTi interesTa jgufi sxvebze ufro warmatebulia. gadamwyveti<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors – finansebsa da wevrobas. organizaciebs,<br />

romlebic warmoadgenen saerTo interesis mqone moqalaqeTa ufro did da<br />

gamorCeul nawils, aSkara upiratesoba gaaCnia. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa,<br />

rodesac saqme exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva,

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

pensionerTa amerikuli asociaciis wevrebi amerikel xandazmulTaTvis xelisu­<br />

flebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad da SesanarCuneblad demonstracias awyoben,<br />

ra Ta xazi gausvan sakuTar wuxilsa da politikur Sexedulebebs.<br />

377<br />

imave sakiTxiT dainteresebuli konkurenti an dapirispirebuli interesTa<br />

jgufebi. didi raodenobis TanamoazreTa lobis saukeTeso magaliTia pensionerTa<br />

amerikuli asociciacia (daaxloebiT 33 milioni wevriT), romelic<br />

xandazmul moqalaqeTa samTavrobo daxmarebis gazrdis da SenarCunebis<br />

sakiTxSi namdvili monopolistia da masTan dapirispirebisas verc erTma<br />

organizaciam warmatebas ver miaRwia. am organizaciis wevria 50 wels gadacilebul<br />

amerikelTa 48 procenti (amomrCevelTa 20 procenti), ris gamoc<br />

igi qveyanaSi rigiT meore aramomgebiani organizaciaa romaul­kaTolikuri<br />

eklesiis Semdeg. 18 registrirebuli lobistiT, 1700 daqiravebuli adamianiTa<br />

da TiTqmis 500 milioniani biujetiT es asociacia, romelic sakuTar<br />

Tavs amerikel xandazmulTa damcvelad warmoaCens, aSS­is yvelaze gavleniani<br />

lobia.<br />

iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia gav leniani interesTa jgufis<br />

magaliTia. igi erTi viwro interesis garSemoa Seqmnili, Tumca bolo<br />

aTwleulebSi misi gavlena Semcirda. am asociaciis mxridan iaraRze nebismieri<br />

formis kontrolis dawesebaze medgari winaaRmdegoba kritikis qarcecxlSi<br />

gaexva mas Semdeg, rac aSS­is sazogadoebrioba ufro da ufro met<br />

kavSirs xedavs cecxlsasrol iaraRsa da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cadenil<br />

danaSaulebebs Soris. ufro warumatebeli arian axla fermerebi; maT<br />

ramdenime organizacia Seqmnes, romelTac Camoayalibes soflis meurne obis<br />

sakiTxebis Zalze daqucmacebuli lobi.<br />

interesTa jgufebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia: 1) mo

378 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

qalaqeTa raodenoba, romelsac warmoadgens jgufi; 2) jgufis wevrTa Sesabamis<br />

sakiTxTan (interesTan) gaigivebis (identifikaciis) xarisxi; 3) im<br />

konkurent jgufTa arseboba an ararseboba, romlebmac SeiZleba Seasuston<br />

interesTa Ajgufis mier xelisuflebaze mopovebuli gavlena. magram araferia<br />

amerikul politikaSi fulze ufro mniSvnelovani. xandaxan SeZlebul<br />

moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mcirericxovanma jgufma SeiZleba politikur procesze<br />

uzarmazari gavlena moaxdinos, magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli mediakampaniasa<br />

Tu politikur kampaniisaTvis didi Tanxebis Sewirvis wyalobiT.<br />

amas garda, aseT jgufTa wevrebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT piradi kavSirebi<br />

da <strong>politikuri</strong> kontaqtebi, rac SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes, rodesac<br />

saqme Seexeba warmomadgenlis an senatoris mier kenWisyraze dayenebul ama<br />

Tu im sakiTxis mxardaWeras.<br />

interesTa jgufebi xSirad upiratesobas moipoveben Tu kavSirebi aqvT<br />

politikur partiasTan. dasavleT evropaSi udidesi profkavSirebi axlo<br />

kavSirSia mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenel politikur partiebTan (magaliTad,<br />

did britaneTSi leiboristuli partia da profkavSirebis kongresi,<br />

romlebsac mxars uWers didi britaneTis organizebul profkavSirTa<br />

wevrebis 85 procenti). amisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS­Si interesTa jgufebi politikur<br />

partiebs saerTod gverds uvlian da pirdapir im kandidatebs afinanseben,<br />

romlebsac TviTon uWeren mxars. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, interesTa<br />

jgufebi Tavs izRveven da saarCevno kampaniaSi orive dapirispirebul kandidats<br />

afinanseben.<br />

interesTa jgufis warmatebis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia pirdapiri gzavnilis<br />

(fosta, elfosta) saSualebiT moTxovnili fondebi, magram aseve mniSvnelovania<br />

dinamikuri xelmZRvanelobac. interesTa jgufebis xelmZRvanelebi<br />

(liderebi) warmarTaven da xSirad TviTonve iCenen lobistur iniciativas,<br />

cdiloben konfidencialuri Sexvedrebisas daarwmunon kanonmdeblebi<br />

da gadawyveti lebebis mimRebni, mxari dauWiron (an ar dauWiron) ama Tu im<br />

sakiTxs. interesTa jgufis warmatebuloba xSirad damokidebulia lobistis<br />

pirovnul Rirsebebsa da reputaciaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, interesTa<br />

jgufebi vaSingtonSi xSirad cdiloben prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebis<br />

`xelSi Cagdebas~ sakuTari interesebis damcvelebad (da amisTvis karg gasamrjelosac<br />

uxdian xolme).<br />

interesTa jgufebis bumi<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli savaraudo monacemebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba,<br />

eqspertebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom interesTa jgufebisa da maT mier<br />

daqiravebul lobistTaA raodenoba aSS­Si bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />

sul mcire 50 procentiT gaizarda. dRes es asociaciebi vaSingtonSi<br />

sididiT mesa mea xelisuflebisa da turizmis Semdeg. erT­erTi wyaros monacemebiT,<br />

1991 wels daaxloebiT 6 000 lobisti iyo registrirebuli da<br />

daaxloebiT 80 000 adamiani muSaobda im asociaciebisTvis, romlebic kongresSi<br />

lobirebdnen. 34 vaSingtonSi lobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi biznesisa

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

379<br />

da savaWro wreebidan modis. 1994 wlis erT­erTi gamokvleva kidev ufro<br />

SemaSfoTebel suraTs aaSkaravebs:<br />

magaliTad aviRoT geilis kvlevaSi asociaciebis nciklopedia mocemuli<br />

jgufebis raodenoba. Tu 1956 wels maTi ricxvi 5000 iyo, dReisaTvis<br />

20 000­mde gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, isini amerikis interesTa jgufebis<br />

samyaros mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen. mxolod garemos dacvis<br />

organizaciebi iTvlian daaxloebiT 7 000 jgufs, Tuki maT adgilobriv<br />

moxalise damsufTaveblebsac mivaTvliT; Washington Blade­is cnobar Si<br />

Setanilia 400­ze meti gei­jgufi, maSin rodesac 1990 wels aseTi mxolod<br />

300 iyo. 1961 da 1982 wlebs Soris vaSingtonSi korporaciuli<br />

ofisebis raodenoba aTjer gaizarda. kidev ufro dramatulad imata<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad Seqmnilma organizaciebma da<br />

farTo masebis sainiacitivo jgufebma. 1960­ian wlebamde aseTi jgufebi<br />

TiTqmis ar arsebobda; dRes aseTi organizacia aTiaTasobiTaa da<br />

politolog ronald Saikos TqmiT, 40 milioni moqalaqisagan 4 miliard<br />

dolarze metsac agroveben. 35<br />

interesTa jgufebis momravlebis mizezia saxelmwifo daxmarebebis<br />

mniSvnelovani zrda, <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis gavlenis Sesusteba, amerikuli<br />

sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovneba, axali socialur­ekonomikuri<br />

jgufebis Camoyalibeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravali viwro interesis<br />

garSemo Seqmnili jgufis gaCenas. 36 amave dros, safosto da kompiuteruli<br />

teqnologiebi msgavsi organizaciebis daarsebas SedarebiT aiolebs. gana­<br />

Tlebis donis amaRlebam gazarda moqalaqeTa interesi msgavsi asociaciebis<br />

mimarT, xolo SedarebiTma keTildReobam saSualeba misca maT ixadon sawevro<br />

gadasaxadebi.<br />

1970­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi popularuli<br />

gaxda axali tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebic <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

komitetebis (PAC) saxeliTaa cnobili. 1971 wels kongresma aukrZala<br />

korpora ciebsa da SromiT kavSirebs <strong>politikuri</strong> kampaniebisaTvis fulis<br />

pirdapiri wesiT gaReba, riTac arCevnebis dros darRvevebis aRkveTas Seecada.<br />

Tumca, ka nonma, im saxiT, rogoriTac kongresSi misi damtkiceba da<br />

sasamarTloebis mi er interepretireba moxda, xeli ver SeuSala viwro interesTa<br />

jgufebs arapirdapiri gziT _ specialurad am mizniT Seqmnili<br />

komitetebis meSveobiT _ fulis xarjvaSi. 1980­iani wlebis Sua periodamde<br />

politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda,<br />

rogorc es 10­5 sqemidan Cans. didi da gavleniani <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

komitetebi gaaCnia Semdeg interesTa jgufebs: amerikis medikosTa asociacias,<br />

uZravi qonebiT movaWreTa erovnul asociacias, dilerebis erovnul<br />

asociacias, fostalionTa erovnul asociacias, amerikis stomatologTa<br />

asociacias, saxelmwifo, saolqo da municipalur doneze dasaqmebulTa<br />

amerikul federacias.

380 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

sqema 10-5. <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis komitetebis raodenobis zrda, 1972­96ww.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis komitetebis raodenoba stabiluria 1984 wlidan.<br />

wyaro:adaptirebulia Theodore L. Lowi­sa da Benjamin Ginsberg­is wignidan American<br />

Government: Freedom and Power, me­3 gamocema (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994),<br />

345, da “Midyear and Year-End PAC Counts, 1990-1996,” Federal Election Commission Record,<br />

Tavi 27, nomeri 9, seqtemberi 1996, 7.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis komitetebs gadamwyveti roli aqvT Sesrulebuli<br />

erovnul da saStato doneze kandidatebisa da sakiTxebis dafinansebaSi.<br />

amave dros, arCevnebis fasi _ sul ufro damokidebuli satelevizio<br />

reklamaze _ gaizarda. daian fainstaini, demokrati senatori kaliforniidan,<br />

1994 wlis arCevnebisas Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad 22 000<br />

dolars agrovebda; es rom biznesi yofiliyo, igi mosalodneli SemosavliT<br />

amerikis wamyvan korporaciaTa 5 procentSi moxvdeboda. 37 daujerebelia,<br />

magram fainstainze meti Tanxa daxarja misma respublikelma oponentma<br />

maikl hafingtonma, romelmac daaxloebiT 29 milioni dolari gaatana qars<br />

kampaniaSi, romelic fainstainma miugo. arCevnebis mzardi fasis kidev erTi<br />

magaliTia 1996 wlis virjiniis Statis sasenatoro arCevnebi, romelSic<br />

damarcxebulma demokratma kandidatma mark uornerma 11 milioni dolari<br />

daxarja (TiToeul amomrCevelze 3.30 dolari, maSin rodesac hafingtonma<br />

2.03 dolari daxarja). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

komitetebis SezRudva popularuli reformistuli winadadeba gamodga,<br />

dRevandeli saaarCevno kampaniebis xangrZlivoba da maRali xarjebi, romlis<br />

gaRebis aranairi survili sazogadoebas ara aqvs, iZleva imis garantias,

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

381<br />

rom politikosebi ver Seelevian <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis komitetebis mier<br />

gaRebul fuls.<br />

bevri damkvirvebeli gmobs amerikul politikaSi finansebis mzard gavlenas.<br />

fuli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo politikaSi, magram ukanasknel<br />

aTwleulebSi igi iqca faqtorad, romlis gareSe gamarjveba ubralod<br />

warmoudgenelia. Tuki warmomadgenlobiT palataSi adgilis mopovebis sa­<br />

Sualo xarji 1976 wels 73 aTasdolars Seadgenda, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 80 aTasdolaramde<br />

gaizarda; igive periodSi, senatSi adgilis mosapoveblad xarji<br />

595 000 dolaridan 3,8 milion dolaramde gaizarda. erT­erTi gancxadebiT,<br />

martivad rom vTqvaT, fuli is sawvavia, romelic amoZravebs amJamindel<br />

sakampanio sistemas. interesTaA jgufebi, kandidatebi da partiebi<br />

agroveben fuls imisaTvis, rom daiqiravon konsultantebi da awarmoon<br />

ZviradRirebuli satelevizio sareklamo kampaniebi. 38<br />

Tavis mxriv, aranakleb STambeWdavi iyo interesTa jgufebis aRmasvla<br />

dasavleT evropis saparlamento demokratiebSic. 39 zogierT evropul saxelmwifoSi<br />

interesTa jgufebi mTavrobam oficialurad aRiara da maT naxevrad<br />

oficialur statussac miaRwies. magaliTad, SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi<br />

saministro, romelic administraciul qmedebas gegmavs, valdebulia<br />

SeuTanxmdes jgufebs, romlebsac es qmedeba SesaZloa Seexos da pirdapir<br />

CarTos interesTa jgufebi politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. safrangeTSi<br />

mTavrobasa da kerZo seqtors Soris konsultaciebis saxelmwifo sistema<br />

moicavs 500­mde sabWos, 200 komitetsa da 300 komisias. TiToeuli aseTi<br />

samTavrobo organos wevrebi arian rogorc mTavrobis, aseve interesTa<br />

jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.<br />

amrigad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa<br />

jgufebma aRmasvla ganicades. amerikelebi specialur (viwro) interesebs<br />

xSirad kninobiT formaSi moixsenieben. es negatiuri imiji kidev ufro gaa­<br />

Zliera <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebaTa komitetebis da didi fulis politikis ga­<br />

Zlierebam. interesTa jgufebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, magram raki<br />

ar arsebobs rbil fulze (fuli, romelsac aZleven politikur partiebs<br />

viTomda arasakampa nio miznebisaTvis da fuli, romelic damoukideblad ixarjeba<br />

kandidatebis an partiebis saxeliT) raime efeqtiani SezRudva, isini<br />

sul ufro xSirad xdebian im sistemuri korufciis nawili, romlis legaluri<br />

an <strong>politikuri</strong> wamalic dResdReobiT ar moipoveba.<br />

ori aTwleulis win interesTa jgufebi frTxilobdnen daA Tavis qmedebebs<br />

maRalfardovani argumentebiT niRbavdnen. dRes sul ufro gulaxdili <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

saubrebi ismis. mravali kerZo interesTaA jgufis lideri (es jgufebi warmoadgenen<br />

saSualo klasis gadamxdelebs, saxlebis mflobelebs, espanurenovan<br />

amerikelebs, xandazmulebs da sxv.) mourideblad acxadebs protests imis<br />

gamo, rom ver miiRo sajaro sikeTis kuTvnili wili. sul ufro naklebad saubroben<br />

sazogadoebriv interesze; ufro da ufro xSirad, amerikul politikas<br />

ganixilaven rogorc Sejibrs, romlis gamarjvebulebi – rogorc wesi, gavle­

382 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

niani viwro interesebis mqone lobi _ Tanamdebobis pirebisagan jildos moelian<br />

arCevnebSi mopovebul gamarjvebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.<br />

rTulia gamoiTvalo sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebisa da sazogadoebrivi<br />

zneobis fasi, magram udavoa, rom igi Zalze maRalia da Tavs mxolod nelnela<br />

gamoaCens. erTi ram cxadia: interTa jgufebis gavlenis zrdasTan er­<br />

Tad, sazogadoebac ufro advilad egueba amerikuli <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis<br />

ganmsazRvrel Zalad egoisturi interesis aRiarebas.<br />

interesTa jgufebi demokratiul qveynebSi<br />

rigiT moqalaqeebs miaCniaT xolme, rom politika pirad interesze maRla<br />

unda idges da xSirad cneba _ specialuri interesi _ maTSi antipaTias<br />

iwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, demokratia zewolis jgufebis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia<br />

sul mcire sami mizeziT.<br />

pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom konstituciuri mmarTveloba<br />

icavs individualur Tavisuflebebs, maT Soris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebas.<br />

amrigad, interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisufali<br />

sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilad da, amasTanave, mis gardauval Sedegad.<br />

rogorc jeims medisoni, damfuZnebel mamaTagan yvelaze gamoCenili politikis<br />

Teoretikosi federalistSi aRniSnavda, Tavisufleba fraqciebisaTvis<br />

(interesTa jgufebisaTvis) igivea, rac haeri cecxlisaTvis. fraqciebi<br />

SeiZleba SezRudo, magram amisaTvis unda moispos Tavisuflebac. 40<br />

interesTa jgufebi sakuTari azris gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv azrze gav­<br />

lenis moxdenis mizniT yalibdeba. xSirad isini cnobil adamianebs iwveven saku­<br />

Tari Zalisxmevis warmosaCenad. fotoze msaxiobi riCard giri protests gamox­<br />

atavs tibetSi CineTs mxridan represiis winaaRmdeg.

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

383<br />

meore, demokratiuli sazogadoebebi <strong>politikuri</strong> da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

avtoritarul sazogadoebebze ufro rTuladaa mowyobili. demokratiaSi,<br />

sadac pirovnebas aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoxatos da imoqmedos<br />

Tavisi Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mixedviT, <strong>politikuri</strong> Tavisufleba<br />

iwvevs interesTa zrdas. amis gamo, demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis mravalferovneba.<br />

amas adasturebs cxadi magaliTi ekonomikis sferodan. dasavluri ekonomika<br />

SeiZleba davyoT `iseT sxvadasxvagvar biznes­organizaciebad, rogoricaa<br />

giganturi korporaciebi, mcire biznesi, mZime industria, momsaxurebis<br />

sferos firmebi, profkavSirebis mqone da armqone mrewveloba,<br />

soflis meurneobis firmebi, mravalerovnuli korporaciebi da nacionalizebuli<br />

an saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi _ yvela maTgans<br />

sakuTari <strong>politikuri</strong> moTxovnebi da interesebi gaaCnia~. 41<br />

mesame mizezi konstituciur demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis warmate<br />

bisa aris is, rom mTavroba regularulad anawilebs mogebas (Semosavals).<br />

yovelwliur “sabiujeto brZolaSi” Semosavlebis ganawilebisaTvis namdvili<br />

taciaoba imarTeba. dasavlur demokratiebSi keTildReobis saxelmwifos<br />

ganviTarebasTan erTad imata interesTa jgufebmac, romlebic Semosavlebidan<br />

ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad erTmaneTs ejibrebian.<br />

aSS­Si axa li interesTa jgufebis gaCenas xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebsa da<br />

xandazmulebs Soris Semosavlebis Tanabrad ganawilebisaken mimarTulma<br />

RonisZiebebma sxvadasxva an skolebSi Hot-lunch-is programebis farglebSi.<br />

da, raRa Tqma unda, msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebisaTvis<br />

miwodebis saqmeSi Tavisi interesi aqvs saxelmwifo saagentoebsa da<br />

im monawile mxareebs (kompaniebs), romle ­bic programebis ganxorcielebiT<br />

arian dakavebuli.<br />

iklebs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi interesi?<br />

xSirad, rodesac moqalaqeebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen gavleniani<br />

viwro interes­jgufebis gamo, isini gulisxmoben im lobistebs an zewolis<br />

jgufebs, romlebic sxvaTa interesebs icaven; xolo rodesac isini Cvens interesebs<br />

icaven, Cven vamarTlebT da taSs vukravT maT. magaliTad, interes­<br />

Ta jgufebs, romlebic studentebisaTvis sesxebis programebs eqomagebian,<br />

igive xalxi asxams xotbas (ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi), romlebic zogadad<br />

msgavsi jgufebis gadaWarbebul gavlenaze Civian.<br />

ra problemebs uqmnis sinamdvileSi interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebriv<br />

interess? zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa<br />

da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa jgufebis momravlebam sazogadoebis<br />

yvelaze ufro daucvel segments Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli siZneleebi. Raribebs<br />

Zalze mcire gavlena aqvT interesTa jgufebis politikur arenaze,<br />

mdidrebs ki _ uaRresad didi. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiebSi interes­<br />

Ta jgufebis aRmasvlam Camoayaliba sistema, romelic sustebisa da da­<br />

Cagrulebis xarjze yvelaze gavlenianTa interesebis xelisSemwyobia.

384 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

kritikosebi aseve SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />

sul meti Tanamdebobis piri tovebs sajaro samsaxurs da samuSaod midis im<br />

kompaniebSi, romlebTanac maT saqmiani urTierToba hqondaT. magaliTad,<br />

pentagonis yofili Tanamdebobis pirebs xSirad Tavdacvis sferoSi arsebuli<br />

firmebi qiraoben, prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebi ki lobistebi an<br />

media­komentatorebi xdebian, an sxva maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi gadadian.<br />

1978 wels kongresma aukrZala yofil maRalCinosan moxeleebs sajaro<br />

samsaxuris datovebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari kontaqti im<br />

saagentoebTan, romlebSic isini muSaobdnen da aseve, aukrZala yovelgvari<br />

mcdeloba im sferos politikaze gavlenis moxdenisa, romelSic maT ori wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gaaCndaT `oficialuri pasuxismgebloba.~<br />

arsebuli sistemis damcvelebi ki amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa umravlesoba<br />

saTanadodaa warmodgenili (hyavT warmomadgeneli). maTi azriT, interesTa<br />

jgufebis simravle imis dadasturebaa, rom dapirispirebuli Zalebi<br />

am jgufebs TiTqmis mudmivad akontroleben.<br />

magram, keTildReEobis saxelmwifos zrda da misi Tanmdevi xarjebi zogierTi<br />

konservatoris seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs, maSin rodesac politikur<br />

qmedebaTa komitetebis (PAC) gavlenis zrda erTnairad aSfoTebs<br />

liberalebsa da reformebis momxre zomierebsac. <strong>politikuri</strong> zewola (interesTa<br />

jgufebi aseve cnobili arian, rogorc `zewolis jgufebi”) zustad<br />

asaxavs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentis politikur upiratesobas;<br />

problemac swored esaa. rogor SeiZleba mTavrobam imoqmedos obieqturad,<br />

rodesac eqceva sazogadoebis didi nawilis saerTo azris gamomxatveli, Zlieri<br />

interesTa jgufis zewolas qveS? meore mxriv, rodesac erTi sakiTxis<br />

damcveli interesTa jgufi romelime Zalian specifikuri wesis an kanonisaTvis<br />

ibrZvis _ romelic moqalaqeTa did nawils sul ar anaRvlebs an araviTar<br />

yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ ra SeiZleba iyos stimuli kanonmdeblebis an<br />

biurokratebisaTvis, romelic daexmareba maT, gauZlon zewolas viwro interesebis<br />

jgufebis mxridan? did qveyanaSi, sadac xelisuflebis ramodenime<br />

done arsebobs, gasakviri araa, rom bevri kanoni an politika xdeba rutinuli<br />

ganxilvis sagani. rodesac zewolis jgufebi mondomebiT lobireben<br />

raime sakiTxs, romelsac saerTod araviTari an Zalze mcire kavSiri aqvs<br />

sazogadoebriv interesTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba mas faqtobrivad<br />

mxars ar uWers, mosalodnelia, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi gaixrwnas<br />

(korumpirebuli gaxdes).<br />

interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi interesTa jgufebs arseboba uWirT,<br />

radgan zogadad, opocizia idevneba. vinaidan avtoritarul saxelmwifo­<br />

Tagan bevri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeba, individualuri<br />

interesebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebze dafuZnebuli jgufebis meSveobiT<br />

aris gamoxatuli (tomebi an klanebi). rogorc wesi, mniSvnelovani<br />

gavlena aqvT samxedroebs, maSinac ki, rodesac isini mmarTvelobis saTave­

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

385<br />

Si ar imyofebian, radgan maTi mxardaWera xelisuflebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ganviTarebad qveynebSi `profkavSirebi<br />

xSirad <strong>politikuri</strong> par tiebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba da maT daqvemdebarebaSi<br />

eqceva.~ 42 dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, organizebuli profkavSiri<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebisagan damoukidebelia.<br />

yvelaze gavleniani lobistebi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi xSirad<br />

interesTa jgufebi ki ar aris, romlebic moqalaqeTa interesebs warmoadgenen,<br />

aramed biurokratiuli jgufebi da partiis Sida fraqciebi, romlebic<br />

SezRuduli sabiujeto saxsrebis centralizebuli ganawilebisas upiratesobis<br />

mopovebisaTvis ejibrebian erTmaneTs. 43 eseni, Cveulebrivi gagebiT,<br />

interesTa jgufebi ar arian, magram mainc SemoaqvaT pluralizmis elementi<br />

iseT politikur reJimebSi, romlebic opoziciis mimarT tolerantobiT ar<br />

xasiaTdeba.<br />

daskvna<br />

moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT sxvadasxva kanonieri gziT monawileoba miiRon<br />

politikur procesSi: pirobiTad, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT da sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris gamokiTxvebSi monawileobiT; organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />

SesaZlebelia politikur partiaSi an interesTa jgufSi gawevrianeba;<br />

profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqes SeuZlia aseT organizaciaSi muSaobis<br />

dawyeba. <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis zogierTi forma araa Cveulebrivi,<br />

magaliTad, protestebSi an ekonomikur boikotSi CarTva. monawileobis<br />

arasamarTlebrivi formebi amaze ufro Sors midis _ ganzrax Cadenili<br />

araZaladobrivi qmedebebiT (samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba) dawyebuli da<br />

ukiduresad sastiki moqmedebebiT damTavrebuli (terorizmi).<br />

xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, moqalaqeebma konstituciur demokratiebSi<br />

individualuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis koleqtiur<br />

mosazrebebad da interesebad gadaqceva unda SeZlon. politologebi am<br />

process interesTa agregacias uwodeben. sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba<br />

gamoixatos sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas, rasac politikur procesze<br />

didi gavlena aqvs xolme. arCevnebi, miuxedavad Tandayolili Sez­<br />

Rudvebisa, masobrivi Sexedulebebis sajaro politikad qcevis saukeTeso<br />

saSualebaa. arsebobs gansxvavebuli saarCevno sistemebi, magram umTavresi<br />

oria: maJoritaruli sistema (amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did britaneTSi)<br />

da warmomadgenlobis proporciuli sistema (warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

demokratiebis umravlesobaSi). demokratiul respublikebSi amomrCevlebi<br />

irCeven kanonmdeblebs, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs aRmasrulebel<br />

xelisuflebaSi da zogjer mosamarTleebsac. pirdapiri demokratiis instrumentebia<br />

referendumi, iniciativa da Tanamdebobis pirebis gamowveva,<br />

rac saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs pirdapir miiRon monawileoba sajaro<br />

politikis formirebaSi.

386 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawilobis (xmis micemis) dabali<br />

maCvenebelia da igi kidev ufro klebulobs. amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni.<br />

zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, masebis <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba ufro iluzorulia<br />

da Zalaufleba sinamdvileSi gavlenian pirTa mcirericxovani, elitaruli<br />

jgufebis xelSia moqceuli. am elitistur Teorias ar eTanxmebian<br />

pluralizmis damcvelebi. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />

Zalaufleba ufro gabneulia, vidre koncentrirebuli da rom <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

movlenebi Zalze rTulia saimisod, rom isini elitisturi Teoriis<br />

martiv gagebamde davakninoT.<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi srulfasovani monawileoba iSviaTia. Tuki<br />

aseTi ram xdeba, igi emsaxureba ara moqalaqeTa monawileobis xelSewyobas,<br />

ara med mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamtkicebasa da ganxorcielebas.<br />

demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon sajaro<br />

politikaze <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebisa da interesTa jgufebis meSveobiT.<br />

avtoritarul qveynebSi partiebi mTavrobis iaraRia da ara xalxis nebis<br />

gamomxatveli instrumenti. interesTa jgufebi, Tuki aseT qveynebSi isini<br />

arseboben, gacilebiT ufro SezRudul rols asruleben, vidre demokratiul<br />

qveynebSi.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi partiebs Tavdapirvelad uyurebdnen<br />

rogorc ganxeTqilebis Semomtanebs. dRes maT sayovelTaod aRiqvamen demokratiul<br />

saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad, ramdenadac<br />

isini aRweven erovnul Tanxmobas da gvTavazoben alternativebs.<br />

gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis procesSi, isini gvexmarebian xelisuflebis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi moqmedeben erTpartiuli, orpartiuli an<br />

mravalpartiuli sistemebis konteqstSi.<br />

partiebis siZlieresa da organizaciaze ama Tu im qveyanaSi ramdenime<br />

faqtori SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas, maT Soris, tradiciebi, konstitucia,<br />

qveynis kulturuli da ekonomikuri mravalferovneba. bolo dros <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

partiebis gavlena Semcirda.<br />

interesTa jgufebis klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad moxdes: er­<br />

Ti meTodiT SeiZleba kerZo interesTa jgufebis sazogadoebriv interesTa<br />

jgufebisagan gansxvaveba. am jgufebis efeqtianobas ramdenime faqtori<br />

gansazRvravs, sididis, wevrebis politikur mosazrebaTa intensiurobis,<br />

dafinansebis da liderebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel wlebSi am asociaciaTa<br />

ricxvi da Zalaufleba gaizarda. zogierTi mkvlevari SiSobs, rom isini<br />

zedmetad gavleniani gaxdnen, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom jgufebis mravalricxovnoba<br />

da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs <strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobisa<br />

da damoukidebeli institutebis SenarCunebas.

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

konvenciuri monawileoba<br />

arakonvenciuri monawileoba<br />

arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba<br />

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba<br />

terorizmi<br />

sabotaJi<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia<br />

sazogadoebriv azri<br />

`Calis~ gamokiTxva<br />

SemTxveviTi SerCeva<br />

strategiuli gamokiTxva<br />

fokus­jgufebi<br />

stratificirebuli SerCeva<br />

ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva<br />

ubralo umravlesoba<br />

maJoritaruli sistema<br />

gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs<br />

(winner-takes-all)<br />

proporciuli siebis sistema<br />

pirdapiri demokratia<br />

plebisciti<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

referendumi<br />

gawveva<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmediTunarianoba<br />

gaucxoeba<br />

individualizmi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> apaTia<br />

mwiri informaciis racionaloba<br />

oligarqiis rkinis kanoni<br />

pluralistebi<br />

masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partia<br />

koaliciuri mTavroba<br />

interesTa jgufebi<br />

kerZo interesTa jgufebi<br />

sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi<br />

lobistebi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis komiteti<br />

(PAC)<br />

`rbili fuli~ (soft money)<br />

387<br />

1. rogor SeuZliaT moqalaqeebs monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi?<br />

2. saarCevno sistemebis ra formebi arsebobs? SeadareT maTi Zlieri da susti<br />

mxareebi.<br />

3. aris Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoSi apaTia moqalaqis valis srulfasovnad<br />

Sesrulebis xelisSemSleli faqtori? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />

4. riTi gansxvadeba demokratiis elitisturi Teoriebi pluralistuli modelisagan?<br />

5. ras amboben, rogorc wesi, demokratiul saxlmwifoSi <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis<br />

Sesaxeb? marTalia Tu ara es? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />

6. ra gansxvavebaa erT­, or­, da mravalpartiul sistemebs Soris?<br />

7. ramdenad aris interesTa jgufebis qmediToba damokidebuli im politikur<br />

sistemaze, romelSic isini moqmedeben?<br />

8. ratom gaizarda interesTa jgufebis gavlena <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis gavlenis<br />

SesustebasTan erTad. aris Tu ara es ori movlena erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli?<br />

9. ras niSnavs debuleba _ “yvela interesTa jgufi araa Tanaswori”?

388 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. M. Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States (Washington, D.C.:<br />

C.Q. Press, 1987), 10.<br />

2. mogvianebiT am TavSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

xmis micemis formebs.<br />

3. Conway, Political Participation, 52-53.<br />

4. iqve.<br />

5. Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser, Questions and answers in Attitude Surveys<br />

(Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1981), 70-71. es kvleva TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili<br />

James Q. Wilson-is American Government, me­4 gamocema (Lexington,<br />

Mass.: Heath, 1989), 99.<br />

6. John L. Fund, “It’ll Be Close,” Wall Street Journal, 1 noemberi 1997w., A12.<br />

7. Everett Carll Ladd, “The Pollsters’ Waterloo,” Wall Street Journal, 19 noemberi 1997w.,<br />

A22.<br />

8. erT­erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom wamyvani partiis platformis dapireba­<br />

Ta ori mesamedi sruldeba; ix. Gerald M. Pomper­isa da Susan Lederman­is<br />

Elections in America: Control and Influence in Democratic Politics, me­2 gamocema<br />

(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), 161.<br />

9. Thomas Cronin, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall<br />

(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).<br />

10. iqve, 87.<br />

11. is garemoeba, rom mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi amomrCevels daregistrireba<br />

ar sWirdeba, xSirad maTi monawileobis maRali maCveneblis<br />

mizezad miiCneva. zogierT qveyanaSi (avstraliisa da belgiis CaTvliT) is<br />

moqalaqeebi, romlebic xmas ar aZleven, jarimdebian.<br />

12. Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion: Coalitions, Elites, and Masses,<br />

me­2 gamocema (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986), 161.<br />

13. iqve, 162­163.<br />

14. ix. Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, “Political Activity of American Citizens,”<br />

American Political Science Review 44 (1950): 822-885.<br />

15. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America (New York: Harper &<br />

Row, 1972), 79-80.<br />

16. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 2 (New York: Schocken Books,<br />

1961), 18.<br />

17. iqve, 153, 159.<br />

18. Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of<br />

Democracy (ianvari 1995), 65­78.<br />

19. Richard Morin, “Who’s In Control? Many Don’t Know or Care,” Washington Post,<br />

29 ianvari 1996, A6.<br />

20. iqve.<br />

21. James Q. Wilson, American Government, 100.<br />

22. Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior, me­3 gamocema<br />

(Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1992), 103.

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba<br />

389<br />

23. Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns<br />

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 212-216.<br />

24. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956).<br />

25. Thomas Dye and L. Harmon Ziegler, The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction<br />

to American Government, me­4 gamocema (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury<br />

Press, 1978), 374.<br />

26. Andrew Greeley, “Power Is Diffused throughout Society,” wignSi Taking Sides:<br />

Clashing Views on Controversial Political Isuues, red. George McKenna da Stanley<br />

Feingad (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1983), 23. ix. aseve Arnold Rose, The Power<br />

Structure: Political Process in American Society (London: Oxford University Press,<br />

1967), 483-493.<br />

27. Thomas Jefferson­isa da Francis Hopkinson­is mimowera, 13 marti 1789w. wignSi<br />

The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis:<br />

Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 46.<br />

28. iqve.<br />

29. Teoria warmodgenilia Harry Jaffa­s wignSi Equality and Liberty: Theory and<br />

Practice in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3-32.<br />

30. Paul Best, Kul Rai and David Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds: An Introduction to<br />

Political Science (New York: Wiley, 1986), 271-272.<br />

31. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental<br />

Approach (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), Tavi 4.<br />

32. am msjelobisaTvis unda vumadlodeT William Keefe-sa da Morris Ogul-s wignSi<br />

The American Legislation Process: Congress and the States, me-8 gamocema (Englewood<br />

Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), 334.<br />

33. Thomas DiLorenzo, “Who Really Speaks For the Elderly?” Consumers Research 79<br />

(seqtemberi 1996): 15 da Charles Morris, The AARP: America’s Most Powerful<br />

Lobby and the Clash of Generations (New York: Times Books, 1996), 4, 10-11.<br />

34. Jeffrey Birnbaum, “Overhaul of Lobbying Laws Unlikely to Succeed Thanks to Opposition<br />

of Lobbyists Themselves,” Wall Street Journal, 30 maisi 1991, A 20.<br />

35. Jonathan Rauch, “The Hyperpluralism Trap,” New Republic, 6 ivnisi 1994. 22.<br />

36. iqve, 2­3.<br />

37. John Harwood, “Political Treadmill: For California Senator, Fundraising Becomes<br />

Overwhelming Burden,” Wall Street Journal, 2 marti 1994. A1. fainstiniseuli<br />

Tanxis mozidvis Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo is faqti, rom 1992 wels man<br />

arCevnebSi mxolod orwliani vadiT gaimarjva. Harwood­is SefasebiT 1992<br />

wels brZola da 1990 wels gubernatoris arCevnebSi damarcxeba Ffainstainis<br />

daaxloebiT 30 mln dolari daujda.<br />

38. ix. “Campaign finance reform” Pew Charitable Trusts veb­gverdze www.<br />

pewtrusts.com/ideas/.<br />

39. es paragrafi eyrdnoba Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 228-229.<br />

40. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (New York:<br />

Modern Library, uTariRo), nomeri 10, 55.<br />

41. Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 220.<br />

42. iqve, 240.<br />

43. Gordon Skilling­sa da Franklyn Griffiths-is redaqtorobiT Interest Groups in<br />

Soviet Politics (Printceton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).

390<br />

Tavi XI<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong><br />

<strong>lideroba</strong><br />

Zalauflebis<br />

mravalsaxeoba<br />

namdvili liderebi<br />

marTvis xelovnebis arsi<br />

didebis xibli<br />

lideris oTxi tipi<br />

liderobis daknineba?<br />

demagogebi<br />

politikosebi<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi<br />

`politiko~ damSoSmineblebi<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

391<br />

Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi politikosebi ufro erTian jgufad aRiqmebian<br />

da stereotipebiT fasdebian, vidre gamoCenili sportsmenebi, eqimebi,<br />

biznesis liderebi an Tundac garTobis industriis moRvaweebi. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac wvlili Segvaqvs politikur kampaniebSi an<br />

xmas vaZlevT arCevnebSi, upiratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan<br />

SedarebiT da, Sesabamisad, vaaSkaravebT im bazisur rwmenas, rom CvenTvis<br />

mniSvnelovania, romeli kandidatia arCeuli. iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavis<br />

mgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipaJis gamocdilebisa da<br />

unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac ar ZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo<br />

liderebis xasiaTisa da gonierebis mimarT.<br />

erebis keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia liderebis unarze, gaakeTon<br />

brZnuli arCevani da imoqmedon keTilgonivrulad. prezident jorj buSis<br />

gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis<br />

SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamo<br />

aucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis<br />

mier. mamamisis [jorj buSi ufrosis] mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetilebam,<br />

jarebi gaegzvana quveiTSi iq SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis winaaRmdegobis<br />

gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs daecva navTobis sabazro fasi msoflio<br />

bazarze da amgvarad, Tavidan aeridebina navTobis mkacri deficiti (magram<br />

amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi datovebam or saxelmwifos<br />

Soris xangrZlivi daZabuloba da urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia); prezident<br />

riCard niqsonis uotergeitis qmedebebma amerikeli eri konstituciuri<br />

krizisis zRvarze miiyvana; prezident lindon b. jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT<br />

vietnamSi 500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam da omis gamwvavebam mZime<br />

Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisTvis, aseve mTeli msofliosTvis.<br />

cxadia, <strong>lideroba</strong> politikis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. II msoflio omis<br />

Semdeg perezidentma hari trumenma [1945­1953] istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />

mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba, axali<br />

samxedro aliansebis, maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis<br />

organizaciis (nato) Seqmna, agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSualebiT<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. savaraudoa,<br />

rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi [aSS prezidenti 1921­1923] aseT<br />

strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda.<br />

erT­erTi gamoCenili mkvlevaris azriT, `politika Tavisi arsiT<br />

<strong>lideroba</strong> an nebismieri formis <strong>politikuri</strong> erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa~. 1<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis Zala is faqtoria, romlis arsebiT gavlenas yovelTvis<br />

ganicdis yvela saxis erToba da yvela qveyana. magaliTad, wlobiT<br />

cixeSi yofnis Semdeg 1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli<br />

kongresis yofili Tavmjdomare nelson mandela arCeul iqna rasobrivad<br />

mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad. TviTnaswavlma,<br />

sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma, da bevrisTvis sayvarelma samocdaTxuTmeti<br />

wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad<br />

Secvla, riTac daasrula TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. Sesa­<br />

Zloa, sxva veravin SeZlebda am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmevas. magram mainc,<br />

revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis marTva ori sxvadasxva amo­

392 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

canaa. marTalia mandela didi lideris mravali Tvisebis mqone pirovnebaa,<br />

jer kidev adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rogor moaxerxa man axali<br />

samxreT afrikis <strong>lideroba</strong>.<br />

am TavSi ganvixilavT oTxi tipis liderebs: namdvil liderebs, demagogebs,<br />

Cveulebriv politikosebs da samoqalaqo liderebs. amgvari dayofa<br />

umeteswilad xdeba maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebebis, meTodebisa da miznebis<br />

mixedviT. namdvili liderebi arian <strong>politikuri</strong> arqiteqtorebi, romlebic<br />

axal saxelmwifoebs qmnian, mSvidobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs<br />

agvareben da oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xalxis STagoneba<br />

SeuZliaT. isini arian warsulis damfuZneblebi, awmyos gzamkvlevebi<br />

da momavlis legendebi. demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben misi<br />

ndobiT Tavisi kerZo miznis misaRwevad. isini intriganebi, wamqezeblebi da<br />

omis gamCaReblebi arian. Cveulebrivi politikosebi ar sCadian arc did<br />

borotebas da arc did sikeTes, maTi qmedebebi koncentrirebulia arCevasa<br />

da gadarCevaze. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT oficialuri sajaro Tanamdebobebi,<br />

magram aqtiurad arian Cabmulni eris politikaSi da mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra.<br />

xSirad aseTi gansxvaveba Teoriulad gacilebiT iolia, vidre misi praqtikaSi<br />

gadatana. magaliTad, SeiZleba vinmes franklin delano ruzvelti<br />

[aSS prezidenti 1933­1945] gansakuTrebul liderad miaCndes, sxva ki mas<br />

Cveulebriv politikosad, gzasacdenil liderad, da iqneb demagogadac ki<br />

aRiqvamdes. SesaZloa sazogado cxovrebis, karieris sxvadasxva etapze esa<br />

Tu is politikosi oTxive tips Seesabamebodes, da mainc, sxva obac naTelia<br />

_ sayovelTao azria, rom adolf hitleri demagogi iyo, xolo uinston Cer­<br />

Cili _ II msoflio omis yvelaze mZime dReebSi didi britaneTis gmiruli<br />

dacvis arqiteqtori.<br />

namdvili liderebi<br />

namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebas, saxelmwifos gonivrul gaZRolas<br />

arian naziarebi. liderobis es ideali didi xnis win Camoyalibda. platoni<br />

da aristotele ganixilavdnen mas TavianT naSromebSi. platoni aRwers<br />

sokrates, romelic monawileobs dialogSi saxelmwifo moRvawis Sesaxeb _<br />

terminiT, romliTac tradiciulad mimarTaven an moixseneben <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

niWiT dajildoebul liders. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi termini saxelmwifo<br />

moRvawe (marTebulad Tu umarTebulod) bevri msoflio lideris mimarT<br />

gamoiyeneboda, iugoslaviis damaarsebel, ioseb broz titodan (1945­1980)<br />

dawyebuli, viskonsinis Statis qalaq miluokis skolis maswavlebliT, golda<br />

meieriT (1969­1974) damTavrebuli, romelic israelis meoTxe premierministri<br />

gaxda 1969 wels.<br />

liderebi, romlebic xangrZlivi vadiT qmnian gansxvavebul istorias,<br />

iSviaTi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, mSvidobis, harmoniisa da sazogado<br />

sikeTis ideis erTgulni da amJRavneben praqtikul sibrZnes. amasTan,<br />

krizisis dros es adamianebi ers winamZRolobas uweven gadarCenis gzaze.

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

393<br />

am tipis liderebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT axali erebis<br />

Semqmnelebs, romelTa xedvis, sibrZnisa da STamagonebeli liderobis gareSe<br />

konkretuli eri an mTavroba saerTod ver iarsebebda. jorj vaSingtoni<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT­erTi damfuZnebeli mamaa bevr sxva ersac<br />

hyavs damfuZnebeli mame bi, romlebsac xalxi eTayvaneba da gansakuTrebul<br />

dReebSi ixsenebs (magaliTad, erovnuli damoukideblobis dRes).<br />

marTvis xelovnebis arsi<br />

idealuri lideris tipis gansazRvra ioli ar aris. kargi liderobis unars<br />

safuZvlad udevs iseTi SeumCneveli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa intuicia,<br />

STagoneba, saRad azrovnebis unari; arsebiTia sxva Tvisebebic _ inteleqti<br />

da TavSekavebuloba. cnobili moazrovne da sagazeTo svetis avtori uolter<br />

lipmani `moralis SesavalSi~ Seecada gamoeyo es Tvisebebi ganaTlebuli<br />

liderebis ubralo liderebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT. lipmanis mixedviT,<br />

politikosebis umetesoba `muSaobs mikerZoebuli (konkretuli) interesisTvis~.<br />

amis magaliTia politikosebi, romlebic sakuTar `budeebs~ iSeneben<br />

an monurad mihyvebian partiul xazs. cnebaSi _ saxelmwifo moRvaweoba<br />

_ amis sapirispirod `moiazreba adamiani, romlis azrovneba mokamaTe partiebis<br />

konfliqtze gacilebiT maRla dgas da saSualebas aZlevs mas ganaxorcielos<br />

is qmedebebi, romlebic moicaven da iTvaliswineben interesTa<br />

farTo speqtrs xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi~. 2<br />

lipmani aRiarebda, rom wyalgamyofi Cveulebriv politikossa da namdvil<br />

liders Soris xSirad bundovania. arcTu iSviaTad WeSmarit liderebsac ki<br />

ar ZaluZT specifikuri interesis ugulebelyofa. demokratiul qveyanaSi<br />

yvela lideri xandaxan unda iqceodes ise, rogorc politikosi. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, politikosi liderad gadaiqceva, rogorc ki Seecdeba Sewyvitos mxolod<br />

Tavisi amomrCevlebis myisieri survilebis dakmayofileba. amisTvis<br />

ukeTesi gzaa daarwmuno xalxi (amomrCevlebi), rom saerTo, sazogadoebrivi<br />

interesebisken swrafva umTavresia da rom kerZo interesebi ar aris (arc<br />

unda iyos) politikis upirvelesi sazrunavi.<br />

sazogadoebrivi sikeTisaken swrafva. WeSmariti lideri motivirebulia<br />

ara myife egoizmiT an viwro jgufuri kuTvnilebiT, aramed sayovelTao<br />

sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaazrebiT. ori ukiduresobis dapirispirebiT,<br />

`ras CaTvlis sabolood xalxi kargad, imis sapirispirod, ra surs xalxs<br />

mocemul momentSi~, lipmani askvnida, rom namdvilma liderebma Tavi unda<br />

aaridon swraf popularobas. maT uari unda Tqvan politikurad SeuZlebel<br />

dapirebebze, rac imas niSnavs, rom iyvnen patiosani da gawonasworebuli liderebi<br />

da ara mliqvneli politikosebi. aseTi gadawyvetileba liderisgan<br />

moiTxovs `simamaces, romelic Sorsaa mocemuli momentis agitaciebisgan~<br />

da aseve `codnas, romelsac safuZvlad udevs faqtebis obieqturi da Rrma<br />

codna da `civi~ miukerZoebloba~.

394 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis zrunva SeiZleba aRweril iqnes gawonasworebulobis,<br />

miukerZoeblobis, codnisa da patiosnebis farglebSi, is<br />

mainc ar iZleva cxadi ganzogadebis saSualebas. magaliTad, patiosneba siqvelea,<br />

mag ram politikur cxovrebaSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs. rodesac fsonebi<br />

maRalia, sruli patiosneba warmatebisTvis winaRobaa da eris sanukvari intresebi<br />

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod eSmakobis an sicruis saSualebiT,<br />

amitom WeSmariti lideri xandaxan patiosnebis aseT `daTmobazec~ midis.<br />

gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi politikosebisagan gansakuTrebul zomebs<br />

moiTxovs. magaliTad, abraam linkolni [aSS prezidenti 1861­65], rogorc<br />

samoqalaqo omamde, ise omis dros ganuxrelad akninebda monobis sakiTxs<br />

im motiviT, rom upiratesobas aniWebda Statebis kavSiris gadarCenas.<br />

linkolni xvdeboda, rom monobis sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba mis sust<br />

koaliciaSi zogi wevris gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda da am kavSirze damyarebul<br />

popularobas dakargavda, riTac avnebda rogorc kavSirs, ise monebis gaTavisuflebis<br />

sakiTxs. 3<br />

praqtikuli sibrZne. WeSmarit liderebs axasiaTebT is, rasac aristotele<br />

keTilgonierebas, anu praqtikul sibrZnes uwodebda. sazogadoebrivi sike­<br />

Tis yovlismomcveli xedva usargebloa, Tu ar ici, rogor miaRwio mas. liderebi<br />

acnobiereben kavSirs dauyovnebliv qmedebasa da saboloo Sedegebs<br />

Soris da SeuZliaT gaTvalon rogorc moyvasis, ise mtris reaqcia am qmedebebze.<br />

dabolos, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon xangrZlivi da<br />

efemeruli, fundamenturi da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da miuRweveli miznebi.<br />

mokled, saxelmwifo moRvaweoba moiTxovs iSviaT codnas da rogorc problemis<br />

gamocnobis, ise misi gadaWris gzebis moZiebis unars. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

Wkviani liderebi gvagoneben eqimebs, romelTa warmateba gamoixateba ara<br />

dolarebis odenobiT, aramed im erTobis janmrTelobiT, romelsac isini<br />

emsaxurebian.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> unarebi. araa sakmarisi, rom, magaliTad, prezidents gulSi<br />

hqondes CabeWdili erovnuli interesi, arsebiTia SemoTavazebuli programebis<br />

da politikis organizebuli mxardaWera. demokratiul qveyanaSi<br />

kanoni da politika (arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderebi) marTulTa<br />

Tanxmobas moiTxovs. Wkuisa da Tanxmobis Tanafardoba swrafad cvalebad<br />

sajaro sivrceSi lideris erT­erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa.<br />

politikis yoveldRiur samyaroSi liderma aseve unda SeZlos uzarmazari<br />

biurokratiis marTva da uSualod daqvemdebarebuli kadrebis xelmZ­<br />

Rvaneloba; imuSaos kanonmdeblebTan, raTa uzrunvelyos mTavrobis programebis<br />

damtkiceba da gaaerTianos sazogadoebrivi azri mTavrobis<br />

politikis mxardasaWerad. warmatebulma aRmasrulebelma unda gamoam­<br />

JRavnos organizatoruli niWi, adamianTa darwmunebisa da sxva <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

qmedebebis unari.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> keTilgoniereba gulisxmobs, rom liderobis unari kargi<br />

da saWiro saqmisTvis gamoiyeneba. <strong>politikuri</strong> alRo maSinaa saqebi, rodesac<br />

lideris unari sazogadoebrivi sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki es unari

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

395<br />

imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom liderTa warmatebuli kariera an jibis gasqeleba<br />

uzrunvelyos, maSin lideris warmateba demokratiuli sistemis marcxs niSnavs.<br />

igive SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevaSic, Tu lideris miznebi mosawonia,<br />

magram maTi miRwevis gzebi _ miuRebeli. <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi, romlebic<br />

cdiloben saWiro sazogadoebrivi reformebis gatarebisas warmoqmnili winaRobebi<br />

ngreviT, dapatimrebebiT an oponentebis likvidaciiT gadalaxon, ver<br />

iqnebian misaRebi, ragind sasargeblo iyos maT mier gatarebuli politika.<br />

gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze<br />

istorikosebi askvnian, rom diadi dro diad liderebs qmnis. imisTvis, rom<br />

gaxdes WeSmariti lideri, pirovnebam unda icxovros iseT dros, rodesac<br />

xelisuflebis qmedebebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiT gansxvavebas<br />

qmnis sazogadoebis da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios cxovrebaSic ki. aseTi<br />

lideri SesaZloa WeSmaritad zrunavdes sazogadoebriv sikeTeze, hqondes<br />

gansakuTrebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> unar­Cvevebi da didi praqtikuli sibrZne, magram<br />

movlenaTa ganviTarebaze mainc ver moaxdinos arsebiTi an xangrZlivi<br />

gavlena. yvelaze unarian liderebsac ki yovelTvis ara aqvT saSualeba, gamoscadon<br />

TavianTi gansakuTrebuli niWi.<br />

maS, ra qmnis politikur didebas: pirovnebebi Tu dro? aq isev gamodgeba<br />

medicinasTan analogia. sayovelTao aRiareba im eqims ki ara aqvs, romelic<br />

pacientebs yoveldRiur rCevebs aZlevs, aramed imas, romelic sicocxlisTvis<br />

saSiS daavadebebsa da travmebs umklavdeba. adamianTa msgavsad, erebic<br />

ganicdian kriziss, rac maT arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. aseT dros zneobrivi<br />

gamxneveba da <strong>politikuri</strong> codna arsebiTia eris gadasarCenad; aseTi situacia<br />

xelsayreli saxelmwifo moRvaweobis unarisa da codnis gamosacdelad.<br />

bedis wyaloba. gamorCeuli liderobis saboloo winapiroba gamarTlebaa.<br />

arc erTi <strong>politikuri</strong> lideri araa warmatebuli Tu bedi odnav mainc ar<br />

swyalobs. SemTxveviTi manevri <strong>politikuri</strong> brZolis dros, gaazrebuli, magram<br />

arTqmuli (an dagvianebiT naTqvami) gancxadeba, da araerTi TiTqosda<br />

umniSvnelo SemTxveva da qmedeba SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. warmateba,<br />

ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba mTlianad bedis wyalobas mivaweroT, magram<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im rTul garemos, romelSic liderebi moRvaweoben,<br />

gamarTleba xSirad qmnis warmatebisa da marcxis pirobas.<br />

didebis xibli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi xSirad Tavis Tavze iReben iseT sajaro pasuxismgeblobas,<br />

rac sakmaod Zvirad SeiZleba daujdeT. maT sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebTan daSoreba, maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurze<br />

uaris Tqma da sazogadoebrivi kritikis mudmiv obieqtad qceva. TavisTavad<br />

Cndeba kiTxva: ratom uZRvnian gansakuTrebuli niWis mqone adamianebi Tavisi<br />

nayofieri cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs politikaSi Tavis gamoCenis survils?<br />

ra ubiZgebs aseT adamianebs, iRvawon sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis xSirad

396 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

ufro aSkara da gamokveTili sakuTari interesebis xarjze?<br />

istorikos duglas aderis azriT, amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi, upirvels<br />

yovlisa, motivirebuli iyvnen didebis ideiT. jorj vaSingtonis,<br />

jeims medisonis, aleqsander hamiltonisa da benjamin franklinisaTvis<br />

viwro kerZo interesi, rac SeiZleba pirad Zalauflebasa da simdidreSi<br />

gamoxatuliyo, ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. amis ganmsazRvreli arc piradi<br />

Rirseba iyo, rac aderis gansazRvrebiT `qcevis iseTi tipia, romelic<br />

mimarTulia socialurad Tanaswori an upiratesobis mqone Tanamedroveebisagan<br />

qeba­didebis miRebis survilze~. 4 damfuZnebeli mamebis mamoZravebeli<br />

Zala didebis survili iyo, risi ideac, aderis ganmartebiT, klasikuri periodidan<br />

moyolebuli Rrmad iyo gamjdari dasavlur filosofiur da literaturul<br />

tradiciaSi. iyenebs ra am interpretacias amerikis damfuZnebeli<br />

mamebis mimarT, aderi wers:<br />

ra Tqma unda, isini patriotebi iyvnen, ra Tqma unda, maT eamayebodaT<br />

Tavisi qveynis samsaxuri gasaWiris dros, magram vaSingtoni, adamsi,<br />

jefersoni da medisoni ar iyvnen sruliad mowyvetili sakuTar interesebs.<br />

didebisken ltolva, rac maT ganaTlebiT hqondaT SeTvisebuli,<br />

iyo saSualeba, riTac SeZles sakuTari egoisturi da gandidebis<br />

impulsebi sazogadoebis samsaxurSi gadaetanaT. maT naswavli hqondaT,<br />

rom kerZo interesebisagan Tavisufali keTilSobiluri sazogadoebrivi<br />

moRvaweoba saukeTeso gza iyo sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayofi<br />

`maradi monumentebis~ asagebad da Semdgomi Taobebis mexsierebaSi<br />

sakuTari Rvawlis dasatoveblad. 5<br />

iseve, rogorc yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> lideri (SesaZloa maTi umetesobac)<br />

araa brZeni, yvela brZeni lideric rodia ganmsWvaluli didebis surviliT.<br />

zogjer martivi survili, gaakeTo kargi saqme da moipovo xalxis mxardaWera,<br />

aseve sakmarisi stimulia moRvaweobisTvis. magram, rogorc Cans, udidesi<br />

liderebi yovelTvis motivirebulni iyvnen mxolod didebis surviliT.<br />

marTlac, rogorc aleqsander hamiltonma SeniSna, didebis siyvaruli ` gonebis<br />

mmarTveli yvelaze keTilSobiluri vnebaa~, 6 ukvdavebis survili ki _<br />

Zlieri eleqsiri.<br />

lideris oTxi tipi<br />

istoriis ganmavlobaSi WeSmariti liderebi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva<br />

adgilas gamoCenilan. msoflioSi cnobili oTxi lideris qvemoT motanili<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> biografiebi cxadyofs, rom liderobis umaRles safexurs<br />

miRweuli politikosebis codnaSi, Tvisebebsa da motivebSi bevr msgavsebas­<br />

Tan erTad gansxvavebac bevria.<br />

romulo betankuri (1908-1981). 1830 wels venesuela damoukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />

gaxda. am periodidan 1959 wlamde, sanam romulo betankuri gaxdeboda

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

397<br />

qveynis arCeuli prezidenti, arc erT demokrat liders ar gauZlia prezidentis<br />

Tanamdebobaze or welze metxans. betankurma araTu SeZlo gadaelaxa<br />

TiTqmis warmoudgeneli sirTuleebi da SeenarCunebina Tanamdeboba, aramed<br />

moaxerxa Tavisi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gaSlac da gamoacocxla Tavisi<br />

qveynis susti demokratia. marTalia, is Zlieri prezidentisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

maneriT marTavda, magram SeZlo daecva zRvari demokratiul<br />

mmarTvelobasa da Zalauflebis avtoritarul, borotad gamoyenebas Soris.<br />

man xeli Seuwyo zomierebis, kompromisisa da tolerantobis politikis ganviTarebas.<br />

igi iTvaliswinebda xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis legitimur Zalauflebas,<br />

icavda konstitucias, pativs scemda moqalaqeTa uflebebs da<br />

calsaxad aridebda Tavs materialuri upiratesobis mosapoveblad Zalauflebis<br />

gamoyenebas (aseve sxvebs ar aZlevda amis Cadenis saSualebas). 7 prezidentobis<br />

xuTwliani vadis amowurvis Semdeg betankurma gaakeTa is, rac<br />

manamde venesuelis arc erT liders ar gaukeTebia _ rogorc misi mmarTvelobis<br />

periodSi dawerili konstitucia iTxovda, man Zalaufleba Tavis<br />

demokratiulad arCeul Semcvlels gadaabara.<br />

am mizezebis gamo romulo betankuri SeiZleba samarTlianad CaiTvalos<br />

venesuelaSi demokratiis fuZemdeblad. am TvalsazrisiT igi mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavdeba XX saukunis sxva damfuZnebeli liderebisagan, rogorebic<br />

arian pol poti da fidel kastro. maT saguldagulod daafuZnes da beji­<br />

Tad Seudgnen SeuzRudavi piradi <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas<br />

ise, rom ugulebelyves individTa uflebebi. ufro metic, betankurma<br />

Zalaufleba gamoiyena ara ZalauflebisTvis, aramed im sazogado sikeTis<br />

misaRwevad, risTvisac igi arsebobs. swored amis gamo mas iolad SeeZlo Zalauflebas<br />

nebayoflobiT Seleoda da sworad gaego <strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis<br />

didi gakveTili: gamorCeuli liderebi gangeb axdenen TavianTi rolis<br />

dakninebas imisTvis, rom xalxma Tavad SeZlos sakuTari Tavis marTva maSin,<br />

rodesac lideri ar eyoleba. 8<br />

betankuris <strong>politikuri</strong> kariera maSin daiwyo, rodesac is jer kidev<br />

studenti iyo da venesuelas samxedro diqtatori xuan visente gomesi (1908­<br />

1935) ganagebda. 1928 wels 20 wlis betankuri studentebis lideri gaxda<br />

revoluciaSi, romelic damarcxda da igi cixeSi moxvda. cixidan gamosvlis<br />

Semdeg igi rva wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda devnilobaSi kosta rikaSi da<br />

venesuelaSi diqtatoris gardacvalebis Semdeg dabrunda. 1930­iani wlebidan<br />

igi gamoCenili <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvawe gaxda da saqmianobas 1959 wlamde<br />

eweoda. <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweobis adreul wlebSi betankuris simpaTiebi<br />

komunistebis mxres iyo, magram raRac periodis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi<br />

ufro zomieri gaxda da demokratiuli socializmisken gadaixara. am periodSi<br />

betankuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo is, rom saTave daudo<br />

SemdgomSi venesuelis wamyvan politikur partias demokratiuli qmedebis<br />

partias. Tavisi opoziciuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

betankuri da misi partia Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen yvela moqalaqis<br />

farTo demokratiuli monawileobisTvis, agraruli reformisaTvis,<br />

garantirebuli sayovelTao ganaTlebis uflebisaTvis, erovnuli jandacvis<br />

sistemisaTvis, da ekonomikuri diversifikaciisaTvis (venesuela mTlianad<br />

damokidebuli iyo navTobis eqsportze).

398 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

betankuri SeuerTda (da zogi versiiT xelmZRvanelobda kidec) samxedro<br />

reformatorTa jgufs 1945 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSi<br />

venesuelis samxedro xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. betankuri am procesebis<br />

Sedegad prezidenti gaxda da sagareo urTierTobebis erT­erT ZiriTad<br />

mimarTulebad aqcia samxedro diqtaturebTan yovelgvar diplomatiur<br />

kavSirebze uaris Tqmis politika. amavdroulad, misi mTavroba mouwodebda<br />

regionis sxva saxelmwifoebs igive midgoma gamoeCinaT. Sida politikis<br />

TvalsazrisiT ki siaxle iyo is, rom betankurma daavaldebula didi navTobkompaniebi<br />

Semosavlebis naxevari saxelmwifosTvis gadaecaT, riTac mTavrobas<br />

saSualeba miecemoda ganexorcielebina skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,<br />

sanitaruli samsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da<br />

iafi sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis xangrZlivvadiani programebi. misi iniciativiT<br />

1947 wels daiwera axali konstitucia, manve gamoacxada arCevnebi<br />

da ganacxada, rom ar ibrZolebda prezidentobisTvis. kandidati, romelmac<br />

romulo betankuri Secvala, postze mxolod cxra Tve darCa, sanam samxedro<br />

gadatrialebam misi mTavroba ar daamxo. 1959 wlamde, sanam betankuri prezidentad<br />

ar airCies, venesuela demokratiisken ar Sebrunebula.<br />

prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis ganmavlobaSi betankurma im progresuli<br />

politikis gatareba daiwyo, romliskenac yovelTvis miiswrafvoda. konkretulad,<br />

aRsaniSnavia misi mcdeloba, moezida ucxouri investiciebi da ganeviTarebina<br />

urbanuli mSenebloba. betankurma aseve miwis reformirebis<br />

inicireba moaxdina. misi ekonomikuri da <strong>politikuri</strong> miRwevebi gamorCeuli<br />

iyo, vinaidan misi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis droisaTvis venesuela<br />

ekonomikur krizisSi iyo Cafluli, samxedroebi mis reJims mxars ar uWerdnen<br />

da rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene samxedro­<strong>politikuri</strong> jgufebis<br />

mxridan saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobebi xels uSlida mis mmarTvelobas<br />

(betankuri mkvlelobis araerT mcde lobas gadaurCa).<br />

sabolood betankurma gaimarjva da igi Seiyvara Tavisma xalxma. ram Seitana<br />

wvlili misi, rogorc demokratiuli <strong>politikuri</strong> lideris warmatebaSi<br />

im qveyanaSi, romelsac avtoritarizmis xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda? rogorc<br />

Cans, betankurs hqonda zebunebrivi unari, gamoecno sxvebis motivebi<br />

da xasiaTi; TiTqmis uSecdomod ganesaja, rodis mdgariyo jiutad Tavis<br />

poziciaze da rodis wasuliyo daTmobaze; moesmina rCevebi, magram darCeniliyo<br />

Tavis azrze; hqonda imis Zala, rom mieRo rTuli gadawyvetilebebi;<br />

SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis kontroli da pirovnulad iyo gambedavi. man es<br />

Tvisebebi Seazava maRali donis praqtikul idealizmTan, rac imaSi gamoixateboda,<br />

rom naTla icoda, ra surda mas Tavisi qveynisTvis da erTguli<br />

iyo im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic warmarTavdnen mis qmedebebs saxelmwifo<br />

politikaSi. 9<br />

romulo betankuri venesuelisTvis iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani<br />

lideri, romelmac rTul dartymebs gauZlo. erT­erTi misi biografTagani,<br />

robert aleqsanderi SeniSnavs: `vercerTi misi Tanamedrove venesueleli<br />

lideri ver iqneboda warmatebuli im pirobebSi~ 10 . istorikosi jon fagi werda:<br />

`Tu moraluri avtoriteti da maRali zneobrivi principebi mniSvnelovania,<br />

maSin romulo betankuri venesuelis istoriaSi titanad gvevlineba.~ 11

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

399<br />

gamorCeuli liderebi arsebobdnen bevrgan da sxvadasxva dros, magram isini<br />

namdvilad iSviaTad arseboben; venesuelas gaumarTla, rom erT­erTi maTgani<br />

hyavda.<br />

uinston CerCili (1874-1965). sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri<br />

gaxdeboda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi iyo gonebamaxvili,<br />

momxiblveli, Wkviani, kamaTis moyvaruli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri<br />

da simamaciT gamorCeuli pirovneba. misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba asaxavda<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Tavisuflebis mimarT ganuxrel erTgulebas. ufro metic,<br />

yovelTvis, rodesac Tavisuflebas safrTxe eqmneboda, saWiro dros saWiro<br />

adgilze Cndeboda. 1930­iani wlebis wamyvan politikur figurebs Soris is<br />

TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, romelic mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germaniis<br />

safrTxeze. SeZlo ra am safrTxeebis gamocnoba gamoaSkaravebamde, Cer­<br />

Cilma sakuTari Tavi im epoqis yvelaze alRoian damkvirveblad warmoaCina.<br />

uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur ojaxSi, romelic saTaves<br />

jon CerCilidan, malbros pirveli hercogidan iRebda. mamamisi inglisis<br />

parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo, dedamisi ki<br />

amerikeli gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentis wevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis<br />

asakSi da TiTqmis maSinve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis<br />

reputacia. 1911 wels igi saadmiralos pirvel lordad dainiSna da es posti<br />

pirveli msoflio omis pirvel wlamde ekava. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gadamdgariyo<br />

TurqeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao­saxmeleTo Setevis<br />

CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi mxars uWerda. CerCilis <strong>politikuri</strong> prestiJi<br />

warmoudgenlad daeca, Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels<br />

samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad dainiSna.<br />

1920­ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo<br />

parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis<br />

kancleris sapatio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi dagrovili<br />

soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930­iani wlebis politikaSi mainc <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

gandegilis saxiT Sevida _ igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebisgan.<br />

miuxedvad imisa, rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvnodaT, igi<br />

mTavrobidan garicxes, ris gamoc parlamentSi izolirebul mdgomareobaSi<br />

aRmoCnda. ormocdaTeqvsmeti wlis asakSi CerCils Tavisi <strong>politikuri</strong> karieris<br />

udroo dasasruli eloda.<br />

magram CerCils garkveuli saxis naTelmxilvelobis unari hqonda, rac<br />

ase iSviaTia politikaSi. mas SeeZlo naTlad daenaxa movlenebi maSin, rodesac<br />

sxvebi gzaabneulebi iyvnen. xelisuflebis saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis<br />

droidan, CerCilma daiwyo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalodneli<br />

safrTxis _ germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebda aseve<br />

britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sahaero<br />

Zalebis Tval sazrisiT. <strong>politikuri</strong> amindis Semqmnelma bevrma politikosma<br />

da komentatorma sasacilod aigdo CerCili da panikiori daarqva.<br />

misi biografis sityvebiT, CerCilis naTqvami rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisad<br />

udabnosa Sina~. 12

400 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

sasowarkveTilebis epoqaSi<br />

uiston CerCilis mizanda­<br />

saxulobam da Tavdajere­<br />

bulobam britaneli eri Sem­<br />

degi sityvebiT gaaerTiana:<br />

`ar unda movdundeT da arc<br />

davmarcxdeT. Cven miznamde<br />

unda mivideT... arasdros<br />

davnebdeT~.<br />

1930­iani wlebis bolos, rogorc ki CerCilis gafrTxilebebma eris<br />

gamoRviZeba daiwyo, misTvis mainc ar moiZebna adgili Tavisi partiis kabinetSi.<br />

mxolod maSin, rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, Cer­<br />

Cils sTxoves mTavrobaSi dabruneba, jer Tavis pirvandel Tanamdebobaze<br />

(saadmiraloSi), Semdeg premieris rangSi. misi STamagonebeli sityvebi da<br />

magaliTi damajerebeli iyo, vinaidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aRmoCnda<br />

`RerZis aliansis~ [germania, italia, iaponia] pirispir, CerCilis<br />

sityvebiTY ~marto, magram kacobriobis yoveli keTilSobili gulis ZgeriT<br />

zurggamagrebulma, Cven gamoviwvieT tirani Tavisi triumfis Jams~. 13<br />

CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. man kargad icoda adamianuri<br />

bunebis bneli mxareebi da amgvarad gaTvala is safrTxe, rasac hitleri<br />

civilizacias umzadebda. igi Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda<br />

sazogadoebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis SiSiT. misi ritorika<br />

STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo dabombvebis<br />

dros. movlenebma daadastura misi mware simarTle moaxloebuli<br />

saSiSroebis, hitleris avismomaswavebeli SeiaraRebisa da TavdacvisTvis<br />

saswrafo mzadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, misi gafrTxilebis<br />

(rom kidev erTi saSineli omi axlovdeboda, Tu britaneTi ar Seecdeboda mis<br />

Tavidan acilebas) mosmena is Tanamemamuleebs ar surdaT, magram CerCils es<br />

ar aSinebda, ufro imaze zrunavda, ra unda gaego mis xalxs. CerCilma aCvena<br />

liderobis Zala, samkvdro­sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis ganWvretis<br />

unari kritikul dros.<br />

abraam linkolni (1809-1865). CerCilma Tavisi eri sagareo safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg<br />

gaaerTiana, linkolnma ki eri sakuTari Tavisganve ixsna.<br />

linkolnis dros ZiriTadi sakiTxi monoba iyo. CerCilma SeZlo britane­<br />

Tis sazogadoebrivi azris Secvla II msoflio omamde, magram linkolns ar<br />

hqonda aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom daerwmunebina samxreTelebis umravle­

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

401<br />

soba monobis gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. samxreTis ekonomikuri damokidebuleba<br />

monobaze, aseve CrdiloeTis rasobrivi stereotipebi imis winapirobas<br />

qmnida, rom monobis dauyovneblad gauqmebis momxre verc erTi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

lideri ver imsaxurebda erTiani saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis<br />

Tanamdebobaze. es iyo is konteqsti, romelSic abraam linkolnma prezidentobisTvis<br />

brZola daiw yo. 1860 wels igi prezidentad airCies.<br />

linkolnis politika emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma<br />

praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romelsac igi gamudmebiT imeorebda<br />

1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi Tavis oponent stiven duglasTan paeqrobisas,<br />

imaSi mdgo mareobda, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo yvelgan da<br />

gamonaklisis gareSe. monobis usamarTlo da uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT<br />

linkolni ganzogadebul filosofias ki ar efareboda, aramed pirdapir mianiSnebda<br />

damoukideblobis deklaraciaze, romelSic weria: `yvela adamiani<br />

Tanasworia~. amgvarad, linkolnisTvis monoba amerikis <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis<br />

yvelaze fundamenturi principis darRveva iyo.<br />

linkolni iyenebda uCveulod praqtikul msjelobas im pirobebis Sefasebisas,<br />

romelSic monoba SesaZloa aRmofxvriliyo amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi. upirveles yovlisa, mas swamda, rom kavSiri Statebs Soris unda<br />

SenarCunebuliyo geografiuli erTobis saxiT, iseve, rogorc unda momxdariyo<br />

misi erTianobis dacva konstituciuri demokratiis farglebSi.<br />

mxolod CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis erTi, centralizebuli xelisuflebis<br />

pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli monobis dasruleba (Tumca, es gardauvali<br />

ar iyo). Sesabamisad, kavSiris SesaZlo daSla niSnavda monobis gaurkveveli<br />

vadiT gagrZelebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreTSi mainc.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Tanasworobis linkolniseuli rwmena da misi mosazrebebi<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi Tanasworoba mxolod kavSiris SenarCunebiT iqneboda<br />

SesaZlebeli, xsnis im nabijebs, romlebic samoqalaqo omis win mis mier<br />

iqna gadadgmuli an Tavidan acilebuli. marTalia, mas swamda, rom monoba<br />

zneobrivad gaumarTlebeli iyo, magram ar SemouTavazebia misi dauyovnebliv<br />

gauqmeba, radgan icoda, rom aseTi SeTavazeba samxreTs gamoyofisken<br />

ubiZgebda da am regionSi monobis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. arc Crdiloeli<br />

abolicionistebisTvis [gamoyofis momxreebis _ mTargmn. Sen.] dauWeria<br />

mxari, romlebic kavSirSidan gamoyofvas eswrebodnen im mosazrebiT,<br />

rom igi monobis sakiTxs. da kidev, linkolni xvdeboda, rom aseTi politika<br />

mxolod gaamyarebda monobas, romlis aRmofxvrac mas ase surda. sabolood,<br />

igi upiripirdeboda duglasis `saxalxo suverenitetis~ formulas, romlis<br />

mixedviT yvela axal Stats damoukideblad SeeZleboda gadaewyvita, mxars<br />

uWerda monobas Tu ara. monobis sakiTxi, linkolnis rwmeniT, zedmetad fundamenturi<br />

iyo imisTvis, rom misi gadawyveta <strong>politikuri</strong> bazris kaprizebisTvis<br />

miendo.<br />

imis magivrad, rom romelime am politikas gahyoloda, linkolnma arCia<br />

monobis gavrcelebisTvis bolo moeRo da mxolod is axali Statebi mieRo<br />

kavSirSi, sadac monoba ar iyo. linkolnis azriT, es monobis sawinaaRmdego<br />

erTaderTi politika iyo, romelic SeiZleboda mieRo sazogadoebas. misi<br />

strategiis ZiriTadi elementebi moTmineba da udrekoba iyo. misi gegmis miRe­

402 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

ba aucileblad bolos mouRebda monobas mTels kavSirSi, rogorc ki monaTmflobeluri<br />

Statebis wona da kanonmdeblobiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

Semcirdeboda kavSirSi axali, monobisagan Tavisufali Statebis miRebiT.<br />

rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom linkolnis politika ver gaimarjvebda, man miiRo<br />

samoqalaqo omis albaToba, rogorc garduvaloba. da mainc, konfliqtis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili pirobebis kvalobaze misi pozicia monobis sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT icvleboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rodesac brZolebi<br />

kav SirisTvis arasaxarbielod warimarTa da omis bedi kavSirSi darCenil<br />

monaTmflobelur Statebze iyo damokidebuli, linkolnma Searbila monobis<br />

sakiTxze zewola. raki kavSiris gadarCena upirveles amocanad rCeboda,<br />

CrdiloeTs samxedro gamarjvebebi esaWiroeboda da ara gancxadebebi. mas<br />

aseve swamda, rom kavSiri ver gadarCeboda, Tuki igi `naxevrad Tavisufali<br />

da naxevrad monaTmflobeluri~ darCeboda. linkolnis mier samoqalaqo<br />

omis mxardaWeris mizezi paradoqsuli iyo _ kavSiris im saxiT gadarCena,<br />

rogorc damfuZnebel mamebs hqondaT Cafiqrebuli.<br />

rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg, linkolnis politika mimar­<br />

Tuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRwevaze sayovelTao Tanxmobis<br />

pirobebSi. rogorc umaRlesma mTavarsardalma, man Tavisi legitimuri<br />

Zalauflebis maqsimumi gamoiyena (da, zogis azriT, gadaaWarba kidec). iseve<br />

rogorc mSvidobianobis dros kavSiris SenarCunebaze mimarTul kompromiss<br />

ar Seuryevia misi ZiriTadi mizani, aseve arc misi zneobrivi saxe ar Seryvnila<br />

omis droindeli diqtatoruli ZalauflebiT. yvela am mizezis gamo linkolni<br />

sanimuSo lideria, romlis mkacri qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebi mxolod<br />

saSualeba iyo omis dros kavSiris gadarCenisTvis.<br />

anvar al-sadaTi (1918-1981). axlo aRmosavleTi didi xania msoflios erTerTi<br />

yvelaze arastabiluri da ZaladobiT aRsavse teritoriaa. 1993 wlis<br />

bolos israelis premierma icxak rabinma da palestinis gaTavisuflebis<br />

organizaciis liderma iasir arafatma, erTmaneTis dauZinebelma mtrebma,<br />

xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac palestinelebs SezRuduli<br />

avtonomia miecaT israelis mier okupirebul md. iordanes dasavleTis sanapirosa<br />

da Razas seqtorSi. es SeTanxmeba potenciurad mSvidobisken gadadgmuli<br />

udidesi nabiji iyo, magram ara pirveli nabiji. mSvidobis damyarebis<br />

precedentis <strong>politikuri</strong> Semoqmedi anvar al­sadaTi iyo.<br />

sadaTi egviptis prezidenti 1970 wels gaxda da es posti mkvlelobamde<br />

aRsasrulamde, 1981 wlamde eWira. man egviptis xelmZRvanelis postze gamal<br />

abdel naseri Secvala, romelic arabuli samyaros da II msoflio omis Semdgomi<br />

antikoloniuri moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo. naseri avtokrati<br />

mmarTveli iyo, romelic rkinis xeliT marTavda egviptes da ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />

israelis saxelmwifos arsebobas. egviptis konstituciis Tanaxmad,<br />

naseris mkvlelobis Semdeg sadaTs, rogorc qveynis vice­prezidents, mTavrobisTvis<br />

droebiT, samoci dRiT unda exelmZRvanela, sanam erovnuli asamblea<br />

prezidentis Semcvlels ar airCevda. garkveuli ironiis Semcvelia<br />

is faqtori, rom egviptis sakanonmdeblo organom sadaTi naseris kursis<br />

ganuxrel mimdevrad CaTvala da prezidentis postze igi daamtkica.

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

403<br />

ra Tqma unda, sadaTisgan sxva molodinis safuZveli arc arsebobda, vinaidan<br />

Tavisi adrindeli <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovreba man didi britaneTisgan<br />

egviptis damoukideblobis dacvas miuZRvna. II msoflio omis dros misi antibritanuli<br />

qmedebebi germanelebTan kavSirSi gamoixateboda. amis gamo<br />

sadaTma ori weli sapatimro banakSic ki gaatara. mogvianebiT, mas kidev<br />

emuqreboda 3­wliani patimrobis safrTxe (1946­1949) britaneli Cinosanis<br />

mkvlelobis braldebiT. im nacionalisturi strategiis CarCoebSi, romelic<br />

egvipteSi arsebul antibritanul ganwyobebs efuZneboda, sadaTi da<br />

naseri Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. swored sadaTma gamoacxada sajarod egvipturi<br />

monarqiis damxoba da naseris xelmZRvanelobiT axali damoukidebeli<br />

respublikis daarseba 1952 wlis ivlisSi.<br />

am istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoudgeneli iyo, rom prezidenti sadaTi<br />

naseris politikas ar gahyoloda. rogorc movlenebis ganviTarebam cxadyo,<br />

molodini ar gamarTlda. 1971 wels igi arabuli respublikebis federaciis<br />

erT­erTi damaarsebeli iyo, romelSic egvipte, libia da siria erTiandeboda.<br />

es movlena arabuli samyaros gaerTianebis naseriseuli politikiT iyo<br />

motivirebuli. male aRmoCnda, rom federacia warumatebeli proeqti iyo<br />

magram ara sadaTis damsaxurebisa Tu survilis gamo.<br />

1973 wels sadaTma egvipte israelTan omSi Caaba. marTalia, egvipte omSi<br />

damarcxda, magram sadaTma yuradReba gaamaxvila misi armiis mier gadamwyveti<br />

brZolis mogebaze _ misi azriT, am gamarjvebam aRadgina egviptis<br />

erovnuli Rirseba.<br />

omis Semdeg sadaTis mebrZoli arabi nacionalistis pozicia mSvidobiani<br />

Tanaarsebobis politikis erTgulebiT Seicvala. es gardaqmna imiT dasrulda,<br />

rom sadaTma gaugonari precedenti dauSva: igi saxelmwifo vizitiT ewvia<br />

israels, sadac STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva qneseTSi (israelis parlamenti)<br />

1977 wlis 20 noembers. Tavad sityvaze ufro mniSvnelovani da simboluri<br />

iyo misi oficialuri viziti israelSi. amiT egvipte pirveli arabuli<br />

qveyana gaxda, romelmac israeli, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo aRiara.<br />

sadaTis mier ase dramatulad warmarTulma molaparakebebma Semdeg wels<br />

gza gakvala kemp­devidis molaparakebebisken. egviptesa da israels Soris<br />

miRweulma SeTanxmebam kemp­devidSi (merilendis Stati), ramac ganapiroba<br />

israelis gasvla okupirebuli sinas naxevarkunZulidan, gaaoca ucxoeli<br />

damkvirveblebi da arabuli samyaro. sadaTs mouxda sxva arabi liderebis<br />

mwvave Setevebis mogerieba, romlebic mas palestinis saqmis RalatSi adana­<br />

Saulebdnen. arabebisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva gare damkvirveblisTvis,<br />

sadaTis Tamami nabijebi xangrZlivi israul­arabuli mSvidobisaken<br />

moulodneli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac uprecedento.<br />

ratom gadadga sadaTma es uCveulo nabiji? zogi eqsperti varaudobs,<br />

rom sadaTi acnobierebda im garemobebs, rom misi gaRaribebuli, mWidrod<br />

dasaxlebuli qveyana ver gauZlebda israelTan mudmiv oms. sxvebi fiqroben,<br />

rom israelma dazvervis informacia miawoda egviptes mis mimarT ufro da<br />

ufro mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblis _ libiis qmedebebis Sesaxeb. dabolos,<br />

gavrcelebuli azriT, sadaTi pragmatikosi politikosi iyo, romelic xvdeboda,<br />

rom israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda<br />

jer kidev 1967 wels dakarguli sinas naxevarkunZulis dabruneba.

404 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa _ yvela am faqtors albaT SeeZlo Camoeyalibebina<br />

sadaTis gaTvlebi, mainc araa cxadi samSvidobo politikis im<br />

RonisZiebebis intensiuroba da masStabebi, rac sadaTma ganaxorciela da<br />

risTvisac sakuTar Tavze uamravi piradi da <strong>politikuri</strong> pasuxismgebloba<br />

aiRo. man kargad icoda, rom Tavisi qmedebebiT arabuli samyarosa da saku­<br />

Tari moqalaqeebis umetesobisgan gaucxoeba mouwevda. rogorc Cans, swored<br />

iseve, rogorc axalgazrda sadaTi Tavisufali da damoukdiebeli egviptis<br />

ideals mihyveboda (romlis xorcSesxmaSi uzarmazari wvlili swored mas<br />

miuZRoda), asakovan sadaTs aSkarad ufro keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZravebda.<br />

rogorc Tavad ganacxada kemp­devidis SeTanxmebebis xelmowerisas:<br />

dae, aRar iyos omebi da sisxlisRvra arabebsa da ebraelebs Soris; dae,<br />

aRar iyos Cagvra da uflebebis Selaxva; dae, aRar iyos sasowarkveTa<br />

da rwmenis dakargva; dae, arc erT dedas ar mouwios Svilis dakargvis<br />

gamo glova; dae, arc erT axalgazrda kacs ar mouwios Tavisi sicocxlis<br />

uazrod dakargva konfliqtSi, romelSic ar arian gamarjvebulebi.<br />

modiT, erTad vimuSavoT, sanam ar mova dRe, rodesac xmlebs<br />

saxnavebad da isrebs namglebad gadaakeTeben. 14<br />

regionSi siZulvilis, religiuri fanatizmisa da mudmivi omianobis<br />

Sewyveta, rac aqamde, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis wesi iyo, ra Tqma<br />

unda, saxelmwifoebrivi Senebis diad aqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. SesaZloa,<br />

axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba ukvdavebaze sada­<br />

Tis pirovnuli ganacxadi iyo. aravin icis, icoda Tu ara man aleqsander<br />

hamiltonis Sexedulebebi liderobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavisi qmedebebiT sadaTma<br />

gaamarTla hamiltonis dakvirveba, rom didebis siyvaruli istoriis<br />

yvelaze gamorCeuli liderebis `mmarTveli grZnobaa~.<br />

linkolnis msgavsad sadaTic erT­erTma misma Tanamemamulem mokla. ucnauria,<br />

magram xSirad aseTia istoriis udides mSvidobismyofelTa bedi (XX<br />

saukunis araZaladobrivi brZolis moqadage mahaTma gandic mokles). marTalia,<br />

xangrZlivi mSvidoba axlo aRmosavleTSi ver damyarda, magram egviptesa<br />

da israels Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba or aTwleulze metxans grZeldeba,<br />

rac anvar al­sadaTis pirad sibrZnesa da gambedaobaze dafuZnebulma<br />

samSvidobo SeTanxmebam moitana.<br />

liderobis daknineba?<br />

SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos <strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis Sesaxeb TavSi<br />

gamorCeul liderebze esoden didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. yvelafers rom<br />

Tavi davaneboT, amerikul politikaSi kargad cnobili gamonaTqvami amtkicebs,<br />

rom saxelmwifo moRvawe sxva aravinaa, Tu ara didi xnis win gardacvlili<br />

politikosi. im winaswarmetyvelisa ar iyos, romelic Tavis qveyanaSi<br />

dafasebuli ar iyo, WeSmarit liderebs xSirad ar afaseben Tanamedorveni.<br />

aseT mmarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, sakmarisi drois gasvlis Semdeg aRiareben,

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

405<br />

rodesac maTi SorsmWvreteluri politikis praqtikuli Sedegebi yvelasaTvis<br />

TvalsaCino xdeba.<br />

da mainc, epoqaSi, rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi skandalebiT arian moculni<br />

da maTi winadadebebi da politika asaxavs mxolod fokus­jgufebisa<br />

da sagangebod dakveTili gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs, gamokveTili <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

<strong>lideroba</strong> TiTqos Soreul idealad rCeba. aq arsebobs uSualod TanamedroveobiT<br />

ganpirobebuli sxva mizezi, ris gamoc am tipis <strong>lideroba</strong> ase daufasebelia<br />

amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi: misi arseboba, da SesaZleblobac<br />

ki, eWvs iwvevs. radgan amerikis moqalaqe didi eWviT uyurebs nebismieri<br />

arCeuli sajaro moxelis sajaro gancxadebebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi cdilobs<br />

amoicnos Rrmad damaluli piradi interesebi da <strong>politikuri</strong> motivebi,<br />

rac marTlac zedapiris miRma imaleba), amitom fiqrobs, rom gansakuTrebuli<br />

liderebi mxolod Zveli drois Zalian Wkviani da warmatebuli politikosebi<br />

arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki 1934 wels gamocemuli socialur<br />

mecnierebaTa enciklopedia moicavda britaneli mkvlevaris mokle, magram<br />

mwvave eses <strong>politikuri</strong> liderobis Sesaxeb, ufro Tanamedrove gamocema<br />

gulgrilad moixseniebs saxelmwifo moRvaweobis nebismier aspeqts <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

azrovnebis kategoriaSi.<br />

amasTan, <strong>politikuri</strong> gonierebis ideis gadafaseba aseve asaxavs im<br />

damokidebulebas, ra mcire mniSvneloba aqvs gamorCeulobas egalitarul<br />

epoqaSi. 15 raki Tanamderove demokratiebi aTvalwunebiT uyureben yvela socialur<br />

da ekonomikur gansxvavebas, naklebad moduri xdeba imis aRiareba,<br />

rom vinme SeiZleba gamoirCeodes. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkveTria iq,<br />

sadac politika profesiad moiazreba.<br />

azrovnebis am CarCoebidan gamomdinareobs Tanamedroveobis swrafva<br />

gaacamtveros sanimuSo da brZnuli liderobis idea. am midgomis momxreTaTvis<br />

istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaurkveveli istoriuli determinantebi<br />

da viwro kerZo interesebia da ara Tavisufali neba. maTTvis gulubryvilobaa<br />

imis dajereba, rom zogi lideri marTla zrunavs sazogado sikeTeze.<br />

aseTi cinikuri midgoma msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli liderebis radikalurad<br />

SezRudul xedvas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom `Zveli istoriebi<br />

mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi<br />

SecdomiT da sulelurad gmirebad aRiqvamdnen... Wkviani manipulatorebis<br />

didebis panTeoniT unda Seicvalos~. 16<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> miRwevebis mimarT aseTi mzardi antipaTiis yvelaze seriozuli<br />

Sedegi isaa, rom igi politikur cxovrebas naklebad mimzidvels<br />

xdis unariani da patiosani pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa, erCiaT<br />

sazogado da ara kerZo interesebis samsaxurSi gamoeCinaT Tavi. demokratiul<br />

sazogadoebas sakuTari TavisTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia imiT, rom<br />

sajaro moxeleebs jerovan pativs ar miagebs. is yovlismomcveli rwmena,<br />

rom yvelgan mxolod korumpirebuli da saSualo unaris mqone politikosebi<br />

arian, SeiZleba TviTrealizebadi avi winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCndes da<br />

swored aseTma pirovnebebma daikavon sajaro Tanamdebobebi.

406 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

demagogebi<br />

gulwrfeli da maRali zneobrivi principebis mqone, magram SecdomaSi<br />

Seyvanili nevil Cemberlenisgan [britaneli politikosi, premier­ministri<br />

1937­1940] gansxvavebiT, adolf hitleri oportunisti lideri iyo da<br />

politikosebis yvelaze saSiS tips, demagogebs ganekuTvneboda. Tavdapirveli<br />

gagebiT, Zvel saberZneTSi demagogi iyo lideri, romelic Cveulebrivi<br />

xalxis saqmisTvis iRvwoda. dReisTvis demagogs uwodeben iseTi liders,<br />

romelic <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis xalxis rwmenis eqspluatacias<br />

eweva, ayalbebs simarTles da cru dapirebebs iZleva. zogadad, demagogi<br />

iTavsebs SeuzRudav pirad ambicias, mouzomav meTodebsa da farTo saxalxo<br />

mimzidvelobas.<br />

Tuki WeSmariti liderebi ideals warmoadgenen, demagogebi ryvnian rogorc<br />

WeSmaritebis, ise liderobis arss. gamorCeuli liderebi cdiloben<br />

samarTlianobisa da sazogado sikeTis damkvidrebas, demagogebi ki aseTi<br />

RirebulebebisTvis mxolod imdenad iRvwian, ramdenadac es maT saSualebas<br />

miscems moipovon sakuTari piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro<br />

uzomo Zalauf leba, rac swored sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze xdeba.<br />

demagogebi uwinaresad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Cndebian, sadac<br />

xalxis mxardaWeris mopoveba aucilebelia umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad.<br />

didi demokrati liderebisgan gansxvavebiT, demagogebs sazogadoeba<br />

iSviaTad Tu imaxsovrebs maTi xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg. zog<br />

SemTxvevaSi isini waruSlel kvals toveben, rac maTi sidiadis ki ara, piriqiT,<br />

maTive samarcxvino saqmianobis Sedegia.<br />

amerikis politikur istoriaSi mravladaa demagogebis aRzevebisa da dacemis<br />

magaliTebi. zogi maTganis saqmianobas mxolod viwro lokaluri gavlena<br />

hqonda, zogisa ki mTel ers Seexo. yoveli maTgani sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi<br />

zizRis grZnobiTaa Semonaxuli.<br />

Teodor bilbo (1877-1947). bilbo misisipis politikaSi wamyvani figura iyo<br />

1920­1940­ian wlebSi, rogorc Statis gubernatori da Semdeg senatori. is<br />

erTnairad sastiki iyo rogorc Savkanianebis, ise Tavisi <strong>politikuri</strong> oponentebis<br />

mimarT. misi ritorika mravalferovani da Seuracmyofeli iyo.<br />

erT­erTi <strong>politikuri</strong> kampaniis dros man Tavis oponents `afTarisa da<br />

mawanwala ZaRlis najvari... saflavSi SuaRamiT naSobi, Roris gamozrdili<br />

da sulelis mier aRzrdili~ 17 uwoda. marTalia, bilbos TeTrkanianTa upiratesobisa<br />

da enis politikam bevri misisipelis guli moigo, Tumca yvelaSi<br />

erTnairi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia. misi <strong>politikuri</strong> mokavSireebic ki<br />

bilbos sakuTari interesebis gamtarebel manipulatorad aRiqvamdnen.<br />

erT­erTi gadmocemis mixedviT `Statis senatma 1911 wels, bilbo<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi wesier da patiosan adamianebTan erTad jdomisTvis<br />

Seuferebel pirovnebad gamoacxada, misma erT­erTma Tayvanismcemelma<br />

ufro mwvavedac daaxasiaTa: `patara moxerxebuli nabiWvari~ 18 . erT­erTi<br />

gzeTis redaqtoris TvalSi bilbo iyo adamiani, romelic `ar iRwvoda araf­

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

407<br />

risTvis, rac amaRlebuli an konstruqciulia... arafrisTvis, rac vnebis,<br />

crurwmenisa da siZulvilisgan gvicavs... arafrisTvis, rac Rirebulia”. 19<br />

hiu longi (1893-1935). Teodor bilbo iolad gaeqca amerikel istorikosTa<br />

umetesobis yuradRebas, hiui longi ki, misisipis mezobel Stat luizianaSi<br />

moRvawe politikosi, vera. hiui longi, romelic Tavisi keijuneli [keijunebi<br />

_ frankofonuri eTnosi, romelic luizianas StatSi cxovrobs. mTargmn.<br />

Sen.] amomrCevlebisTvis, cnobili iyo rogorc kingfiSi [mefe­Tevzi _ es<br />

zedmetsaxeli longma TviTon dairqva. mTargmn. Sen.], gacilebiT ufro ambiciuri<br />

gaxldaT, vidre bilbo. igi mdabio warmomavlobis iyo, daasrula<br />

samwliani samarTlis kursi Tuleinis universitetSi, Caabara specialuri<br />

gamocda luizianas umaRles sasamarTloSi da ocdaerTi wlis asakSi licenzirebuli<br />

advokati gaxda. misive sityvebiT, is `sasamarTlo darbazidan imisTvis<br />

gamovida, rom TanamdebobisTvis ebrZola~. 20 sami wlis Semdeg longi<br />

Statis rkinigzis rwmunebulad airCies, 1928 wels ki luizianas gubernatoric<br />

gaxda.<br />

hiui longi gubernatorobis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1928­1932), aseve<br />

senatorobis drosac luizianas rkinis xeliT marTavda, sanam ar mokles1935<br />

wels. rogorc gubernatori, longi Statis <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis yvela<br />

aspeqts marTavda. mcvelebiTa da <strong>politikuri</strong> manqaniT garemoculi, Statis<br />

policias da milicias (saxalxo laSqris) is amomrCevlebis dasaSineblad iyenebda,<br />

sakadro politikaSi xelmZRvanelobda patronaJisa da favoritizmis<br />

principebiT, Seqmna Statis sagamomcemlo organo, raTa xeli SeeSala<br />

damoukidebeli da mis mimarT opoziciuri presisTvis, adamianis gatacebis<br />

brZaneba gasca arCevnebis wina dRes, raTa Tavidan aecilebina garTulebebi,<br />

da saerTod, igi ufro despoti mmarTveliviT iqceoda, vidre Statis<br />

demokratiulad arCeuli gubernatoris sakadrisad. misi avtoritaruli<br />

mmarTvelobis periodSi<br />

`adamianebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen da iyvnen kidec dapatimrebuli<br />

amoucnobi pirebis, misi saidumlo policiis wevrebis mier. maT ar<br />

hqondaT gare samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualeba, awamebdnen da<br />

SeTiTxnil braldebebiT scnobdnen damnaSaveebad. Statis umaRlesi<br />

sasamarTlos wevrTa umetesoba urcxvad misi momxre gaxda... mkvlelma,<br />

romelmac winaswarganzraxuli mkvleloba Caidina _ Tavi gauxeTqa<br />

longis oponents _ sasamarTloSi jibidan Sewyalebis winaswar xelmowerili<br />

sabuTi amoiRo~. 21<br />

am SemTxvevebisa da fufunebis mimarT swrafvis miuxedavad, longi yovelTvis<br />

cdilobda ezruna sakuTari Tavis `ubralo biWad~ warmoCenaze. misi<br />

azriT, WeSmariti borotmoqmedebi mdidari korporaciebi iyvnen, magali­<br />

Tad, standard oili, romlebic ubralo adamianebs aRaribebdnen da mxolod<br />

kompaniis ramdenime moxeles amdidrebdnen.<br />

didi biznesis mier xalxis savaraudo ZarcvisTvis `xelSesaSlelad~ da<br />

1936 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis farTo saxalxo mxardaWeris mobi­

408 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

hiu longi (1893­1935) luizianas<br />

gaxmaurebuli gubernatori, xolo<br />

mogvianebiT SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

senatori, Statis mZlavri poli­<br />

tikuri manqanis demagogiuri kon­<br />

trolis magaliTia. populistis<br />

niRbiT longma Zalauflebis mop­<br />

oveba amomrCevelTaTvis imedis Se­<br />

TavazebiT SeZlo.<br />

lizebisaTvis longma SeimuSava utopiuri, magram popularuli programa<br />

`gaanawile simdidre~. es programa didi depresiiT dazaralebuli adamianebis<br />

grZnobebsa da gaWirvebaze iyo gaTvlili da morgebuli. longis programa<br />

gulisxmobda simdidris zRvaris gansazRvras, sazRvravda minimalur<br />

da maqsimalur Semosavals, gulisxmobda grantebis saSualebiT daxmarebis<br />

gawevas yvela fermeris ojaxisTvis, ufaso umaRles ganaTlebas, danamatebs<br />

veteranebisTvis da pensiebs asakovani adamianebisTvis, aseve hpirdeboda<br />

amomrCevels radioebis, avtomobilebisa da sakvebis subsidirebas saxelmwifo<br />

Sesyidvebis xarjze. ramdenadac ararealisturi da arapraqtikuli<br />

unda iyos es programebi, sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebs, romlebsac hiui longi<br />

mimarTavda, am TvalsazrisiT eWvi da kiTxva ar gasCeniaT. maT sWirdebodaT<br />

vinme, visi rwmenac eqnebodaT.<br />

sxva demagogebis msgavsad, longma Zalaufleba uimedoTaTvis imedis micemiT<br />

moipova. demagogebi ZiriTadad amtkiceben, rom daamarcxeben borot<br />

Zalebs, romelTa bralic aris xalxis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi yofna. ra<br />

Tqma unda, es Zalebi, bilbos SemTxevaSi Savkanianebi da longis SemTxevvaSi<br />

korporaciebi, sinamdvileSi ar floben iseT Zalas, rom xalxis bedi gansaz­<br />

Rvron. rogorc ki warmoidgenen, rom ubralo xalxis mtrebs ebrZvian, isini<br />

Tavad ixiblebian amiT. demagogebs xSirad hqoniaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom<br />

moulodneli farTo mxardaWera da popularoba mieRoT sakuTari ukanono<br />

miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />

jozef makkarti (1908-1957). 1950­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arafriT gamor­<br />

Ceulma politikosma viskonsinidan, jozef makkartim, gamoaaSkarava demoni,<br />

amerikeli xalxis udidesi mteri da Semdeg gamudmebiT cdilobda am boroti<br />

Zalis kvalis povnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

409<br />

respublikelma senatorma makkartim sayovelTao yuradReba imiT miipyro,<br />

rom saxelmwifo departamentSi mokalaTebuli komunistebis Sokis<br />

momgvreli `mxileba~ moaxdina. daaxloebiT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi is<br />

Ralatis braldebiT adanaSaulebda sajaro moxeleebis farTo speqtrs,<br />

kolejis profesorebsa da holivudis varskvlavebs. iyenebda ra Tavis mdgomareobas,<br />

sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelobas senatSi, makkarti aSantaJebda,<br />

aSinebda da Rirsebas ulaxavda uamrav adamians mTavrobaSi da mis<br />

gareT. raki misi braldebebi SiSis atmosferos qmnida, saxelmwifoSi misi<br />

Zalauflebac izrdeboda da vinc mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda, amas sakuTari<br />

mdgomareobis riskis fasad akeTebda.<br />

1954 wels makkartim jorj marSali (yofili saxelmwifo da Tavdacvis mdivani)<br />

ucxoeTis jaSuSuri qselis moqmedebis Sesaxeb informaciis damalvaSi<br />

daadanaSaula. es braldebebi general jorj marSalis, prezident duait eizenhaueris<br />

Semdeg SesaZloa amerikaSi yvelaze pativsacemi sajaro piris winaaRmdeg<br />

wayenebul sxva insinuaciebTan erTad, gardatexis wertilad iqca.<br />

makkartim Zalian Sors Setopa. ironiulia, rom misi upasuxismgeblo braldebebi<br />

da mouxeSavi meTodebi senatis gamoZiebis sagani gaxda. am sakiTxze senat­<br />

Si gamarTuli mosmenebi gadaicemoda radioTi da Suqdeboda televiziiT, es<br />

Tema yvela mniSvnelovani gazeTis pirvel gverdebze ibeWdeboda. sabolood,<br />

makkarti iseve swrafad mieca daviwyebas, rogor swrafadac SemoiWra qveynis<br />

yuradRebis cent rSi.<br />

politikosebi<br />

demokratiul saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi xSirad damamcireblad moixsenieben<br />

politikosebs ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben rogorebi arian isini<br />

sinamdvileSi. politikosebi arian adamianebi, romelTa upirvelesi (magram<br />

ara erTaderTi) mizani arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa; isini<br />

TavianT amomrCevlebs warmoadgenen, akeTeben imas, rasac saWirod an sworad<br />

Tvlian (an akeTeben imas, rac iolad gauvaT) da swored amisTvis sWirdebaT<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba. politikosebs mniSvneloba aqvT imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac maTi arseboba mxolod demokratiul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli.<br />

politikosebs iseve, rogorc nebismieri Tanamdebobis mqone pirTa umetesobas,<br />

arc diadi xedvebi aqvT, arc gansakuTrebuli unarebi. dRidan dRemde<br />

isini TavianTi SesaZlebloebis maqsimums akeTeben im SezRudvebis piorbeb­<br />

Si, romlebSic maT moqmedeba uwevT. yovelTvis, rodesac maT kargi saqmis<br />

gakeTeba surT, sirTules qmnis moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebis calsaxad<br />

dacva. ufro met sirTules ki is qmnis, rom Tavze <strong>politikuri</strong> riskis aReba<br />

uwevT. zogadad isini korumpirebulni ar arian, magram xSirad korufciisadmi<br />

midrekilebas amJRavneben. isini adamianebis umetes nawilze arc uke­<br />

Tesebi arian da arc uaresebi _ isini Cveulebrivebi arian.<br />

problema maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac moqalaqeebs gansakuTrebuli<br />

lideris moTxovnileba uCndebaT. demokratiebSi politikosebs urTerTsawinaaRmdego<br />

molodinebs Soris lavireba uwevT. maTgan moelian imas, rom

410 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

iseTive Cveulebrivebi iyvnen, rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi; amavdroulad,<br />

maTgan TavianTi movaleobebisa da qveynisadmi uCveulo Tavdadebis gamom­<br />

JRavnebas moiTxoven.<br />

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaraudo lideri maradiuli kiTxvis winaSe<br />

dgas: imoqmedos, rogorc Tavisi amomrCevlebis delegatma da aRasrulos<br />

maTi survilebi, Tu imoqmedos, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma<br />

da damoukideblad imsjelos xalxis saxeliT. Tavad <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema<br />

moiTxovs arCeuli warmomadgenlebisgan, iyvnen gulisxmierni, Tuki maT<br />

surT kvlavac airCion. magram WeSmariti liderebi ar mihyvebian masas, isini<br />

mas win miuZRvian da swored amaSia politikosobis dilema.<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi<br />

iseT did qveyanaSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebia, rom araferi vTqvaT<br />

indoeTze, SeuZlebelia calke aRebulma individma Tavad uzrunvelyos sakuTari<br />

interesebis warmodgena da dacva. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo organo<br />

am sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi<br />

meqanizmia, radgan isaa xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

instituti. warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis mixedviT<br />

sakanonmdeblo organo~warmomadgenlobiTia maSin, rodesac mTliani <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

organizmis yvela elements Sesabamisi proporciiT moicavs. es Cveni<br />

anareklia, Cveni mikrokosmosi~. 22<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis am modelSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi<br />

valdebulni arian imoqmedon rogorc darigebulma delegatebma. am<br />

Teoriis mixedviT warmomadgeneli sazogadoebrivi azris matarebelia,<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, amomrCevlebi qiraoben mas, rogorc garkveuli saxis<br />

rwmunebuls sakanonmdeblo organoSi. am TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebasTan<br />

kavSirisTvis, sa zogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebisa da fokus­jgufebis<br />

saSualebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemuli momentisTvis sazogadoebrivad<br />

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis SerCeva. arCeuli warmomadgenlisaTvis, romelmac<br />

Tavi gamoiCina rogorc yvelaze gulisxmierma da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis<br />

mqone delegatma, jildos saxiT xelaxla arCevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs<br />

(Tumca, SeerTebul StatebSi ukve arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebs ganuzomeli<br />

upiratesoba aqvT).<br />

delegaciuri Teoriis safuZveli xalxis saRi azri da wesierebis rwmenaa.<br />

am Teoriis erT­erTi gamoCenili mqadagebeli, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />

`arsebobs SedarebiTi Tanasworoba warmomadgenlebisa da amomrCevlebis<br />

SesaZleblobebsa da Wkuas Soris~, amtkicebda, rom `TavkerZuli da gaumar­<br />

Tlebeli iqneboda warmomadgenlebis mier xalxis azris da survilebis<br />

gauTvaliswinebloba~ da rom <strong>politikuri</strong> sakiTxebi xSirad `ufro iracionalur<br />

da pirad mosazrebebze da ara saxalxo ganxilvasa da Tanxmobaze dafuZnebul<br />

xedvebs moicavs... aucilebelia warmomadgenlebma rCeva hkiTxon<br />

xalxs da gaiTvaliswinon maTi arCevani~. 23<br />

es midgoma, misi mqadageblebis azriT, aseve xels uSlis korufcias. kanonmde­

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

411<br />

blebi, Yromlebic amomrCevlebis azris gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben, SezRudulni<br />

arian da maT saqmianobaSi ukanono garigebebisTvis mcire sivrce rCeba.<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi<br />

warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis kritikosebi amboben, rom am<br />

midgomis Tanaxmad, arCeuli pirebi pasiurebi arian, vinaidan isini moqmedeben<br />

rogorc xalxis azris mimdevrebi da ara rogorc liderebi. am Teoriis<br />

gamorCeuli kritikosi iyo edmund berki (1729­1797), XVIII saukunis cnobili<br />

ingliseli moazrovne da kanonmdebeli.<br />

berki amtkicebda, rom kanonmdeblebma fiqrisa da moqmedebis garkveuli<br />

xarisxis Tavisufleba unda daitovon. ufro konkretulad, berki am mosazrebas<br />

imiT amtkicebda, rom arCeul warmomadgenels sWirdeba yofiT sakiTxebze<br />

mowuwune da TavSeukavebeli (SesaZloa iracionaluri) eleqtoratis<br />

garkveuli problemebisagan izolireba. is amtkicebda, rom politikosma,<br />

rogorc kanonmdebelma, unda moisminos misi amomrCevlis mosazrebebi, magram<br />

yvela problemas Tanabari mniSvneloba ar unda mianiWos: kompetentur<br />

kanonmdebels unda hqondes unari, rom erTmaneTisgan ganasaxvavos adamianuri<br />

bunebis naklovanebidan gamomdinare saCivari Tu sawuxari (romlis<br />

dakmayofileba ver moxerxdeba) im problemebisgan, romlebic `mocemuli<br />

momentis konkretuli satkivaris simptomebs moicavs~. 24 am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

xalxis ganwyoba Rirebuli barometria imisTvis, rom konkretuli sakiTxis<br />

aqtualuroba gansazRvro.<br />

politikur warmomadgenlobasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris am urTierTqmedebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa, ra adgils uCens berki kanonmdebels.<br />

pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mas swamda, rom mmarTveloba bunebrivi<br />

aristokratiis xvedria, romelic gamorCeuli da saukeTeso pirebisgan<br />

Sedgeba da arCeuli mmarTvelebi unda moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc TavianTi<br />

amomrCevlebis meurveebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi unda<br />

moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze da ara<br />

rogorc amomrCevlebis marionetebi. rogorc Tavad berkma aRniSna amomrCevlebisadmi<br />

Tavis cnobil mimarTvaSi: `Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven winaSe<br />

valdebulia aramarto Tavisi saqmianobiT, aramed Tavisi azrovnebiT;<br />

da is gRalatobT, Tuki Tqven samsaxurs Tqven mosazrebebze dabla daayenebs<br />

da maT Seswiravs msxverplad~. 25<br />

berkiseuli warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria mmarTvelobis<br />

miseul farTo filosofiaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, kargi mmarTveloba<br />

unda moicavdes ara marto keTil nebas, aramed `siqvelesa da gonebasac~.<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba qmediTi iyos, is unda emyarebodes swor<br />

qcevas da frTxil gansjas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinos da ganaxorcielos WeSmariti<br />

sazogadoebrivi sikeTe. berkma parlamenti ganmarta, rogorc `erTi<br />

interesis mqone erTi qveynis saTaTbiro asamblea, sadac lokaluri miznebi<br />

da lokaluri xedvebi ki ar unda uZRodes msjelobas, aramed sajaro sikeTe,<br />

romelic erTi da ganuyofeli saerTo gonidan gamomdinareobs~. 26

412 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

berks swamda, rom kanonmdeblebsa da Cveulebriv amomrCevlebs Soris<br />

didi gansxvavebaa. misi azriT, Zlier respublikaSi warmomadgenlebi ufro<br />

gonierebi da ukeT informirebulni unda iyvnen, vidre amomrCevlebi da, Sesabamisad,<br />

unda hqondeT imis unari, rom frTxili ganxilvis Semdeg qveynis winaSe<br />

mdgari <strong>politikuri</strong> problemebi gadawyviton. sabolood igi amtkicebda,<br />

rom qveynis, rogorc mTlianis keTildReoba (erovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi<br />

interesi) misi Semadgeneli nawilebis (lokaluri an raime konkretuli jgufis)<br />

keTildReobasa da interesebze ufro maRla unda idges. amis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

berki xazs usvamda kanonmdeblis, rogorc lideris mniSvnelobas<br />

da mas ufro maRla ayenebda, vidre kanonmdebels, rogorc amomrCevlis azris<br />

gamomxatvelsa da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis mimdevars.<br />

`politiko~<br />

zogierTi amerikeli politologi termin politikos iyenebs im politikosebis<br />

dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT axerxeben kanonmdeblis,<br />

rogorc delegatisa da meurvis funqciebis SeTavsebas. Sesabamisad, `politikoebi~<br />

arian is politikosebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis zedapiruli interesebiT<br />

mowonebuli `sayvelpuro~ kanonebis damtkicebisTvis ibrZvian<br />

da ar dgamen damoukidebel nabijebs im sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic<br />

pirdapir ar exeba maTi amomrCevlebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, kanzasis<br />

meoTxe sakanonmdeblo regioni cnobilia rogorc amerikis saaviacio<br />

centri (boingis korporaciis samxedro biznesis Tavmoyris adgili), amitom<br />

gasakviri araa, rom aqauri warmomadgeneli kongresSi amomrCevelTa<br />

interesebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze konservatiulad ganwyobilTa<br />

xmebis mopovebiT asaxavs. 27 `politikoebi~ zogadad TavianTi olqis<br />

an Statis specifikuri ekonomikuri interesebisTvis ibrZvian, poziciebi,<br />

romlebsac isini ikaveben, xSirad konkretul sakiTxebzea orientirebuli.<br />

ase rom, gasakviri araa vixiloT, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegebian iaraRze kontrolis<br />

Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobas sasoflo­sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevari<br />

Statebis liberali senatorebi, riTac xazs usvamen TavianTi amomrCevlebis<br />

poziciebis erTgulebas.<br />

arkanzaselma senatorma uiliam fulbraitma (1905­1995) meore msoflio<br />

omis dasrulebisTanave sityva warmoTqva Cikagos universitetSi, romelSic<br />

man demokratiuli liderobisadmi `politikos~ midgoma gamoxata:<br />

saSualo statistikuri kanonmdebeli Tavisi karieris dasawyisSive aRmoaCens,<br />

rom arsebobs amomrCevelTa garkveuli interesebi an stereotipebi,<br />

romlebTanac araseriozuli damokidebuleba sakmaod saSiSia.<br />

am stereotipebis nawili SeiZleba ar iyos eris keTildReobisTvis<br />

fundamenturi mniSvnelobisa, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli SeiZleba<br />

ar eTanxmebodes, magram waaxalisos es stereotipebi. ufro saSiSia<br />

SemTxveva, rodesac stereotipi qveynis keTildReobis fundamentur<br />

politikas exeba. am SemTxvevaSi kargi kanonmdeblis kvalifikacia ima­

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

Si gamoixateba, Tu ramdenad Seswevs unari ganasxvavos fundamenturi<br />

saWiroeba zedapirulisgan da moaxerxos am ukanasknelis gamijvna. imis<br />

sailustraciod, rasac vgulisxmob, modiT, moviyvanoT izolacionizmis<br />

da suladobrivi gadasaxadis [gadasaxadi, romelic Tanabrad ekisreba<br />

gadasaxadis yvela gadamxdels Semosavlebisa da mdgomareobis<br />

miuxedavad] magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, raoden damajereblebic unda<br />

iyvnen Cemi kolegebi da erovnuli media suladobrivi gadasaxadis<br />

borotebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, me ver vxedav mis fundamentur mniSvnelobas<br />

da vemxrobi Cemi Statis xalxis azrs. SesaZloa, mravalTaTvis<br />

samwuxaro pirobebi simboluri mogveCvenos, magram veWvob rom am kanonis<br />

gauqmebam romelime Cveni ZiriTadi problema gadawyvitos. meore<br />

mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, raoden Seupovradac unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen<br />

Cemi amomrCevlebi gaerTianebuli erebis Zlieri organizaciis Seqmnas<br />

da masSi monawileobas, me ver davuWer maT mxars manam, sanam ar<br />

davrwmundebi mis ganuxorcieleblobaSi. 28<br />

413<br />

fulbraitis kariera senatSi (1945­1975) SesaZloa `politikos~ moqmedebis<br />

magaliTad gamodges. xSirad igi iseTi kanonebis winaaRmdeg aZlevda<br />

xmas, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis sferoSi, romelTa mimarT, Sesa­<br />

Zloa piradi simpaTiac ki hqonda. is xvdeboda, rom Zalauflebis Sesanar­<br />

Cuneblad winaaRmdegoba ar unda gaewia Tavisi arkanzaseli amomrCevlebis<br />

umravlesobis rasistuli stereotipebisTvis maSin, rodesac Tavad mas sruliad<br />

sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqonda. fulbraiti xSirad Tavs imar­<br />

Tlebda imiT, rom samoqalaqo uflebis zogi sakiTxi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis<br />

ar iyo.<br />

rasobriv sakiTxze sakuTari Statis umravlesobis azris mimarT pativiscemam<br />

fulbraits farTo asparezi misca sagareo politikaSi, romlis mimarT<br />

arkanzasel amomrCevlebs naklebi interesi hqondaT. is senatis sagareo<br />

urTierTobaTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda da miuxedavad imisa, rom ukiduresad<br />

konservatiul Stats warmoadgenda, aRiareba moipova, rogorc<br />

sagareo politikaSi liberalizmis principebis gamJRerebelma.<br />

damSoSmineblebi<br />

politikosebi, romlebsac ZaluZT `saqmis keTeba~ pativiscemas da aRiarebas<br />

imaxureben . igulisxmeba, rom isini cud saqmes ar akeTebn. damSoSmineblebi<br />

Cveulebrivi politikosebis saintereso qvejgufia: is, rac maTi<br />

warmodgeniT SeiZleba iyos sazogado sikeTe da is, rac realurad aris kargi<br />

qveynisTvis, xSirad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego ram aRmoCndeba. ase rom,<br />

Tavad Tu gaimarjvebs, SeiZleba qveyanam waagos.<br />

SesaZloa damTmobis saukeTeso (an yvelaze cudi) magaliTi iyos nevil<br />

Cemberleni, romelic didi britaneTis premier­ministri iyo 1937­1940<br />

wlebSi. retrospeqtivas Tu gadavxedavT, meore msoflio omamde germania<br />

daCqarebul gadaiaraRebas awarmoebda, magram Cemberlens patiosnad swamda,

414 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

rom omi da SeiaraReba fuWi da zedapiruli saqmianoba iyo. mas imisic swamda,<br />

rom molaparakebebi da daTmobebi yovelgvari politikis, maT Soris saerTa­<br />

Soriso politikis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. 1938 wlis oqtomberSi Cemberleni<br />

TemTa palataSi amtkicebda, rom `Cven winaSe ganiaraRebis sakiTxis<br />

mimarT axali SesaZleblobebi iSleba da me mwams, isini iseTive imedis momcemni<br />

arian dRes, rogorc winaT~. is agreTve ambobda:<br />

aseT amocanebs zurgs umagrebs imis rwmena, rom qveynebs Soris mtroba<br />

etapobrivad daiZleva. TandaTanobiT, manam, sanam erebi ar igrZnoben,<br />

rom maT uSiSrad SeuZliaT dauSvan iaraRi... me visurvebdi, rom am<br />

Tanamdebobaze Cems xelT arsebuli dro... maT mier dasaxul miznebsa da<br />

miRweul Sedegebs Soris didi ufskrulia xolme. da mTeli Cemi energia<br />

mimeZRvna am amocanisTvis. 29<br />

miuxedavad Cemberlenis rwmenisa, bevri britaneli axalgazrda brZolis<br />

velze daeca hitleris ukompromiso militarizmis wyalobiT. saerTa­<br />

Soriso politikis uprecedentod civiluri Cemberleniseuli analizi, romelic<br />

safuZvlad edo veluri diqtatoris moTvinierebis mcdelobas, ar<br />

iyo moklebuli principul xedvas Tu gulwrfelobas, magram is ubralod<br />

mcdari iyo.<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi<br />

vaclav haveli. 1960­iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav haveli<br />

(daibada1936 wels) ukve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli, absurdistuli<br />

piesebiT _ `wveuleba baRSi~ (1964) da `memorandumi~ (1965). 1968<br />

wlis zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaTma sxva moRvawem xeli<br />

moaweres gancxadebas, romliTac isini komunistebis mier kontrolirebul<br />

CexoslovakiaSi kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social­demokratiuli partiis<br />

aRdgenas iTxovdnen. CexoslovakiaSi 1963 wels dawyebuli liberalizaciis<br />

frTxili, magram mzardi tendencia 1968 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa armiis<br />

SeWriT dasrulda, riTac qveyana mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda.<br />

am konfliqtis periodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis<br />

Tavisufali radios CamoyalibebaSi igi am iatakqveSa radios yoveldRiur<br />

translacias iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis xmis misawvdenad<br />

_ daxmarebodnen CexeTs. Semdegi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi haveli Cexoslovakiis<br />

yvelaze cnobili dramaturgi gaxda. misi piesebi praRis mmarTveli<br />

komunistebis mwvave satiras Seicavda. magram havelis mzardi popularobis<br />

safuZveli mxolod misi piesebi rodi iyo. is Cexoslovakiis gamoCenili<br />

disidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli lideri gaxda. haveli iyo<br />

Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic<br />

igi Cexoslovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebebisa<br />

da, Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi amxelda. <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

winaaRmdegobis am faqtebis gamo haveli daapatimres da iseTi sasje­

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

415<br />

li dauweses, romelic mZime fizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebda;<br />

Tumca, misi gaCumeba mainc ver SeZles.<br />

1989 wlis dekemberSi, saxalxo protestis Sedegad, Cexoslovakiis komunisturi<br />

mTavroba daeca da haveli saxalxo konsensusis Sedegad arCeuli<br />

prezidenti gaxda. Zalauflebisken aseT aRmasvlaSi yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavi<br />

is gaxldaT, rom jer kidev 1989 wlis dasawyisSi haveli cixeSi imyofeboda,<br />

magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sazogado<br />

moRvawes ar hqonda iseTi moraluri avtoriteti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. haveli<br />

Tanamdebobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur saxelmwifod<br />

_ CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo. qveynis <strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTarebis<br />

am etapze igi Tanamdebobidan gadadga.<br />

magram havelma gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars,<br />

gadadgomidan sul raRac eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, CexeTis parlamentma igi respublikis<br />

prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. miuxedavad Tavisi gamorCeuli<br />

poziciisa, haveli yovelTvis ar TamaSobda wamyvan rols qveynis marTvaSi,<br />

Tumca, igi eris mniSvnelovan figured rCeboda. marTalia, Cexebis umetesoba<br />

undoblad da gulgrilad uyurebda Tavis politikosebs, magram havels pativs<br />

scemdnen, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto werda da qadagebda `simar­<br />

TliT cxovrebas~, aramed Tavisi piradi magaliTiT auCvenebda igives.<br />

martin luTer kingi umcrosi (1929-1968). igi gamoCenili samoqalaqo lideri<br />

iyo. 1957 wels martin luTer kingi axlad aRmocenebuli samxreTis qristian<br />

liderTa konferenciis prezidenti gaxda da am droidan misi mniSvnelovneba<br />

swrafad izrdeboda. is uZRveboda mjdomare aqciebs, msvlelobebs, demonstraciebs,<br />

romlebic rasobrivi segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg<br />

iyo mimarTuli rogorc SromiTi, ise sacxovrebelze uflebebis sferoSi.<br />

kingis mimdevrebi araZaladobrivi daumorCileblobis aqtebiT xSirad Riad<br />

arRvevdnen im kanonebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen afroamerikelebis segregacias<br />

sasadiloebSi, transportSi da a. S. kanonis darRvevis Semdeg isini<br />

nebayoflobiT iRebdnen sasjels.<br />

kings ganzraxuli hqonda Seewuxebina kanonmdeblebis, mosamarTleebisa<br />

da Sesabamisad, amerikeli xalxis sindisi. rogorc is 1963 wels birminhemis<br />

cixidan (kingi wavida birminhemSi, alabamaSi, raTa eTava boikotis mowyoba<br />

sazogado adgilebis desegregaciis moTxovniT; man moawyo arasanqcirebuli<br />

msvleloba, ris gamoc dapatimrebul iqna) Tavis cnobil werilSi aRniSnavda:<br />

me vacxadeb, rom adamiani, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelsac misi<br />

sindisi usamarTlod miiCnevs da nebayoflobiT iRebs sasjels, rCeba<br />

cixeSi da amiT sazogadoebas kanonis usamarTlobaze miuTiTebs, sinamdvileSi<br />

gamoxatavs udides pativiscemas kanonis mimarT. 30<br />

kingi imedovnebda: `Cven unda davinaxoT araZaladobrivi krazanebis<br />

saWiroebis aucilebloba, unda SevqmnaT daZabuloba sazogadoebaSi, romelic

416 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

saSualebas miscems adamians stereotipebis da rasizmis bneli jurRmulebidan,<br />

urTierTgagebisa da Zmobis brwyinvale simaRleebze gamoaRwios~. 31<br />

kingis da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis mebrZoli sxva afroamerikeli liderebis<br />

_ roi uilkinsis, malkolm iqsis, uitni iangis, jes jeqsonis da<br />

vernon jordanis gavlena udidesi iyo. maTi xSirad ukiduresad urTierTsawinaaR­mdego<br />

qmedebebi safuZvlad daedo 1964 wels miRebul samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebis aqts, romelmac gaauqma rasobrivi diskriminacia dasaqmebasa da<br />

sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi. mogvianebiT miRebul iqna samoqlaqo<br />

uflebebis damcveli sxva kanonebic. 1964 wels kings Tavisi saqmianobisTvis<br />

nobelis premia mieniWa mSvi dobis dargSi. oTxi wlis Semdeg, ocdacxrameti<br />

wlis asakSi, kingi mokles.<br />

roza parksi (1913-2005). roza parksma simamacis erTi gamovlinebiT eris<br />

sindisi gamoaRviZa. montgomeriSi, alabamas StatSi, 1955 wlis 1 dekembers<br />

samsaxuridan gamosuli roza parksi avtobusSi avida da Tavisufal adgilze<br />

dajda. cota xanSi fexze mdgomma TeTrkanianma mamakacma adgilis gaTavisufleba<br />

mosTxova (montgomeris satransporto momsaxurebis regulaciaTa<br />

Tanaxmad, Tu TeTrkanians ar SeeZlo sxva TeTrkanianis paralelurad adgilis<br />

povna, misTvis oTx Savkanians unda daeTmo dasajdomi adgili, vinaidan<br />

Savkanians ufleba ar hqonda TeTrkanianis mjdariyo), 32 razec roza parksma<br />

uari Tqva:<br />

vfiqrobdi, rom erTaderTi gza meCvenebina maTTvis, ras vgrZnobdi,<br />

rodesac usamarTlod meqceodnen, iyo is, rac gavakeTe _ winaaRmdegoba<br />

gavuwie kanons. amaze winaswar ar mifiqria, es TavisTavad moxda<br />

da Semdeg ubralod gadavwyvite, rom ar avdgebodi. daRlili viyavi da<br />

Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi, magram amas Semdeg bevri sxva dRe mohyva,<br />

rodesac Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi. 33<br />

avtobusis mZRolma roza parksi daakava, ris Semdegac igi daapatimres.<br />

bevri istorikosi amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis aTvlis<br />

wertilad miiCnevs montgomeriSi roza parksis dapatimrebas, rasac montgomeris<br />

avtobusebis saxeliT cnobili saxalxo aqcia mohyva. misi daumor­<br />

Cileblobis erT simbolur qmedebas dRes aRviqvamT <strong>politikuri</strong> gmirobis<br />

aqtad, romelmac yuradReba miapyro rasobriv usamarTlobas da gamoiwvia<br />

movlenebis mTeli jaWvi, ris Sedegadac qveyana samudamod Seicvala.<br />

pati uoterlingi. sent­jozefeli (minesotas Stati) oTxi Svilis deda pati<br />

uoterlingi yvelafers gaiRebda, <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivisti rom ar gamxdariyo.<br />

1989 wlis 11 oqtombers niRbianma mamakacma misi TerTmeti wlis vaJi jeikobi<br />

gaitaca. patis amis Semdeg Tavisi Svili aRar unaxavs. Tavdapirvelad erTaderTi<br />

ram, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Svilis Zieba da glova iyo. mogvianebiT<br />

man jeikob uoterlingis fondi Camoayaliba, romlis erT­erTi mizani gatacebisa<br />

da sqesobrivi Zaladobisgan bavSvebis damcveli kanonmdeblobis lobireba<br />

iyo Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. 1991 wels man

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

417<br />

warmatebiT gaitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sqesobriv ZaladobaSAi mxilebuli<br />

pirebi valdebulni iyvnen gaevloT registracia mudmiv sacxovrebel<br />

adgilebSi Statis meTvalyureobis qveS. 1996 wels nawilobriv pati uoterlingis<br />

ZalisxmeviT minesotas kongresma miiRo sazogadoebis informirebis<br />

programa, romlis mixedviTac Statis xelisufleba valdebuli iyo Seefasebina<br />

sqesobrivi ZaladobisTvis sasjelmoxdilTa uvnebloba sazogadoebisTvis<br />

da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli piri miCneuli iqnebda sazogadoebrivad sa­<br />

SiSad, Seetyobinebina amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis. gamocdileba uCvenebs,<br />

rom aseTi moZaladeebi Znelad gadian reabilitacias da Cadenili danaSaulis<br />

mimarT Semdgomi recidivebis maRali done axasiaTebT.<br />

1994 wels pati uoterlingma SeZlo daerwmunebina kongresi, mieRo kanoni<br />

(jeikob uoterlingis aqti) romelic axalisebs Statebs miiRon kanonmdebloba,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad cixidan gamosuli moZaladeebi valdebulni arian<br />

daregistrirdnen samarTaldamcav organoebSi, da romelic saSualebas<br />

aZlevs am organoebs informacia (saxelebis, misamarTebis, fotoebis CaTvliT)<br />

gaavrcelon am pirebis Sesaxeb. 34<br />

pati uoterlingis saqmianobas bevri mSobeli adidebs, magram bevri samoqalaqo<br />

uflebis damcveli miiCnevs, rom es kanonebi im damnaSaveebis piradi<br />

cxovrebis uflebasa da Tavisuflebebs arRvevs, romlebmac Cadenili danaSaulisTvis<br />

sasjeli ukve moixades. 35 miuxedavad amisa, pati uoterlingi<br />

samoqalaqo lideris kargi magaliTia, romelmac miuxedavad eniT gamouTqmeli<br />

borotebisa da autaneli tkivilisa, Seabija politikaSi da cvlilebebsac<br />

miaRwia.<br />

daskvna<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi, romlebic samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian, SeiZleba<br />

davajgufoT namdvil liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv politikosebad.<br />

samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT aranairi Tanamdeboba, magram Sei­<br />

Zleba seriozuli <strong>politikuri</strong> gavlena hqondeT.<br />

namdvili liderebi, romlebic SedarebiT iSviaTni arian, sazogadoebriv<br />

sikeTeze zrunaven, gamoirCevian lideris TvisebebiT, praqtikuli WkuiT<br />

eqstraordinarul situaciaSi, rodesac eris keTildReoba dgas dRis wesrigSi.<br />

istoriulad isini motivirebulni iyvnen, rogorc minimum, didebis<br />

surviliT. saxelmwifo moRvaweobis am gagebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis<br />

gulgriloba zog damkvirvebels aiZulebs am tipis moRvaweoba momakvdav xelovnebad<br />

aRiaros.<br />

warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebSi yvelaze metni Cveulebrivi politikosebi<br />

arian. yvela arCeul politikoss uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba _ pozitiuri<br />

lideris roli itvirTos Tu ubralod Tavisi amomrCevlebis azri<br />

warmoaCinos. demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis<br />

mixedviT politikosebi unda iqceodnen, rogorc Tavisi eleqtoratis survilebis<br />

gamtareblebi. meurveobiTi Teoria, piriqiT, aqcents akeTebs poli­

418 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

tikaSi damoukidebeli moqmedebis aucileblobaze. politikosebs, romlebic<br />

cdiloben am ori midgomis gaerTianebas, `politikoebs~ veZaxiT. zogi<br />

Cveulebrivi politikosi SeiZleba damSoSmineblad SevafasoT. isini xSirad<br />

SesaZloa keTilSobiluri ganzraxvebiTac xelmZRvaneloben, magram arakompetenturobis<br />

Tu gulubryvilobis gamo maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba<br />

katastrofis safuZveli gaxdes. politikaSi ufro avbediTebi demagogebi<br />

arian. isini aerTianeben usazRvro pirad ambicias, mouxeSav meTodebs da qarizmatulobis<br />

moTxovnilebas. demagogebi Warbad arian demokratiul qveynebSi,<br />

sadac maTi dacema xSirad iseve moulodnelia xolme, rogorc maTi<br />

aRzeveba.<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi aCveneben Tavdadebas saqmisadmi, pirad SesaZleblobebs<br />

da garkveuli saxis magnetizms, agreTve samTavrobo politikis<br />

mimarT winaaRmdegobas. isini STaagoneben adamianebs an izidaven mimdevrebs<br />

msoflios masStabiT, avlenen moralur Zalauflebas, romelic maTi saqmianobidan<br />

gamomdinareobs.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

demagogebi<br />

Cveulebrivi politikosebi<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi<br />

saxelmwifo moRvawe<br />

warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

Teoria<br />

warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi<br />

Teoria<br />

`politiko~<br />

1. ra jgufebad SeiZleba davyoT politikosebi? ra gansxvavebaa sxvadasxva<br />

katego riebs Soris?<br />

2. ratom aris <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebis kvleva saerTod <strong>politikuri</strong> kvlevebis<br />

mniSvnelovani aspeqti?<br />

3. ratom arian namdvili liderebi ase iSviaTni?<br />

4. aRwereT warmomadgenlobis ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoria. romeli<br />

maTgania TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom?<br />

5. ra aris demagogi? daasaxeleT romelime demagogi. ra amoZravebT demagogebs?<br />

aqvs Tu ara demokratias raime bunebrivi dacviTi meqanizmi demagogiisgan?<br />

Tu asea, ra aris es meqanizmi?<br />

6. ra aris sanimuSo liderobis arsi? daasaxeleT oTxi sanimuSo lideri da<br />

detalurad axseniT, ra xdis TiToeul maTgans sanimuSod.

SeniSvnebi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong><br />

419<br />

1. Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press,<br />

1995), iii.<br />

2. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 280. momdevno<br />

citirebebi aris 279­283 gverdebidan.<br />

3. ix. Harry Jaffa, “The Emancipation Proclamation”, wignSi 100 Years of Emancipation,<br />

red. Robert Goldwin (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1964), 1-24.<br />

4. Douglas Adair, “Fame and the Founding Fathers” wignSi Fame and the Founding<br />

Fathers: Essays by Douglas Adair (New York: Norton 1974), 10.<br />

5. iqve, 8<br />

6. Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern<br />

Library, n.d.), 470.<br />

7. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New<br />

Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Books, 1982), 435.<br />

8. Aaron Wildavsky, The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader (Tuscaloosa:<br />

University of Alabama Press, 1984).<br />

9. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt, 436.<br />

10. iqve.<br />

11. John Edwin Fagg, Latin America: A General History, me­2 gamocema (New York:<br />

McMillan, 1969), 627.<br />

12. Martin Gilbert, Churchill (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980), 100-126.<br />

13. iqve, 127.<br />

14. U.S. Department of State, Selected Documents, 1979 wlis aprili.<br />

15. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (NY, Schoken Books, 1961), 102-<br />

106.<br />

16. Morton Frisch and Richard Stevens, “Introduction” wignSi American Political<br />

Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statemanship, red. Morton<br />

Frisch da Richard Stevens (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1976), 5<br />

17. citirebulia Roman J. Zorn, “Theodore G. Bilbo: Shibboleths for Statemanship”,<br />

reprinted in A Treasury of Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folkways<br />

of the People of South, red. B.A. Brotkin (New York: Crown, 1949), 304.<br />

18. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1964),<br />

19.<br />

19. iqve.<br />

20. Hodding Carter, “Huey Long: American Dictator”, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 1919-<br />

1949, red. Isabel Leighton (New York: Simon & Schuster 1949), 347<br />

21. iqve. 361.<br />

22. Joseph Tussman, citirebulia Marie Collins Swaley, “A Quantitative View”,<br />

krebulSi Representation, red. Hannah Pitkin (New York: Atherton Press, 1969),<br />

83.<br />

23. Hannah Pitkin, “The Concept of Representation”, krebulSi Representation, red.<br />

Pitkin, 21.<br />

24. citirebulia Harvey Mansfield, Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A

420 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

Study of Burke and Bolingbroke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 23.<br />

25. Edmund Burke, “The English Constitutional System”, wignSi Representation, red.<br />

Pitkin, 175.<br />

26. iqve.<br />

27. 1964 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ocdameoTxe Sesworebis<br />

miRebamde, arsebobda suladobrivi saarCevno gadasaxadi federalur<br />

da Statebis arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis. konstituciis ocdameo­<br />

Txe Sesworebam akrZala am gadasaxadis moqmedeba federaluri donis<br />

arCevnebSi. 1966 wels aSS umaRlesma sasamarTlom es gadasaxadi Statebis<br />

arCevnebis SemTxvevaSic antikonstituciurad scno da gaauqma.<br />

28. citirebulia Malcolm Jewell and Samuel Patterson, The Legislative Process in<br />

the Unites States (NY. Random House, 1966), 32.<br />

29. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (NY.: Henry Holt 1996), 993.<br />

30. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” wignSi Civil Disobedience:<br />

Theory and Practice (NY.: Pegasus, 1969), 78-79.<br />

31. iqve. 75.<br />

32. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian<br />

Leadership Conference, 1955-1968 (NY.: Random House, 1988), 11.<br />

33. iqve. 12.<br />

34. sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelic Txovda Statebs miewodebinaT sazogadoebisTvis<br />

in formacia moZaladeebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac danaSauli sqesobriv<br />

niadagze Caidines, cnobilia rogorc meganis kanoni. megan kanka<br />

Svidi wlis gogona iyo niu jersidan, romelic 1994 wels mezobelma<br />

gaaupatiura da mokla. meganis mSoblebma, iseve rogorc pati uoterlingma,<br />

intensiuri kampana awarmoes imisTvis, rom Statisa da federalur<br />

sakanonmdeblo orga ­noebs mieRoT kanonmdebloba sqesobrivi Zaladobis<br />

winaaRmdeg.<br />

35. magaliTisaTvis ix. Caroline Louise Lewis, “The Jakob Wetterling Crimes Against<br />

Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act: An Unconstitutional<br />

Deprivation of the Right to Privacy and Substantive Due Process”, Harvard Civil<br />

Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 31 (1996): 89-119. am argumentebis miuxedavad<br />

sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires am kanonebs.

Tavi XII<br />

ra aris<br />

sajaro<br />

sikeTe?<br />

ideologiebi da<br />

izmebi<br />

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi<br />

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi<br />

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi<br />

memarjvene ideologiebi memarcx­<br />

ene ideologiebi<br />

izmebi da amerikuli politika<br />

iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi<br />

saerTo Temebi konservatorebi:<br />

ekonomikuri uflebebis primati<br />

liberalebi: samoqalaqo uf lebebis<br />

primati arsebiTi gansxvavebebi<br />

konservatorebi, liberalebi da sa­<br />

jaro po litika.<br />

421

422 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

luis qerolis cnobili nawarmoebis, `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi,~ erTerT<br />

epizodSi alisa ikargeba da xvdeba CeSirul katas. `Tu SegiZliaT, miTxariT,<br />

aqedan saiT unda wavide?~ _ ekiTxeba alisa mas. `es imazea damokidebuli,<br />

sad gsurs misvla~, pasuxobs kata. `CemTvis sulerTia~, eubneba alisa.<br />

`maSin isic sulerTia, saiT waxval~, _ miugebs kata.<br />

tyeSi dakarguli alisas msgavsad, qveynebsa da maT xelisuflebs xSirad<br />

warmodgena ara aqvT imaze, saiT surT wasvla da romel gzaze dadgoma ur­<br />

CevniaT. <strong>politikuri</strong> mmarTveloba SeiZleba iyos arasrulyofili, magram<br />

rogorc alisasa da katis saubari gviCvenebs, politikisa da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

kursis gonivrulad gaazreba xdeba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebis<br />

aRsrulebiT. qveynebma, individebis msgavsad, ar ician romel kurss misdion,<br />

Tu ar gaaCniaT winaswar gansazRvruli mizani da saboloo daniSnulebis<br />

punqti.<br />

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi<br />

politikaSi miznebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. xSirad,<br />

roca kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ra saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> kursia sasurveli, TiTqmis<br />

yovelTvis gamodian daSvebidan, rom misi Sedegi unda eTanxmebodes sajaro<br />

sikeTes an unda Sediodes sajaro interesebSi da garkveuli saerTo<br />

sargebeli moutanos mogebas politikur erTobas, rogorc erT mTels. rogorc<br />

wesi, demokratiul politikur meqanizmebSi debatebi imarTeba saSualebebTan<br />

da ara miznebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, politikosebs Soris<br />

SeiZleba arsebobdes azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, xels Seuwyobs Tu ara<br />

qveynis ayvavebas ama Tu im periodSi gadasaxadebis Semcireba (dazogvisa da<br />

investirebis waxalisebiT, saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebiT, inflaciis<br />

maCvenebelTa SemcirebiTa da a.S.). magram, rogorc vTqviT, am saxis kamaTi,<br />

ZiriTadad, gzebsa da saSualebebs exeba da ara miznebs. isini, SeiZleba, ver<br />

Tanxmdebodnen saukeTeso monetarul Tu fiskalur strategiebze, magram<br />

orive mxare erTsulovania imis mtkicebisas, rom mTavrobam yuradReba unda<br />

gaamaxvilos ekonomikur siZlieresa da stabilurobaze.<br />

zog qveyanaSi mTavrobis miznebsa da saqmianobas cota aqvs saerTo sajaro<br />

interesebTan da isini mimarTulia Zalauflebisadmi piradi ltolvisaken.<br />

1 bevr demokratiul qveyanaSi sajaro sikeTe, ZiriTadad, asocirebulia<br />

iseT faseulobebTan, rogoricaa usafrTxoeba, ayvaveba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba<br />

da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII). es miznebi <strong>politikuri</strong> `tivtivebia~,<br />

romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwifos gemi kurss mihyveba. kamaTi imis<br />

Sesaxeb, ra gziT unda wavides gemi, mocemuli <strong>politikuri</strong> dinebisa da zurgis<br />

qaris gaTvaliswinebiT, ZiriTadi sakiTxia sajaro politikaSi. sasurvel<br />

daniSnulebis punqtTan miaxloeba mTavrobis mTavari gamocdaa.

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi<br />

ra aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

423<br />

adamianebs xSirad bundovani warmodgena aqvT sajaro politikisa da imis<br />

Sesaxeb, rogor muSaobs mTavroba an ras akeTebs ama Tu im momentSi, 2 magram<br />

isini, ZiriTadad, konservatiuli an liberaluri Sexedulebebisken ixrebian.<br />

roca adamianebi Sewyveten aqeT­iqeT `gadaxras~ da miemxrobian myar,<br />

Sekrul politikur ideebs, am dros isini ideologias irCeven. ideologia<br />

filtris msgavsia, romelsac `namdvili momxreebi~ iyeneben movlenaTa interpretirebisaTvis,<br />

adamianTa qcevis asaxsnelad da <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

gasamarTleblad. ideologia sxvadasxvagvaria, kacobriobisa da socialuri<br />

organizaciis yovlismomcveli TeoriebiT (mag. marqsiszmiT) dawyebuli,<br />

ideaTa aramyari kavSirebiT (liberalizmi) damTavrebuli, romlebic icvleba<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi.<br />

politikur diskusiaSi ideologiaTa iarliyis gamoyeneba semantikuri<br />

komfortia, romelic sxvadasxva saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> orientaciis ufro advilad<br />

da lakonurad ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, amerikeli<br />

konservatori, rogorc wesi, Zlieri Tavdacvis, federaluri mTavrobis mier<br />

miRebuli socialuri keTildReobis programebis SezRudvis, biznesisa da<br />

industriul saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis Semcireba­deregulaciisa da<br />

msgavsi tipis programebis momxrea. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli liberali<br />

mxars uWers samTavrobo daxmarebis programebs, samxedro danaxarjebis Semcirebasa<br />

da mTavrobis mier iseTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, rogoricaa sakvebi<br />

da narkobiznesi, jandacva, transporti da energetika.<br />

amerikelTa umravlesoba arc doqtrinuli liberalia da arc doqtrinuli<br />

konservatori. metic, saerTod Zalian cota amerikeli SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />

romelime ideologiis mimdevrad. amisaTvis adamiani Zalian mkacrad<br />

da jiutad unda mihyvebodes ideologias an `partiis kurss~. individebs,<br />

romlebic midrekilni arian damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken an politikurad<br />

apaTiurebi arian (amerikelTa umravlesoba), cxadia, am gansazRvrebas<br />

ver mivusadagebT.<br />

am TavSi ideologia dayofilia sam jgufad: antisamTavrobo ideologia,<br />

memarjvene ideologia da memarcxene ideologia. terminebi memarjvene da<br />

memarcxene warmoiSva evropuli saparlamento tradiciis mixedviT, gane­<br />

TavsebinaT socialuri da <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebis momxre partiebi marcxena<br />

mxares, xolo cvlilebis mowinaaRmdegeni (an mmarTvelobis wina formis aRdgenis<br />

mxardamWeri partiebi) _ marjvniv. cxadia, yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> Tvalsazrisi<br />

srulad ver Tavsdeba am or kategoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba<br />

eqstremistul ideologiebs.<br />

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi<br />

adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mmarTvelobis nebismier formas,<br />

rac ar unda SezRuduli iyos igi, anarqizmis momxreebi arian. anarqizmis<br />

ideologiis Camoyalibebas xSirad miaweren rus revolucioners mixeil

424 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

bakunins (1814­1876ww.), romelic, erToboda ganadgurebis siamovnebiT da<br />

sazogadoebis uRaribes fenebsa da kriminalebs Zaladobrivi ajanyebebisken<br />

mouwodebda. anarqi zmi axlos dgas nihilizmTan, romlis mixedviTac arsebuli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> da socialuri instituciebis sruli ganadgureba TavisTavad<br />

aris sasurveli mizani. am eqstremalurad uaryofiT ideologias<br />

SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda revoluciamdeli ruseTis (da albaT, espaneTis)<br />

sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca zogi amJamindeli teroristuli dajgufeba<br />

aSkarad anarqistuli da nihilisturia.<br />

organizacia `islamis eris~ lideris _ luis faraxanis winaaRmdegobriv Sexed­<br />

ulebebSi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobisa da misi politikis SeniRbuli kritikaa<br />

asaxuli.<br />

libertarianelebi naklebad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni formaluri<br />

mTavrobis ideisadmi, Tumca, maT miaCniaT, rom mTavrobis uflebamisileba<br />

maqsimalurad unda SeizRudos (amis gamo maT xSirad minimalistebsac eZaxian).<br />

libertarianeloba xazs usvams pirovnuli Tavisuflebis udides mniSvnelobas.<br />

misi mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavisufali arCevanis SemzRudvel sajaro<br />

politikas _ xandazmulTaTvis socialuri usafrTxoebis da saSemosavlo<br />

garantiebis CaTvliT. libertarianelebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom bazris<br />

uCinar xels ukeT SeuZlia moagvaros socialuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis<br />

urTierToba, vidre mTavrobas; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebam ki unda moicvas<br />

mravali ekonomikuri da moraluri arCevani. magaliTad, libertarianelebi<br />

icaven moqalaqis uflebas, dabeWdos da gaavrcelos pornografiuli masa­

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

425<br />

la, rac ar unda binZuri da miuRebeli SeiZleba iyos is umravlesobisaTvis<br />

(maT Soris TviT libertarianelebisaTvis). isini ewinaaRmdegebian jarSi<br />

savaldebulo gawvevasac, radgan fiqroben, rom es piradi arCevanis sakiTxi<br />

unda iyos.<br />

memarjvene ideologiebi<br />

anarqizmsa da libertarianelobas upirispirdeba ideologia, romelic<br />

xazs usvams centraluri xelisuflebisa da <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis uzenaes<br />

mniSvnelobas. SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos, magram monarqia xelisuflebis<br />

yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma iyo msoflioSi sul raRac erTi saukunis<br />

win. mefeebi Tu imperatorebi, xanebi Tu sulTnebi, Seixebi Tu Sahebi<br />

_ monarqebi mbrZaneb lobdnen yvela droSi, yvela adgilas. maT momxreebs,<br />

vinc SeinarCuna gvirgvini revoluciuri gamowvevebisa da demokratiuli<br />

reformebis sayovelTao moTxovnaTa miuxedavad, ewodebaT roialistebi,<br />

anu monarqistebi. monarqias, ufro sworad, brZeni mefis mmarTvelobas<br />

aristotele mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miiCnevda (Tumca, is aseve<br />

aRniSnavda, rom brZeni mefeebi, tiranebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian iSviaTad<br />

gvxvdebodnen). mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom monarqebi dResac marTaven<br />

ramdenime mniSvnelovan qveyanas _ magaliTad, iordanias, monakos, saudis<br />

arabeTs. navTobiT mdidari sparseTis yuris qveynebi monarqiaTa mxolod<br />

mcire CamonaTvalia.<br />

faSizmi. monarqia, rogorc memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologia,<br />

meoce saukuneSi daTrguna faSizmma. es aris ideologia, sadac xazgasmulia<br />

erTi rasis upiratesoba da aseve, xelisuflebisadmi sruli morCileba.<br />

faSizmma didi gavlena moipova evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi 1920­40­ian<br />

wlebSi. upiratesad, cxadia, Seiswavleba `RerZi saxelmwifoebi~ (italia,<br />

germania, iaponia) meore msoflio omis dros. Tumca, arsebobs faSizmis sxva<br />

adgilebic _ magaliTad, espaneTSi, ungreTsa da argentinaSi.<br />

Tavisi elituri xasiaTis miuxedavad, faSizmi sargeblobda udidesi<br />

masobrivi mxardaWeriT, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ultranacionalisturi elferis<br />

gamo. eris koncefciis (hitleris SemTxvevaSi, rasis) xazgasmasTan erTad,<br />

faSizmi eyrdnoboda ideologiur fesvebs, maT Sorisaa romantizmi, qsenofobia,<br />

populizmi da, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, socializmis ierarqiuli,<br />

araegalitaruli da viwro formebi (germanuli nacizmi, praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

memarjvene frTis ideologia, ganxilulia V TavSi).<br />

memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologiebis erT­erTi ganmasxvavebeli<br />

Strixia crurwmenebsa da siZulvilze dayrdnoba. 3 es ideologia did<br />

mxarda­Weras maSin povebs xolme, roca uamravi adamiani, rasistuli an eTnikuri<br />

umravlesoba, ganicdis individualur an koleqtiur ekonomikur<br />

siduxWires. aseT situaciaSi adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ara aqvT formaluri<br />

ganaTleba da akliaT <strong>politikuri</strong> garCevis unari, midrekilni arian<br />

daujeron maTi savalalo mdgomareobis demagogiur axsnas. mZime mdgomare­

426 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

obis mizezad gamoiZebneba `gantevebis vacebi~ _ rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri<br />

umciresoba, opoziciuri <strong>politikuri</strong> partia, ucxo qveyana da a.S.<br />

evropaSi qsenofobiis zrdam da antiemigrantulma ganwyobilebebma<br />

1990­ian wlebSi demonstraciebi da Zaladobis aqtebi gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT<br />

safrangeTsa da germaniaSi (ultramemarjvene, onacionalisturi<br />

erovnuli fronti da erovnul­demokratiuli partiebi drodadro sakmao<br />

Zalas ikrebdnen ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi). aSS­Si amerikuli nacisturi<br />

partiisa da ku­kluqs­klanis gavlena izrdeba, roca garkveuli jgufebi<br />

aqtiurad gamodian TeTri rasis aRmatebulobis ideiT. es ideologia mosazrebebiT<br />

kvebavs mraval eqstremistul politikur Sexedulebas, romlebic<br />

exeba imigrantebs (isini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian qveyanaSi<br />

ucxoelTa SeSvebas), samoqalaqo uflebebs (afroamerikelebi, ebraelebi da<br />

sxva umciresobani, rogorc wesi, dabal safexurze ganixilebian da ar imsaxureben<br />

TeTrebis Tanabar konstituciur garantiebs), sagareo politikas<br />

(amerikisaTvis safrTxis SemqmnelT unda gaumklavdnen maqsimaluri ZaliT).<br />

es jgufebi militarizirebulebi arian da Zaladobas qadageben. imis miuxedavad,<br />

rom ku­kluqs­klani (misi simbolo iyo aalebuli jvrebi. dajgufebis<br />

wevrebi imosebodnen TeTri zewrebiT) Semcirda TiTqmis 10000 wevramde, afroamerikelebisadmi<br />

misi Zaladobisa da fanatikuri siZulvilis xangrZlivma<br />

istoriam aqcia is iseT dajgufebad, romlis saqmianobasac mTavroba dResac<br />

guldasmiT akvirdeba.<br />

religiuri memarjveneebi (axali memarjveneebi). religiur memarjveneTa<br />

moZraoba, mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala, warmoiSva 1980­ian wlebSi. konservatori<br />

respublikelis, ronald reiganis prezidentad arCevam daaCqara<br />

aSS­Si axali memarjvene <strong>politikuri</strong> koaliciis Seqmna. tradiciul faseulobaTa<br />

aRsadgenad is iyenebda masobrivi Setyobinebis Tanamedrove politikur<br />

meqanizmebs, eqstensiuri <strong>politikuri</strong> kapitalis mobilizebas da<br />

masmedias (gansakuTrebiT televizias). moZraobis faseulobebSi Sedioda<br />

abortis akrZalva, sajaro skolebSi locvebis ganaxleba, kampania pornografiis<br />

winaaRmdeg, amerikuli cxovrebis safuZvlad ojaxis aRiareba da<br />

komunistebis winaaRmdeg brZola yvela frontze.<br />

es koalicia aerTianebda uamrav fundamentalistsa Tu evangelist<br />

protestants, romelTac axal religiur memarjveneebs da qristian­memarjveneebsac<br />

uwodeben, radgan isini politikas centraluri religiuri faseulobebis<br />

nayofad miiCnevdnen. axali memarjveneebi yvelaze metad asocirdebodnen<br />

me­20 saukunis 80­iani wlebis satelevizio evangelist jeri<br />

falvelTan da misi moraluri umravlesobis moZraobasTan. <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebodnen axali memarjveneebis mimdevarTa raodenobaze<br />

da imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara es moZraoba amerikuli politikis<br />

ZiriTadi mimdinareoba. kritikosebma axal memarjveneebs miakres saSiSisa<br />

da eqstremistis iarliyebi. ufro simpaTiiT ganwyobili damkvirveblebi,<br />

Tavis mxriv, ambobdnen, rom ar arsebobda kanoni, romelic krZalavda politikisa<br />

da moralis an politikisa da religiis sinTezs.<br />

memarjveneebma warumatebloba iwvnies, rodesac, 1988 wels, evangelisti

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

427<br />

ministri pet robertsoni ver gaxda respublikuri partiis prezidentobis<br />

kandidati da 1992 wels, rodesac mecnier pet biukenenis kampaniam sruli<br />

fiasko ganicada. robertsonmac da biukenenmac sajaro aRiareba sakabelo<br />

televiziis wyalobiT moipoves. robertsoni qristianul satelevizio Toq­<br />

Sous The 700 Club-s uZRveboda, xolo biukeneni monawileobda programaSi<br />

Crossfire, romelic sajaro saqmianobas Seexeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom axali<br />

memarjveneebidan da qristian­konservatorebidan yvela ar uWerda maT mxars,<br />

biukeneni da robertsoni centraluri konservatiuli faseulobebis<br />

momxreni iyvnen. axali memarjveneebi da maTi qristiani mxardamWerebi kvlavac<br />

cdiloben respublikur partiaSi gavlenis mopovebas. qveynis masStabiT<br />

xuTidan erTi respublikeli amomrCeveli SeiZleba CaiTvalos qristiankonservatorad.<br />

qristianuli koaliciis kidev erTi konservatiuli jgufis fesvebi ormocdaaTianelTa<br />

(protestantizmis mimarTuleba) eklesiidan momdinareobs<br />

(pet robertsonis RvTis asambleaTa eklesia ormocdaaTianeluria. jeri<br />

falvelis moraluri umravlesobis wevrebi ZiriTadad morwmune evangelistebi<br />

arian). milioniani qristianuli koalicia amzadebs da farTod<br />

avrcelebs kandidatTa Sefasebis baraTebs, riTac afasebs <strong>politikuri</strong> kandidatebis<br />

pozicias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. misi wevrebi<br />

cdiloben, rom moxvdnen saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi, raTa am gziT<br />

gaavrcelon patriotizmi (multikulturalizmis sapirispirod), agreTve<br />

moaxerxon ganaTlebis sferos safuZvlebTan dabruneba, seqsualuri gana­<br />

Tlebis gakveTilebis Catarebisas zomierebis farglebis SenarCuneba (an<br />

amgvari gakveTilebis gauqmeba) da skolebSi marTlwesrigis aRdgena.<br />

qristianul koalicias mainc hqonda garkveuli warmateba, magram organizaciis<br />

mcdeloba daikavos sajaro Tanamdebobi wamoWris or kiTxvas:<br />

pirveli, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT maTi saqmianoba _ rogorc politikurad<br />

aqtiuri moqalaqeebis legitimuri da Sesaqebi mcdeloba, monawileoba miiRon<br />

sajaro saqmeebSi, Tu rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebuli<br />

gamijvnis SemaSfoTebeli Semcireba? meore, qristianuli koalicia<br />

interesTa jgufia Tu <strong>politikuri</strong> partia?<br />

kapitalizmi. dRes yvelaze gavleniani da Zlieri ideologia dasavleTSi<br />

kapitalizmia. komunizmis marcxi, romelic uaryofda kerZo sakuTrebas,<br />

mogebis stimuls da ebrZoda socialuri uTanasworobas triumfi iyo Tavisufali<br />

mewarmeobisa da sabazro ekonomikis yvela momxrisaTvis. `civi omi~<br />

iyo ideologiuri dapirispireba aSS­sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris am sakiTx­<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT.<br />

kapitalizmi aSS­sa da dasavleT evropaSi aris konservatorebis wamyvani<br />

ideologia. es aris filosofiuri safuZveli iseTi Zlevamosili organizaciebisaTvis<br />

(da lobisTvisac), rogoricaa aSS­s savaWro palata da mewarmeTa<br />

erovnuli asociacia. aseve, multinacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis,<br />

magaliTad, jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, makdonaldsi da sxv.<br />

ra aris kapitalizmi? es aris rogorc adam smitis `xalxTa simdidreSi~<br />

mig nebul principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri Teoria, ise ideologia,

428 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

romelic mxars uWers individualizmis Rirsebas, mZime da bejiT Sromas, damoukideblobasa<br />

da pirad iniciativas. is ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis Carevas<br />

(Teoriulad) da mTavrobis regulacias (praqtikaSi). is miesalmeba prezident<br />

kalvin kulijis (1923­29 mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas: `amerikis biznesi<br />

(saqme) biznesia~.<br />

rogorc ideologia, kapitalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba `socialur keTildReobasa~<br />

da `mTavrobis mier gaweul daxmarebas~. kalvinistebis 4 msgavsad,<br />

konservatorebs sjeraT, rom qoneba warmatebis niSania da jildoa RirseulTaTvis.<br />

mdidari adamianebi imsaxureben simdidres, siRaribe ki Tavad<br />

Raribebis bralia, romlebic zarmacebi, umoqmedoebi da upasuxismgebloebi<br />

arian. siRaribis daZ­leva qvelmoqmedebisa da eklesiis saqmea. konservatorebs,<br />

aseve, sjeraT (an Tavs aCveneben, rom sjeraT) `CamoJRenTvis<br />

Teoriisa~: Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze iniciativian da moxerxebul wevrebs<br />

miecemaT saSualeba, naxon mogeba da gadasaxadebis amkrefTaTvis qonebis<br />

gadacemis magivrad, moaxerxeben mis reinvestirebas, maSin ekonomika gaizrdeba,<br />

dabali fenebis cxovreba gaumjobesdeba da yvelani ukeT iqnebian.<br />

marTalia, sajarod amas konservatorebi naklebad acxadeben, magram bevri<br />

maTgani marTlac ase fiqrobs.<br />

memarcxene ideologiebi<br />

memarcxene ideologebi qadageben adamianebis koleqtiurad<br />

Tanacxovrebis ideas, romlis Sesabamisadac isini Tavisufalni iqnebodnen<br />

damamcirebeli da mikerZoebuli socialuri dayofisagan. ekonomikis<br />

sferoSi es ideologia fesvgadgmulia koleqtivizmis ideaSi. mis mixedviT,<br />

sajaro keTidReobas yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba saerTo sakuTreba da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

erTobis produqciiTa da distribuciiT administrireba. amrigad,<br />

koleqtivizmi fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba kapitalizms. es ukanaskneli<br />

emxroba mosazrebas, rom warmoebis saSualebaTa pirad sakuTrebaSi floba<br />

da gankargva saukeTeso gzaa sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTelis, gamdidrebisaTvis.<br />

Tanamedrove epoqaSi koleqtivizmis principebi yvelaze xSirad<br />

gamoixateba socializmis formiT. socializmi SeiZleba ganimartos,<br />

rogorc `ideologia, romelic uaryofs individualizms, kerZo sakuTrebas<br />

da pirad mogebas. amis magivrad is emxroba sistemas, damyarebuls ekonomikur<br />

koleqtivizmze, warmoebis saSualebaTa da saqonlis distribuciis<br />

saxelisuflebo, sazogado da industriul­jgufur mflobelobasa da socialur<br />

pasuxismgeblobaze.~ 5<br />

Tanamedrove socializmis mamad frangi revolucioneri fransua­nuel<br />

babefi (1760­1797) iTvleba, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur Tanasworobasa<br />

da miwis saerTo mflobelobas. babefis ideebi gaiziares da ganaaxles<br />

e.w. utopistma socialistebma, maT Soris sen­simonma (1760­1825)da Carlz<br />

furiem (1772­1837). lui blani (1811­1882) emxroboda ufro gonivrul socializms,<br />

rac gulisxmobda muSebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebisa da<br />

sawarmoebis Seqmnas. blanki aqtiuri iyo 1848 wlis muSaTa amboxebisas. am

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

429<br />

mRelvarebidan warmoiSva Teoria da meTodebi, romelTac emxroboda meoce<br />

saukunis memarcxene ideologiebi, revoluciuri komunizmiT dawyebuli,<br />

demokratiuli socializmiT damTavrebuli.<br />

revoluciuri komunizmi. memarcxene eqstremistuli ideologiis, revoluciuri<br />

komunizmis anu marqsizmis ideebi warmoiSva karl marqsis (1818­<br />

1883ww.) da misi Tanamoazris, fridrix engelsis (1820­1895 ww.) naSromebidan.<br />

marqsi CamoSorda utopist socialistebs, radgan amtkicebda, rom koleqtiuri<br />

idealis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria klasobrivi konfliqtis<br />

meSveobiT da rom istoriis mecnieruli `kanonebi~ winaswar gansazRvravda<br />

am konfliqtis Sedegs. proletariatis mier ganxorcielebuli revoluciis<br />

garduvalobasa da aucileblobaze xazgasma ganasxvavebs marqsizms anu komunizms<br />

socializmis sxva formebisagan.<br />

marqsi da engelsi `komunistur manifests~ (1848) Tamami gancxadebiT iwyeben:<br />

`mTeli istoria aris istoria klasobrivi brZolisa~ _ es gancxadeba<br />

emyareba or mosazrebas: (1) adamianis nebismieri qmedebis ukan dgas ekonomikuri<br />

an materialuri Zalebi da (2) istoriaSi cvlileba da progresi warmoiSoba<br />

ekonomikuri Zalebis mudmiv SejaxebaTa, konfliqtis an, germaneli<br />

filosofosis hegelis (1770­1831ww.) termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `dialeqtikuri<br />

procesis~ safuZvelze. marqsi Tvlida, rom yvela sazogadoebam ganvi­<br />

Tarebis erTi da igive istoriuli safexurebi gaiara. TiToeuli am safexurTagani<br />

dominanturi ekonomikuri struqturaa (Tezisi), romelic Seicavs<br />

axali da konfliqturi struqturis (antiTezisis) elementebs. Tezissa da<br />

antiTeziss Soris gardauvali Sejaxebis Sedegad Cndeba sinTezi anu axali<br />

ekonomikuri epoqa. marqsis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla industriul revolucias<br />

vuwodebT, iyo istoriis kapitalisturi safexuri. man daamarcxa<br />

feodaluri epoqa, roca burJuaziam (qalaqelma xelosnebma da vaWrebma)<br />

feodal miwaTmflobelebs xelidan gamoglija <strong>politikuri</strong> da ekonomikuri<br />

Zalaufleba. dialeqtikuri materializmis kanonma, rogorc marqsma uwoda<br />

istoriis Taviseul xedvas, kapitalizmis aRzeveba gardauvali gaxada. zustad<br />

amave kanonis mixedviT, aseve gaurdauvalia konfliqti kapitalistebsa<br />

da proletariats Soris. es konfliqti, marqsis azriT, dasruldeba muSaTa<br />

klasis gamarjvebiT da stabiluri, uklaso sazogadoebis gamocxadebiT (uklaso<br />

sazogadoebis utopiuri idea aRwerilia II TavSi).<br />

marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove industriuli kapitalizmis<br />

mTavari Strixia sazogadoebis dayofa or antagonistur klasad: kapitalistebad<br />

_ isini floben warmoebis saSualebebs da proletarebad, romlebic<br />

iZulebulni arian saaTobiT imuSaon saarsebo minimumisTvis. gansxvaveba am<br />

gasamrjelosa da muSaTa Sromis Sedagad miRebuli produqtis fass Soris<br />

aris Warbi Rirebuleba (metismetad didi mogeba), romelsac kapitalistebi<br />

ijibaven. kapitalistebi sistematurad axdenen proletarTa eqsploatacias<br />

da amiT gaucnobiereblad proletarul revolucias uyrian safuZvels.<br />

marqsi da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCneven, rom es revolucia Semdegnairad<br />

ganviTardeba: e.w. kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanonis Tanaxmad, kapitalistebi<br />

unda gafarTovdnen TavianTi konkurentebis xarjze an Tavad

430 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

gandevnil iqnen bazridan. sanam kapitalistebi agrZeleben gafarToebas,<br />

isini Tavidan iSoreben sustebs da xelSi igdeben bazris sul ufro mzard<br />

wils. sabolood, yvelaze sastik SejibrSi warmatebuli monawileebi gandevnian<br />

danarCenebs. amrigad, isini Sedian monopoliuri kapitalizmis epoqaSi,<br />

romelic dauyovnebliv iwvevs mTeli kapitalisturi sistemis daSlas.<br />

ratom unda iqnas kapitalizmi daTrgunuli am safexurze, roca Cans, rom<br />

kapitalisturma monopoliam xelT igdo upirobo Zalaufleba? _ imitom,<br />

rom zustad im dros, roca mdidrebi mdidrdebodnen, Raribebi Raribdebodnen.<br />

adamianuri Sroma manqanam Secvala. konkurenciis procesSi izrdeboda<br />

umuSevroba, mcirdeboda msyidvelobiTi unari da saSinao bazari. saqmiani<br />

aqtiurobis vardnis es Tandayolili tendencia da Tavis mxriv, depresiac,<br />

iwvevs ufro met umuSevrobas, dabal gasamrjelos da a.S. uTvalavi adamiani<br />

xdeba `Warbi muSa~ _ umuSevari, ufulo da uimedo. amas pauperizaciis<br />

(gaRatakebis) kanoni ewodeba da es gardauvalia. orTodoqsi marqsistebisaTvis<br />

`kapitalizmis krizisi~ da mis Sedegad dawyebuli proletaruli<br />

revoluciac gardauvali movlenebia. radganac kapitalistebi ar daTmoben<br />

TavianT Zalauflebas, privilegiebs an qonebas ubrZolvelad, kapitalizmis<br />

damxoba mxolod sisxliani revoluciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />

rwmena, rom Zaladobrivi masobrivi qmedeba aucilebelia radikaluri<br />

cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, umTavresi iyo marqsis mimdevris, leninis<br />

(1870­1924ww.) TeoriebSi. am ukanasknelma daaarsa ruseTis komunisturi<br />

partia da saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucias. marqsist­leninistebi,<br />

rogorc maT zogjer uwodeben, fiqrobdnen, rom saparlamento<br />

demokratia da `burJuaziuli legaluroba~ mxolod kapitalisturi eqsploataciis<br />

realobis SesaniRbad Seqmnili superstruqturebia (zednaSenia).<br />

revolucioneri komunistebi ar interesdebodnen im warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

institutebiT, romlebic Warbobda aSS­sa da dasavleT evropaSi.<br />

sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemasTan erTad,<br />

marqsizmma dakarga Tavisi avtoriteti. Tumca, es doqtrina inarCunebs momxibvlelobas<br />

CagrulTa klasSi, garkveulwilad, Tavisi `jvarosnuli sulisa~<br />

da gaTavisuflebis dapirebis gamo. bevr aspeqtSi revoluciuri marqsizmi<br />

waagavs militaristul­fundamentalistur religias, Tanamedrove islamisa<br />

da adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianobis msgavsad. britanelma filosofosma<br />

bernar raselma Semdegnairad gamosaxa paralelebi qristianobasa da<br />

marqsizms Soris: 6<br />

marqsizmis fsiqologiis kuTxiT gasagebad Semdegi leqsikoni unda<br />

gamoviyenoT:<br />

ieRova (RmerTi) = dialeqtikuri materializmi<br />

mesia = marqsi<br />

rCeulni = proletariati<br />

eklesia = komunituri partia<br />

meored mosvla = revolucia<br />

jojoxeTi = kapitalistebis sasjeli<br />

maradiuli samoTxe = komunisturi Tanamegobroba

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

431<br />

raselis azriT, marcxniv ganlagebuli terminebi emociur Sinaarss<br />

aZlevs marjvniv ganlagebuls. es analogia gvexmareba gavigoT marqsizmis<br />

didi emociuri zemoqmedeba.<br />

komunizmi da demokratia. aSS­Si komunisturi partia Zlieri arasdros yofila<br />

da Zalian cota amerikeli Tu gamotydeba, rom simpaTiiTaa ganwyobili<br />

komunisturi ideologiis mimarT. Tumca, msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi komunisturi<br />

partia bolo dromde yvaoda. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmosavleT<br />

evropaSi, CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi, vietnamSi, kubasa da mesame msoflios<br />

zog qveyanaSi komunisturi partia dominirebda marqsizmis (upiratesad,<br />

marqsizm­leninizmis) droSis qveS.<br />

mesame msoflios qveynebSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg komunistebi an<br />

marqsistebi saTaveSi edgnen `erovnul­ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebs~,<br />

romlebic miznad isaxavda arsebul mTavrobaTa damxobas. bevr sxva qveyanaSi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi, arammarTvelma komunisturma partiebma<br />

miaRwies demokratiul respeqtabelurobas. safrangeTSi, italiasa<br />

da espaneTSi komunisturi partia kanonierad iyo aRiarebuli da monawileobda<br />

erovnul arCevnebSi da zogjer koaliciur mTavrobaTa formireba­<br />

Sic. umeteswilad, es partiebi <strong>politikuri</strong> wesebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen da<br />

moipovebdnen sazogadoebriv ndobas, Tumca isini verasdros axerxebdnen<br />

xmaTa umravlesobis dagrovebas, rac saWiro iyo Zalauflebis xelSi<br />

asaRebad. 1970­ian wlebSi italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia saTaveSi<br />

Caudga evrokomunizmis saxeliT cnobil moZraobas. evrokomunistebi<br />

uars ambobdnen marqsizm­leninizmis bevr uZveles dogmaze, maT Soris Zaladobrivi<br />

revoluciis wamowyebaze, proletariatis diqtatis rw menasa da<br />

demokratiuli centralizmisadmi dogmatur erTgulebaze, rac upirobo<br />

morCilebas moiTxovs partiuli kursisadmi da krZalavs urCobas.<br />

marTalia, evropuli komunisturi partiebis gavlena SedarebiT Semcirda,<br />

magram ar gamqrala. mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis komunisturma partiam<br />

moipova STambeWdavi saarCevno gamarjveba 1997 wlis maisSi, sami komunisti<br />

dainiSna samTavrobo postebze. [bolo wlebSi komunisturi partiebis mniSvneloba<br />

Semcirda da isini an gaqrnen, an socialistur partiebs SeuerTdne<br />

_ mTargm. Sen.]<br />

demokratiuli socializmi. revoluciuri komunizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokratiuli<br />

socializmi _ socialisturi ideologiis meore mniSvnelovani<br />

ganStoeba, koleqtivistur miznebs misdevs (da amrigad, uaryofs kapitalizms),<br />

magram erTgulia demokratiuli saSualebebisa. orTodoqsuli marqsizmisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, demokrat­socialistebs sjeraT gradualizmisa _<br />

reformisa da ara revoluciis.<br />

demokratiuli socialistebi, igive social­demokratebi, mTavrobis<br />

rolis zrdisa da bazris rolis SezRudvis momxreni arian. socialistur<br />

partiaTa umravlesoba mxars uWers ekonomikis ZiriTadi nawilebis _ transportis,<br />

komunikaciebis, komunaluri momsaxurebis, sabanko sistemis da<br />

finansebis, dazRvevisa da mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa manqa­

432 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

naTmSenebloba, Savi da feradi metalurgia, samTo­mopovebiTi dargebi da<br />

energetika _ nacionalizacias. isini, aseve, momxreebi arian Tanamedrove<br />

`keTildReobis saxelmwifosi~, sadac mTavrobas didi pasuxismgebloba akisria<br />

jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi.<br />

`keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ mizani aris siRaribisa da uTanasworobis<br />

daZleva Semosavlebis farTomasStabiani gadanawilebis gziT. mas xSirad<br />

aRweren rogorc `akvnidan saflavamde~ sistemas. aseT saxelmwifos axasiaTebs<br />

ufaso umaRlesi ganaTleba, ufaso (an didad subsidirebuli) samedicino<br />

momsaxureba, xelgaSlili sajaro daxmarebebi (fuladi daxmareba<br />

mravalSvilian ojaxebs, sapensio gegmebi, sxvadasxva saxis ufaso an subsidirebuli<br />

momsaxureba). am programebisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad<br />

socialistebi mxars uWeren maRal gadasaxadebs, maT Soris, mkveTrad mzard<br />

saSemosavlo da myar memkvidreobiT gadasaxadebs, raTa amoivsos ufskruli<br />

mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. socialisturi ideologia moiTxovs amgvar<br />

politikas, radgan is socialur samarTlianobas ekonomikur Tanasworobas­<br />

Tan aigivebs.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg demokratiul socializms udidesi gavlena<br />

hqonda dasavleT evropaSi (da ramdenime ganviTarebad qveyanaSi). bevr evropul<br />

qveyanaSi arsebobs warmatebuli social­demokratiuli partia. germaniaSi,<br />

magaliTad, centralur memarcxene partias formalurad ewodeba<br />

social­demokratiuli. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ klasikur magaliTs<br />

warmoadgenen didi britaneTi da skandinaviis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

1981 wels safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda socialisti fransua miterani da<br />

amis Semdeg erovnul arCevnebSi misma partiam moipova sakmarisi xmebi imisaTvis,<br />

rom Seedgina pirveli memarcxene mTavroba mexuTe respublikis istoriaSi<br />

(romelic 1958 wlidan arsebobs). da mainc, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda,<br />

rogoricaa dania da SvedeTi, social­demokratebis <strong>politikuri</strong> gavlena<br />

Semcirda 1990­ian wlebSi. <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen<br />

socialistur principebs, an kargavdnen gavlenas, an ufro `umegobrdebodnen~<br />

Tavisufal bazarsa da ekonomikuri konkurenciis ideebs. britaneTis<br />

leiboristuli partia, romelic 1997 wels movida mTavrobaSi `zomieri~<br />

politikosis, toni bleris meTaurobiT, TvalsaCino magaliTia ukanasknel<br />

wlebSi evropis social­demokratiuli partiis poziciis Serbilebisa.<br />

demokratiul socializms, rogorc organizebul politikur Zalas, mcire<br />

gavlena hqonda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS­is politikaze, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom 1930­ian wlebSi prezidentobis kandidatis norman tomasis<br />

propaganda socialisturi xasiaTisa iyo da amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWera<br />

da yuradReba moipova. rogorc pirvel msoflio omamde, ise mis Semdeg, socialistebma<br />

miiRes 900 aTasi xma arCevnebze. 1912 da 1920 wlis arCevnebma<br />

aSS­Si socializmis mimarT didi interesi aCvena. raSi iyo saqme?<br />

amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, individualistebi arian da eWviT uyureben<br />

`did saxelmwifos~; xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg isini socializms saer­<br />

Tod komunizmTan aigivebdnen da amitom uaryofdnen mas. amis miuxedavad,<br />

bevri sajaro programa, romlebic axla sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, waagavs<br />

im programebs, romlebsac ukve didi xania mxars uWeren demokrati sociali­

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

433<br />

stebi. magaliTebis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT socialuri usafrTxoeba,<br />

jandacva, mravalSvilian ojaxTa daxmareba, umuSevrobis kompensacia da<br />

sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo programebi.<br />

radikaluri egalitarianizmi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi ar aris pirdapiri<br />

ideologia im gagebiT, rom is ar umadlis Tavis arsebobas erTi individis<br />

naSromebs da ar Sedgeba erTi­ori yovlismomcveli principisgan. is<br />

arc universaluradaa aRiarebuli. Tumca, yvelafris miuxedavad, radikaluri<br />

egalitarianizmi aris cxadi da mkafiod gansazRvruli pozicia sajaro<br />

keTidlReobisadmi. igi sruliad Tanaswori msoflios momxrea. mis mimdevarTa<br />

azriT, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da<br />

yoveldRiuri gansxvavebebi (vin aris warmatebuli, ras vswavlobT da vkiTxulobT<br />

da a.S.) Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva mikerZoebis/midrekilebis an eTnocentrizmis<br />

safuZvelze. radikaluri egalitarianistebi miiCneven, rom<br />

eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, fizikurad Tu gonebrivad<br />

unarSezRuduli adamianebi da yvelani, vinc umravlesobis farglebs gareT<br />

xvdebian, ganicdian diskriminacias. amitomac sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda<br />

gaakeTos maTi winwawevis, warmatebisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. es<br />

jgufebi didi xnis manZilze idevnebodnen (privilegirebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebis<br />

sasargeblod), amitomac isini unda gaxdnen kvlevebis obieqtebica<br />

da wyaroebic da maTTvis da maT Sesaxeb dawerili namuSevrebi unda Sediodes<br />

yoveli kolejis saswavlo gegmaSi. da bolos, maTi azriT, es jgufebi ar aris<br />

kargad Seswavlili sistemuri diskrimaniciisa da dasavluri civilizaciis<br />

endemuri midrekilebebis gamo.<br />

amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sazogadebisa da civilizaciis radikaluri<br />

egalitarianistuli analizi Zalian sakamaToa. konservatori kritikosebi<br />

ewinaaRmdegebian amerikuli sazogadoebisa da dasavluri civilizaciis<br />

radikalur­egalitarianistul daxasiaTebas da brazdebian, rodesac<br />

maTi kritika uaryofilia rogorc rasistuli, genderulad diskriminaciuli,<br />

homofobiuri (homoseqsualTa zizRi) an sxva mizeziT. konservatori kritikosebi<br />

acxadeben, rom radikali egalitarianistebi qmnian emociurad daZabul<br />

klimats, sadac mxo lod `politikurad koreqtul~ azrs scemen pativs.<br />

1990­ian wlebSi <strong>politikuri</strong> koreqtulobis polemika Tavs daatyda amerikul<br />

kolejebs. xSirad es gamoixateboda debatebSi radikalur­egaliterianistuli<br />

msoflmxedvelobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.<br />

izmebi da amerikuli politika<br />

amerikuli politika, arsebiTad, aris mZafri konkurencia liberalebsa<br />

da konservatorebs Soris. ramdenadac es ori mimarTuleba xSirad dabneulobas<br />

iwvevs da radganac Znelia amerikuli politikis umTavresi sakiTxebis<br />

gageba liberalizm­konservatizmisgan gancalkevebiT, sajaro sikeTesTan<br />

erTad unda ganvixiloT es ori amerikuli mimdinareoba.

434 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi<br />

Tanamedrove amerikul liberalizmsa da konservatizms dasavluri <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

azris 300­wliani liberaluri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. yvelaze<br />

fundamenturi principi am tradiciisa iyo is, rom mTavroba unda icavdes<br />

adamianis individualur uflebebs. amerikuli liberalizmi xazs usvams<br />

socialur, politikur da ekonomikur Tanasworobas yvela samoqalaqo<br />

uflebis dacvisa da gafarToebis saxeliT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli<br />

konservatizmi momxrea iseTi politikisa, romelic win wamoswevs ayvavebasa<br />

da Tanabar Sansebs individualuri sakuTrebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis<br />

dacvis saxeliT. amrigad, rogorc liberalebi, ise konservatorebi emxrobian<br />

indvidualuri uflebebis dacvas, ubralod, isini gansxvavdebian imis<br />

mixedviT, romeli miaCniaT am uflebaTagan ufro mniSvnelovnad.<br />

ramdenime faqtori aZnelebs imis zustad gansazRvras, ras gulisxmobs<br />

liberalizmi da konservatizmi amerikuli politikis aspeqtSi. ra aris es<br />

faqtorebi?<br />

upirveles yovlisa, aSS­Si ideologiis roli mkacrad SezRudulia<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturiT, sadac yoveldRiuri politika moicavs konkretul<br />

interesTa dapirispirebas da ara Seurigebeli ideebisa da principebis<br />

konfliqts. rogorc wesi, arCeuli moxeleebis dRis wesrigi gamosaxavs<br />

adgilobriv ekonomikur interesebs, amomrCevlis socialuri da ekonomikuri<br />

ganwyobebis cvlilebas, upirispirdeba garkveul problemas. amrigad,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikul politikaSi arian doqtrinuli liberalebi<br />

da konservatorebi, praqtikaSi amerikeli politikosebi ufro pragmatulni<br />

arian, vidre dogmaturebi.<br />

liberalebi da konservatorebi kamaTisas iSviaTad eqcevian erTsa da<br />

imave mxares. magaliTad, zogadad, konservatorebi emxrobian kanonebs pornografiis<br />

winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca liberalebi ewinaaRmdegebian aseT Sez­<br />

Rudvebs (metic, xandaxan xumrobiT amboben, rom liberalebi yiduloben<br />

im wignebs, romelTa akrZalvac undaT konservatorebs, im dros, roca konservatorebi<br />

qmnian cenzuris komitetebs da iq jgufurad kiTxuloben am<br />

wignebs). amis miuxedavad, e.w. minimalisti konservatorebi anu libertarianelebi<br />

ewinaaRmdegebian yvela saxis SezRudvas nebismieri saxis sakiTxavi<br />

masalis gayidvaze, demonstrirebaze, distribuciasa da flobaze. am dros,<br />

qalTa uflebebis damcveli zogi liberali, radikalic ki, uerTdeba konservatorebs<br />

amgvari wignebis akrZalvis moTxovnaSi, im motiviT, rom pornografia<br />

eqpluatacias uwevs da reputacias ulaxavs mdedrobiTi sqesis<br />

yvela warmomadgenels gaukuRmarTebuli mamakacebis siamovnebisaTvis.<br />

zogi sakiTxi, romelic liberalebsa da konservatorebs yofda or<br />

dapiris pirebul banakad erT dros, sxva dros SeiZleba saerTod Seusabamo<br />

gaxdes. konservatorebi icavdnen aristokratiis Zalauflebasa da privilegiebs,<br />

magram yvela saxis maRali warmomavlobis tituli gauqmda or saukuneze<br />

meti xnis win. evropaSi, sadac memkvidreobiTi titulebi adre gasaRebi<br />

iyo qonebisa da Zala ­uf lebisaTvis, maTi yofili upiratesobis Sexseneba<br />

dRes warsulisken anomaliur mibrunebad gveCveneba. imis miuxedavad, rom

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

435<br />

konservatorebi liberalebze metad midrekilni arian mdidarTa interesebis<br />

dacvisadmi, verc erTi seriozuli <strong>politikuri</strong> figura ver gabedavs<br />

gamoTqvas azri aristokratiis upiratesobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.<br />

saerTo Temebi<br />

erT dros cnebebi _ liberalizmi da konservatizmi, SeiZleba logikurad<br />

Tanmimdevrul da zustad gansazRvrul alternativebs gamoxatavda. Tumca,<br />

Tanamedrove amerikul politikur cxovrebaSi isini araa calkeuli da myarad<br />

Camoyalibebuli ideologiebi, rogoric, magaliTad, komunizmi an faSizmi.<br />

aSS­Si rogorc liberalizmi, ise konservatizmi ganviTarda <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

principebis fundamenturi wyebidan da maT variaciebs warmoadgens. 7 es <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

kredo bevrs unda umadlodes jon lokis politikur Sromebs. rogorc<br />

damoukideblobis deklaraciaSia Sejamebuli, yvela adamiani ibadeba Tanasworad;<br />

uzrunvelyofilia maTi arsebiTi uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis,<br />

Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi (lokis `sakuTrebis<br />

uflebis~ jefersoniseuli variacia); mTavroba arsebobs am uflebis dasacavad<br />

da legitimuri xdeba marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. deklaracia<br />

aseve acxadebs, rom rodesac mTavrobas aviwydeba misi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis<br />

mizani da mizezebi, xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an gaauqmos is.<br />

damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi zogadadaa Camoyalibebuli is principebi,<br />

romlebzec Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT. Tavisufleba xazgasmiTaa<br />

naxsenebi, iseve rogorc individis ufleba sicocxlesa da usafrTxoebaze.<br />

ayvaveba gulixmobs mTavrobis movaleobas, daicvas adamianis ufleba, iltvodes<br />

bednierebisaken (bolos da bolos, bednierebisken swrafva ar gamoricxavs<br />

simdidrisken swrafvas komerciul sazogadoebaSi). Tanasworoba miCneulia<br />

adamianis fundamentur mdgomareobad da amerikel xalxs, sxvasTan<br />

erTad, garantirebuli aqvs Tanabari Tavisufleba.<br />

da bolos, miCneulia, rom mTavroba, romelic adekvaturad ar icavs da<br />

pativs ar scems adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken<br />

swrafvis uflebas, ar imsaxurebs keTil saxels. amgvari saxis mTavroba,<br />

deklaraciis mixedviT, arRvevs samarTlianobis principebs da SeiZleba<br />

misi Secvla an gauqmeba. aSS­is konstituciaSi, romelsac aqvs sayovelTaod<br />

aRiarebuli mizani _ `gamoacxados samarTlianoba, uzrunvelyos mSvidoba<br />

qveynis SigniT, saerTo usafrTxoeba, Tavisuflebis dacva da sazogadoebis<br />

keTildReobas Seuwyos xeli~, mTavrobis es ZiriTadi amocanebi kidev ufro<br />

cxadad aris aRwerili.<br />

konservatorebi: ekonomikuri uflebebis primati<br />

aSS­Si konservatorebi ZiriTadad xazs usvamen ekonomikasa da ekonomikur<br />

uflebebs. am saxis winadadebebiT pirvelad wardgnen XVII­XVIII saukunis<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> filosofosebi da ekonomistebi.

436 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

jon loki (1632-1704). imis miuxedavad, rom jon loki, upirvelesad, miCneulia<br />

politikis filosofosad, man didi wvlili Seitana komerciuli<br />

respublikis ideis CamoyalibebaSi. es aris ekonomikuri koncefcia, romelic<br />

gansazRvravs Tanamedrove konservatizmis birTvs. lokma naTlad ganacxada,<br />

rom individebs aqvT sakuTrebis ufleba _ gansakuTrebiT Tavisi<br />

ZalisxmeviT mopovebul sakuTrebaze _ da mTavrobis erT­erTi yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani mizani kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaa. man aseve gonivruli axsna<br />

mouZebna sakuTrebis uflebebs, legalur fulad valebsa da saxelSekrulebo<br />

valdebulebebs, rac komerciuli saxelmwifos safuZvelia. amasTan er­<br />

Tad, sixarbis instinqts inteleqtur diskursSi axladmopovebuli respeqtabeloba<br />

mianiWa.<br />

bevri Zveli filosofosi, aristoteledan Toma aqvinelamde (1224­1274),<br />

gaurboda amqveyniuri mflobelobiT zedmetad dainteresebas. amisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

loks warmodgenili hqonda sazogadoeba, sadac individebi mudmivad<br />

iRvwian TavianTi xvedris gasaumjobeseblad, sadac warmoebisa da<br />

gamogonebis suli yvavis da fuli aris gacvlis universaluri saSualeba.<br />

misi azriT, qonebis dagrovebis Semdgom, reinvestirebuli da gafarToebuli<br />

sazogadoeba ayvavdeba da ayvavebuli sazogadoeba iqneba bednieri.<br />

baron de monteskie (1689-1755). maSin, roca lokma ganaviTara komerciuli<br />

respublikis zogadi Teoria, frangma politikis filosofosma baron de<br />

monteskiem Tavis cnobil naSrom `kanonTa gonSi~ (1748) gansazRvra biznessa<br />

da komerciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis dadebiTi mxareebi. monteskies<br />

azriT, qveynebs, romlebic eqstensiur vaWrobas awarmoeben sxva saxelmwifoebTan,<br />

sur vili eqnebaT mSvidobisa, radgan omi xels uSlis saerTaSoriso<br />

vaWrobas. man, aseve, daaskvna, rom komercia xels uwyobs ufro samarTlebrivi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis Camoyalibebas, individualuri TviTgaumjobesebisaTvis<br />

axali gzebis gaxsniT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, siRaribeSi dabadebulsac<br />

SeuZlia gaxdes mdidari dauRalavi SromiTa da JiniT. amasTan,<br />

komerciaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ganawyobda sazogadoebas religiuri fanatizmis<br />

winaaRmdeg. miwier keTildReobaze zrunva da `jounsebTan Sejibri~<br />

(amerikuli gamoTqma _ mezoblebTan Sejibreba materialur sakuTrebaSi)<br />

daikavebda religiuri dapirispirebis gamomwvevi fanatikuri aRmafrenis<br />

adgils. komerciuli wesrigis saukeTeso mxa rea misi dadebiTi gavlena individualur<br />

moralurobaze. monteskies sjeroda, rom komerciuli demokratia<br />

warmoSobda burJuaziul Rirseul Tvisebebs, maT Soris `yairaTianobas,<br />

ekonomiurobas, Sromas, SorsmWvretelobas, wesrigs.~ 8<br />

adam smiti (1723-1790). mas Semdeg, rac lokma Camoayaliba komerciuli saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> safuZvlebi da monteskiem CamoTvala amgvari saxelmwifos<br />

dadebiTi mxareebi, Sotlandielma ekonomistma adam smitma axsna misi<br />

moqmedebis principebi. smiTi darwmunebuli iyo, rom rogorc individualuri<br />

bedniereba, ise socialuri harmonia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqonlisa<br />

da momsaxurebis warmoebis gzebTan. man Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxTa<br />

simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis kvleva~ (Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

437<br />

Wealth of Nations; 1776) (romelmac Semdeg didi gavlena moipova) sqemis saxiT<br />

Camoayaliba, rogor SeuZlia komerciul sazogadoebas efeqtianad iarsebos<br />

centraluri mTavrobis mier ekonomikuri sferos regulirebisa da dagegmvis<br />

gareSe. es naSromi yvela sxva wignze metad iqca Tanamedrove kapitalizmis<br />

logikur dasabuTebad.<br />

lokis msgavsad, smitic aRiarebda adamianTa saqmianobaSi kerZo interesis<br />

umniSvnelovanes rols. ekonomikur bazarze kerZo interesi ara marto<br />

ganawyobs individs muSaobisTvis, aramed karnaxobs mas iseTi saqmianobis ar­<br />

Cevas, romelic miesadageba mis specifikur socialur saWiroebas:<br />

Cven rom sadils mivirTmevT, es ar aris yasabis, xabazis an ludis mxarSvelis<br />

keTilganwyobis Sedegi, es sakuTari dainteresebis Sedegia.<br />

Cven Cvens interesebis dakmayofilebas unda vumadlodeT ara maT humanurobas,<br />

aramed maT sakuTari Tavis siyvaruls. da Cven maT vesaubrebiT<br />

ara Cveni saWirobidan, aramed maTi upiratesobidan gamomdinare. 9<br />

smitis cnobili Teoriaa bazris `uCinari xeli~, romelic gamoxatulia<br />

moTxovna-miwodebis kanoniT. misi azriT, es kanoni gansazRvravs sabazro<br />

fass. sadac produqtis raodenoba didia da moTxovna _ mcire, saqonlis<br />

sabazro fasi ecema im dromde, sanam yvelaze efeqtiani mwarmoeblebi<br />

ar darCebian bazarze. sapirispirod, roca produqtis raodenoba mcirea da<br />

moTxovna _ didi, saqonlis sabazro fasi matulobs. sabolood, Rirebuleba<br />

daiwevs, roca konkurencia gaizrdeba. am gziT bazari avtomaturad amyarebs<br />

miwodeba­moTxovnis wonasworobas.<br />

smits sjeroda, rom gamorCeniT daintereseba da sabazro Zalebi erTmaneTs<br />

Seewyobodnen, raTa SeenarCunebinaT ekonomikuri Sejibri da konkurencia. es,<br />

Tavis mxriv, ar miscemda fasebs saSualebas Zalian gascdenoda produqciis<br />

realur Rirebulebas (Tu es ase moxdeboda, mwarmoeblebs daTrgunavdnen<br />

konkurentebi). am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofileba da<br />

sabazro mdgomareoba xels uwyobs fasebis TviTregulacias: maRali fasebi<br />

qmnis maRali konkurenciis iniciativas, dabali fasi iwvevs moTxovnis gazrdas<br />

da Sesabamisad, amas Sedegad produqciis gazrda mohyveba.<br />

da bolos, smitis Tavisufali mewarmeobis Teoriis mixedviT, individebi<br />

nebayoflobiT irCeven konkretulad im profesiasa da saqmianobas, romlebic<br />

sazogadoebaSi yvelaze faseulad iTvleba, radgan fuladi gasamrjelo<br />

am SemTxvevaSi Zalian didi sacduria, maSinac ki, roca TviT saqmianoba ar<br />

aris Zalian momxibvleli. 10 es koncefciebi erTad gansazRvravs e.w. Tavisufali<br />

(laissez-faire (mieciT saSualeba xalxs, gaakeTos, rac unda) kapitalizms.<br />

es aris idea, romlis Tanaxmadac mTavrobis Carevisgan Tavisufali bazari<br />

ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatoria.<br />

Tanamedrove konservatizmi. lokis, monteskiesa da smiTis namuSevrebze<br />

dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove konservatorebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben adamianTa<br />

uflebas, iltvodnen bednierebisaken rogorc individebi (da ara rogorc<br />

koleqtivis wevrebi). isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben

438 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

adamianis uflebaze moipovos, daagrovos da gankargos sakuTreba. aseve,<br />

icaven biznesisa da korporaciuli industriis interesebs. amiT eTanxmebian<br />

smiTis mosazrebas, rom individualuri keTildReobis mopoveba aucileblad<br />

gamoiwvevs saerTo ayvavebasa da keTildReobas. da bolos, konservatorebi<br />

akritikeben bazris moqmedebaSi saxelmwifos Carevas (iseve rogorc<br />

socialuri keTildReobis programebs) da biznesis saqmeebSi biurokratiul<br />

`cxviris Cayofas~ (magaliTad, federalur moTxovnebs minimaluri garemosdacviTi<br />

standartebis Sesaxeb).<br />

konservatorebi irwmunebian, rom individualizms konkretuli sajaro<br />

sikeTeebi moaqvs, maT Soris, nergavs SromiT eTikas, wesrigisa da stabilurobis<br />

survils da jansaR TviTSekavebas mTavrobis mxridan. es sajaro<br />

(sazogadoebrivi) sikeTeebi yvelaze metad im politikur sistemaSi Seiqmneba,<br />

sadac yvelaze kargi pirobebia individis warmatebisaTvis. SeiZleba monteskieseuli<br />

`yairaTianoba, ekonomiuroba, zomiereba, Sroma, SorsmWvreteloba,<br />

simSvide, wesrigi da kanoni~ araa umaRlesi idealebi, magram<br />

konservatorebisaTvis yvelaferi es normaluri da stabiluri <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

sistemis garantiebia.<br />

liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati<br />

konservatorebis msgavsad, liberalebic miiCneven, rom individebs miniWebuli<br />

aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, uflebebi, romlebic<br />

liberalebs yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT, aris samoqalaqo uflebebi.<br />

amrigad, isini gaafTrebiT icaven im individebsa da jgufebs, romelTa<br />

uflebebic irRveva da diskriminacias ganicdian (mag. rasobrivi umciresobani,<br />

qalebi da Raribebi). liberalebi eTanxmebian xelisuflebis mcdelobasa<br />

da qmedebebs, miaRwion Tanabar uflebebs. amavdroulad, isini zogadad ewinaaRmdegebian<br />

mTavrobis mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; agreTve,<br />

erTobis standartebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT `moralis dakanonebis~<br />

mcdelobebs.<br />

pirovnul Tavisuflebaze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba fundamentur<br />

rwme nas aZlevs individualurobis Rirsebas. TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobisa<br />

Tu Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

mizani unda iyos. individualizmis dasacavi argumentebi<br />

mkafiod aris Camo yalibebuli jon stiuart milis naSromSi `Tavisuflebis<br />

Sesaxeb~ (1859):<br />

mas, vinc uflebas aZlevs samyaros an samyaros misTvis gankuTvnil<br />

nawils, mis magivrad dagegmos misi cxovreba, ar sWirdeba sxva aranairi<br />

niWi, garda maimunisebri adamianisa. is, vinc Tavis cxovrebas Tavad gegmavs,<br />

iyenebs yvela Tavis niWs. mas sWir deba dakvirveba, raTa dainaxos;<br />

logikuri azrovneba da gansjis unari, raTa pirdapir ganWvritos;<br />

saqmianoba, raTa moagrovos masala gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; gansxvavebis<br />

unari, raTa gadawyvitos da roca gadawyvets, simyare da TviT­

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

kontroli, raTa misdios saguldagulod miRebul gadawyvetilebebs.<br />

am Tvisebebs is saWiroebs da iyenebs zustad, proporciulad, rogorc<br />

Tavisi qmedebis nawils, romelsac gansazRvravs sakuTari azrovnebisa<br />

da grZnobebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom is daadges karg gzas<br />

da Tavi aaridos zians yovelive amis gamoyenebis gareSec. magram am<br />

SemTxvevaSi ra iqneboda SedarebiTi Rirebuleba misi, rogorc adamianisa?<br />

didi mniSvnelobisaa ara marto is, ras akeTebs adamiani, aramed<br />

is manerac, romliTac is rames akeTebs. adamianis namuSevarTa Soris,<br />

romlis gaumjobesebasa da galamazebaSia CarTuli misi cxovreba, upirvelesi<br />

mniSvnelobisa Tavad adamiania. . . . adamianis buneba ar aris<br />

manqana, rom nimuSis mixedviT aago da daniSno misTvis gamowerili samuSaos<br />

zustad Sesasruleblad. adamianis buneba SegviZlia ufro xes<br />

SevadaroT, romelsac zrda da ganviTareba sWirdeba Sinagani Zalebis<br />

tendenciebis mixedviT, rac mas cocxal arsebad aqcevs. 11<br />

439<br />

mili agreTve aRniSnavs, rom individualurobas mudmivi safrTxe emuqreba<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris damxuTveli erTgvarovnebis mxridan. swored am<br />

mizeziT, liberalebis azriT, individebi saWiroeben dacvas umravlesobis<br />

mmarTvelobaze damyarebuli xelisuflebisgan. isini miiCneven, rom<br />

demokratiuli sazogadoeba xSirad erTmaneTSi urevs azris raodenobasa<br />

da xarisxs da xSirad utolebs ricxobriv aRmatebulebas politikur WeSmaritebas.<br />

am procesSi sxva­gvarad moazrovneebs xSirad sxva TvaliT uyureben<br />

da zogjer devnian kidec.<br />

milisa da misi inteleqtualuri memkvidreebis TvalSi individualizmi<br />

kargia sazogadoebisaTvis da individebisaTvis, radgan swored adamianis<br />

kreatiulobis, dinamizmisa da gamomgoneblobis gamo viTardeba sazogadoeba.<br />

liberalebi miiCneven, rom Tu individebs miecemaT saSualeba, srulyofilad<br />

ganaviTaron niWi da gaavrcelon TavianTi ideebi, mTavroba<br />

SeZlebs simbiozuri urTierTobebis aSenebas, sadac individic da sazogadoebac<br />

gaizrdeba da ganviTardeba.<br />

arsebiTi gansxvavebebi<br />

amerikel liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris gansxvavebis safuZveli<br />

dapirispirebuli mosazrebebia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. liberalebs<br />

sjeraT adamianebis sikeTisa da kargi bunebisa. marTalia, isini ar uaryofen,<br />

rom zogi adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis miuReblad iqceva, magram aseT adamianebs<br />

garemos msxverplad miiCneven. magaliTad, Tanamedrove amerikelTa<br />

umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Sesamcireblad sazogadoebam unda<br />

Seamsubuqos siRaribis, sasowarkveTis mdgomareoba da rasizmi, romelic<br />

asazrdoebs antisazogadoebriv qmedebas. sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Tanasworni<br />

arian Rirsebis mixedviT da imsaxureben aseT mopyrobas mTavrobisa<br />

da Tanamoqaleqeebis mxridan.<br />

konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ufro muq ferebSi xedaven. maT miaC­

440 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

niaT, rom adamianebi dabadebidanve egoistebi da xSirad daumorCileblebi<br />

arian. individebi cdiloben TavianTi Tavi sxvebze maRla daayenon, isini gansxvavdebian<br />

motivaciiT, SesaZleblobebiT, moraluri RirebulebebiTa da<br />

iRbliT. konservatorebi amboben, rom am gansxvavebaTa Semcireba arc erT<br />

mTavrobas ar xelewifeba. sabolood, TavianTi liberali oponentebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, maT naklebi `Tavis tkivili~ aqvT araTanabari sazogadoebrivi<br />

mdgomareobisa da gansxvavebuli qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamo. amasTan,<br />

isini ar miaweren adamianis antisazogadoebriv qmedebas garemo faqtorebs.<br />

piriqiT, fiqroben, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebeben `dampali vaSlebi~<br />

(amerikuli gamoTqma _ cudi gavlenis mqone adamiani. mTargmn. Sen.).<br />

kidev erTi faqtori, rac konservatorebsa da liberalebs ganasxvavebs,<br />

isaa, rom es ukanasknelni Tavs istoriulad mimdinare procesis nawilad<br />

miiCneven, romlis farglebSic adamianis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da TandaTan<br />

ufro umjobesdeba. sxva sityvebiT, liberalebi istorias progresuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT uyureben. maT sjeraT, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani dRes<br />

ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre ramdenime Taobis an ramdenime saukunis win.<br />

maTi azriT, momavlis socialuri mowyoba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise<br />

sazRvargareT, ise iqneba konstruirebuli, rom yvela adamians saukeTeso<br />

misces. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalebi optimisturad uyureben momavalSi<br />

sazogadoebisa da mTeli msoflios gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobas.<br />

konservatorebi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos sirTuleebis daZlevisas<br />

warsuls gzamkvlevad iyeneben. isini eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom cvlileba<br />

SeiZleba gautoldes progress. maTTvis <strong>politikuri</strong> erToba faqizi<br />

organizmia, romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo faseulobebiTa da SexedulebebiT.<br />

Cveuleba da tradiciebi, aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi<br />

(magaliTad, ojaxi, eklesia, mTavroba) da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli socialuri<br />

xatebi konservatorebisaTvis erTaderTi myari safuZvelia stabiluri<br />

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasamyareb lad. TviT sazogadoebis msgavsad<br />

tradiciebic arasdros unda Seicvalos swrafad da erTi xelis mosmiT. konservatorTa<br />

umravlesoba savsebiT eTanxmeba edmund berkis mosazrebas _<br />

rodesac cvlileba saWiro ar aris, arc unda SevcvaloT.<br />

konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika<br />

konservatorTa da liberalTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi cvlilebebis,<br />

adamianis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba am or jgufs Soris<br />

arsebuli daZabulobis axsnaSi. am daZabulobas zogi damkvirvebeli `kulturaTa<br />

omsac~ uwodebda. 12 zemoaRniSnul programebs (iseTi socialuri<br />

instituciebis mizani, Semadgenloba da mniSvneloba, rogoricaa ojaxi, ganaTleba,<br />

xelovneba, kanoni da politika) moralur sakiTxebSi uTanxmoeba<br />

udevs safuZvlad. konservatorebis aqcenti tradiciebsa da orTodoqsulobaze,<br />

kulminacias aRwevs rwmenaSi, rom keTili da boroti transcendentur<br />

filosofiasa da religiaSi Caqsovili universaluri faseulobebia. maTgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, liberalTa mravalferovnebisa da tolerantobisadmi erT­

a aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

441<br />

guleba gamoxatulia rwmenaSi, rom moraluri da <strong>politikuri</strong> gadawyvetilebebi<br />

piradi sakiTxebia. magaliTad, liberalTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

skolebSi locvas, moiTxovs farTo legalur da socialur uflebebs homoseqsualebisaTvis,<br />

aseve, miiCneven, rom qalebs aqvT abortis gakeTebis<br />

ufleba. amisagan gansxvavebiT, konservatorebi, rogorc wesi, fiqroben, rom<br />

skolebSi locvis akrZalva, homoseqsualTa uflebebis aRiareba da abortis<br />

nebarTva, moralurad arasworia. liberalebis azriT ki, individualuri ar­<br />

Cevanis uaryofiT irRveva is, rac moralurad sworia. 13<br />

liberalebi da konservatorebi, aseve, gansxvavdebian adamianuri bunebisa<br />

da uflebebis sakiTxebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebiTac. sakuTrebis<br />

uflebisadmi erTguleba imis rwmenasTan erTad, rom warmateba da ayvaveba<br />

adamianis bednierebis arsia, konservatorebs dauregulirebeli komerciisa<br />

da industriis momxreebad aqcevs. amave mizeziT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian socialur<br />

prog ramebs, romlebic moicavs erovnuli Semosavlis msxvilmasStabian<br />

gadanawilebas, did an mzard gadasaxadebs, janmrTelobis dazRvevis<br />

saxelmwifo programebsa da sxv. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo Tanamedrove<br />

konservatorebi `mcire mTavrobis~ momxreebi arian. xolo iq, sadac saxelmwifo<br />

programebi aucilebeli an gardauvalia, konservatorebis azriT, adgilobrivi<br />

xelisuf leba ufro axlosaa xalxTan da amitom ufro sandoa, vidre<br />

federaluri xelisufleba. meore mxriv, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, cota<br />

ar iyos uaryofiTi Sexeduleba konservatorebs liberalebze ufro mkacrad<br />

ganawyobs piradi usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (amitom isini<br />

momxreni arian kriminalebis mimarT ufro sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis<br />

gatarebisa), aseve erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis mimarT. da bolos,<br />

konservatorebs sjeraT, rom ekonomikuri TanasworobiT zedmetad<br />

dainteresebas SeuZlia Ziri gamouTxaros sistemas, romelmac, maTi azriT,<br />

aSS esoden warmatebul qveynad aqcia. magaliTad, saxelmwifo mcdeloba miaRwios<br />

ekonomikur Tanasworobas iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa<br />

makompensirebeli programa, axSobs individualur iniciativas da amcirebs<br />

kavSirs pirad damsaxurebasa da fulad jildos Soris.<br />

vinaidan liberalebi samyaros karg da keTil adgilad da adamianis<br />

bunebas _ Tandayolilad keTilad miiCneven, isini ufro midrekilni arian<br />

dainaxon TanamSromlobis, cxovrebisa da mankierebaTa gamosworebis<br />

SesaZleblobebi iq, sadac konservatorebi gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs xedaven.<br />

amrigad, sagareo saqmeebSi liberalebi Tavdacvaze naklebi xarjebis<br />

gawevis momxreni arian, konservatorebi ki eTanxmebian Zvel gamonaTqvams:<br />

`geSinodes RmerTisa da Seinaxe Seni Tofis wamali mSralad.~ saSinao saqmeebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT liberalebi fiqroben, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc erTi<br />

mTliani organizmi, mogebulia xelisuflebis absoluturi CareviT, raTa<br />

uzrunvelyos daCagruli an uiRblo adamianebi saxelmwifo sacxovrebliT,<br />

saxelmwifo dasaqmebiT, janmrTelobis universaluri dazRveviTa da a.S.<br />

maTi azriT, rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobis done mTlianad,<br />

Semosavlis gadanawilebis didi uTanasworoba unda gamoswordes saxelmwifo<br />

politikis saSualebiT. yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba, amitom<br />

aravin unda itanjebodes siRaribiT gamowveuli damcirebiT maSin, roca

442 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

zogi fufunebaSi cxovrobs. nebismieri amerikelis diskriminaciis Tavidan<br />

acileba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Zlieri sakompensacio programebiTa da xelisuflebis<br />

CareviT. metic, maT sjeraT, rom danaSaulis Camdennic msxverplni<br />

arian (ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobisa) da miaCniaT, rom Raribebi<br />

ufro xSirad exvevian kriminalur danaSaulSi. liberalebi moiTxoven<br />

braldebulTa uflebebis maqsimalur dacvas. da bolos, amerikeli liberalisaTvis<br />

individualizmis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba aekrZalos xelisuflebas<br />

konstituciiT miniWebuli sityvis, aRmsareblobis, Sekrebebis,<br />

gaerTianebebis da pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva.<br />

daskvna<br />

saxelmwifo garkveuli socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas<br />

sajaro sikeTis miseuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT cdilobs. am miznebis sisruleSi<br />

moyvana damokidebulia saxelmwifos ideologiaze _ sajaro sike­<br />

Tis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa organizebul nakrebze.<br />

ideologiebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad klasificirdes: antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

(anarqizmi, libertarianizmi), memarjvene (monarqizmi, faSizmi), an<br />

memarcxene (revoluciuri komunizmi, demokratiuli socializmi, radikaluri<br />

egalitaria nizmi). aSS­Si dominirebs ori sxva ideologiuri tendencia:<br />

liberalizmi da konservatizmi. gasakviria, magram saocrad Znelia am ori<br />

Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba. upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom aSS­Si liberalizmi<br />

da konservatizmi iziarebs mraval fundamentur mosazrebas da faseulobas.<br />

Tumca, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris garkveuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs.<br />

konservatorebi xazs usvamen ekonomikur uflebebs, liberalebi aqcents<br />

samoqalaqo uflebebze akeTeben. liberalebs sjeraT adamianis keTili<br />

bunebisa, konservatorebi adamianis bunebis mimarT naklebad keTilganwyobili<br />

arian. liberalebi momavals optimisturad uyureben da sjeraT, rom<br />

is uzrunvelyofs ukeTes cxovrebas yvelasaTvis. konservatorebi, awmyos<br />

problemebTan gasamklaveblad, gzamkvlevad warsuls miiCneven. es gansxvavebebi<br />

gamoxatulia gansxvavebul sajaro politikur miznebSi, romlebsac<br />

TiToeuli es jgufi misdevs.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

(sazogado) sikeTe<br />

ideologia<br />

anarqizmi<br />

nihilizmi<br />

libertarianeloba<br />

monarqistebifaSizmi<br />

kapitalizmi<br />

Tavisufali mewarmeoba<br />

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika<br />

koleqtivizmi<br />

socializmi<br />

utopisti socialistebi

evoluciuri komunizmi<br />

proletariati<br />

burJuazia<br />

dialeqtikuri materializmi<br />

kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni<br />

pauperizaciis kanoni<br />

evrokomunizmi<br />

demokratiuli socializmi<br />

gradualizmi<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

ra aris sajaro sikeTe?<br />

443<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo<br />

liberaluri tradicia<br />

amerikuli liberalizmi<br />

amerikuli konservatizmi<br />

liberalizmi<br />

konservatizmi<br />

moTxovna­miwodebis kanoni<br />

Tavisufali (laissez-faire) kapitalizmi<br />

1. ra miznebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gansazRvros konstituciuri saxelmwifos<br />

xelisuflebam sajaro sikeTe?<br />

2. ratom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis warmatebuli moqmedeba<br />

damokidebulia mis mier sajaro sikeTis realizaciis SesaZleb lobaze?<br />

3. ra aris ideologia? aris Tu ara es mecnieruli termini, romelic advilad<br />

gamoiyeneba politikis analizisas? ratom?<br />

4. riT hgavs revoluciuri komunizmi demokratiul socializms? romel<br />

politikur sakiTxebze Tanxmdeba es ori mimdinareoba? romlebze ver<br />

Tanxmdeba?<br />

5. rogor SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan liberalizmi da konservatizmi<br />

aSS­Si?<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford Univer-<br />

sity Press, 1962), 1279a, 112.<br />

2. es msjeloba efuZneba Andrew Haywood­is, Political Ideologies: An Introduc-<br />

tion (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 6-8. heivudis (da Cveni) msjeloba ki,<br />

Tavis mxriv, emyareba gansazRvrebas, romelic SemogvTavaza May Salinger­<br />

ma, wignSi Politics and Ideology (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976)<br />

3. The Anti-Defamation League ob B’nai B’rith, Hate Groups in America: A Record of<br />

Bigotry and Violence (New York, n.d.), 11.<br />

4. kalvinistebi arian protestantebi, romlebic mihyvebian kalvinis (1509­<br />

1564) swavlebas. mtkice kalvinistebs sjeraT `bedisweris~, romlis Tanax­<br />

madac zogi adamiani rCeulia RvTis mier xsnisaTvis, xolo zogi _ samu­<br />

damodaa dawyevlili.<br />

5. Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton, The International Relations Dictionary (Santa Barbara,<br />

Calif.: ABS, 1982), 81.

444 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

6. Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosofhy. (New York: Simon & Schuster,<br />

1965), 364.<br />

7. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:<br />

An Introduction to American Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1971), 4-5.<br />

8. Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, mTargm. Thomas Nugent (New York:<br />

Hafner Press, 1949), bk. 5, chap. 6, 46.<br />

9. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New<br />

York: Modern Library, 1965), 14.<br />

10. rogorc aRniSnulia Robert Heilbroner­is mier naSromSi The Wordly Philosophers:<br />

The Lives, Times and Ideas of Great Economic Thinkers (New York: Modern<br />

Library, 1965), 14.<br />

11. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery/Gateway, 1955), 85.<br />

12. James Devison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York:<br />

Basic Books, 1991). Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mihyveba, magram zustad ar<br />

imeorebs hanterisas.<br />

13. iqve. rogorc hanteri aRniSnavs, es ar aris dapirispireba religiurobasa<br />

da arareligiurobas Soris. ufro xSirad azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tavs iCens<br />

religiurebs Soris.

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

Tavi XIII<br />

sajaro<br />

politikis<br />

problemebi<br />

principebi,<br />

prioritetebi da<br />

praqtikebi<br />

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

gare mtrebisgan dacva Sida mtre­<br />

bisgan dacva socialuri dacva sa­<br />

kuTar qmedebaTagan dacva<br />

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo<br />

vali saganmanaTleblo krizisi Semo­<br />

savlebis ganawileba<br />

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

rasobrivi diskriminacia pozitiuri<br />

qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia<br />

vis sWirdeba dacva?<br />

Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio<br />

Sesworeba Ppiradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba<br />

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

danaSauli da sasjeli marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli proce­<br />

dura samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi<br />

mizanTa konfliqti<br />

445

446 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

XII TavSi gamovyaviT xuTi mTavari Rirebuleba: usafrTxoeba, keTildReoba,<br />

Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. es Rirebulebebi<br />

imavdroulad sajaro politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenen, Tumca<br />

TiToeulis ganxorcielebisaTvis konkretuli strategiis gansazRvra sakmaod<br />

Znelia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi debatebi mudmivad cvalebadi sajaro<br />

politikis problemebze politikis ZiriTadi arsia.<br />

radganac sajaro politikis sakiTxebis yovlismomcveli SedarebiTi<br />

anali zi am saxelmZRvanelos maStabebs cildeba, ZiriTad aqcents SeerTebul<br />

Stateb ze gavakeTebT. Bbevri sakiTxi Tu problema, romelic qvemoT<br />

iqneba ganxiluli sxva demokratiuli sistemebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

Aaseve, TandaTanobiT momivixilavT am problemebis gadawyvetis alternatiul<br />

gzebsac.<br />

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

Cveulebisamebr, nebismieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifos upirvelesi mizani<br />

Tavisi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. tiraniebis garda,<br />

romelic eWvsa da SiSs TavianT moqalaqeebSi Segnebulad Tesavs, nebismieri<br />

xelisufleba pirovnebis usafrTxoebas ganixilavs, rogorc saxelmwifos<br />

arsebobis umTavres faqtors da aseve aucilebel winapirobas sasicocxlo<br />

mniSvnelobis sxva miznebis misaRwevad. gavleniani <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofosi<br />

Tomas hobsi (1588­1679) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda usafrTxoebas<br />

da mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan dacvas, rogorc xelisuflebis arsebobis<br />

gamamarTlebel umTavres mizezs. Aam TvalsazrisiT hobsi marto ar yofila,<br />

TviT aristotelec politikis sxva umTavres miznebs Soris yvelaze<br />

maRla sicocxlis xelyofisagan dacvas ayenebda. 1<br />

gareSe mtrebisgan dacva<br />

termins erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom amerikul<br />

politikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen. SeerTebuli Statebis dacva<br />

gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebisgan umTavres saxelmwifo prioritetad iqca,<br />

rac Tavdacvis dafinansebis zrdasa da 1980­iani wlebSi sabiujeto deficitis<br />

gaRrmavebaSi gamoixata, Tumca civi omis epoqis dasrulebasTan er­<br />

Tad gaCnda kiTxva: Seicva la Tu ara msoflio ise Zireulad, rom amerikam<br />

Tavis prioritetebs seriozulad gadaxedos da samxedro mzadyofnac mniSvnelovnad<br />

Seamciros?<br />

1945 wlidan 1980­iani wlebis bolomde erovnul usafrTxoebaze debatebis<br />

mTavari Tema sabWoTa safrTxe iyo. isini, vinc sabWoTa kavSirs Zlevamosil,<br />

mag ram mSvidobis mosurne subieqtad ganixilavdnen, SeiaraRebaze<br />

didi danaxarjebis mizanSewonilobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen da or supersaxelmwifos<br />

Soris TanamSromlobis (upirveles yovlisa, ganiaraRebis daCqarebis)<br />

sakiTxis wina planze wamo wevas cdilobdnen. sxvebi, vinc sabWoTa

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

447<br />

kavSirs saSiS eqspansiur Zalad miiCnevdnen, romelic msoflio batonobas<br />

eswrafvoda, TavgamodebiT uWerdnen mxars Tavdacvis biujetis zrdasa da<br />

axali sabrZolo teqnologiebis ganviTarebis programebs. Aamerikis erovnuli<br />

usafrTxoebis mTvari sadavo sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba<br />

sabWoTa liderebis motivebsa da sabWoTa sistemis xasiaTze.<br />

1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sul<br />

ufro rTuli xdeboda amerikel gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis Tavdacvaze<br />

gamoyofi li didi danaxarjebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba. Tumca, skeptikosebi<br />

miiCnevdnen, rom msoflio erTi xelis mosmiT ver gaxdeboda<br />

usafrTxo mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs sul ufro<br />

usafrTxod grZnobda. Aamerikis interesebi yovelTvis idga ekonomikuri Tu<br />

strategiuli safrTxis winaSe (magaliTad, erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba<br />

1990 wels), xolo mudmivi regionuli Tu adgilobrivi konfliqtebi, masobrivi<br />

ganadgurebis iaraRis (balistikuri raketebi, atomuri, qimiuri da biologiuri<br />

iaraRi) raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, horizontze axali safrTxeebis<br />

gamoCenaze mianiSnebda.<br />

wliuri xarjebi (mlrd aSS dolari)<br />

reiganis<br />

prezidentoba<br />

buSis<br />

prezidentoba<br />

klintonis<br />

prezidentoba<br />

buSis (umcrosi)<br />

rezidentoba<br />

sqema 13-1 samxedro xarjebis zrda.1990­ian wlebSi moqmedi samxedro Zalebi meore<br />

msoflio omis Semdgom periodTan SedarebiT (1950) kidev ufro Semcirda. samxedro<br />

xarjebi 1990­ian wlebSi arsebiTad Semcirda, magram ukanasknel wlebSi isev civi<br />

omis wlebis dones gautolda.<br />

wyaro: Defense Department. ibeWdeba Sioux Falls Argus Leader­dan, 18 maisi 1997w. 11C.

448 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

1990­ian wlebSi meore msoflio omis maStabebis konfrontaciis safrTxe<br />

TiTqos nel­nela gaqra. Lliberalebi da konservatorebi, mzardi sabiujeto<br />

deficitisa da axali <strong>politikuri</strong> garemoebebis fonze, bolosdabolos<br />

SeTanxmdnen da mxari dauWires SeiraRebuli Zalebisa da SeiaraRebis<br />

prog ramebis Semcirebas (Tumca, isini yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebodnen am Semcirebis<br />

moculobasa da masStabebze). samxedro <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebi<br />

Tavdacvis biujetebzec aisaxa (ix. sqema 13­1). 1986 welTan SedarebiT, rodesac<br />

civi omis epoqam piks miaRwia, pentagonma Tavisi TanamSromlebis (moqmedi,<br />

sarezervo da samoqalaqo) ricxvi 20 %­iT Seamcira. 20 %­iani Semcireba<br />

Seexo profesiul jarsac (moqmed samxedreobsac) (4,4 mln­dan 3,5 mln­mde).<br />

2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg<br />

qveynis ganwyoba erT dReSi Seicvala. miRebuli dartymisa da gancdili zaralis<br />

gamo pentagoni isev erovnuli <strong>politikuri</strong> arenis wina xazze aRmoCnda.<br />

kongresi da mTeli qveyana isev civi omis droindel rutinas daubrunda da<br />

mzad iyo, yvelaferi gaeRo, raTa amerika kvlav usafrTxo demokratiul<br />

qveynad qceuliyo, romelic SigniT teroristebisagan da gareT im mtrebisaganac<br />

iqneboda daculi, romlebic teroristebs mfarveloben. Ddasrulda<br />

1990­iani wlebis eiforia, warsuls Cabarda xelSeuxeblobis iluzia, gaqra<br />

SegrZneba imisa, rom amerika `gansakuTrebulia~ da katastrofebi mxolod<br />

sxvagan SeiZleba xdebodes.<br />

Sida mtrebisagan dacva<br />

11 seqtemberma gansakuTrebiT win wamoswia xelisuflebis mier Tavis moqalaqeTa<br />

sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxi Sida mtrebisgan _ saku­<br />

Tarive moqalaqeebisagan, jaSuSebisa da mtrulad ganwyobili ucxoelebisgan.<br />

dReisaTvis erovnuli usafrTxoebis es `axleburi~ xedva yvelaze ufro<br />

prioritetulia; mas gacilebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba, vidre Tavis droze<br />

Zvel midgomas (da met winaaRmdegobasac warmoSobs). debatebma am sakiTxze<br />

naTeli gaxada, ramdenad rTulia zRvaris gavleba terorizmsa da dana­<br />

SaulTan brZolas Soris. cxadia, rom teroristuli aqtebi _ uadanaSaulo<br />

adamianebis mimarT Cadenili yvela sxva saxis Zaladobis aqtebis msgavsad<br />

_ danaSaulebriv qmedebebs ganekuTvneba. magram, terorizmi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

miznebiT aris motivirebuli da mas xSirad `sa xelmwifo sponsorebi~ hyavs<br />

sazRvargareT (maT Soris iyvnen avRaneTi, erayi, irani, CrdiloeTi korea). imsaxureben<br />

Tu ara amis gamo teroristebi `Cveulebrivi~ damnaSaveebisgan gansxavebul<br />

mopyrobas? unda sargeb lobdnen Tu ara isini imave konstituciuri<br />

garantiebiT, riTac mkvlelobaSi Tu ZaladobaSi braldebulebi? ra xdeba ma­<br />

Sin, Tuki teroristuli aqtis Camdeni sakuTari moqalaqea? terorizmi ufro<br />

dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, amitom amjerad mxolod mZime<br />

danaSaulis mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT da tero ri zms SevexebiT imdenad,<br />

ramdendac es danaSaulsa da sasjelze saubrisas iqneba saWiro.<br />

dRemde ar arsebobs konsensusi imaze, ra iwvevs danaSauls, ra unda gaakeTos<br />

sazogadoebam misi Tavidan asacileblad da unda isjebodes Tu ara

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

449<br />

yvela qmedeba, romelic danaSaulebrivad aris miCneuli (magaliTad, marixuanas<br />

moxmareba da Senaxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo xanebSi odnav Semcirda,<br />

danaSaulis ricxvma SeerTebul StatebSi ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

kritikul zRvars miaRwia. ratom?<br />

zogierTi eqspertis azriT, danaSauli, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri<br />

fenomenia, adamianuri (pirovnuli) imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis Sedegia,<br />

romelic siRaribiTa da ugulebelyofiT, rasobrivi diskriminaciiT,<br />

araTanabari ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. sxva riTi Sei­<br />

Zleba aixsnas is faqti, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia qalaqis<br />

Rarib ubnebSi, sadac yvelaze dabali Semosavali da cxovrebis yvelaze<br />

uaresi pirobebia. am TvalsazrisiT, danaSauli xelisuflebis uyuradRebobisa<br />

da sazogadoebis gulgrilobis Sedegia. zogierTi eqsperti ki sruliad<br />

gansxvavebul socialur fenomenze miuTiTebs danaSaulis zrdis mizezebis<br />

asaxsnelad. isini aqcents tradiciuli amerikuli ojaxis nel­nela gaqrobasa<br />

da riskis zRvarze myofi bavSvebis raodenobis zrdaze akeTeben. aseve xazs<br />

usvamen Temisa da mezoblebis mniSvnelobis dakninebas da maTgan gamowveul<br />

izolaciasa da individualizmze miuTiTeben, romelic amJamad amerikul<br />

cxovrebaSi aris gabatonebuli. rodesac socialuri kavSirebi (da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />

emociebi, rogoricaa sircxvili) Sesustebulia, igive emarTeba<br />

im SezRudvebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivad arasasurvel Tu ukanono qmedebebs<br />

blokaven. da bolos, eqspertebi popkulturasac adanaSauleben, romelic<br />

masmediis saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tanamedrove amerikuli kultura,<br />

garda imisa, rom Zaladobas asxams xotbas (popularuli musikiT dawyebuli<br />

satelevizio sareklamo rgolebiT damTavrebuli), mudmivad eweva im Rirebulebebis<br />

popularizacias, romlebic danaSaules aqezebs (sasurvelis advilad<br />

miRweva da TviTgamoxatvis SeuzRudavoba). 2<br />

isini, vinc siRaribesa da Semosavlis araTanabar ganawilebas miiCneven<br />

danaSaulis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad, mxars uWeren saxelmwifo programebs,<br />

romlebic maTi aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli. xolo isini, vinc ojaxisa<br />

da kulturis degradaciaze saubroben, Tvlian, rom xelisuflebas bevri<br />

arafris gakeTeba ZaluZs danaSaulis Sesamcireblad, garda imisa, rom damnaSaveTaTvis<br />

Seqmnas `dauyovneblivi da gardauvali~ sasjelis garantiebi.<br />

kidev erTi midgoma danaSaulis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT aris e.w. umsxverplo<br />

danaSaulTa dekriminalizacia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia aramxolod<br />

praqtikuli _ policiis, sagamoZiebo Tu sapatimro xarjebisa da<br />

drois dazogva, aramed filosofiuri mosazrebebiTac. iseT gansxvavebul<br />

qmedebebs, rogoricaa prostitucia Tu maTxovroba, saerTo is aqvT, rom<br />

TiToeuli individis mier Tu individTa Soris damoukideblad aris Cadenili<br />

da amiT sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs ziani ar adgebaT.<br />

debatebi danaSaulis dekriminalizaciaze, upirveles yovlisa, narkotikebis<br />

legalizacias Seexeba. yvelaferi marixuanaze saubriT daiwyo<br />

da am bolo xanebSi kokainsac Seexo. dekriminalizaciis momxreebi miiCneven,<br />

rom narkomaniis arasasurveli socialuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad imiTaa ganpirobebuli,<br />

rom xelisuflebis mier kanongareSed gamocxadebuli Zviri siamovnebis<br />

dasakmayofileblad narkomanebi iZulebulni arian xSirad Caidi­

450 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

non Zarcva da yaCaRoba. narkotikebis legalizeba ki masze fasis davardnas<br />

da narkomaniasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs (Tumca,<br />

im mogebasTan erTad, romelsac organizebuli damnaSaveebi iReben).<br />

danaSaulisadmi damokidebulebis cvlileba<br />

ratom eguebian amerikelebi danaSaulis aseT maRal maCvenebels? am kiTxvaze<br />

saintereso (da winaaRmdegobrivi) pasuxi SemogvTavaza niu­iorkelma senatorma,<br />

specialobiT sociologma daniel patrik moinihanma (1927­2007) Tavis<br />

cnobil statiaSi `deviaciuri qcevis gadafaseba~. 3 moinahani amtkicebda, rom<br />

raki amerikelebi danaSaulis swrafi zrdis pirispir aRmoCndnen, misi mniSvneloba<br />

ugulebelyves imis axleburi SefasebiT (anu gadafasebiT), ra SeiZleba<br />

CaiTvalos normad. ramdenime wlis win danaSaulis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli<br />

mZime socialur paTologiad miiCneoda, Tumca, dRes aRiqmeba sazogadoebis<br />

normalur mdgomareobad, romlis gamosworebac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.<br />

moinihans gamaognebeli magaliTic mohyavs. 1929 wlis 14 Tebervals<br />

oTxma gangsterma maTi Svidi moqiSpe gangsteri wminda valentinis dRes cecxlsasroli<br />

iaraRiT amoxoca. moinahani yuradRebas imaze amaxvilebs, rom<br />

am ambavma mTeli eri SokSi Caagdo, Tavad movlena legendad iqca da wminda<br />

valentis dRis xocva­Jletis saxeliT msoflio enciklopedia Sic ki Sevida.<br />

Ggarda amisa, igi konstituciur cvlilebas daedo safuZvlad da bolo<br />

mouRo `mSral kanons~ (es ukanaskneli jgufuri Zaladobisa da danaSaulis<br />

gamomwvev mizezad aris miCneuli).<br />

moinihani aRniSnavda, rom dReisaTvis narkotikebis vaWrobasTan erTad<br />

Zaladobis es saxeoba isev dabrunda, Tumca warsulTan SedarebiT `daujerebeli<br />

masStabebiT~. amerikelebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda Zaladoba, romelic<br />

erT dros maT aranormalur da miuRebel saqcielad miaCndaT. `samwuxarod,<br />

los­anjelesi wminda valentinis xocva­Jletis mowme ukve yovelkvireulad<br />

xdeba~, _ acxadebda moinihani statiis bolos.<br />

narkotikebis legalizaciis oponentebi am moTxovnas ewinaaRmdegebian.<br />

is ini aRiareben, rom legalizaciis Sedegad Semcirdeba zarali, romelsac<br />

sazo gadoebas narkotikebis momxmareblebi ayeneben, magram amavdroulad<br />

gaizrdeba am ukanasknelTa ricxvi da sazogadoeba amjerad imiT dazaraldeba,<br />

rom umaqnis da degradaciis gzaze mdgar moqalaqeebs miiRebs. naTelia,<br />

rom narkotikebis legalizaciis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi igivea, rac<br />

umsxverplo danaSaulis legalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa _ sazogadoebas<br />

erTnairad Zviri ujdeba rogorc narkomani moqalaqeebi, aseve meZavebiTa da<br />

mawanwalebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebi, romlebic TavianTi arsebobiT gareSemo<br />

myofTa usafrTxoebasa da stabilu robas safrTxes uqmnian.<br />

narkotikebisa da prostituciis legalizeba SeerTebul StatebSi savaraudod<br />

uaxloes xanebSi ar ganxorcieldeba, Tumca holandiaSi, gansakuTrebiT

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

451<br />

mis dedaqal amsterdamSi stumrobisas nebismier amerikels aucileblad<br />

gauCndeba kiTxva _ gaamarTlebda Tu ara holandiuri modeli aSS­Si? amsterdamSi<br />

narkotikebis moxmareba da prostitucia mxolod garkveul ubnebSia<br />

daSvebuli da policiis meTvalyureobisa da kontrolisgan Tavisufalia.<br />

meZavebi mudmiv samedicino Semowmebas gadian, xolo narkotikebiT movaWreebis<br />

winaaRmdeg sakmaod mkacri kanonebi moqmedebs. dReisaTvis amdterdami<br />

erT­erTi yvelaze mimzidveli qalaqia dasavleT evropaSi.<br />

danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sajaro politikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

probelema iaraRis kontrolia. konservatorebis umravlesobas<br />

miaCnda, rom iaraRis gayidvisa da Senaxvis SezRudviT mZime danaSaulis<br />

ricxvi ar Semcirdeboda, Tumca es mosazreba mxardaWeriT aRar sargeblobs.<br />

1993 wels kongresma miiRo e,w. breidis kanoni [ewoda jeims bredis gamo,<br />

romelic 1981w. ronald reiganze Tavdasxmis dros daiRupa _ mTargmn. Sen.],<br />

romelic xuTdRian sacdel vadas awesebda pistoletis SeZenaze, 1994 wlidan<br />

ki es SezRudva sxva saxis cecxlsasrol iaraRzec gavrcelda.<br />

iaraRis kontrolsa da antiterorizms Soris urTierTkavSiri 2001 w. 11 seqtembris<br />

Semdgom garemoSi bevr saintereso sakiTxs warmoSobs. mosalodnelia,<br />

rom amerikis mosaxleobis gazrdili SeSfoTeba usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiT da<br />

xelisuflebis mcdeloba ar dauSvas Semdgomi teroristuli aqtebi, kidev<br />

ufro gaamkacrebs iaraRis flobaze SezRudvebs. Tumca, imavdroulad aRmoCndebian<br />

iseTebi, romlebic am mosazrebas SeewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT,<br />

rom moqalaqis konstituciuri ufleba ataros iaraRi, axla ise mniSvnelovania,<br />

rogorc arasdros, rodesac isini ucxo mtrebis samizne gaxdnen.<br />

socialuri dacva<br />

Tanamedrove xelisufalTa erT­erT mTavari mizani socialuri usafrTxo<br />

ebaa. farTo gagebiT socialuri usafrTxoeba moicavs iseT problemebs<br />

rogoricaa, siRaribe, SimSili, avadmyofoba, xandazmuloba, aseve stiqiuri<br />

ubedurebebi _ wyaldidoba, qariSxali, xanZari da sxva. ra roli ekisreba<br />

xelisuflebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis am maradiuli<br />

safrTxeebisgan dacvaSi? sasursaTo talonebi, subsidiebi fermerebisTvis,<br />

pensiebi, Semweobebi janmrTelobaze da umuSevrobaze, daxmareba<br />

studentebisaTvis _ es yvelaferi moqalaqeebisaTvis finansur uzrunvelyofas<br />

isaxavs mizanad saWiro drosa da adgilze.<br />

federaluri xelisuflebis valdebulebaTa moculoba 1990­iani wlebidan<br />

intensiuri ganxilvis sagani gaxda. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis kritikosebi<br />

amtkiceben, rom daxmarebis auracxeli programebiT xelisufleba<br />

sinamdvileSi xalxs im saqcielisken ubiZgebs, romelsac igi ebrZvis (radgan<br />

amiT umuSevrobas waaxalisebs). 1996 wels, socuzrunvelyofis sistemis reformis<br />

Sedegad, Statebs meti uflebamosileba mieniWaT (da meti moqnilobac)<br />

socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi, xolo Semweobebi<br />

mniSvnelovnad SeezRudaT im pirebs, romelTac muSaoba ar surT.<br />

yvelaze ufro mwvave sabiujeto problemaa socialuri usafrT xoebis

452 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

fondis gadaxdisunarianoba, romelic xandazmul moqalaqeebs pensiiTa da<br />

samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri usafrTxoebis fondidan<br />

asakovan amerikelebs yovelTviurad ericxebaT Tanxa, xolo samedicino<br />

momsaxurebis fondi maT eqimisa da saavadmyofos xarjebs ufaravs. bolo<br />

wlebSi orive fondi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. radganac amerikelebi valdebulni<br />

arian socialuri usafrTxoebis fondSi ixadon garkveuli Tanxa<br />

sanam sapensio asaki mouwevT (Cveulebriv 65 weli), Semweobebs samarTlianad<br />

ewodeba kuTvnili daxmareba (saxelisuflebo danaxarjebi, romelsac<br />

amerikelebi sruliad marTlzomierad miiCneven, yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebul<br />

socialuri usafrTxoebisa da samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan er­<br />

Tad). aRniSnuli Semweobebi politikurad mgrZnobiare fenomenia, radganac<br />

sakmaod msxvili interesTa jgufebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadamdgar<br />

pirTa amerikuli asociacia) da amomrCevelTa didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT<br />

asakovani moqalaqeebi) mzad arian `dasajon~ is politikosebi, romlebic am<br />

programebis Semcirebas dauWeren mxars.<br />

samedicino momsaxurebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis fondebs saerTo<br />

problema aqvT: xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre samomavlod<br />

dagegmili Semosavlebi. problema nawilobriv isic aris, rom amerikelebi<br />

didxans cocxloben, rac programebis fass kidev ufro zrdis. bevrad ufro<br />

problemuria (sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT) demografiuli ganviTarebis<br />

tendenciebi, gansakuTrebiT sapensio asaks miRweuli ~beibi bumerebis~<br />

(meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebi) didi raodenoba,<br />

romlebzec Tanxa daixarjeba aRniSnuli programebidan. magaliTad, 1965<br />

wels, rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis fondi Seiqmna, aRniSnuli fondis<br />

TiTo beneficiarze Tanxas saSualod 5,5 adamiani ixdida. 2040 wlisaTvis es<br />

Sefardeba 2.2­dan 1.0­mde Semcirdeba. samedicino uzrunvelyofis fonds seriozul<br />

dartymas ayenebs jandacvis swrafad mzardi xarjebi. 1980­dan 1990iani<br />

wlebis Sua xanebamde am programis xarjebi wliurad 11 %­iT gaizarda,<br />

ramac is yvelaze swrafad mzard federalur programad aqcia (sqema 13­2).<br />

garda amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds, sul cota, kidev erTi<br />

problema aqvs, romelze saubarsac politikosebi Tavs arideben. wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

xelisufleba am fondidan Tanxas iyenebda saSemosavlo danaklisis<br />

(sabiujeto deficitis) Sesavsebad. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs<br />

saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebas, man Tanxa an kerZo seqtoridan unda isesxos<br />

(upirveles yovlisa, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviT), an sajaro danazogebidan<br />

aiRos ­ am SemTxvevaSi socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds mimarTos.<br />

aRniSnuli fondidan Tanxebis mudmivi xarjviT (flangviT), federaluri<br />

xelisuflebis vali 2001 wels 5.8 trilion dolars gautolda, romelzec<br />

saprocento ganakveTi 360 miliards Seadgenda. SedarebisTvis, NASA-s biujeti<br />

14 mlrd iyo, maSin rodesac ganaTlebaze 32 mlrd, xolo gzebze 41 mlrd<br />

gamoiyo. demografiuli zrdis tendenciebi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi<br />

sapensio fonds problemas uqmnis, samTavrobo qmedebebma da saeWvo (zogjer<br />

yalbma) aRricxvis SemTxvevebma es problema aSS­Si kidev ufro gaamwvava.<br />

amasobaSi, molodini izrdeba. amerikelebi, romlebic wlebis ganmavloba­

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

453<br />

Si solidur Tanxas debdnen am sistemaSi samarTlianad elian (da moiTxoven)<br />

sruli pensiis miRebas, rodesac samuSaos Tavs daanebeben.<br />

sqema 13-2 samedicino momsaxurebis programis mzardi xarji<br />

37 mln amerikelze meti iRebs samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebas. es yvelaze<br />

mzardi da amave dros rigiT meore ZviradRirebuli (biujetis daaxloebiT 12%<br />

xmardeba) federaluri programaa. masze ZviradRirebulia socialuri dazRvevis<br />

programa.<br />

wyaro: Steve Langdon­is “With Compaign Dist Settling, Medicare Chances Brighter,” Congressional<br />

Quarterly (18 ianvari 1997w.): 179; Robert Pear­is “Experts Say Cost of Medical<br />

Insurance Is Underestimated,” New York Times, 30 noemberi 2000w., A1; Social Security Administration,<br />

“Status of the Social Security and Medicare Programs,” www.ssa.gov/OACT/<br />

TRSUM/tsumary.html, 21 maisi, 2002w.<br />

iseTi socialuri programebis maRali fasi, rogoricaa Medicare (samedicino<br />

momsaxureba) da Medicaid (samedicino daxmareba) kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs,<br />

ramdenad didia industriul qveynebSi daavadebaTa mkurnalobis xarjebi.<br />

Tumca, damatebiT safrTxes janmrTelobasa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas<br />

adamianebi Tavadac uqmnian. amdenad, xelisufleba axal medikamentebs cdis,<br />

sanam maT bazar ze gaitans da awesebs standartebs mosaxleobis transportirebisas<br />

safrT xis maqsimalurad Sesamcireblad. calke unda aRiniSnos<br />

xelisuflebis mcdeloba, daicvas garemo adamianebis damangreveli qmedebebisa<br />

da dabinZurebisagan, ar daarRvios haeris dabinZurebisagan dacvis<br />

savaldebulo standartebi, Seasrulos dadgenilebebi garemoze zemoq­

454 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

medebis Sesaxeb, daicvas narCenebis gadamuSavebis gamkacrebuli moTxovnebi,<br />

konservaciis gziT ki gadaarCinos veluri bunebis gadaSenebis piras myofi<br />

saxeobebi _ es yvelaferi garemos dacvas isaxavs miznad. garemos dacvis<br />

tendenciebi, rogoricaa mJava wvimebis Semcireba da mdinareTa dabinZurebis<br />

SezRudva, scildeba erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis<br />

sagani xdeba (magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />

SeTanxmeba, romelsac xels aweren SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da meqsika).<br />

ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda garemosdacviTi programebis<br />

mimarT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi mwvaneTa partiam arCevnebSi warmatebas ver miaRwia sxva ganvi­<br />

Tarebuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT (germania, safrangeTi). kritikosebi<br />

xSirad ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen da acxadeben, rom xelisuflebis amgvari<br />

mcdeloba industriul ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs, risi<br />

fasic (usargeblo dabrkolebebisa da biurokratiuli rutinis TvalsazrisiT)<br />

Zalian maRalia.<br />

sakuTar qmedebaTagan dacva<br />

xelisufleba moqalaqeebs sakuTari TavisaTvis safrTxis miyenebisaganac<br />

icavs. magaliTad, zogierT StatSi moqmedebs kanoni, romelic motomrbolelebs<br />

avaldebulebs ataron usafrTxoebis Cafxuti an janmrTelobisaTvis<br />

saSiSi preparatebis gayidvas krZalavs. adamianebis cxovrebaSi<br />

xelisuflebis Careva moralis sakiTxebs moicavs. konstituciis meTvramete<br />

Sesworeba, romelmac mSra li kanoni daawesa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier<br />

Tavisi moqalaqeebis rogorc fizikuri, aseve moraluri zianisgan dacvis<br />

yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTia. aseT magaliTebs ganekuTvneba adgilobrivi,<br />

Statisa da federaluri kanonebi pornografiis gavrcelebisa da<br />

prostituciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.<br />

moralisturi kanonebis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom arc erT sazogadoebas<br />

ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa moraluri Taviseburebebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

maSin, rodesac qcevis garkveuli normebis xelyofas arasasurveli<br />

sazogadoebrivi Sedegebi aqvs. oponentebi ki pasuxoben, rom amgvari sakanonmdeblo<br />

aqtebiT xelisufleba zRudavs pirovnul Tavisuflebas. isini aseve<br />

aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi akrZalul qmedebebs nebayoflobiT Cadian da<br />

TiToeuli pirovneba Tavad unda wyvetdes, misTvis ra aris ukeTesi.<br />

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

SeerTebul Statebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc komerciul qveyanas,<br />

sadac moqalaqeebi mudmivad finansuri usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi arian, xolo<br />

momxmarebeli mefea. saukunenaxevris win aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom<br />

amerikelebi mudmivad aJitirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rac pirovnuli<br />

fufunebis dauRalavi ZiebiTaa ganpirobebuli. es mdgomareoba ameri­

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

455<br />

kuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. damfuZnebeli<br />

mamebi swored muyaiTi moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebaze fiqrobdnen,<br />

romelic sakuTar Tavze damokidebulebis samewarmeo principebze, aRmasvlisa<br />

da mogebis miRebis motivze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. 4<br />

`komerciuli respublikis~ SeqmniT, damfuZnebelma mamebma sruliad Segnebulad<br />

daiwyes <strong>politikuri</strong> eqsperimentis ganxorcieleba, romlisTvisac<br />

filosofosebi da ekonomistebi (maT Soris jon loki da monteskie) 100 welze<br />

metxans ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigi, romelic komerciuli<br />

saqmianobisa da vaWrobis zrdas uwyobda xels, yvelaze kargad uzrunvelyofda<br />

Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnas. aseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac<br />

warmateba mxo lod Sromasa da bunebriv SesaZlenlobebze iyo damyarebuli,<br />

vidre warmomavlobaze, moqalaqeebs saSuleba miecemodaT, rom SeeZinaT simdidre<br />

im raodenobiT, rogorc surdaT an sWirdebodaT.<br />

mecxramete saukuneSi, adam smitis Tavisufali bazris filosofiam, biznes­korporaciebis<br />

gaCenam da teqnologiurma ganviTarebam komerciuli<br />

saxelmwifo kapitalistur saxelmwifod gadaaqcia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,<br />

kapitalizmi gulisxmobs kerZo (Cveulebisamebr, araregulirebad sakuTrebas)<br />

warmoebas da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas. meoce saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi federalurma xelisuflebam SeimuSava normebi monopoliebisgan,<br />

biznesis borotad gamoyenebisa da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis sxva Sem­<br />

Txvevebisgan dasacavad. sajaro politikis es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT<br />

gaZlierda 1930­iani wlebis didi depresiis pirobebSi, rodesac franklin<br />

ruzveltis iniciativiT, daiwyo programebis ganxorcieleba, romelic<br />

rigiTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gamyarebisken iyo mimar­<br />

Tuli. 1960­ian da 1970­ian wlebSi samedicino momsaxurebis, profesiuli<br />

momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programebi, gazrdili SeRavaTebi socialur<br />

usafrTxoebaze da sasursaTo talonebi uzrunvelyofda umuSevrobis kompensaciasa<br />

da socialur keTildReobas.<br />

1980­iani wlebisaTvis federaluri xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikaSi iseTi<br />

aSkara gaxda, rom ekonomistebma saubari daiwyes Sereul ekonomikaze,<br />

romelic moicavda rogorc kerZo mewarmeobis, aseve socializmis niSnebs.<br />

xelisuflebis `Carevis~ xarisxiT aSS bevrad CamorCeboda sxva dasavlur demokratiul<br />

qveynebs, Tumca axlomxedveli politikosebi, romlebic xalxiT<br />

manipulirebdnen, amis SemCnevas ver axerxebdnen.<br />

amerikis yofilma prezidentma ronald reiganma da aTwleulis Semdeg,<br />

nit gingriCma da sxva respublikelebma kongresSi gamoTqves azri, rom xelisufleba<br />

sakmaod Sors wavida pirovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da<br />

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi (ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom reiganis<br />

prezidentobis periodSi federaluri biujetis deficiti mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaizarda). klintonis pirvel saprezidento vadaSi konservatorebma kongresSi<br />

SeZles garkveuli jgufebis interesebis dasacavad gaerTianebuliyvnen<br />

(maT Soris amerikuli samedicino sazogadoeba, farmacevtuli<br />

kompaniebi da maRalanazRaurebadi saavadmyofoebis administratorebic<br />

iyvnen) da xeli SeeSalaT jandacvis erTiani erovnuli sistemis SeqmnisaTvis,<br />

romelic yvela moqalaqes daicavda. dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi 40

456 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

milionze met amerikels (maT Soris umetesoba bavSvia) ar aqvs janmrTelobis<br />

dazRveva da Tavs licenzirebul eqimTan stumrobis uflebas ver miscems,<br />

rom araferi vTqvaT saavadmyofoSi erTi dRe­Ramis gatarebaze.<br />

sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali<br />

wliuri federaluri danaxarjebi aSS­Si gansacvifreblad didi _ 1.7<br />

trilionia. rodesac xelisufleba xarjavs imaze mets, vidre agrovebs weliwadSi,<br />

Cndeba biujetis deficiti, deficitis akumulireba ki erovnul<br />

vals warmoSobs. ekonomistebi Tanxmdebian, rom es vali, Tavisi zrdis tendenciiTa<br />

da maStabebiT seriozul grZelvadian gavlenas moaxdens qveynis<br />

ekonomikur janmr Telobasa da usafrTxoebaze. ekonomistebi aseve acxadeben,<br />

rom erTian erovnul produqtTan valis Sefardeba ­ erTi mesamedi (30<br />

procenti) ­ TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli gangaSis safuZvels ar iZleva. sagangaSo,<br />

ekonomistTa azriT, valis zrdis tempebia.<br />

dakarguli dividendebi: erovnuli vali. biujetis deficiti radikalu rad<br />

gaizarda 1980­1990 wlebSi. 1981 wels, rodesac prezidenti ronald reigani<br />

gaxda, vali 1 trilionze naklebi iyo. 1988 wels reiganis saprezidento vadis<br />

dasasruls man 2.5 trilions gadaaWarba, 1997 wels ki 6 trilions miuaxlovda<br />

(am doneze rCeba dRemde). erovnuli valis aseT zrdas seriozuli<br />

garTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves. xelisuflebas mis dasafarad uzarmazari<br />

sesxis aReba da Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda uwevs. 1990­iani wlebis bolos<br />

federalu ri gadasaxadebis saxiT gadaxdili yoveli dolaridan 15 centi<br />

saSinao valis dasafarad wavida (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqeebi mTavrobisTvis<br />

gadaxdili erTi dolaris sanacvlod 85 centze naklebi Rirebulebis<br />

saqonelsa da momsaxurebas iReben).<br />

1992­2000 wlebSi prezidentma bil klintonma da respublikelebis mier<br />

kontrolirebadma kongresma swrafad mzardi erovnuli valis problemis<br />

mogvareba scades da Sedegad biujetis deficiti 1990­ani wlebis bolosTvis<br />

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad daeca deficitis moculoba<br />

mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi,<br />

1997 wlis gazafxulze biujetis grZelvadian dagegmvaze SeTanxmdnen, rasac<br />

2001 wlisaTvis biujeti unda daebalansebina. amasobaSi, sagadasaxado<br />

Semosavlebma mosalodnelze swrafi mateba daiwyo, rac savaraudod bevrad<br />

ufro daaCqarebda biujetis dabalansebas da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebasac<br />

ki. amgvarad, problemam, romelic ramdenime wlis win sruliad mougvarebeli<br />

Canda, droebiT mainc, ukana planze gadainacvla.<br />

es yvelaferi ucbad Seicvala 11 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac kongresma<br />

maxari dauWira niu­iork sitis rekonstruqciisTvis uzarmazari Tanxis<br />

gamoyofas, aseve dazaralebuli aviaxazebis krizisidan gamosayvanad da<br />

qveynis SigniT da gareT saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.<br />

biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba gaqra (Tuki aseTi<br />

ram odesme arsebobda).

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

457<br />

Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrze uaryofiTad imoqmeda uol<br />

stritzec (romelic manhetenze ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT mdebareobs),<br />

vinaidan birJaze aqciebis fasi mkveTrad daeca. seriozuli dartyma<br />

miadga ekonomikis mraval seqtors (magaliTad, aviaxazebsa da turizms)<br />

da tragediis Semdgom ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad daeca<br />

momxmarebelTa ndoba. bevri sawarmo gakotrebis piras mivida, xolos sxvebma<br />

TanamSromlebi daiTxoves. federalurma sarezervo bankma mniSvnelovnad<br />

Seamcira saprocento ganakveTebi (sanam ukanasknel oTxwleulSi yvelaze<br />

dabal maCvenebels ar miaRwies) im mizniT, rom ekonomikuri vardna SeeCerebina.<br />

sagadasaxado tvirTi: msubuqi Tu Sesabamisi? amerikelebs miaCniaT, rom gadasaxadebi<br />

Zalian maRalia, Tumca ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris aSS­Si yvelaze<br />

dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebia. dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis<br />

umetesobaSi mTliani Sida produqtis 40­50% saxelmwifos ekuTvnis; italia­<br />

Si, did britaneTSi, germaniasa da kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 45%­s, xolo safrangeTSi<br />

50%­s utoldeba. SeerTebul StatebSi ki, gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida<br />

produqtis mxolod 30 procents Seadgens, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi<br />

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda bolo wlebSi. 1999 wels saSualo amerikuli ojaxis<br />

Semosavlis 9 procenti federalur, Statis da adgilobriv gadasaxadebSi<br />

midioda. 1999 wels gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa erTi mesamedi saSemosavlo<br />

gadasaxads ar ixdida. oTxi pirisgan Semdgari ojaxi, romlis saSualo wliuri<br />

Semosavali 55 000 dolari iyo, 8 procentze naklebs ixdida, rac 1965 wlis<br />

Semdeg yvelaze dabali ganakveTi iyo.TviT yvelaze maRalSemosavliani (700<br />

000 dolarze meti weliwadSi) mosaxleobis erTi procentic mxolod 22,2 procents<br />

ixdida. 5<br />

am SedarebiT dabal gadasaxadebs <strong>politikuri</strong>, kulturuli da ideologiuri<br />

mizezebi aqvs. amerikelebi zogadad ukmayofilebas sami ramis gamo<br />

ver malaven. esaa maRali gadasaxadebi da `didi mTavroba~, `socialuri uzrunvelyofa~,<br />

rac janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebobaSi<br />

gamoixateba (rac TiTqmis yvela postindustriul qveyanaSi gvxvdeba),<br />

da sawarmoTa saxelmwifo mflobeloba (komunaluri sistemis, rkinigzis,<br />

aviaxazebisa da portebis CaTvliT).<br />

prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma erTxel Tqva, rom federaluri<br />

sagadasaxado kodeqsi `SesaZloa ucxo enazec yofiliyo dawerili~.<br />

marTlac, is rom sxva qveyanaSi daeweraT, bevrad ufro azriani da gasagebi<br />

iqneboda. federa luri sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavbrudamxvevi muxlebi<br />

­ romelTa gageba an interpretireba SeuZlebelia ­ gadamxdelis Ramis<br />

koSmari da sabuRaltro kompaniebis axdenili ocnebaa. gadasaxadebis<br />

gamartivebis mcdelobam marcxi ganicada. 1986 wels SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

kongresma miiRo kanoni, romliTac Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs sagadasaxado<br />

sistemis gamosworeba daevala. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ojaxis saSualo<br />

Semosavlisa da danaxarjebis hipoTeturi CamonaTvali 50 eqsperts daegzavna,<br />

raTa maT ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis es miTiuri sazRvrebi<br />

daedginaT. Sedegad warmodgenil iqna gadasaxadebis 50 sxva dasxva `zRvruli<br />

odenoba~, romelic 12 500­dan 36 000 dolaramde meryeobda. 6

458 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis sagadasaxado sistema araCveulebrivad aris morgebuli<br />

mdidar da Zlier saSualo klasze. dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis<br />

gamo, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis umdidres moqalaqeebs industriul qveynebs<br />

Soris yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTs akisrebs. amave dros, radganac<br />

gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (gayidvebze) aseve dabalia, isini gacilebiT nakleb<br />

tvirTad awveba gadamxdelebs, vidre maT miaCniaT. gadasaxadebis gamo<br />

wuwuni Zveli amerikuli Cveulebaa. amerikis damoukideblobas win uZRoda<br />

gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli saprotesto aqcia `bostonuri Cais sma~ da<br />

amerikuli revoluciis mowodeba: ~araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis<br />

gareSe~.<br />

gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze mdidrebs mZime tvirTad ar awveba, radganac<br />

TavianTi Semosavlis sakmaod mcire wils xarjaven saWmelze, tansacmelze,<br />

transportsa da sxva ZiriTadi moxmarebis nivTebze. brunvis maRali gadasaxadebi<br />

mZimed tvirTad saSualo fenas swored imave mizeziT awveba:<br />

isini TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro did nawils xarjaven sasicocxlod<br />

aucilebel nivTebze. SedarebisaTvis sxva qveynebis magaliTebi ganvixiloT.<br />

evropul qveynebSi farTod aris danergili damatebiTi Rirebulebis<br />

gadasaxadi (dRg) _ brunvis gadasaxadis erT­erTi saxeoba, romlis dafiqsirebac<br />

(Sefasebac) produqciis warmoebisa da Sesyidvis yvela etapze xdeba<br />

_ amgvarad, gadasaxadebis mTliani ~nakrebi~ ukve mza produqciis saboloo<br />

fasze aisaxeba da misi tvirTi momxmarebels awveba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi<br />

evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan ­ yvelaze<br />

dabali 19%­s, xolo yvelaze maRali 25%­s Seadgens. aSS­Si ki piriqiT, gayidvis<br />

gadasaxadi iSviaTad aRemateba 6%­s, xolo minesotaSi sasursaTo maRaziebi<br />

am gadasaxads arc ki ixdian (es ar exeba sadils restoranSi).<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri Semosavlebis 58 procenti individualuri<br />

da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisgan Sedgeba, Tumca sagadasaxado<br />

tvirTi moqalaqeebs bevrad ufro mZimed awveba, vidre korporaciebs.<br />

korporaculi gadasaxadi federaluri Semosavlebis mxolod 10%­s Seadgens,<br />

igi radikalurad Semcirda 1950­1960 wlebis Semdeg (25%­s Seadgenda). Tumca,<br />

amavdroulad, socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadi (sul 34%) federaluri<br />

Semosavlebis yvelaze swrafad mzardi wyaroa da 2000­01­Si (aseve, wina wleb­<br />

Sic) biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis mTavari piroba gaxda.<br />

saganmanaTleblo krizisi<br />

amerikelebi ganaTlebas misi praqtikuli sargeblianobidan gamomdinare<br />

afaseben _ ras utoldeba dolarebsa da centebSi saSualo skolis diplomi<br />

an kolejis xarisxi. 7 moswavleebi saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kolejSi<br />

swavlas maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnis imediT agrZeleben.<br />

ganaTlebas seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri datvirTvac aqvs mTeli<br />

qveynisaTvis. kargad momzadebuli da unariani samuSao Zala aucilebelia,<br />

Tu amerikas surs, rom konkurentunariani iyos globalur bazrebze.

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

459<br />

Zalian xSirad saubroben imaze, rom amerikuli ganaTleba krizisSia. am<br />

krizisis niSnebi ukve ramdenime welia saxezea. skolebSi iaraRi, narkotikebi<br />

da bandebi studentebsa da maswavleblebs safrTxes erTnairad uqmnian.<br />

kolejSi misaRebi gamocdebis Sedegebis gauareseba, auracxeli kroskulturuli<br />

Sedarebebi, romelic adasturebs, rom amerikel moswavleTa qulebi<br />

maTematikis testebSi evropel da aziel studentebTan SedarebiT dabalia,<br />

wera­kiTxvis elementaruli unar­Cvevebis Semfasebeli testebis Zalze dabali<br />

maCvenebeli _ es yvelaferi xSirad mohyavT amerikuli dawyebiTi da sa­<br />

Sualo ganaTlebis marcxis magaliTebad (ix. sqema13­3). ganaTlebis erovnuli<br />

Sefasebis monacemebis (1990) mixedviT, ~didi nawili _ Cveni dawyebiTi, sabazo<br />

da saSualo skolebis moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevarze meti inglisurSi,<br />

maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa da geografiaSi<br />

ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codnas ver avlens~, miuxedavad sajaro skolebis kargi<br />

dafinansebisa. 8 metic, amerikuli biznesi yovelwliurad 30­dan 35 miliard<br />

dolaramde xarjavs studentTa im unar­CvevebSi gadasamzadeblad, rac maT<br />

skolaSi unda SeeZinaT. codnis Sefasebis inflacia ganaTlebis yvela safexurze<br />

yovlismomcvel da damangrevel movlenadaa aRiarebuli. maswavleblebi<br />

mos wavleebs sul ufro da ufro anebivreben da maTgan sul ufro da ufro<br />

cotas elian. ra unda gakeTdes standartebis aseTi gauaresebis fonze?<br />

sqema 13-3 moswavleTa codnis Sedareba<br />

amerikel moswavleTa qulebi saerTaSoriso SedarebebSi Sua adgilzea. bolodroindeli<br />

gamokvlevis mixedviT merveklasel amerikelTa qulebi maTematikaSi saSualoze<br />

odnav dabalia (41 qveynis moswavleTa maCveneblebis Sedarebisas 28­e adgilze), xolo<br />

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi saSualoze maRali (imave 41 qveynis Sedarebisas me­<br />

17 adgilze). SeniSvna: SecdomaTa zRvari + 10 qulaa TiToeuli qveynisaTvis.<br />

wyaro: IEA Third Internationl Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1994-95).

460 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

ganaTlebis sistemis zogierTi reformatori mxars uWers skolebSi<br />

erovnuli Sefasebebis Catarebas, rac sust da Zlier skolebs gamoavlens da<br />

situaciis gamosworebis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs. sxvebi aqcents<br />

moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZleblobaze<br />

akeTeben, im motiviT, rom konkurencia ganaTlebis sferoSi swavlebisa<br />

da swavlis procesis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. konservatorTa nawili,<br />

mxars uWers vauCerul sistemas, romlis faglebSic saxelmwifo mxolod<br />

nawilobriv aanazRaurebs im kerZo da samrevlo skolebSi swavlas, romlebic<br />

akreditaciis pirobebs akmayofilebs. 9 1993 wels kaliforniaSi gamarTul<br />

referendumze amomrCevlebma vauCerul dafinansebas mxari ar dauWires.<br />

Tumca, vauCerebis prog ramaze aqtiuri saubari 2000 wels kvlav ganaxlda,<br />

rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi respublikelebma gaimarjves. radganac<br />

reformatorTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom kerZo skolebi ukeTesad muSaoben<br />

(gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolikuri skolebi), isini darwmunebulni arian,<br />

rom mZafri konkurencia aiZulebs sajaro skolebs an gaaumjobeson xarisxi,<br />

an daixuron.<br />

amasobaSi saganmanaTleblo eqsperimenti win miiwevs. baltimorsa da<br />

mineapolisSi kerZo komerciuli korporaciebi sajaro skolebs afinanseben,<br />

xolo niu­iorkis StatSi saxelmwifo exmareba kerZo skolebs. sxvadasxva<br />

saxis kerZo skolebi iqmneba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, Zlierdeba saojaxo<br />

skolebis arsebobis tendenciac.<br />

sajaro skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi zogadad fundamentur<br />

reformebs ewinaaRmdegebian. isini SiSoben, rom vauCeruli sistema<br />

sajaro skolebs yvelaze naklebad sasurveli studentebis sarbielad<br />

gadaaqcevs. isini aseve eWvs gamoTqvamen imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara standartul<br />

testebs zustad Seafasos moswavleTa codna. bolos, isini imasac<br />

aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze ufro mwvave problemebi, romlebsac sajaro<br />

skolebi awydebian, iseTi seriozuli socialuri problemebis gamoZaxilia,<br />

rogoricaa danaSauli, ojaxebis ngreva, narkotikebis gamoyeneba da gana­<br />

Tlebis mimarT interesis dakargva; am problemebis mogvareba ki skolebs ar<br />

ZaluZs. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec yvela Tanxmdeba isaa, rom ganaTlebuli<br />

moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rogorc individualurad,<br />

aseve koleqtiurad.<br />

Semosavlebis ganawileba<br />

keTildReoba damokidebulia aramarto sazogadoebaSi dagrovil simdidreze,<br />

aramed mis ganawilebazec. Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs aramxolod<br />

ekonomikur, aramed zneobis sakiTxebsac. momxmareblebma sakmarisi<br />

fuli unda gamoimuSavon imisTvis, rom warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis<br />

xarjebis dafarva SeZlon. Tu amas ver SeZleben da verc produqciisa<br />

da momsaxurebis eqsporti ver moxdeba, ekonomika nel­nela vardnisken wava.<br />

moraluri TvalsazrisiT, aSkara ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba<br />

Znelia sazogadoebaSi, romlis devizic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo:<br />

`patiosnad imuSaveb, patiosnad gadagixdian.~

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

461<br />

sul ufro mzardia gansxvaveba sazogadoebis umdidresi da uRaribesi<br />

wevrebis Semosavals Soris. magaliTad, 1994 wels aSS­is mosaxleobis umdidresi<br />

mexuTedis Semosavali 13,5­jer aRemateboda misi uRaribesi mexuTedis<br />

Semosavals (ix. sqema 13­4). metic, 2000 wels SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

siRaribis maCvenebeli 11,3%­s Seadgenda, xolo rasobriv WrilSi es maCvenebeli<br />

ase gamoiyureba: 9,4% TeTrkanianebi, 22,1% Savkanianebi, 21,2% laTinoamerikelebi<br />

da 10,8% _ aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi. 10<br />

SemaSfoTebelia tendenciebi, romlebic 1980 wels gaxda aSkara da 1990ian<br />

wlebSic gagrZelda. rogorc erT­erTi eqsperti aRniSnavda, 1980­ian<br />

wlebSi `Zlier, ganaTlebul, daojaxebul da uzrunvelyofil adamianTa raodenoba<br />

saSualo erovnul maCvenebelze maRali iyo~ maSin, roca `qalebis,<br />

axalgazrdebis, Savkanianebis da laTinoamerikelebis araproporciulad<br />

didi nawili am epoqis danakargad iqca.~ gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi<br />

aRmoCndnen qalaqis ubnebis mcxovrebni _ `skolis gareT darCenili moswavleebi,<br />

martoxela dedebi, diasaxlisebi, umuSevari axalgazrda Savkaniani<br />

mamakacebi da yvela rasis usaxlkaroni~, romelTa mzardi ricxvi `kiTxvebs<br />

badebda eris momavalze~. 11<br />

konservatorebi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis sakiTxs gansxvavebulad<br />

uyureben. imis magivrad, rom Semosavlebs Soris mkafio gansxvavebze gaake­<br />

Ton aqcenti, isini xazs usvamen, rom aSS­s yovelTvis hyavda Zlieri saSualo<br />

klasi da wamgebiani iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis gaTanabreba<br />

sqema 13-4 saojaxo Semosavlebis uTanasworoba, 2000<br />

wyaro: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2000-<br />

2001, 12 maisi, 2002w. www.census.gov/hhes/www/img/incpov00/fig12.jpg

462 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

sakanonmdeblo gziT (aq igulisxmeba programebi, romelTa mizania Semosavlebis<br />

Tanabrad gadanawileba). politika, romelic maTTvisaa Seqmnili,<br />

vinc bevrs muSaobs, ekonomikur riskze midis, fuls gonivrulad abandebs<br />

da xalxisaTvis saWiro produqciasa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs, bevrad<br />

ufro nayofieria.<br />

konservatorebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis maCveneblebSi<br />

asaxuli ar aris samTavrobo transferebi, romelTa mizania sazogadoebis<br />

yvelaze ufro daucveli fenis daxmareba (kompensaciebi umuSevar­<br />

TaTvis, talonebi produqtebze, SeRavaTebi mravalSvilian ojaxebze da<br />

a.S.). detaluri monitoringis pirobebSi aseTi programebi, garkveulwilad<br />

SezRuduli raodenobiT, exmareba Raribebs ise, rom sazogadoebis dasaqmebul<br />

moqalaqeTa did umravlesobas ar ukargavs motivacias kvlavac iSromon<br />

da qveynis uwyveti keTildReoba uzrunvelyon.<br />

Tumca, yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi arc liberalebs aqvT da arc konservatorebs.<br />

magaliTad, riT SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba 16 wlis martoxela<br />

dedas, romelmac axlaxan miatova skola, raTa igi aramxolod gadarCes,<br />

aramed warmatebis Sansic hqondes cxovrebaSi?<br />

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

Tanasworoba amerikuli <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis amosavali principia. Tavisuflebis<br />

deklaraciis Tezisi `yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba~ niSnavs,<br />

rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva~ yvela amerikelis<br />

Tandayolili uflebaa da ara privilegirebuli umciresobisa. Tavisuflebis<br />

deklaraciis miRebamde erTi saukuniT adre ingliseli politikis<br />

filosofosi jon loki amtkicebda, rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba~<br />

yvela adamianis bunebrivi uflebaa. amdenad, Tanasworuflebianobis<br />

ideas _ maTi realurad xorcSesxmisagan gansxvavebiT _ Rrma fesvebi<br />

aqvs anglosaqsur politikur tradiciaSi.<br />

rasobrivi diskriminacia<br />

sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT amerikuli gamocdileba<br />

bevrad Camouvardeba Tansaworuflebianobis princips. afroamerikelebis<br />

diskriminacia SeerTebuli Statebis <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis udavo faqtad<br />

rCeba. monobis dakanonebam 1860­ian wlebamde amerikuli idealebi dacinvis<br />

sagnad aqcia. samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, dred skotis samarcxvinod cnobil<br />

SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Savkanianebi, ganurCevlad<br />

imisa, monebi iyvnen Tu Tavisufalni, moqalaqeebad ar CaiTvlebodnen. mTavari<br />

mosamarT le rojer teni amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebi imdenad `uRirsni~<br />

iyvnen, rom maT `ar gaaCndaT uflebebi, romelTa dacvac TeTrkanianebs<br />

moeTxovebodaT~.<br />

samoqalaqo omis Sedegad monobas bolo moeRo, magram es kanonis winaSe<br />

Tanasworobas ar niSnavda. mdgomareoba verc konstituciis meToTxmete

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

463<br />

Sesworebam Secvala, romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iZleoda imis garantias,<br />

rom arcerT pirovnebas ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas `kanonisgan erTnairad<br />

dacvaze~. samwuxarod, swored uzenaesi sasamarTlo, konstituciis dacvis<br />

garanti, yvelaze metad ugulebelyofda am Sesworebis ZiriTad arss.<br />

gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi precedentebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis<br />

ganxilvis Sedegad (1883 wels), sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis<br />

mier miRebuli aqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (restornebSi,<br />

skverebSi da a.S.) rasobriv diskriminacias krZalavda, arakonstituciuri<br />

iyo. 12 meToTxmete Sesworebis is muxli, romelic Tanabar dacvas<br />

gulisxmobda, mosamarTlis daskvniT, miznad isaxavda diskriminaciis<br />

akrZalvas mxolod sa xelmwifos da ara kerZo pirebis mxridan. calkeuli<br />

individebis mier Cadenil diskriminaciul aqtebs sajaro xelisuflebasTan<br />

oficialuri kavSiri ar hqonda, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, federaluri xelisuflebis<br />

kompetenciis sferos scildeboda da Sesabamisad, federaluri<br />

sasamarTloebisasac. magaliTad, Tu restornebis mesakuTre uars etyoda<br />

Savkanian moqalaqeebs momsaxurebaze, am SemTxvevaSi is kerZo piris uflebebiT<br />

isargeblebda da kongresis aranairi gadawyvetileba am SemTxvevaSi<br />

konstituciuri ar iqneboda.<br />

cameti wlis Semdeg, plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmis (1896) ganxilvisas,<br />

sasamarTlo kidev ufro Sors wavida. 13 Statis im kanonebis gadaxedvisas,<br />

romlebic akanonebda matareblis vagonebSi rasobriv segregacias, sasamarTlom<br />

kanonierad cno doqtrina _ `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~.<br />

homer plesim (sasamarTlos CanaweriT `Svidi mervedi TeTri da erTi<br />

mervedi afrikuli sisxliT~) matarebelSi TeTrebis seqciaSi arsebuli savarZliT<br />

isargebla da mas mosTxoves `feradkanianTa seqciaSi~ gadasuliyo.<br />

TiTqmis erTxmad sasamarTlom uaryo plesis sarCeli imis Taobaze, rom kanoni<br />

segregeciis Sesaxeb arRvevda kanonis winaSe misi Tanasworobis uflebas.<br />

maTi mtkicebiT, kanoni Tavisi arsiT neitraluri iyo. igi orive rasis warmomadgenlebs<br />

Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. sasamarTlo imdenad Sors wavida,<br />

rom daaskvna _ Tu `ori rasis dakanonebuli gancalkeveba feradkanian moqalaqeebs<br />

damamcirebel damRas asvams~, es `aqtSi ki ar aris Cadebuli, aramed<br />

aseT datvirTvas feradkaniani rasis warmoamdgenlebi Tavad aZleven mas.~<br />

samoqalaqo uflebebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas<br />

mxolod mosamarTle jon m. harlani ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas.<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />

meToTxmete Sesworebas, romelmac `saxelisuflebo sistema<br />

rasobriobis damRisgan gaaTavisufla~. mas sjeroda, rom arc erT xelisuflebas,<br />

arc erT doneze gaaCnda konstituciuri ufleba, mieRo kanonebi,<br />

romlebic rasobriv diskriminaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi azriT,<br />

konstitucias rasobrivi mikerZoeba axasiaTebda. harlanis gansxvavebul<br />

mosazrebebs 58 weli dasWirda, sanam kanonis saxes miiRebda.<br />

samoqalaqo uflbebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas<br />

sasamarTlom, garda imisa, rom aSkara rasobrivi segregaciis sanqcionireba<br />

moaxdina samxreTSi, aseve Seuwyo xeli iseTi socialuri sistemis

464 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevas, sadac Savkanianebi diskriminaciis, uxeSad<br />

mopyrobisa da mkvle lobis msxverplnic ki xdebodnen.<br />

rasobrivi Tanasworoba: bolos da bolos Tavisufali? samarTlebrivad<br />

uzrunvelyofili Tu nakarnaxevi rasobrivi segregacia wesad iyo qceuli<br />

samxreTSi (da CrdiloeTis umetes nawilSic) meoce saukuneSi. Tumca, 1940iani<br />

wlebis bolo xanebidan uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zveli samarTlebrivi<br />

formulebis interpretaciisas gezi nel­nela rasobrivi Tanasworobis<br />

dacvaze aiRo. magaliTad, Seli krameris winaaRmdeg (1948) saqmeSi aRniSnuli<br />

iyo, rom kerZo kontraqtebSi Cadebuli diskriminaciuli zomebis samar­<br />

Tlebrivi mxardaWera ar iyo konstituciuri. 14 sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom<br />

msgavsi xelSekrulebebis legalurad gamocxadeba `saxelmwifos mxridan<br />

diskriminaciul qmedebas~ utoldeboda, rac meToTxmete SesworebiT iyo<br />

akrZaluli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am normis dauyovnebliv akrZalvaze sasamarTlom<br />

uari Tqva, man moiTxova, rom gancalkevebuli sajaro dawesebulebebi<br />

WeSmaritad Tanaswori yofiliyo. amgvarad, sviti peinteris winaaRmdeg<br />

saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daavaldebula texasis universitetis<br />

samarTlis skola mieRo Savkaniani studentebic, radganac Stats ar SeeZlo<br />

SavkanianebisaTvis imave donisa da reputaciis calke skola Seeqmna. 15<br />

brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg cnobili saqmis ganxilvisas<br />

(1954) sasamarTlom erTxel da samudamod uaryo gancalkevebuli,<br />

mag ram Tanaswori (segregaciis) doqtrina. 16 sasamarTlom segregirebuli<br />

skolebi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada, `radganac aseTi tipis saswavlo<br />

dawesebulebebi TavianTi arsiT uTanasworoa.~<br />

braunis saqmeze gamotanilma ganaCenma sityva `Tanasworobis~ mniSvnelobaze<br />

gacxovelebuli debatebi gamoiwvia aSS­Si. miuxedavad Tavdapirveli<br />

protestis simZafrisa, erovnuli konsensusi mxolod etapobrivad iqna<br />

miRweuli. aTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis<br />

aqti, 17 fede raluri kanonebis pirveli seria, romelic miznad rasobrivi<br />

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavda. is faqti, rom 1964 wlis aqti<br />

akanonebda Tanaswori mopyrobisa da momsaxurebis princips dawesebulebeb­<br />

Si, romelic arakanonierad iqna gamocxadebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis<br />

ganxilvisas, axal etapze gadasvlaze miuTiTebda.1960­iani wlebis bolos,<br />

intensiuri samoqalaqo moZraobisa da samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli<br />

yvelaze Zlieri mRelvarebis Semdeg mTavroba sabolood mzad iyo yvela moqalaqisaTvis<br />

Tanasworuflebianobis principi samarTlebrivad ganemtkicebina.<br />

politikurma orTabrZolam rasob rivi Tanasworobisa da TeTrkanianTa<br />

upiratesobis sakiTxebze, dasabami mis ca rTul da gacxovelebul debatebs<br />

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebze.<br />

saskolo avtobusebis saqme. pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdenad SeuZlia da valdebulia<br />

xelisufleba uzrunvelyos Tanabari uflebebi, kargad gamoCnda<br />

1970­1980­ian wlebSi saskolo avtobusebis saqmis magaliTze, romelic Sedegad<br />

mohyva `brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg~ bundovan saqmes. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

465<br />

segregacia arakonstituciuri iyo. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom Savkaniani<br />

bavSvebi integrirebul skolebSi ukeT iswavlidnen, Tumca sasamarTlos<br />

gadawyvetileba imasac gulisxmobda, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da de<br />

iure cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo am miznis gansaxorcieleblad. de faqto<br />

segregacia isev problemad rCeboda, _ rac siRaribis socialur­ekonomikuri<br />

gavlenis Sedegi iyo _ igulisxmeba afroamerikuli mosaxleobis koncentracia<br />

Zvel ubnebSi.<br />

magram, rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosaxleobis gadanawilebis arsebuli<br />

sqemis cvlileba integrirebuli skolebis Seqmnis mizniT? yvelaze realuri<br />

SesaZlebloba moswavleTa integraciisa, am ubnebidan maTi transportirebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa iyo. moswavleTa transportireba, garda imisa, rom<br />

maTi integraciis yvelaze sando saSualeba iyo, `Tanaswori SesaZleblobis~<br />

uzrunvelyofisaTvis qveynis mkafio da udavo mzadyofnazec miuTiTebda.<br />

saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebam _ rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi federaluri<br />

saolqo sasamarTloebis mier iyo dadgenili da araerTxel ganxiluli federaluri<br />

mosamarTleebis mier, qveynis yovel teritoriul erTeuls miawvdina<br />

xma imis Sesaxeb, rom amieridan rasobrivad erTgvarovani skolebi `kanonebis<br />

Tanabari dacvis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur tests veRar Caabarebdnen.<br />

kritikosebi saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas sxvadasxva mizeziT ewinaaRmdegebodnen.<br />

maT Soris iyvnen is mSoblebic, romlebsac umciresobebis<br />

mimarT ampartavnuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram kidev ufro Zlieri<br />

iyo winaaRmdegoba im mSoblebis mxridan, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom axlomdebare<br />

skola saukeTeso iyo bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad cxovrobdnen<br />

isini. sxvebi acxadebdnen, rom skola ar unda gadaqceuliyo `socialur<br />

laboratoriad~. skolis administracias eSinoda, rom mSoblebis<br />

interesi da monawileoba saskolo procesSi saxlsa da skolas Soris manZilis<br />

zrdis proporiulad Semcirdeboda.<br />

sabolood, saskolo avtobusebiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba sajaro<br />

skolebis mimarT `ndobis kriziss~ daemTxva. 18 dabali sagamocdo Sefasebebi,<br />

saskolo disciplinasa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, dabali<br />

akademiuri standartebi da skolis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli<br />

siZneleebi naTlad miuTiTebda, rom sajaro skolebSi yvelaferi<br />

rigze ver iyo.<br />

iyo Tu ara saskolo avtobusebis idea kargi? diax da ara! man aiZula adgilobrivi<br />

xelisufleba da skolis sabWoebi, gareubnebis skolebSi saswavlo<br />

garemo da pirobebi gaeumjobesebina. man aseve daanaxa skeptikosebs, rom xelisufleba<br />

seriozulad apirebda ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis<br />

uzrunvelyofas. meore mxriv, saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas garkveul Sem­<br />

TxvevebSi qalaqis erTi nawilidan meoreSi umciresobebis gadanawileba mohyva.<br />

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rom saskolo<br />

avtobusebiT moswavleebi SavkanianebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebidan TeTrkanianTa<br />

ubnebSi gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma msgavsi<br />

gadawyvetilebebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac calkeul ubnebSi xelisuflebis<br />

mier Tavsmoxveuli diskriminaciidan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze saTanado<br />

saSualeba swored saskolo avtobusebis gamoyeneba iyo. 19

466 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia<br />

saskolo avtobusebis SemTxveva 1970 wels pozitiuri (sakompensacio)<br />

qmedebebis (upiratesi uflebebis miniWeba) Taobaze debatebma daCrdila. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda samTavrobo programebsa da aqtebs, romlebis umciresobebs<br />

samsaxurSi ayvanisa da dawinaurebis, kolejebsa da profesiul<br />

saswavleblebSi miRebis dros da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi garkveul upiratesobas<br />

aniWebda. maTi mizani warsulsa da awmyoSi umciresobis winaaRmdeg<br />

ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis gamosworeba iyo. saskolo<br />

avtobusebis msgavsad, es programebi Tanasworobis saxeliT Seiqmna. Tumca<br />

bevr adamians uCndeboda SekiTxva, iyo Tu ara es programebi marTlac samar­<br />

Tliani? isini, vinc sakompensacio diskriminacias ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas<br />

piruku diskriminaciad afasebdnen.<br />

Tu konstituciiT daSvebulia umciresobebisTvis garkveuli upiratesobebis<br />

miniWeba, icavs Tu ara igi umravlesobas piruku diskriminaciisagan?<br />

am kiTxvas pasuxi nawilobriv 1978 wels gaeca, rodesac sasamarTlom<br />

ganaCeni gamoitana TeTrkaniani studentis alan bakis sarCeliT aRZrul<br />

saqmeze, romelic devisSi, kaliforniis universitetis samedicino skolaSi<br />

mowyobas amaod cdilobda. 20 baki amtkicebda, rom samedicino skolis specialuri<br />

misaRebi programa (programa gulisxmobda umciresobis warmomadgeneli<br />

studentebis Caricxvas maTTvis gamoyofil adgilebze, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom zogierTs bakze gacilebiT dabali saSualo Sefaseba da standartuli<br />

testis qula hqonda), mas usamarTlod arTmevda swavlis Sanss mxolod<br />

da mxolod misi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. sasamarTlom ganaCeni<br />

maleve gamoitana (romelic sakmaod gaugebari iyo), igi eTanxmeboda baks,<br />

rom analogiuri kvotebi, romelic upiratesi uflebis miniWebis magaliTia,<br />

arakonstituciuri iyo da skolas bakis dauyonebliv miReba mosTxova. sasamarTlos<br />

gadawyvetilebaSi aseve miTiTebuli iyo, rom upiratesoba umciresobebs<br />

mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas unda eniWebodeT.<br />

uzenaesma sasamarTlom bakis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavis Semdgom<br />

aqtebSi gaamyara. 21<br />

TumcaRa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira samsaxurSi miRebis prog ra<br />

mebs, romlebic farTod efuZneboda upiratesi uflebis miniWebis princips<br />

(ZalaSi datova sqemebi, romlebic umciresobas samsaxuridan daTxovnisgan<br />

dacvis upirates uflebas aniWebda). 22 aseve mxari dauWira upiratesi uflebebis<br />

miniWebis doqtrinas qalebis samsaxurSi miRebisas, kerZod, upiratesoba<br />

mieniWebodaT maTze ufro maRali kvalifikaciis mamakacebTan SedarebiT<br />

dasaqmebulTa Soris genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad. 23<br />

meore mxriv, bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom umciresobaTa kuTvnil biz nesze<br />

upiratesoba SezRuda, riTac Secvala (an sulac gaauqma) Tavisi Zveli gadawyvetilebebi.<br />

24 amdenad, gaurkvevelia sasamarTlos damokidebuleba, sad<br />

mTavrdeba sakompensacio diskriminacia da sad iwyeba piruku diskriminacia.<br />

mxolod ori ganzogadebuli daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli,<br />

konstitucia kongress gacilebiT did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, vidre Statsa<br />

da adgilobriv xelisuflebas warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafx­

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

467<br />

vrelad. meore, rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli upiratesi<br />

uflebebis miniWebis programebi Statebisa da adgilobriv doneze bevrad<br />

ufro didi mxa r daWeriT sargebloben, rodesac saxezea umciresobis diskriminaciis<br />

konkretuli (da ara sazogado) SemTxvevebi. 25<br />

msgavsi programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da xSirad xdeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis<br />

sagani. am procesebma 1996 wlis noemberSi gansakuTrebiT dramatuli<br />

xasiaTi miiRo, rodesac amomrCevlebma mxari dauWires kaliforniis samoqalaqo<br />

uflebaTa iniciativas, romelic Statis xelisuflebas ukrZalavda diskriminacias<br />

an upiratesobebis miniWebas rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, eTnikuri<br />

kuTvnilebis an warmomavlobis safuZvelze. amomrCevelTa mcdeloba, Sez­<br />

Ruduliyo sakompensacio diskriminaciis programebi, dauyovnebliv iqna gasaCivrebuli<br />

sasamarTloSi, ramac maTi ganxorcieleba ramdenime TviT SeaCera.<br />

upirates uflebaTa miniWebis programebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben,<br />

rom miniWebuli privilegiebi gamarTlebulia (aucilebelic ki), radganac<br />

umciresobaTa mTeli Taobebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias. metic, maTi azriT,<br />

afro­amerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili<br />

sxvadasxva profesiebSi. maSin, roca Savkanianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 12 procents<br />

Seadgenen, advokatebis, mosamarTleebis, eqimebis, inJinrebis, universitetebis<br />

da kolejebis profesorTa mxolod 4 procents warmoadgenen.<br />

xolo upiratesi uflebebis miniWebiT gamoswordeba mdgomareoba, romelic<br />

istoriuli usamarTlobiT (gansakuTrebiT monobiTa da rasobrivi segregaciiT)<br />

ganpirobebuli socialuri garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli.<br />

upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis oponentebi aqcents ufro im moqalaqeebze<br />

akeTeben, vinc am programis ganxorcielebiT zaraldeba, nacvlad im<br />

jgufebisa, visac es programebi exmareba. arsebuli TvalTaxedviT, instituciuri<br />

diskriminaciis nebismieri forma usamarTlod da daumsaxureblad<br />

sjis adamianebs. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom gadawyvetilebebi saswavlebelsa<br />

da samsaxurSi miRebis Sesaxeb saTanado kriteriumebis Sesabamisad<br />

Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT iqnes miRebuli. oponentebi imasac<br />

acxadeben, rom sazogadoeba isjeba, rodesac yvelaze konkurentunarian moqalaqeebs<br />

gzas uRobaven warmatebis ken. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti<br />

samarTlianoba sulac ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sadac sxvadasva profesiaSi<br />

yvela rasa proporciulad iqneba warmodgenili; is mxolod Tanabar<br />

SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. rogorc mosamarTle harlanma Tqva, Tanasworobis<br />

misaRwevad saWiroa, konstitucia ~ferebs ar arCevdes.~<br />

vis sWirdeba dacva?<br />

afroamerikelebis garda, arseboben Tu ara sxva jgufebi, romlebic upiratesi<br />

uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen? gamxdaran Tu ara adgilobrivi<br />

amerikelebi diskriminaciis msxverpli? ra mdgomareobaSi arian laTinoamerikelebi?<br />

aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebic dazaraldnen, magram miuxedavad<br />

amisa, isini mravlad arian warmodgenili iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa

468 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

maTematika da sainformacio teqnologiebi. nuTu aseTi warmatebis SemTxvevebi<br />

upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis ideas azrs ukargavs?<br />

sqesobrivi diskriminaciis problemas bevrad ufro mwvave sakiTxebis<br />

wamoweva mohyva. 1970­ianidan 1980­ian wlebamde mimdinare debatebi sabediswero<br />

`Tanabari uflebebis Sesaxeb Sesworebas Seexeboda~, romelic uzrunvelyofda,<br />

rom `Tanabari mopyrobis kanonieri ufleba ar SeiZleboda uaryofili<br />

an SezRuduli yofiliyo SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri an Statebis<br />

xelisuflebis mier sqesobrivi gansxvavebis safuZvelze~. saWiroeben Tu<br />

ara qalebi dacvas, rogorc istoriulad daCagruli umciresoba? sWirdebaT<br />

Tu ara maT upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis<br />

aRmosafxvrelad? Tu asea, Sedegad ras miviRebT? magaliTad, federaluri<br />

kanonis Tanaxmad, samxedro samsaxurisaTvis mxolod mamakacebi unda daregistrirdnen<br />

26 nuTu es kanoni sqesTa Soris mxolod fizikur gansxvavebas<br />

iTvaliswinebs? ayenebs Tu ara is mamakacebs upirates mdgomareobaSi, raki<br />

miiCnevs maT qalebze fizikurad da emociurad aRmatebul arsebebad (qalebi<br />

susti, arakoordinirebuli, arastabiluri da panikisadmi midrekilni arian),<br />

romelTac ar SeswevT unari samxedro samsaxuri gaiaron? Tu piriqiT, qalebs<br />

upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arasasurveli valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebiT?<br />

msgavs winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSic vawydebiT;<br />

maT Sorisaa kanonmdebloba arasrulwlovanTa gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

mamakacebs ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan gogonebTan sqesobriv kavSirs,<br />

qalebs ki igives ar ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan vaJeEbTaAn. 27<br />

Raribi da umweo mosaxleoba kidev erTi jgufia, romelic bevris azriT<br />

upirates mopyrobas imsaxurebs. ra aris siRaribe _ roca adamianebi SimSilis<br />

piras imyofebian, Tu roca cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi ara aqvT? rogori<br />

unda iyos cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi? zogierTi eqsperti Raribs uwodebs<br />

sazogadoebis garkveul procentul nawils, romlebic saerTo saSemosavlo<br />

Skalis yvelaze dabal niSnulze imyofebian. Tumca, es arafers gveubneba imaze,<br />

rogor cxovroben aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi _ dasavleTis mdidar<br />

qveynebSi yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 20 procenti gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobs,<br />

vidre mesame msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba.<br />

socuzrunvelyofis sistemis oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom Raribebi<br />

siduxWireSi TavianTi mavne Cvevebisa da mosazrebebis gamo cxovroben da maT<br />

Secvlas arc ki cdiloben, xolo xelisuflebas amgvari pirovnuli marcxis<br />

Sedegebis gamosworeba naklebad ZaluZs. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Raribebi<br />

gulgrili sazogadoebisa da ulmobeli konkurentuli ekonomikuri sistemis<br />

msxverplni arian. xelisufleba valdebulia Tavisi Zala ekonomikuri da<br />

socialuri Tanasworobis xarisxis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenos.<br />

bolos, ganvixiloT kidev erTi sakiTxi _ iyvnen Tu ara sxva jgufebi _<br />

magaliTad, homoseqsualebi warsulSi diskriminaciis obieqtebi da unda<br />

iyvnen Tu ara isini kanoniT daculni diskriminaciisagan samsaxurSi an saganmanaTleblo<br />

dawesebulebaSi miRebisa Tu socialuri SeRavaTebis miniWebisas.<br />

1992 wels koloradoSi amomrCevlebma xma misces saqsualuri umciresobebisaTvis<br />

samarTlebrivi dacvisa da calkeuli upiratesobebis akrZalvas.<br />

referendumis Sedegebi gauqmda 1996 wels, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

469<br />

daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli zomebi diskriminaciuli da arakonstituciuri<br />

iyo. 28 es SemTxveva, sxva analogiur SemTxvevebTan erTad, Semdeg kiTxvas<br />

badebs: romeli samarTlebrivi normebi icavs uklebliv yvela amerikels?<br />

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

Tanasworobis msgavsad, Tavisuflebac Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis<br />

umTavresi mizania. gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic Tavisuflebis politikur<br />

Rirebulebas ganadidebs, Tan gasdevs amerikis respublikis istorias. `an<br />

Tavisuf leba an sikvdili,~ patrik henris es sityvebi erovnul mowodebad<br />

iqca.<br />

Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Tavisufleba dasavleTSi didxans gulisxmobda xelisuflebis<br />

gan dawesebuli SezRudvisgan gaTavisuflebas. amdenad, Tavisufleba<br />

mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong> kapitalia oTxi ZiriTadi mizezis gamo:<br />

1. sicocxle azrs kargavs, Tu individs misi Tavad gankargva ar SeuZlia.<br />

radganac arCevanis amgvari Tavisufleba gamorCeuli adamianuri<br />

Tvisebaa, igi niSnavs SesaZleblobas, moiqce ise, rogorc mxolod<br />

adamianebi iqcevian. aseve adamianuri Rirseba Tavisuflebis gareSe<br />

warmoudgenelia, radganac mozrdil moqalaqeTa umetesobas unari<br />

Seswevs sakuTar qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba aiRos, Tvisuflebis<br />

ararseboba individs TviTrealizaciis saSualebas arTmevs da mis ganviTrebas<br />

aferxebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tavisuflebis SezRudvas<br />

zrdasruli adamianebi bavSvis doneze dahyavs.<br />

2. Tavisufleba emyareba rwmenas, rom individebma ukeT ician, ra surT<br />

an sWirdebaT bednierebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, misi ganxorcieleba<br />

mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac individi Tavad<br />

wyvets, rogor gamoiyenos Tavisi dro da fuli.<br />

3. Tavisufleba aucilebelia ideebis Sinaarsiani gacvlisaTvis, iseve,<br />

rogorc sazogadoebrivi progresis misaRwevad. mxolod Tavisufal<br />

sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ideebis gamoxatva, siaxleTa Seqmna<br />

da maTi sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyeneba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />

aseve xelisuflebis patiosnebis uzrunvelyofis umTavresi pirobaa.<br />

4. Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xSirad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebamde<br />

mivyavarT. Tu xelisuflebas xels aravin uSlis, miitanos ieriSi erTi<br />

adamianis Tavisuflebaze, sxva danarCenebis Tavisuflebac safrTxis<br />

winaSe dadgeba. magaliTad, yvela vTanxmdebiT, rom garkveuli tipis<br />

qceva, rogoricaa regularuli dabana _ uaRresad sasurvelia. am<br />

uflebis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebisas SesaZloa maincdamainc sasurvel<br />

Sedegamde ver mivideT (magaliTad, ras ityviT moqalaqis konstituciur<br />

uflebaze, ar daicvas higienis normebi). magram Tu poli­

470 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

cias SeeZleba transportSi Cems gverdiT mjdomi adamiani imis gamo<br />

daajarimos, rom mas Sxapi ar miuRia, ra SeuSlis mas xels, damiWiros<br />

Tu Tmas saTanadod ar davivarcxni an wvers ar gaviparsav?<br />

Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi, samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, romelic pi rovnebis<br />

Tavisuflebas exeba, pirvel Sesworebas moiSvelieben. masSi aRniSnulia:<br />

kongresma ar SeiZleba miiRos kanoni, romelic mxars dauWers romelime<br />

religias an SezRudavs mis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas, sityvis<br />

an presis Tavisuflebas, adamianTa mSvidobiani Sekrebis da xelisuflebisgan<br />

miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas.<br />

amgvarad, pirveli Sesworeba icavs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis 4 ZiriTad<br />

aspeqts: sityvis Tavisuflebas, presis Tavisuflebas, religiis Tavisuflebas,<br />

mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. radganac Sesworebis ena lakonuri<br />

da zogadia, pirveli sami ufleba xSirad saWiroebs interpretacias sazogadoebis<br />

mxridan.<br />

sityvis Tavisufleba. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Tanxmdebian, rom<br />

pirveli Sesworebis umTavresi mizani <strong>politikuri</strong> gamosvlebis Tavisuflebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa iyo. respublikis pirobebSi, <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis<br />

efeqtiani funqcionirebis umTavresi piroba politikur oponentebs Soris<br />

Ria debatebia.sityvis Tavisufleba TiTqmis arasodes gamxdara sadavo, sityvis<br />

Sinaarsi ki _ araerTxel.<br />

Tumca, sityvis Tavisufleba SesaZloa gaxdes cxare ganxilvis sagani, rodesac<br />

individebi, romlebic am TavisuflebiT sargebloben, arapopularulni<br />

arian an <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis xelSeuxeblobasa da kanonierebas eWvqveS<br />

ayeneben. eqstremistebi xSirad Zlieri vnebaTaRelvis provocirebas axdenen.<br />

magaliTad, nacistTa gamosvlebi Cveulebisamebr mZafr reaqcias iwvevda<br />

ebraelTa Soris. vietnamis omis sawyis etapze axalgazrda protestantebi<br />

xSirad iyvnen aRqmulni arapatriot da araloialur pirebad. ramdenime wlis<br />

Semdeg, rodesac vietnamis omis mimarT damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicvala,<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis poziciis damcvelebs stveniTa da yviriliT xvdebodnen<br />

universitetebis kampusebSi gamosvlisas. pirveli Sesworeba yvela<br />

moqalaqes icavs Tavisi <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisas, mniSvneloba<br />

ara aqvs, ramdenad miuRebeli an arapopularulia es Sexedulebebi. Tumca, arsebobs<br />

mxolod mcire SezRudvebi (gamosvla ar SeiZleba Seicavdes mowodebas<br />

ukanono qmedebebisken, ar unda axdendes areulobis provocirebas, ar ayenebdes<br />

vinmes pirovnul Seuracxyofas da a.S.).<br />

ra Tqma unda, dacva, romelsac sityvis Tavisuflebis muxli gulisxmobs,<br />

mxolod <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTis gamosvliT ar Semoifargleba. uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />

`sityvis~ sakmaod farTo interpretireba moaxdina da is `gamox­

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

471<br />

atvis~ sinonimadac miiCnia. mxatvruli gamoxatva, simboluri Jestebi da<br />

reklama aseve is sferoa, romelic, sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli SesworebiTaa<br />

daculi.<br />

Tuki dadgindeba, rom qmedeba simbolurad sityvis Tavisuflebas gamoxatavs,<br />

mis Sinaarss an Setyobinebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, aalebuli<br />

droSa sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboluri formaa. 29 rac Seexeba<br />

realur SemTxvevebs, sityvis Tavisuflebis simboluri gamoxatvis konteqsti<br />

konstituciis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre<br />

misi Sinaarsi. ku­kluks­klanis aalebuli jvari SesaZloa calke kamaTis<br />

sferoa, Tumca simboluri gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi formaa. 30 sul<br />

sxva sakiTxia viRacis gazonSi aalebuli jvari. 31<br />

presis Tavisufleba. presis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs axali ambebisa da<br />

informaciis xelmisawvdomobas xalxisaTvis anu icavs gamomcemlebs yovelgvari<br />

oficialuri cenzurisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gazeTebsa da<br />

sxva periodul gamocemebs ufleba aqvT dabeWdon yvelaferi, rac surT,<br />

maT Soris, kritika da braldebebi xelisuflebis mimarT. igive vrceldeba<br />

eleqtronul mediaze. mravalferovani da SeuzRudavi media, sjerodaT damfuZneblebs,<br />

gadamwyvetia TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac demokratiis<br />

pirobebSi, TiToeuli moqalaqe iRebs gadawyvetilebas (saarCveno kabinSi)<br />

da xalxis mier arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebsac sWirdebaT vinme (an rame), rom<br />

patiosneba SeinarCunon.<br />

uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daaskvna, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, presas<br />

ar SeuZlia winaswari SezRudvebis dauwesdes. es ki niSnavs, rom garda omisa<br />

an sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis sxva SemTxvevebisa, xelisuflebas<br />

ar SeuZ lia gazeTs an sxva gamocemas raime saxis masalis beWdva aukrZalos _<br />

maT Soris dokumentebisa, romlebsac xelisuflebam saidumlo grifi misca<br />

an informaciisa, romlis gamoqveynebac sasamarTlo procesamde dauSvebelia<br />

da mogvianebiT mosamarTlem SesaZloa zianis momtanadac miiCnios. 32<br />

religiis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris akrZalviT,<br />

pirveli Sesworeba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs daicvas neitraliteti<br />

religiur sakiTxebSi _ arc Seuwyos xeli da arc Seafarxos romelime religiis<br />

arseboba. es moTxovna avsebs im punqts, romelic moqalaqeebs religiis<br />

Tavisuf lebis garantias aZlevs. orive punqti erTad uzrunvelyofs, rom<br />

moqalaqeebma SeZlon gonivrul farglebSi maTTvis sasurvel religias emsaxuron<br />

maTTvis sasurveli formiT.<br />

rodesac religiuri msaxureba safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas, xelisuflebas<br />

misi akrZalva SeuZlia. magaliTad, arc erTi sasamarTlo ar dauWers<br />

mxars ritualur mkvlelobas im mizeziT, rom religiis Tavisufleba konstituciiTaa<br />

daculi. arc iseTi religiuri aqtebia konstituciiT daculi,<br />

romlebic raime aSkara safrTxes uqmnian sazogadoebas (magaliTad, poligamia).<br />

33 Tumca, sasamarTlo garkveul religiur Tavisuflebas mainc ani­<br />

Webs moqalaqeebs, magaliTad, religiuri marwamsis safuZvelze uari Tqvan<br />

samxedro momzadebaze, aziel bavSvebs aTavisuflebs ganaTlebis miRebis

472 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

aucileblobisgan, aRiarebs ieRovas mowmeTa uflebas, ar moiyaron muxli<br />

droSis winaSe (maTi rwmenis Tanaxmad aseTi saqcieli kerpTayvanismcemlobad<br />

aris miCneuli).<br />

bevrad ufro winaaRmdegobrivia saskolo locvis sakiTxi. Tavis mravalricxovan<br />

gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom locva,<br />

Tundac arc erT religiur mimdinareobas ar gamoxatavdes da bibliis kiTxva<br />

sajaro skolebSi, ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis punqts religiis<br />

Sesaxeb. 34 aseve, sasuliero pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, gamosaSveb ceremoniaze<br />

locva warmoTqvan. 35 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ufro Sorsac wavida da aukrZala<br />

maswavleblebs gamoacxadon `siCumis dro~, romelic Semdeg locvisaTvis<br />

iqneba gamoyenebuli. 36 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro skolebis, maswavleblebisa<br />

da saskolo sabWoebis funqcionirebas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs<br />

da moswavleebi sajaro skolebSi saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />

kanonis safuZvelze xvdebian, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom sajaro skolebSi<br />

saskolo locvis daSvebiT saxelmwifo arakonstituciurad axorcielebs<br />

religiis mxardaWeras.<br />

kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi unda Seicvalos.<br />

saskolo locva, maTi azriT, religiuri tradiciebis SenarCunebas<br />

uw yobs xels, romelic qveyanas kidev ufro ganadidebs da axalgazrdebis<br />

moralur dacemas SeaCerebs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis momxreebi TavianTi<br />

poziciis gasamarTleblad acxadeben, rom yoveldRiuri locva da<br />

bibliis kiTxva skolaSi im moswavleTa uflebebs zRudavs, romlebic umciresobas<br />

warmoadgenen an arc erT religiur aRmsareblobas ar aRiareben.<br />

religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvel yofis yvelaze saimedo gza rwmenis<br />

sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos Carevis minimumamde dayvanaa.<br />

religiis Sesaxeb punqts xSirad moiSvelieben sajaro debatebis dros,<br />

romelic saxelmwifos mxridan im mSoblebis daxmarebas exeba, romelTa<br />

Svilebic kerZo, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero da religiur skolebSi swavloben.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zlieri argumenti is aris, rom mSoblebs ar­<br />

Cevanis Tavisufleba hqondeT, raTa gadawyviton, romel skolaSi waiyvanon<br />

Svilebi. yvela mSobeli, yvela moqalaqe ixdis gadasaxadebs, saidanac sajaro<br />

skolebi finansdeba, Tumca zogjer maT urCevniaT TavianTi Svilebi kerZo an<br />

religiur skolaSi gaagzavnon religiuri, socialuri an saganmanaTleblo<br />

mosazrebebiT. maT kerZo skolaSi swavlebis gadasaxadic unda gadaixadon,<br />

amitom eqspertebi svamen kiTxvas: unda daexmaros Tu ara xelisufleba mSoblebs,<br />

romlebsac Svilebi msgavs skolebSi SehyavT maTTvis sagadasaxado Se­<br />

RavaTebis Tu sxva finansuri daxmarebis gawevis gziT. rogorc adre aRvniSneT,<br />

swored am mizniT, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kongresSi vauCeruli<br />

dafinansebis sxvadasxva sqema iqna SemuSavebuli.<br />

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba<br />

pirveli Sesworeba adamianis ramdenime Tavisuflebas icavs. Tumca, arsebobs<br />

adamianis sxva uflebebi, romlebic SesworebiT pirdapir ar aris daculi<br />

(arc uflebaTa bilis romelime muxliT).

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

473<br />

am uflebaTa Soris umTavresia e.w. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba anu<br />

arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic zogadad gulisxmobs zrdasruli moqalaqeebis<br />

uflebas, pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi damoukideblad,<br />

saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe gadawyviton. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi<br />

aRniSnulia, rom qalebs aqvT abortis fundamenturi, Tumca ara SeuzRudavi<br />

ufleba. Tavdapirvelad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT zrunavda,<br />

rom am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcieleba uzrunveleyo. Tumca, mogvianebiT<br />

sasamarTlo (ufro konservatiuli Sexedulebebis mqone) naklebi<br />

enTuziazmiT uWerda mxars am uflebis ganxorcielebas, raki Tvlida, rom<br />

abortis ufleba ar avaldebulebs sajaro fondebs xelmokle qalebs abortis<br />

xarjebi daufaros. aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, xelisufleba<br />

ar iyo valdebuli msgavs SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli<br />

eqimebisaTvis an damxmare personalisTvis xelfasi gadaexada. 37<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavdapirvel gadawyvetilebebze, romelic abortis<br />

uflebas exeboda, protesti sicocxlis uflebis damcveli jgufebisgan<br />

modioda; isini acxadebdnen, rom adamianis sicocxle CasaxvasTan erTad<br />

iwyeba da amitomac abortis daSveba mkvlelobis legalizaciis tolfasia.<br />

adamianis embrions, maTi azriT, konstituciuri uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris<br />

sicocxlis ufleba, romelic iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda (rodesac bavSvis<br />

dabadebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas dedis sicocxles), gadawonis dedis<br />

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. sicocxlis uflebis mxardam­<br />

Weri moZraoba Tavis pozicias saprotesto aqciebiTa da xSirad, klinikebis<br />

blokirebiT gamoxatavda. protestis aseT formebze 1994 wels samarTlebrivi<br />

SezRudvebi dawesda. kongresma miiRo kanoni, romelic qalebs saSualebas<br />

aZlevda, abortis mizniT yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe miemarTaT Sesabamisi<br />

klinikebisaTvis, xolo saprotesto aqciebis monawileebs maTTvis<br />

am uflebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla aukrZala. imave wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />

daaskvna, rom Tu klinikebs abortis mowinaaRmdege aqtivistebis<br />

mier blokirebis Sedegad ekonomikuri ziani miadgeboda, aqciis organizatorebs<br />

sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT `reketior­<br />

Ta da danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ (RICO) kanonis safuZvelze. 38<br />

Tumca, rogorc sasamarTlom 1997 wels daadgina, aRniSnuli SezRudvebis<br />

dawesebis Semdeg, abortiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciebis monawileTa sityvisa<br />

da gamoxatvis uflebac konstituciur dacvas saWiroebda. 39<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramdenime mosamarTlem mxari dauWira Tavisufali<br />

arCevanis uflebas da SemogvTavaza piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis axali<br />

koncefcia, romelic dafuZnebulia pirovnebis uflebaze _ `Tavad gansaz­<br />

Rvros, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsebobisa da daniSnulebis, samyaros idea<br />

da adamianis cxovrebis saidumlo~. 40 aRniSnuli terminebi gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda maTTvis, vinc acxadebda, rom arsebobs sikvdilis<br />

ufleba da pacientebs, romlebic ukurnebeli seniT arian daavadebulni an<br />

autanel tkivils ganicdian, unda gaaCndeT kanonieri ufleba sicocxle<br />

daasrulon eqimebis daxmarebiT. Tumca, 1997 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />

erTxmad ganacxada uari ecno sikvdilis konstituciuri ufleba. 41

474 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

winamdebare TavSi samarTlianoba ganxiluli iqneba viwro gagebiT, rogorc<br />

sajaro politikis erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizani, romelic sasamarTloebisa<br />

da marTlmsajulebis sistemis funqcionirebis Sedegad<br />

miiRweva. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, samarTliani sazogadoeba isaa, sadac samoqalaqo<br />

da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebi samarTlianobis princips emsaxureba<br />

da sasjeli danaSaulis Sesabamisia.<br />

danaSauli da sasjeli<br />

arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs misces ufleba, dausjeli<br />

datovos sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi an kriminaluri saqcieli. im adamianebis<br />

dasjiT, romlebic wesebs arRveven, sazogadoeba mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom<br />

aseTi saqciels ar Seegueba. sasjelis simkacre ki imaze metyvelebs, ramdenad<br />

arasasurvelia esa Tu is saqcieli. antisazogadoebrivi qmedebisaTvis<br />

gansazRvruli sasjeli oTx mizans emsaxureba. pirveli _ sazogadoeba<br />

metadaa daculi, Tu damnaSave cixeSi imyofeba; meore _ erTi damnaSavis<br />

dasjam SesaZloa sxvebs imave danaSaulis Cadena gadaafiqrebinos (danaSaulis<br />

prevencia); mesame _ sasjeli kriminalebis gamosworebis umTavresi<br />

winapirobaa, rac maT sabolood saSualebas aZlevs normalur da nayofier<br />

cxovrebas daubrundnen (damnaSavis reabilitacia); bolos, meoTxe _ sasjeli<br />

erTgvari kompensaciaa udanaSaulo msxverplisaTvis, romelic imsaxurebs,<br />

ganicados kmayofileba dasjili damnaSavis xilviT (retribucia _<br />

sanacvlos migeba).<br />

marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura<br />

arsebobs Zveli samarTlebrivi kliSe, romlis Tanaxmadac samarTlianobis<br />

90 procenti marTebuli proceduris damsaxurebaa. proceduris dacvis<br />

meqanizmebi icavs udanaSaulo adamians daumsaxurebeli braldebisagan,<br />

xolo braldebuls _ daumsaxurebeli ganaCenisagan. aRniSnuli meqanizmebi,<br />

romlebic marTebuli samarTlis procesis (due process of law) saxeliTaa<br />

cnobili, detaluradaa aRwerili konstituciis uflebaTa bilSi, kerZod<br />

konstituciis meoTxe, mexu Te da meeqvse SesworebebSi. konstituciis Tanaxmad,<br />

moqalaqes aqvT kanonieri ufleba, daculi iyos (1) ukanono Cxrekisa da<br />

dakavebisgan; (2) aravis ar SeiZleba orjer miesajos sasjeli erTi da imave<br />

danaSaulisaTvis; (3) aravin aris valdebuli, misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis<br />

winaaRmdeg; (4) yvelas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos dauyovnebeli, sajaro<br />

da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo procesi; (5) hqondes informacia mis mimarT<br />

wayenebuli bralis Sesaxeb; (6) daupirispirdes mowmeebs, romlebic mis sawinaaRmdego<br />

Cvenebas aZleven; (7) moiTxovos Tavisi mowmeebis dakiTxva; (8)<br />

hyavdes advokati.<br />

ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli es konstituciuri ufleba SeiZleba gaxdes sasamarTlos<br />

interpretaciis sagani. erTad isini amerikis sasamarTlo siste­

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

475<br />

mis safuZvels qmnis. ai, rogoria samarTlebrivi procedura erT­erTi moqalaqis<br />

TvaliT:<br />

rodesac adamiani sasamarTloSi mihyavT da mas sazogadoebis winaSe<br />

seriozuli danaSaulis Cadena edeba bralad, mTliani saxelmwifo<br />

manqana moZraobaSi modis, raTa igi marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsdges.<br />

saxelmwifo bralmdebels an prokurors xelT mTeli armia hyavs,<br />

romlebic srul mzadyofnaSi arian, raTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT<br />

yovelgvari informacia moipovon. maT saxelmwifo imaSi uxdis anaz­<br />

Raurebas, rom uamravi mowme dakiTxon, nivTmtkicebebi Seiswavlon da<br />

iseTi saqme Seqmnan, romelic braldebulis danaSauls daamtkicebs. am<br />

ukanasknels ki xelT gacilebiT naklebi resursi aqvs. mopasuxes Zalian<br />

umarTlebs, Tu mas sakmarisi Semosavali aqvs advokatis xarjebis<br />

dasafarad. cota Tu SeZlebs kerZo deteqtivis daqiravebas, romelic<br />

mTel Tavis dros, unarsa da resursebs mxolod iqiT mimarTavs, rom<br />

nivT mtkicebebi moiZios da dacvis strategia aagos. arc erT individs<br />

ar ZaluZs saTanadod pasuxi gasces Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, roca es<br />

ukanaskneli mTeli ZaliT erTveba saqmeSi mas Semdeg, rac pirs kanondarRvevaSi<br />

wauyeneben brals. 42<br />

amdenad, proceduruli garantiebi aucilebelia, raTa mopasuxe daculi<br />

iyos marTlmsajulebis Secdomebisgan.<br />

samarTlebrvi dacvis sazRvrebi<br />

zemoT moyvanili dacvis meqanizmebis miuxedavad, sisxlis samarTlebrivi<br />

marTlmsajulebis sistema yovelTvis samarTliani ar aris. xelmokle<br />

moqalaqeebi yovelTvis gacilebiT dabali donis samarTlebriv daxmarebas<br />

iReben. istoriulad, yvelaze didi usamarTlobani religiuri uTanasworobis<br />

Sedegi iyo. aseTi SemTxvevebis sixSiriT gamoirCeoda samxreTi, sadac<br />

sasjelis dakisreba da misi simkacre umTavresad rasobriv safuZvelze xdeboda.<br />

Savkanian mamakacebs, romelTac bralad TeTrkanian qalebze Zaladoba<br />

edeboda (ZiriTadad usamarTlod), Cveulebisamebr, sikvdiliT sjidnen an<br />

mTel cxovrebas cixeSi amyofebdnen, TeTrkaniani mamakacebs ki Savkaniani<br />

qalebis mimarT Cadenili imave danaSulisTvis pasuxs aravin sTxovda.<br />

aseTi aSkara usamarTlobis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedura sruliad<br />

araefeqtiania. Tumca, sistemaSi aseTi xarvezebis aRmoCena gacilebiT<br />

advilia, vidre maTi aRmofxvra. saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduriT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

TiTqmis yvela garantia garkveul winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs.<br />

maga liTad, konstituciaSi garkveviT weria, rom mopasuxe pirs aqvs ufleba,<br />

hyavdes advokati. erTi SexedviT yvelaferi naTelia.<br />

magram Tu braldebuls advokatis daqiravebis saSuleba ara aqvs? valdebulia<br />

Tu ara saxelmwifo, rom mZime danaSulSi braldebuli umweo moqalaqe<br />

advokatiT uzrunvelyos? Tu adamians mxolod msubuqi gadacdoma<br />

aqvs Cadenili? ras ityviT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze?

476 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

unda uzrunvelyos Tu ara saxelmwifom dacviT msjavrdadebuli adamiani,<br />

romelsac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba surs? da Tu unda uzrunvelyos,<br />

mxolod erTjeradad, Tu imdenjer, ramdenjerac amas msjavrdebuli<br />

moiTxovs? 43<br />

braldebulis proceduruli dacvis sakiTxebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad,<br />

aseve praqtikuli ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia.<br />

TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom dacvis meqanizmebi aucilebelia,<br />

raTa samarTlis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofili iyos. magram aseve, bevrs<br />

saubroben imazec, da sakmaod warmatebiTac, rom es uflebebi farTod iqnes<br />

gamoyenebuli, raTa eWvmitanilTaTvis dacva xelmisawvdomi iyos. Tumca,<br />

samarTlebrivi dacvis am meqanizmebisaTvis garkveuli SezRudvebic arsebobs.<br />

maTi gamoyeneba ise farTod rom moxdes, rogorc es Teoriuladaa<br />

SesaZlebeli, maTi fuladi Rirebuleba warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba an saer­<br />

Tod SeuZlebeli gaxdeba vinmes dadanaSauleba, an sasamarTlo procesi ise<br />

gaiweleba, rom marTlmsajulebis gan xorcieleba Seferxdeba da sulac,<br />

SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. amdenad, proceduruli dacvis meqanizmebi unda ganisazRvros<br />

eWvmitanilis uflebebis SejerebiT xelisuflebis valdebulebasTan,<br />

dasajos isini, vinc kanons marTlac arRvevs.<br />

omis pirobebSi konstituciuri garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi<br />

procedura izRudeba im saxiT, rogoriTac is sxva garemoebebSi miuRebeli<br />

iqneboda. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros prezidentma abraam linkolnma<br />

e.w. `habeas korpusis~ (Habeas Corpus) moqmedeba SeaCera. am mizeziT, garkveuli<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare rojer teni dapirispirebuli<br />

aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro ZalebTan, magram<br />

iZulebuli gaxda poziciebi daeTmo, rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom umaRlesi<br />

mTavarsardali generlebis mxares iyo.<br />

davubrundeT 2001 wlis movlenebs. 11 seqtembris Sokismomgvreli movlenebis<br />

Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma, romelsac zurgs xalxis warmoudgenlad<br />

maRali mxardaWera umagrebda (daaxloebiT 9 ­ 1­Tan SefardebiT),<br />

TxovniT mimarTa kongress, mieRo axali vrceli antiteroristuli kanoni<br />

(`patriotis aqtis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic iusticiis departaments<br />

gamoZiebis, dakiTxvis, Cxrekis, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da Tvalyuris<br />

devnebis (satelefono mosmenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis monitoringis) uprecedento<br />

uflebas aniWebda mxolod da mxolod im pirobiT, rom es qmedebebi<br />

terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad iqneboda mimarTuli. 175­gverdianma<br />

kanonproeqtma daCqarebuli wesiT gaiara warmomadgenelTa palata, romlis<br />

umravlesobasac respublikelebi Seadgendnen, mcire cvlilebebi ganicada<br />

demokratebis mier kontolirebad senatSi, sadac mxolod erTma misca xma<br />

mis winaaRmdeg (senatori rasel fingoldi viskonsinis Statidan). patriotis<br />

aqtis masStabebi, misi miRebis tempebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sainformacio<br />

kampania mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba Tanaxmaa (moiTxovs kidec), rom<br />

krizisis pirobebSi Tavisufleba SeizRudos da kanonmdeblebma `samefos gasaRebi~<br />

ufro popularul umaRles mTavarsardals gadascen. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />

rom evropis saparlamento demokratiis mqone qveynebSi umravlesoba policiasa<br />

da usafrTxoebis samsaxurs Cveulebriv pirobebSi gacilebiT nakleb<br />

dabrkolebebs uqmnis, vidre es aSS­Si iqneboda misaRebi (ix. CanarTi).

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

terorizmi da samoqalaqo uflebebi: sadao balansi<br />

sxva qveynebis gamocdileba<br />

477<br />

maSin, rodesac kongresi eZebs gzas, rogor miaRwios balanss<br />

usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, gonivruli iqneba mimoxilva imisa,<br />

rogor iqcevian sxva qveynebi. geografiulad rac ufro vSordebiT anglosaqsur<br />

models, usafrTxoebis zomebi kidev ufro mkacrdeba.<br />

problemebma, romelic did britaneTs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Seeqmna,<br />

mis xelisuflebas dapatimrebisa da dakavebis farTo uflebebi misca, Tumca<br />

amas qveyanaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis arsebobis Zveli tradicia da yovelgvari<br />

piradobis mowmobis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba abalansebs.<br />

germania gansakuTrebiT mkacria <strong>politikuri</strong> eqstremistebis mimarT, misi<br />

nacisturi warsulisa da 1970­ian wlebSi memarcxene frTis teroristebTan<br />

brZolis gamo, Tumca, igi tolerantobas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva religiuri<br />

gaerTianebebis mimarT, rogorebicaa islamisti fundamentalistebi (magram<br />

ara saintologebis mimarT). germanelebi valdebulni arian ataron piradobis<br />

mowmobebi, Tumca, maTi kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs piradi<br />

informaciis gacema mkacrad aqvT akrZaluli.<br />

safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da italiaSi xelisuflebas bevrad meti<br />

uflebamosileba aqvs. Tu ver waradgineT piradobis mowmoba quCaSi Semowmebisas,<br />

SesaZloa adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebaSi aRmoCndeT, miT<br />

umetes, Tu ucxoels hgavxarT. Cveulebrivi damnaSaveebis devnis drosac<br />

ki mosamarTleebs policiasTan erTad sakmaod farTo _ satelefono<br />

mosmenebis, Cxrekis, sabanko angariSebis Semowmebisa da ganaCenis gamotanamde<br />

eWvmitanilTa cixeSi Casmis _ uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris, safrangeTSi<br />

oTx wlamde vadiTac ki. frangi Jurnalistebi, romlebic terorizmsa<br />

da korufciis sakiTxebze muSaoben, policias araerTxel daukavebia. espaneTis<br />

saidumlo samsaxuri ki politokosebisa da TviT mefis satelefono<br />

mosmenebsac ki axorcielebs.<br />

iaponiaSi es balansi mniSvnelovnadaa darRveuli samoqalaqo uflebebis<br />

sazianod _ policias dakavebisa da dakiTxvis farTo uflebebi aqvs.<br />

SesaZloa, swored amitomaa, rom sasamarTlos braldebulTa mxolod 1%isTvis<br />

gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. adamianebi valdebulni arian adgilobriv<br />

saxelmwifo organoebSi daregistrirdnen (romlebic ukanasknel<br />

wlebamde qveyanaSi myofi yvela ucxoelisgan TiTis anabeWdebs iRebdnen).<br />

1995 wlis aum sinrikios religiuri seqtis mier tokios metroSi cremlsadeni<br />

gazis gaSvebis Semdeg xelisuflebas gaezarda qonebis CamorTmevis ufleba.<br />

amerikis msgavsad, sxva qveynebis xelisuflebasac meti Zalufleba<br />

surs. britaneTma adamianis uflebaTa aqts gadaxeda. germania savaraudod<br />

religiur jgufebs specialur statuss gauuqmebs da piradi xelSeuxeblobis<br />

Sesaxeb kanonsac Searbilebs. espaneTi da safrangeTi, savaraudod,<br />

am TvalsazrisiT ufro Sors wavlen. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba iaponias:<br />

am qveyanaSi Sida usafrTxoebis isedac umkacresi wesebi moqmedebs.<br />

wyaro: adaptirebulia The Economist, October 20, 2001, 31.

478 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi. marTebuli samarTlebrivi proceduris<br />

arc erTi punqti ar aRZravs samarTlianobis sakiTxs ise mkafiod, rogorc<br />

e.w. mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba). aRniSnuli<br />

wesis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ukanono gziT mopovebuli arc erTi mtkicebuleba<br />

ar SeiZleba wared ginos sasamarTlos. uzenaesma sasamarTlom,<br />

aRniSnuli wesis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom konstituciis<br />

meoTxe Sesworebis Sesabamisad, ukanono dakavebisa da Cxrekis akrZalva<br />

azrs dakargavda, Tu policielebs ar ecodinebodaT, rom maT mier aralegaluri<br />

qmedebiTa da konstituciis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi<br />

sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli ver iqneboda. 44 mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi,<br />

sasamarTlos azriT, policiis mier Zalauflebis Segnebulad borotad gamoyenebis<br />

Tavidan acilebis utyuari saSualebaa.<br />

aRniSnuli wesis mowinaaRmdegeebi (maT Soris uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />

mosamarTleebic) TavinTi argumentebis warmodgenisas acxadeben, rom is<br />

seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis policiis oficrebs, romlebic valdebulni<br />

arian, rom Cxreka da dakaveba sasamarTlos mier dadgenili rTuli miTiTebebis<br />

mixedviT ganaxorcielon. 45 mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli<br />

saxelmZRvanelos principiT Cxreka an dakaveba; umeteswilad, policiis<br />

oficrebs SemTxvevis ad gilebze spontanuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba uwevT.<br />

policiis oficrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas icaven,<br />

xSirad TavianT sicocxles safrTxeSi agdeben; mosamarTleebisa da nafici<br />

msajulebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini sakuTar Tavs mSvid da usafrTxo garemoSi<br />

auCqareblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ver miscemen.<br />

dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb debatebs safuZvlad udevs azrTa<br />

mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnuli wesis momxreebi samarTaldamcav<br />

oficrebs moWarbebuli energiis mqone pirovnebebad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi<br />

maT bundovani da damabneveli kanonebis msxverplad Tvlian.<br />

garda amisa, am wesis momxreebi mas samarTlianobis utyuar garantad miiCneven,<br />

xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi _ marTlmsajulebis Semaferxebel garemoebad.<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlo Seecada or sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas Soris<br />

erTgvari balansisaTvis mieRwia da dasaSvebad miiCnia araswori gziT mopovebuli<br />

mtkicebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Secdoma policiis mier<br />

uneblied iyo daSvebuli da maT marTlac surdaT samarTlebrivi proceduris<br />

dacva. 46 aseTi gamonaklisebi braldebulis uflebebsa da sazogadoebis<br />

usafrTxoebas Soris balansis miR wevas isaxavs miznad.<br />

sasamarTlo da sasjelaRsrulebis administrirebis diskretuli<br />

uf lebebi. bolo dromde, samarTlis gabatonebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad,<br />

bralmdeb lebs (romelTa funqciaa bralis wayeneba, saproceso SeTanxmebis<br />

gaformeba, bralis uaryofa), mosamarTleebsa (romelTac saeWvo saqmeze<br />

ganaCenis gamotana SeuZliaT) da sapyrobileTa sameTvalyureo sabWoebs<br />

(romlebic iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra dro unda gaataros realurad braldebulma<br />

cixeSi) farTo diskretuli uflebamosileba unda gaaCndeT. sasamarTlo<br />

da administraciuli diskrecia am sferoSi, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom xSirad erTsa da imave danaSaulSi eWvmitanil

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

479<br />

da braldebul pirebs gansxvavebuli warsuli, motivacia da danaSaulisadmi<br />

damokidebuleba, aseve reabilitaciis gansxvavebuli perspeqtiva aqvT<br />

da a. S. diskreciuli Zalauflebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos magistratebs<br />

da sxva oficialur pirebs amgvar garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba SeuZliaT,<br />

rodesac saqme saxdelis dawesebaze an sasjelis simkacreze midgeba. amgvari<br />

diskrecia kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac danaSaulis<br />

ricxvi izrdeba, xolo cixis saknebis raodenoba igive rCeba; aseT pirobeb­<br />

Si mosamarTleebi ar Cqaroben, rom damnaSaveebi, Tu, ra Tqma unda, gansakuTrebiT<br />

mZime danaSaulSi ar arian braldebulni, gaistumron gadavsebul<br />

cixeebSi, sadac personalis naklebobaa.<br />

sasamarTlo sistemis es aspeqti xSirad gamxdara kritikis sagani im<br />

mizeziT, rom igi SesaZloa borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli. kritikosebis azriT,<br />

bralmdeblebi gadawyvetilebas maTi <strong>politikuri</strong> Sexedulebebisa da<br />

piradi nebasurvilis mixedviT miiReben, mosamarTleebi ganaCens samarTlis<br />

maTTvis sasurveli Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoitanen, xolo sameTvalyureo<br />

sabWos wevrebs Wkviani damnaSaveebi advilad gaacureben. sasamarTlo<br />

sistemis msgavsi xarvezebi, maTi azriT, sasjels zemoqmedebisa da iZulebis<br />

efeqts ukargavs. ufro metic, acxadeben rom am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulSi<br />

braldebulTa sasjeli umeteswilad iseT garemomebebzea damokidebuli,<br />

romelic cota uCveuloa samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis, magaliTad, romeli<br />

mosamarTle romel saqmes ganixilavs. msgavsi argumentebis Zalam zogier­<br />

Ti Stati aiZula iseTi samarTlebrivi reformebi gaetarebina, rogoricaa<br />

saeWvo saqmeebze iseTi ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudva an akrZalva, romelic<br />

zustad araa gansazRvruli.<br />

sikvdiliT dasja. sajaro debatebi sikvdiliT dasjis mizanSewonilobis<br />

Taobaze ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />

eqspertebi bevrs kamaToben imaze, axdens Tu ara sasjelis umaRlesi<br />

forma mkvlelobaTa prevencias. TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili<br />

magaliTebi imdenad fragmentulia da interpretaciebi imdenad mravalferovani,<br />

rom raime calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. meore mxriv, bevrad ufro<br />

cxared kamaToben imaze, moralurad ramdenad gamarTlebulia sikvdiliT<br />

dasja.<br />

sainteresoa, rom orive mxare adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobaze<br />

saub robs. sikvdiliT dasjis mimxreebi acxadeben, rom marTlmsajulebas sasikvdilo<br />

ganaCeni imitomac gamoaqvs, rom igi adamianis sicocxles umaRles<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ sazogadoeba moralurad valdebulia, rom udana­<br />

Saulo adamianebis mkvlelobas umkacresi pasuxi gasces.<br />

mizanTa konfliqti<br />

amerikelTa umetesobas politikis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli azri<br />

ar gaaCnia, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra,<br />

rogor unda iqnes miRweuli sajaro sikeTeebi. sakmaod rTulia am TavSi ganx­

480 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

iluli sajaro politikis xuTi ZiriTadi miznis ­ usafrTxoebis, keTildReobis,<br />

Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis ­ bolomde gaazreba.<br />

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, TiToeuli miznis ganxilvisas winaaRmdegobriv<br />

da kompleqsur sakiTxebs vawydebiT da sajaro politikis miznebis miRwevis<br />

gzebi yovelTvis naTlad gansazRvruli ar aris.<br />

xSirad, Tavad es miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, saxelmwifo<br />

iRvwis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad, magram, omis pirobebSi,<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebis saxeliT Tavadve uzRudavs Tavis moqalaqeebs am<br />

Tavisuflebas komendantis saaTis, Semosavlebis Semcirebis, muSakTa mobilobis<br />

SezRudvis, saprotesto aqciebis akrZalvis da sxva analogiuri qmedebebis<br />

ganxorcielebis gziT. buSis administraciis inicirebuli da kongresis<br />

mier daCqarebuli wesiT miRebuli antiteroristuli kanoni, romelic<br />

11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro organizaciasa da pentagonze Tavdasxmis<br />

Sedegi iyo, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rogori konkurencia Sei­<br />

Zleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />

principebs Soris krizisis dros. zogjer, mosamarTle zRudavs presis Tavisuflebas,<br />

raTa gaxmaurebeli saqmis ganxilvisas eWvmitanilis uflebebi<br />

daicvas. samTavrobo normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas<br />

isaxavs miznad, SesaZloa, damqiravebeli daavaldebulos, rom Tavis<br />

TanamSromlebs minimaluri xelfasi gadauxados an usafrTxoebis mkacri<br />

standarti dauwesos, riTac materialuri keTildReobis miRwevas gaarTulebs.<br />

rodesac sazogadoeba xuTi mTavar Rirebulebas (Tavisuf leba, Tanasaworoba,<br />

usafrTxoeba, materialuri keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) aRiarebs,<br />

igi maT Soris optimaluri balansis miRwevaze unda zrunavdes da ar<br />

dauSvas romelime maTganis upiratesoba danarCenebze.<br />

rogor unda SevafasoT, ramdenad warmatebulia xelisufleba sajaro<br />

politikis aRniSnuli xuTi miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT? aleqsis de<br />

tokvilma Tavis naSromSi ~demokratia amerikaSi~ gonivrulad daaskvna,<br />

rom rac ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian adamianebi, miT ufro TvalSi sacemi<br />

xdeba am Tanasworobidan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, rac ufro uaxlovdeba <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema Tanasworobis sanukvar<br />

mizans, miT ufro aSkaraa misi marcxi, rodesac is am mizans srulad ver aRwevs.<br />

igive SeiZleba iTqvas sajaro politikis sxva miznebzec. radganac interesTa<br />

da moTxovnaTa konfliqti TiToeuli miznis srul ganxorcielebas<br />

uSlis xels, demokratiis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom moqalaqeebi<br />

da liderebi axlomxedvelobiT daavaddebian an, krizisis pirobebSi,<br />

omis isteria an fsevdopatriotizmi SeipyrobT. patriotizmSi cudi<br />

araferia, Tu is ar gvikargavs realobis SegrZnebas an ar arRvevs balanss<br />

usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, risic patriotizmis gamovlinebis<br />

oponentebs 2001 wels eSinodaT.<br />

zomiereba, rasac Zveli berZnebi oqros Sualeds uwodebdnen, demokratiul<br />

qveynebSi <strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobis gasaRebia. zomiereba moqalaqeebs<br />

Seusabamo <strong>politikuri</strong> molodinisgan icavs. is aseve aRkveTs mcdelobas,<br />

rom erTi mizani meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan mizanze uaris Tqmis xarjze<br />

iqnes miRweuli. im adamianebis fanatizmma, romlebic erTjerad da miuRw­

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

481<br />

evel miznebs emsaxurebian, SesaZloa gaamZafros diskusia sajaro politikis<br />

sakiTxebze. mZafrma yvirilma maTi mSvidi xma CaaxSos, visac sjera, rom<br />

moTminebisa da zomierebis gareSe, demokratia ver SeZlebs im balansis miRwevas,<br />

romelic swori mmarT velobis ZiriTadi arsia.<br />

daskvna<br />

sajaro politikis sakiTxebi moicavs demokratiuli xelisuflebis xuT<br />

universalur mizans: usafrTxoebas, keTildReobas, Tanasworobas, Tavisuflebasa<br />

da samarTlianobas. maT Soris yvelaze fundamenturia usafrTxoeba,<br />

radganac mis gareSe sxva Rirebulebebis dacva an SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli<br />

iqneboda. usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs dacvas mtrulad ganwyobili moqalaqeebisagan<br />

da garkveul SemTxvevaSi _ moqalaqeebis dacvas sakuTari Tavisganac<br />

ki.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi, materialuri keTildReobis cneba istoriulad dakavSirebulia<br />

Tavisufal samewarmeo principze dafuZnebul ekonomikasTan,<br />

romelic komerciuli respublikis ideas emyareba. 21­e saukuneSi xelisufleba<br />

Tavisi moqalaqeebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas socialuri<br />

uzrunvelyofisa da sxva programebis ganxorcielebiT cdilobs.<br />

am programebma cxare debatebi gamoiwvia xelisuflebis ekonomikur procesebSi<br />

monawileobis sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabiujeto<br />

deficiti gamwvavda. saganmanaTleblo sisitemis xarvezebi ki safrTxes uqmnis<br />

saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurentunarianobas. Semosavlis<br />

ganawileba amerikaSi saerTo saxelmwifo debatebis kidev erTi Tema gaxda.<br />

TanasworobisaTvis brZola SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSna mcdelobiT,<br />

bolo moReboda rasobriv diskriminacias. uzenaes sasamarTloSi ori<br />

gaxmaure buli saqmis ganxilvam samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi, xeli<br />

Seuwyo kanonebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris SenarCunebas, romelic rasobrivi<br />

uTanasworobis arsebul stereotips pasuxobda. mogvianebiT ki saqmem<br />

_ brauni saganmanaTleb lo sabWos winaaRmdeg (1954) _ safuZveli Cauyara<br />

moZraobas samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis, rac sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da<br />

administraciuli zomebis gatarebaSi gamoixata da rasobrivi Tanasworobis<br />

erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. samoqalaqo uflebebis<br />

saqmes axali winaaRmdegoba mohyva moswavleebis saskolo avtobusebiT<br />

savaldebulo uzrunvelyofisa da upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis sakiTxebze.<br />

Tanasworobis sakiTxi sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT aseve moicavs<br />

qalTa, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da umweoTa uflebebs.<br />

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa amerikuli sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebaa.<br />

individualur uflebebs Soris, romlebic pirdapir aris daculi<br />

konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT, aris sityvis, presis, religiis Tavisufleba.<br />

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba pirovnebis<br />

Tavisuflebis aseve umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia SeerTebul StatebSi.<br />

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, viwro gagebiT, SeiZleba ganisazRvros,<br />

rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis mizani da marTlmsajulebis sistemis

482 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

Tanabari da efeqtiani funqcionireba. samarTlianobis tests sasamarTloebi<br />

imis mixedviT abareben, ramdenad miukerZoeblad asruleben kanons.<br />

sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yvela sazogadoebaSi<br />

uzrunvelyofs antisazogadoebrivi da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis dasjas.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi es sistema marTebuli procesis da samarTliani proceduris<br />

principebis erTgulia. marTebuli procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia mocemuli da sasamarTloebis mieraa<br />

interpretirebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas garkveul problemebs uqmnis.<br />

winaaRmdegobrivi norma mtkicebulebis uaryofis Sesaxeb, miznad isaxavs<br />

balansis miRwevas danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisa da sazogadoebis wevrebis<br />

uflebebs Soris. amave mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlo diskreciisa da umaRlesi<br />

sasjelis sakiTxebi.<br />

konfliqti aRniSnul xuT mizans Soris xSirad aferxebs TiToeuli maTganis<br />

srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. swored amitom, sajaro politikaSi<br />

TiToeuli miznis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, moqalaqeebma zomiereba da saRi<br />

azri unda SeinarCunon.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoeba<br />

erovnuli bredis kanoni<br />

Sereuli ekonomika<br />

biujetis deficiti<br />

erovnuli vali<br />

pozitiuri qmedebebi<br />

piruku diskriminacia<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

winaswari SezRudva<br />

angariSworeba (retribucia)<br />

marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi<br />

(due process of law)<br />

mticebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli<br />

mtkicebuleba)<br />

1. romelia <strong>politikuri</strong> Temebi, romelic usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs Seicavs?<br />

2. ra saxis ekonomikuri problemebi aqvs dRes aSS­s?<br />

3. SeadareT Tanasworobis ideali da realoba aSS­s istoriaSi?<br />

4. ratomaa Tavisufleba Rirebuli? rogoraa igi daculi aSS­Si?<br />

5. ra sakiTxebi dgas amerikis sasamarTlo sistemis dRis wesrigSi? ratomaa<br />

es sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani?<br />

6. ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan sajaro sikeTe da zomiereba?<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 1252b, 5.

sajaro politikis problemebi<br />

483<br />

2. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “Defining Deviance Down,” American Scholar 62 (zam­<br />

Tari, 1993), 1.<br />

3. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 234-240.<br />

4. Martin Diamond, piradi mimowera.<br />

5. ix. Glenn Kessler-is “The Lightened Federal Tax Load,” Washington Post National<br />

Weekly Edition, 3 aprili 2000, 18.<br />

6. “Don’t Feel Alone If Tax Confusing: 50 Experts Differ over Family Return,” Lincoln<br />

Star (AP Report), 18 Tebervali 1989, 2.<br />

7. rogorc tokvilma SeniSna; ix. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America,<br />

red da mTargm. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 302, 459-468.<br />

8. Tumca skolebs Soris didi Seusabamobaa. ix. Jonathan Kozol-is Savage Inequalities:<br />

Children in America’s Schools (New York: Crown, 1991).<br />

9. ra Tqma unda, aseTi problemebi Cndeba pirveli Sesworebis muxlSic ­ debuleba<br />

saxelmwifo religiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.<br />

10. “Poverty in the U.S.: 2000,” U.S. Census Bureau seqtemberi 2001, 2.<br />

11. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990),<br />

2002.<br />

12. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).<br />

13. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).<br />

14. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).<br />

15. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).<br />

16. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).<br />

17. mas mxari dauWires, rogorc kongresis kanonier uflebas, daareguliros<br />

vaWroba ucxour qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris; ix. Heart<br />

of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), da Katzenbach v. McClung,<br />

379 U.S. 294 (1964).<br />

18. ix. Peter Schotten­is “The Establishment Clause and Excessive Governmental - Religious<br />

Entanglement: The Constitutional Status of Aid to Non-Public and Secondary<br />

Schools,” Wake Forest Law Review 15 (1979): 240-244.<br />

19. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).<br />

20. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).<br />

21. arsebiTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo bakis saqmeze Sors wavida da mxari dauWira<br />

federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom rasa ar<br />

SeiZleba iyos saswavlebelSi (iuridiul fakultetze) miRebis faqtori.<br />

22. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986).<br />

23. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1979).<br />

24. Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).<br />

25. ix. magaliTad, United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987); City of Richmond v.<br />

J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989); da Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications<br />

Commission, 497 U.S. 547 (1990).<br />

26. Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).<br />

27. Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).<br />

28. Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996).<br />

29. Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).<br />

30. Brandenberg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).

484 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

31. es sakiTxi gadawyda R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 112 (1992). Tvrameti wlis<br />

TeTrkanianma biWma san polSi, minesota mezoblad mcxovrebi SavkanianTa<br />

erTaderTi ojaxis ezoSi jvari dawva. nacvlad imisa, rom is sxvisi simSvidis<br />

darRvevisa da sxvisi sakuTrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo daepatimrebinaT,<br />

is adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT gaasamarTles,<br />

romlis mixedviTad arakanonierad iTvleboda `kerZo Tu sazogadoebriv<br />

sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwaze simbolos, sagnis an naxatis moTavseba, maT<br />

Soris, aalebuli jvris an nacisturi svastikis, romelic SesaZloa brazis,<br />

gangaSis an Seuracxyofis safuZveli gamxdariyo sxva rasis, kanis<br />

feris, msoflmxedvelobis, religiisa Tu sqesis adamianebisaTvis~. 1992<br />

wels uzenaes sasamarTloze gadawyda, rom es dadgenileba aseTi saxiT ar­<br />

Rvevda `pirvel damatebas~.<br />

32. ix. New York Times, Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); da Nabraska Press<br />

Association v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).<br />

33. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879).<br />

34. umniSvnelovanesia Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) da<br />

Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1963).<br />

35. Lee v. Wiesman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).<br />

36. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).<br />

37. Tavdapirveli saqme, romelic icavda qalTa uflebebs abortis Taobaze<br />

aris Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). sxva mniSvnelovan saqmeTa Sorisaa Haris<br />

Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492<br />

U.S. 490 (1989) da Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). ix. aseve Planned Parenthood<br />

of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 (1992).<br />

38. Schenck v. Pro Choice Network of Western New York, 117 S. Ct. 855 (1997).<br />

39. N.O.W. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994).<br />

40. Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 U.S. at 851 (1992).<br />

41. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 82258 (1997).<br />

42. Burton Leiser, Liberty Justice, and Morals: Contemporary Value Conflicts (New<br />

York: Macmillan, 1973), 192.<br />

43. uzenaesi sasamarTlos pasuxis mixedviT, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos<br />

sabWos efeqtiani daxmareba saapelacio sasamarTlos saSualebiT. ix.<br />

Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353 (1963), da Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974).<br />

44. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).<br />

45. ix. magaliTad, Chief Justice Burger’s dissent in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of<br />

the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 897 (1970).<br />

46. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).<br />

47. ix. magaliTad, “The Battle in Congress,” The Economist, 20 oqtomberi 2001, 31,<br />

34.

nawili IV<br />

politika<br />

Zaladobis<br />

gziT<br />

Tavi XIV revolucia:<br />

samarTlianobis<br />

saxeliT<br />

Tavi XV terorizmi:<br />

sustis iaraRi<br />

Tavi XVI omi:<br />

politika sxva saSualebebiT<br />

485

486

Tavi XIV<br />

revolucia<br />

samarTlianobis<br />

saxeliT<br />

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba<br />

Tanamedrove revoluciebi:<br />

ori tradicia<br />

amerikuli revolucia frangu­<br />

li revolucia ori revoluciis<br />

Sedareba<br />

revoluciis sasurveloba:<br />

berki, peini da loki<br />

berkis pozicia peinis kritika<br />

lokiseuli perspeqtiva<br />

revoluciis mizezebi<br />

tradiciuli axsna revoluciis<br />

socialuri fsiqologia revoluciis<br />

Tanamedrove Teoriebi<br />

487

488 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

cota sityva Tu gamoiyeneba ise xSirad, rogorc sityvebi revolucia da<br />

revoluciuri. televizorSi Zalian xSirad aris reklamebi axali `revoluciuri~<br />

saparsi sacxis, saojaxo teqnikisa an avtomobilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />

`revolucias axdenen~. magram, kerZod ra gamoarCevs revolucias an<br />

revoluciur mTavrobas? Tavisi arsiT, sityva revoluciuri did cvlilebas<br />

aRniSnavs. amrigad, WeSmaritad revoluciuri saparsi sacxi, saojaxo<br />

teqnika an avtomobili unda iyos fundamenturad axali da ukeTesi produqcia,<br />

vidre aqamde arsebuli saparsi sacxi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobilebi.<br />

sityva revolucia xSirad ixmareba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: magaliTad, e. w.<br />

samrewvelo revolucias niSnavs Zireul cvlilebas warmoebis stilSi, romelic<br />

cvlis erovnul ekonomikasa da sazogadoebis struqturas.<br />

politikur konteqstSi, revolucia aris fenomeni, romelsac moaqvs<br />

fundamenturi cvlileba arsebul xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebaSi. Cveulebriv,<br />

mas Tan sdevs Zaladoba da kulturuli Zvrebi. Tumca, yvelanairi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> cvli leba ar aris revolucia. Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialebis<br />

Sedegad xelis uf lebaSi modis liderTa jgufi, romelTa politika imeorebs<br />

maTi winamorbede b is politikas da es cvlileba qveyanasa an sazogadoebaze<br />

naklebad aisaxeba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia ar momxdara da mis<br />

Sedegad Seqmnil mTavrobas ar SeiZleba vuwodoT revoluciuri.<br />

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi revoluciebi gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis swrafi<br />

matebisa da swrafi ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros xdeboda. 1 Zv. w. aR. VII da VI<br />

saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneboda berZnul qalaq­saxelmwifoebSi,<br />

Zv. w. aR. pirvel saukuneSi _ romSi, islamur samyaroSi _ ax. w. aR.<br />

VIII saukuneSi da evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1500­1650 da 1750­1850 wlebSi.<br />

meoce saukuneSi revolucia ufro xSirad xdeboda, vidre adre. garkveuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT, revolucia erovnuli Zaladobis talRis nawilia,<br />

romelmac sakuTari kvali daaCnia meoce saukunes. cnobilma harvardelma<br />

sociologma pitirim sorokinma 1930­ian wlebSi Caatara `Sida areulobis~<br />

STam beWdavi kvleva 11 politikur sazogadoebaSi. mxolod dasavleT evropaSi<br />

man SeZlo aranakleb 1622 aseTi areulobis identificireba pirveli<br />

msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, romelTagan sruli 70 procenti `moicavda<br />

mniSvnelovani masStabis Zaladobasa da sisxlis Rvras.~ 2 ufro metic, man<br />

aRmoaCina, rom yovel Seswavlil qveyanaSi yovel xuT SedarebiT mSvidobian<br />

weliwadze modioda `mniSvnelovani socialuri areulobis~ erTi weliwadi.<br />

sabo lood, sorokinma daaskvna, rom XX saukune iyo yvelaze sisxliani da mSfoTvare<br />

saukune istoriaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom man es daskvna gaakeTa meore<br />

msoflio omamde.<br />

Semdgomma movlenebma gaamyara sorokinis daskvna. magaliTad, 1945­dan<br />

1962 wlamde periodSi, 100­dan daaxloebiT 40 ganviTarebadi qveyana gaxda<br />

sul mcire erTi samxedro gadatrialebis mowme mainc, xolo 1943 da 1962 wlebs<br />

Soris laTinuri amerikis faqtobrivad yvela, aziis qveynebis or mesamedSi da

evolucia<br />

489<br />

afrikis damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynebis naxevarSi aRiniSna arsebuli<br />

mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba. 3 niu iork Taimsma aRniSna, rom 1946 da 1959<br />

wlebSi dafiqsirda `Sida omis~, maT Soris `samoqalaqo omis, partizanuli<br />

omis, lokaluri ajanyebebis, farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTis, organizebuli<br />

da savaraudod araorganizebuli terorizmis, areulobisa da saxelmwifo<br />

gadatrialebebis~ 1200 SemTxveva. 4 axlandel droSi revoluciebi, ajanyebebi<br />

da samoqalaqo areulobebi ar Semcirebula. Tu organizebuli da araorganizebuli<br />

Zaladoba yovelTvis iyo <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili,<br />

meoce saukuneSi is ukeT organizebulic da ufro xSiric gaxda.<br />

Tumca, yvela revolucia ar aris Zaladobrivi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT<br />

evropaSi, 1989 wels qveynebi erTi meores miyolebiT gamovidnen sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris kontrolidan da maTi umetesoba Sebrunda sabazro ekonomikisa<br />

da saparlamento demokratiisaken. mcire SemTxvevebis, magaliTad rumineTis,<br />

garda, es revoluciebi yvela qveyanaSi moxda minimaluri ZaladobiT<br />

da sisxlisRvriT. CexoslovakiaSi mas xaverdovani revoluciac ki uwodes,<br />

radganac komunisturi diqtaturidan konstituciur xelisuflebaze gadasvla<br />

rbilad ganxorcielda. damoukidebeli baltiispireTis qveynebSi _<br />

estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi _ aseve sanimuSod ganxorcielda mSvidobiani<br />

masobrivi revolucia. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, <strong>politikuri</strong> transformaciis<br />

procesi didi SfoTis, sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da adamianTa msxverplis<br />

gareSe warimarTa.<br />

Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia<br />

Tanamedrove revoluciis ideas _ rwmenas imisa, rom `ers SeTanxmebuli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> brZolis saSualebiT SeuZlia Zireulad Secvalos <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

wesrigi, romelic marTavda mis cxovrebas da masTan erTad sazogadoebis<br />

socialur da ekonomikur struqturas~ _ SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT meTvramete<br />

saukunis bolodan. 5 miuxedavad imisa, rom revolucias zogadad xangrZlivi<br />

istoria aqvs da saTaves iRebs monaTa ajanyebebidan antikur xanaSi,<br />

Tanamedrove revoluciis gamorCeuli niSania idea, rom dabali klasebis<br />

mrisxaneba ara ubralod gaanadgurebs Tavsmoxveul sazogadoebriv wesrigs,<br />

aramed `Seqmnis axal da gansxavebul wesrigs, romelSic Cagvris tradiciuli<br />

formebi aRar iarsebebs.~ 6 am mizezis gamo, xSirad aRiareben, rom Tanamedrove<br />

revolucias, rogorc wesi, `axasiaTebs emociebis mier warmarTuli<br />

utopiuri ideebi _ molodini imisa, rom sazogadoeba win miiwevs rogorc<br />

Rirebulebebisa da struqturebis Rrma cvlilebebis, aseve piradi qcevebis<br />

cvlilebebisaken.~ 7<br />

Tanamedrove revolucia da misi Tanmxlebi survili, Camoyalibdes axali,<br />

samarTliani sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Cveulebriv, saTaves iRebs 1789<br />

wlis safrangeTis revoluciidan. amerikuli revolucia, dawyebuli 1776<br />

wels, gvTavazobs Tanamedrove revoluciis alternatiul, Tumca naklebad<br />

gavrcelebul models. amerikulma da frangulma revoluciebma, romlebic<br />

Tanamedrove epoqis umniSvnelovanesi <strong>politikuri</strong> movlenebia, gavlena

490 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

moaxdines momavali Taobebis bedze. orive revolucia ibrZoda Rrmad mniSvnelovani<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebisaTvis, romlebsac warmarTavda axali<br />

tipis <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis xedva.<br />

Tumca, es ori revolucia erTmaneTisgan dramatulad gansxvavdeboda<br />

bevr aspeqtSi. rogorc erTi SorsmWvreteli mkvlevari amtkicebs:<br />

`WeSmaritad udavoa, rom samyaro, rodesac is Tvals adevnebs<br />

1776 wlis da Semdgom movlenebs, midrekilia dainaxos amerikuli<br />

revolucia safrangeTis revoluciad, romelsac warmateba ar<br />

hqonia. imavdroulad, damfuZnebeli mamebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT<br />

hqondaT sababi, SeefasebinaT safrangeTis revolucia amerikis<br />

revoluciad, romelic damarcxda. WeSmaritad, am ori revoluciis<br />

gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi damokidebulia calkeuli pirovnebebis<br />

politikur filosofiaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi: arsebobs<br />

politikis ori konfliqturi koncefcia adamianebis mdgomareobasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, romelic simbolizebulia am ori revoluciiT.<br />

udavoa, rom safrangeTis revolucia, sakvanZo mniSvnelobiT,<br />

ufro `Tanamedrovea~ am ori revoluciis Soris. sxva sakiTxia, es<br />

kargia, Tu cudi.~ 8<br />

amerikis revolucia<br />

udavoa, rom damfuZnebeli mamebi amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis mefe<br />

jorj III winaaRmdeg warmoebul oms legitimur revoluciad ganixilavdnen.<br />

daiwyes ra brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg 1770­ian wlebSi, amerikeli kolonistebi<br />

gaxdnen Tanamedrove msoflioSi pirveli warmatebuli antikoloniuri<br />

revoluciis wamomwyebni. kolonistTa urTierTobis gawyveta did britaneTTan<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli da Seuqcevadi gaxda. am mizezis gamo,<br />

marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom amerikis revoluciurma omma Seqna modeli<br />

imisa, rac SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda rogorc erovnul­ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

omebi. Tumca, amerikis revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda XX saukunis<br />

TiTqmis yvela revoluciuri ajanyebis gan.<br />

istoriuli mniSvneloba. amerikis revoluciis istoriuli mniSvnelobis<br />

gasagebad, pirvel rigSi unda gavecnoT misi liderebis politikur Sexedulebebs.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli amerikeli aRiqvamda<br />

revoluciur oms, rogorc gansakuTrebul, unikalur gamocdilebas.<br />

erTi specialistis mixedviT:<br />

`dasawyisidanve, atlantikis dasavleT sanapiroze mis [revoluciis]<br />

monawi leebs swamdaT, rom es iyo metad SesaniSnavi movlena, ara<br />

mxolod imitom, rom es iyo maTi revolucia, aramed imitom, rom maT<br />

miaCndaT, rom mas mosdevda axali faza kacobriobis politikur<br />

ganviTarebaSi da amdenad universaluri mniSvneloba hqonda.~ 9

evolucia<br />

491<br />

Tanamedrove politikur traqtatebTan erTad, damfuZnebeli mamebi kargad<br />

icnobdnen msoflio istorias da didi <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofosebis, maT<br />

Soris monteskies, lokis, rusos, iumisa da volteris Sromebs. 10 icnobdnen<br />

ra klasikur politikur azrs, maT ar hqondaT midrekileba, gadaWarbebiT<br />

SeefasebinaT politikisadmi axal an eqsperimentul midgomaTa Rirebuleba.<br />

1776 wlis revoluciis monawileebs swamdaT, rom gancalkevebas, romelsac<br />

isini moiTxovdnen, hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba da damoukideblobis<br />

deklaraciaSi daculi Tavisuflebis ena iyo am mniSvnelobis maradiuli<br />

gamoxatuleba. sxva sityvebiT, damfuZneblebi moiazrebdnen mWidro kavSirs<br />

maT naTqvam sityvebs (`WeSmaritebebs~) da qmedebebs Soris. 11 amrigad, rom<br />

gavigoT, ra iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri amerikis revoluciaSi, aucilebelia<br />

pirvel rigSi fokusireba movaxdinoT imaze, ras werdnen amerikeli revolucionerebi<br />

xelisuflebaze, xolo Semdeg davakvirdeT maT moqmedebebs.<br />

gamarTleba. amerikis revoluciuri kredos yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba<br />

SeiZleba vipovoT damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi. didi britaneTisgan<br />

gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, deklaracia mis mizezebsac asaxelebda.<br />

deklaracia amtkicebda, rom britanulma xelisuflebam savalalod daar­<br />

Rvia kargi mmarTvelobis principebi. mihyveboda ra jon lokis gzas, Tomas<br />

jefersoni (mTavari avtori) amtkicebda, rom es principebi ori saxis iyo:<br />

xelisuf leba unda moqmedebdes umravlesobis nebis Sesabamisad (deklaraciis<br />

zusti eniT rom vTqvaT, aseTi xelisufleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos<br />

`marTulTa Tanxmobaze~) da unda icavdes individis `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa<br />

da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ xelSeuxebel uflebebs. es principebi,<br />

jefersonis azriT, iyo is kriteriumebi, romliTac unda Sefasebuliyo<br />

yvela epoqisa da qveynis mTavrobis legitimurobis xarisxi. sxva sityvebiT,<br />

kargi (anu legitimuri) xelisuflebis Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs mar­<br />

TulTa Tanxmobidan da aseTi xelisufleba moqmedebs TiToeuli moqalaqis<br />

xelSeuxebeli uflebebis dasacavad.<br />

ganixilavda ra adamianis uflebebs kargi xelisuflebis filosofiur<br />

safuZvlad, damoukideblobis deklaracia mniSvnelovnad ganudga warsul<br />

gamocdilebas da mis Tanamedrove praqtikas. uwin, xelisuflebebi arsebobdnen,<br />

raTa uzrunveleyoT wesrigi, SeeqmnaT imperiebi, daesajaT urwmunoebi<br />

da ZaliT SeenarCunebinaT morCileba. axla, pirvelad istoriaSi,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> reJimi sakuTar Tavs Riad uZRvnida adamianebis uflebebis da<br />

Tavisuflebebis dacvis principebis samsaxurs.<br />

deklaraciis principebidan gamomdinareobda, rom xelisuflebam, romelic<br />

nacvlad dacvisa, Tanmimdevrulad laxavda am uflebebs, dakarga mar­<br />

Tvis ufleba. kolonistebma deklaraciaSi Seitanes es daskvna, kolonistebma<br />

ganagrZes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan maT surdaT mxolod britaneTis qveSevrdomTa<br />

Tanabari statusi, damoukideblobis deklaracis Seqmnis Semdeg isini<br />

araferze iyvnen Tanaxma, garda sruli TviTmmarTvelobisa. maT surdaT

492 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

SeeqmnaT ara ubralod nebismieri saxis xelisufleba, aramed swored iseTi<br />

xelisufleba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda deklaraciis principebTan.<br />

maT swamdaT, rom es WeSmaritebebi gamosadegi iyo cameti koloniis farglebs<br />

gareTac. jefersonma ganmarta mis mier Seqmnili dokumentis maradiuli<br />

sityvebis universaluri mniSvneloba:<br />

`dae es iyos, da me mjera rom iqneba (zogierTisTvis ufro adre,<br />

zogisTvis ufro gvian, magram sabolood yvelasTvis) niSani,<br />

raTa adamianebi aRdgnen da gawyviton jaWvi, romelTa qveSac cru<br />

berebiseulma umecrebam da crurwmenebma daarwmuna isini, rom<br />

SeekraT xel­fexi, da gaacnobieron TviTmmarTvelobis madli da<br />

usafrTxoeba.~ 12<br />

socialuri da <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebi. jefersonis grZnobebi gadmocemuli<br />

iyo misi an nebismieri sxva drois saukeTeso revoluciuri ritorikis<br />

msgavsad. kerZod, igi uxmobda moqalaqeebs, ebrZolaT da Seswirvodnen diad<br />

mizans. Tumca, mainc Secdoma iqneboda gangvexila amerikis revolucia mxolod<br />

im brZolis konteqstSi, romelic mas mohyva. im dros, rodesac mimdinareobda<br />

gaafTrebuli istoriuli brZolebi, xdeboda diadi socialuri, ekonomikuri<br />

da religiuri cvlilebebi. SemzRudveli memkvidreobiTi kanonebi,<br />

rogoricaa ufrosi vaJis ufleba memkvidreobaze (maiorati) gauqmda; britanuli<br />

didi sakuTrebebi gadanawilda ufro mcire holdingebze; miwaze<br />

dasaxlebis samefo SezRudvebi gauqmda; gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi religiuri<br />

Tanasworobisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis dasacavad;<br />

Zvelma ojaxebma dakarges Zalaufleba; maT adgilebs `ikavebdnen axali<br />

liderebi axalgazrdebidan, ubralo xalxidan da saSualo klasebidan~. 13<br />

aseve moxda mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebi, ramdenadac<br />

TiToeulma koloniam Seqmna Tavisi konstitucia. omis qar­cecxlSi Seqmnilma<br />

am konstituciebma SeinarCuna adre arsebuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

sistemebi (gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />

kuTxiT). amavdroulad, isini icavdnen individualur Tavisuflebebs. am<br />

dokumentebSi Sesuli cnebebi da principebi SemdgomSi aisaxa konfederaciis<br />

muxlebSi da sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi. kanonis<br />

uzenaesobis, anu kanonierebisa da proceduruli koreq tulobis uzenaesobis<br />

mniSvneloba, ar SeiZleba gadafasebul iqnes.<br />

man, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT konstituciuri procesi, Tavis kulminacias<br />

mi aRwia xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobis anu umravlesobis mTavrobis<br />

SeqmniT, im dros, rodesac evropis xalxebi umeteswilad kvlav aristokratiuli<br />

an monarqiuli batonobis qveS iyvnen. ufro metic, kolonistebis<br />

myari zrunva konstituciurobaze gadamwyveti iyo im SeTqmulebebisa da<br />

intrigebis Tavidan aridebisas, romelTac SeeZloT gaeTiSaT axali eri mraval<br />

moqiSpe politikur erTeulad.<br />

zomieri revolucia. amerikis revoluciur brZolebSi gamoCenili zomiereba<br />

retrospeqtivaSi marTlac aRsaniSnia (imdenad, rom zogierTi politologi

evolucia<br />

493<br />

arc ki axdens mis klasificirebas revoluciad). am konfliqts axasiaTebda<br />

`sxva revoluciebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis iSviaTi simcire~. 14<br />

ufro gviandel revoluciur konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa safrangeTisa<br />

da ruseTis revoluciebi da espaneTis samoqalaqo omi), samoqalaqo<br />

dapirispireba ajanyebulebsa da loialurad ganwyobilebs Soris didi<br />

ar iyo. arc amerikuli revoluciis liderebi yofilan rodisme represirebulni<br />

an sikvdiliT dasjilni, rasac ver ascda Semdgomi revoluciebis bevri<br />

wamomwyebi. `mTavarsardali (vaSingtoni) gaxda respublikis pirveli prezidenti<br />

da datova posti sakuTari nebiT; revoluciuri manifestis avtori<br />

(jefersoni) iyo misi pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani.~ 15<br />

ram ganapiroba am revoluciis unikaluroba mowesrigebulobis mxriv?<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom koloniaTa liderebma revoluciis Sesaxeb<br />

lokiseuli midgoma Seuxames realistur, miRwevad politikur miznebs.<br />

lokiseul midgomaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT, vgulisxmobT,<br />

rom mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, damfuZneblebs revolucia miaCndaT<br />

gardauval borotebad. is iyo gardauvali, radganac maT ar icodnen didi<br />

britaneTisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis araviTari sxva gza, magram is<br />

mainc iyo boroteba, ramdenadac iwvevda tanjvas, sisxlisRvrasa da gaukacrielebas.<br />

amerikuli revolucia rCeba unikalurad swored imitom, rom mas<br />

saTaveSi ar edgnen fanatikosebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen xist ideologias,<br />

an isini, vinc fiqrobda, rom yvela gza gamarTlebulia maTi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

miznebis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod, misi liderebi iyvnen SorsmWvreteli<br />

pirovnebebi, romlebic mudmivad ekiTxebodnen sakuTar Tavs (da erTmaneTs),<br />

ramdenad marTebuli iyo is, rasac isini akeTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom revoluciis liderTa mxridan enTuziazmis nakleboba ar yofila, `es<br />

enTuziazmi gawonasworebuli iyo eWviT, TviTkritikiT, zrunviTa da skepticizmiT~.<br />

16 mokled, amerikuli revoluciis sikeTe TavisTavad ar mosula.<br />

es gawonasworebuli revoluciuri Rirebulebebi emsaxureboda gonivrul<br />

da naTel miznebs. arsebiTad is, rac koloniaTa liderebs surdaT revoluciisgan,<br />

iyo inglisisgan gancalkeveba da mmarTvelobis iseTi sistemis<br />

Camoyalibeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda Tanxmobasa da adamianis<br />

uflebaTa da Tavisuf lebaTa pativiscemaze. mniSvnelovania is, rom es <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

xedva adamianTa SesaZleblobebis farglebSi jdeboda. revoluciuri<br />

omi TavisTavad Sors idga auxdeneli ocnebisgan, rac sabolood sakmaod<br />

naTlad daadastura amerikulma gamarjvebam. revoluciuri konfliqtis<br />

ganviTarebasTan erTad, TviTmmarTvelobisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis<br />

erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli principebi koloniebSi viTardeboda<br />

rogorc Statebis, aseve qalaqebis doneze. momdevno periodis revolucionerebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, koloniaTa liderebi ar cdilobdnen dauyovnebliv<br />

daefuZnebinaT raime radikalurad axali da gansxvavebuli. raki acnobierebdnen<br />

safrTxeebs, romlebsac Seicavda don kixoturi da utopiuri<br />

idealizmi, maT icodnen, rom `auxdeneli ocnebebisken <strong>politikuri</strong> swrafva<br />

iwvevs terors da tiranias SeuZleblis miRwevis ganwirul mcdelobaSi.~ 17<br />

amerikul revolucias ar axasiaTebda amgvari terori da tirania, radganac,<br />

erT­erTi specialistis sityvebiT, is iyo `gonivruli molodinebis revolu­

494 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

cia~. 18 sifxizle, zomiereba da sifrTxile iyo am revoluciis niSani da SemdgomSi<br />

konstituciis mier kurTxeuli `kargad mowyobili kavSiris~ mTavari<br />

maxasiaTebeli.<br />

safrangeTis revolucia<br />

safrangeTis revolucia sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

safrangeTi ganicdida mzard politikur arastabilurobas da xalxis ukmayofilebas.<br />

aristokratia eswrafoda SeenarCunebinaT mkveTri klasobrivi<br />

gansxvavebebi, romlebic axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas da amitom mudmivad<br />

uSlida xels ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi reformebis mcdelobebs.<br />

ufro metic, mTavroba amJRavnebda aSkara uunarobas, gamklaveboda<br />

cvalebad garemoebebs. TviT unarian da ganaTlebul monarqsac ki, da aseTi<br />

ar iyo lui XVI (1774­1792), gauWirdeboda gamklaveboda daqsaqsuli da Znelad<br />

koordinirebadi saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdegobas. amas garda,<br />

1780­ian wlebSi mTavrobis winaSe gadasaxadebis gazrdis sirTuleebi idga,<br />

rac gamowveuli iyo wina omis Sedegad warmoqmnili valebiT. amasTanave, xelisuflebisaTvis<br />

Seuferebel dros xdeboda ekonomikuri cvlilebebic.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika viTardeboda, Sedegi Zalze araTanabrad iyo<br />

gadanawilebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qalaqeli Raribebisa da glexebis<br />

mdgomareoba, romelTagan mravali pirveladi moxmarebis nivTebis ukmarisobas<br />

ufro xedavda, vidre mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivas.<br />

1789 wlisTvis uTanxmoebis morevi ganxeTqilebis zRvad iqca. reformatorebi<br />

saSualo da maRali klasebisgan moiTxovdnen rogorc politikur,<br />

aseve ekonomikur cvlilebebs. yvelaze ufro zomieri moTxovnebi Seicavda<br />

klasobrivi privilegiebis SezRudvas da sagadasaxado sistemis reformas.<br />

zogierT li ders surda ufro radikaluri cvlilebebi, maT Soris saxalxo<br />

suverenitetze dafuZnebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis Seqmna.<br />

yvela es moTxovna wamoayenes 1789 wlis maisis generaluri Statebis<br />

_ axladarCeuli giganturi parlamentis Sexvedraze, romelic saarCevno<br />

xmis mqone mamakacTa mier iyo arCeuli da iyofoda sam wodebad: sasuliero<br />

pirebad, aristokratiad da ubralo xalxad. mniSvnelovani debatebis Semdeg<br />

(rac kargi dasawyisia areulobisaTvis), delegatebis umravlesobam,<br />

romelTac saTaveSi edga raodenobrivad meti mesame wodebis warmomadgeneli<br />

(ubralo xalxi), Camoaya liba erovnuli kreba. garda uflebisa, daewesebina<br />

an gaeuqmebina nebismieri gadasaxadi, am organos wevrebi iTxovdnen<br />

aristokratiuli privilegiebis gauqmebas.<br />

es qmedebebi pirdapir utevda monarqias. lui XVI­m amas misgan mosalodneli<br />

araadekvaturobiT upasuxa _ gamoiyena Zala, riTac ganarisxa saku­<br />

Tari oponentebi. rodesac man ubrZana sakuTar Zalebs, aekrZalaT Sekrebebi<br />

erovnuli krebisTvis, delegatebma maleve SeakeTes axlomdebare CogburTis<br />

darbazi da gadawyvites iq Sekrebiliyvnen sistematurad, sanam ar miaRwevdnen<br />

konstituciis miRebas. mefe erTgvarad orWofobda da ramdenime dRis<br />

Semdeg daTmobebze wavida saadasaxado reformis sferoSi, magram uari Tqva

evolucia<br />

495<br />

gaeuqmebina aristokratiis privilegiebi. imavdroulad, man ganalaga Seiara­<br />

Rebuli Zalebi strategiul poziciebze. Tumca, arc erTi es RonisZieba adekvaturi<br />

ar aRmoCnda da arc ZaliT damuqreba gamodga Tanmimdevruli. amas<br />

maleve mohyva Zaladobis sporaduli afeTqebebi, romelTa Soris iyo bastiliis<br />

SturmiT aReba da rodesac mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi<br />

qmedebebi safrangeTis <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis mniSvnelovan wesad iqca, lui<br />

XVI iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda konstituciis miRebis moTxovnebs.<br />

axali konstitucia. or weliwadSi, romelic 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebas<br />

dasWirda, qveyanas egalitarulma sulma gadauara. gauqmda aristokratiuli<br />

privilegiebi da eklesiis miwebis konfiskacia moxda. fundamenturi<br />

mniSvnelobis politikurma dokumentma _ adamianis uflebaTa delaraciam,<br />

ganadida lozungi, romelmac ganasaxiera im drois egalitaluri suliskveTeba:<br />

`Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. axalma konstituciam daafuZna<br />

konstituciuri monarqia. lui XVI­s aRar SeeZlo RvTiur uflebebs<br />

dayrdnoboda da avtokra tulad emarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia<br />

mefes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad aRiarebda da akisrebda pasuxismgeblobas<br />

sagareo sakiTxebSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqciaTa<br />

umetesobis Sesrulebas igi avalebda erovnul krebas, romelsac biujetis<br />

marTvis, aseve omis gamocxadebis ufleba hqonda. Seiqmna axali arCeviTi administracia<br />

da ganxorcielda saarCevno uflebebis liberalizacia.<br />

amrigad, safrangeTSi saocrad mokle periodSi miRweul iqna <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis STambeWdavi demokratizacia. mefis Zalauflebas,<br />

romelic aqamde TiTqmis SeuzRudavi iyo, Ziri gamoeTxara da<br />

ganxorcielda radikaluri sazogadoebrivi reformebi.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> arastabiluroba. konstituciis mier 1791 wels dafuZnebuli<br />

konstituciuri monarqiis arseboba erT weliwadze nakleb dros gagrZelda.<br />

am drois ganmavlobaSi qveyana nel­nela iSleboda efeqtiani <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

lideris ararsebobis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, mefes sZulda Tavsmoxveuli<br />

axali mTavroba (erTxel lui XVI­m scada qveynidan gaqceva, raTa SeerTeboda<br />

axali mTavrobis oponentebs, magram daiWires da parizSi daabrunes).<br />

konstitucia ukrZalavda damfuZnebeli yrilobis yofil wevrebs axal<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi moRvaweobas, rac niSnavda imas, rom gamocdili<br />

kanonmdeblebi <strong>politikuri</strong> procesisagan ganze rCebodnen. damatebiTi<br />

problemebi warmoiSva, rodesac axladarCeulma adgilobrivma administraciam<br />

ver SeZlo efeqtianad moqmedeba da reformis Sedegad Zalauflebadakargulma<br />

Zalebma, gansakuTrebiT kaTolikurma eklesiam da aristokratiam,<br />

daiwyes axali reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola. avstriasTan da prusiasTan omma<br />

gaamwvava arsebuli siZneleebi da arc navaraudevi ekonomikuri gaumjobeseba<br />

Canda. parizSi gamudmebiT trialebda Worebi mefisaTvis absoluturi<br />

Zalauflebis moaxloebul dabrunebaze, rac asazrdoebda kontrrevoluciis<br />

farTod gavrcelebul SiSs. es ki Zirs uTxrida reformebis motanil<br />

politikur optimizms.

496 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

radikalizmis zrda. 1790­iani wlebis qaosur politikur da socialur realobaSi<br />

movlenebi swrafad viTardeboda. 1793 wlis ivnisSi lui XVI­s brali<br />

dasdes saxelmwifo RalatSi, Camoagdes taxtidan da Tavi mohkveTes. saxelmwifos<br />

marTvis sadaveebi xelSi aiRo <strong>politikuri</strong> radikalebis gundma,<br />

romelic miznad isaxavda safrangeTis sazogadoebis Secvlas da amisTvis ar<br />

erideboda Zaladobis gamoyenebas. axali lideris, maqsimilian robespieris<br />

(1758­1794) umTavresi prioriteti iyo moego omi avstriisa da prusiis winaaRmdeg.<br />

am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo rogorc samxedro valdebuleba<br />

da mkacri disciplina brZolis velze, aseve erovnuli erTianoba<br />

qveynis SigniT. gare safrTxis arsebobis pirobebSi yvelanairi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

opozicia miiCneoda moRalated. amgvari viTareba samwuxaro iyo, Tumca ara<br />

moulodneli, radgan, dResac ki, <strong>politikuri</strong> represiebi gavrcelebuli<br />

fenomenia omianobis dros. magram robes pieri ar kmayofildeboda mxolod<br />

erovnuli erTianobis uzrunvelyofiT. amas garda, mas surda Seeqmna saTnoebis<br />

reJimi _ Tavidan `aeSenebina~ franguli sazogadoeba, ase vTqvaT,<br />

Tavidan gamoeZerwa moralurad srulyofili frangi moqalaqeebi. erT­erTi<br />

mkvlevaris SexedulebiT:<br />

robespiers surda safrangeTi, romelSic ar iqnebodnen arc<br />

mdidrebi, arc Raribebi, adamianebi ar iTamaSebdnen azartul<br />

TamaSebs, ar daTvrebodnen, ar uRalatebdnen, ar moiparavdnen da<br />

ar moklavdnen, mokled, sadac ar iqneboda arc mcire da arc didi<br />

manki erebebi, safrangeTi, romelsac marTavdnen xalxis arCeuli<br />

znemaRali da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebic sruliad Tavisufalni<br />

iqnebodnen sixarbis an Zalauflebis siyvarulisgan da<br />

brZnulad datovebdnen Tanamdebobas droTa ganmavlobaSi, raTa<br />

gza gaexsnaT maTi memkvidreebisaTvis, mSvidobiani safrangeTi,<br />

rogorc SigniT, aseve mTel msofliosTan mimarTebaSi. 19<br />

robespieris grandiozuli, magram utopiuri idealizmi ar yofila mxolod<br />

gacxadeba imisa, ra unda yofiliyo, aramed igi manifesti iyo, romelic<br />

realobad unda qceuliyo mTeli gznebiTa da sisruliT. `axali moqalaqis~<br />

Sesaqmnelad momarTuli robespieri Tavad ver ganasaxierebda pirovnuli Tavisuflebis<br />

an bednierebisaken swrafvis mizans ise, rogorc amas amerikeli<br />

revolucionerebi akeTebdnen. an rogor SeiZleboda absolutur sikeTed da<br />

borotebad dayofil msoflioSi yofiliyo adgili pirovnuli arCevanisTvis?<br />

robespieri midrekili iyo ara Tavisufali qveynis Seqmnisaken, aramed<br />

`Tavisuflebis despotizmis~ damkvidrebisaken. Tumca, saTnoebis institucionalizacia<br />

safrangeTis revoluciis mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo Raribebisadmi<br />

TanagrZnobasTan erTad. survilebisgan gaTavisufleba da mudmivi<br />

siuxvis dapireba robespieris revoluciis mniSvnelovan miznad iqca. igi<br />

wamowyebul iqna CagrulTa saxeliT mCagvrelTa sixarbisa da siZunwis winaaRmdeg.<br />

20 robespiers swamda, rom mxolod amgvari politikis saSualebiT<br />

iyo SesaZlebeli saTno da dakmayofilebuli moqalaqeobis uzrunvelyofa.

evolucia<br />

497<br />

axali dRis wesrigi. saTnoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad da siRaribis umokles<br />

droSi aRmosafxvrelad robespieri franguli cxovrebis myiseul Secvlas<br />

gegmavda. saxelmwifo institutebi, samarTlebrivi mowyoba, socialuri<br />

realoba _ yvelaferi unda Secvliliyo. axali kalendaric ki iqna SemoRebuli,<br />

rogorc istoriis axali epoqis simbolo. cvlilebis suli totaluri<br />

iyo, umTavresi mizani _ samoTxe miwaze. erTma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom warmmarTveli<br />

suliskveTeba iyo `Sekruli, enTuziazmiT savse, Tavisuflad motivtive<br />

mesianizmi... romelic arafriT kmayofildeboda, garda adamianebis<br />

cxovrebis pirobebis radikaluri transformaciisa~. 21<br />

Tumca, mesianizmis problema isaa, rom mxolod RmerTs (an RmerTis mociquls)<br />

SeuZlia Seasrulos diadi dapirebebi. robespiers ar gaaCnda amgvari<br />

RvTa ebrivi SesaZleblobebi. igi da misi TamaberZolebi maleve darwmundnen,<br />

rom axali wesrigis SemoReba da misi SenarCuneba sxvadasxva iyo. imedgacruebisa<br />

da usasrulo molodinebis feTqebadsaSiS narevs <strong>politikuri</strong> disputebi<br />

mohyva.axali mmarTvelebis opoziciam farTod daiwyo zrda.<br />

teroris mefoba. robespieris pasuxi mzard opoziciasa da gadaulaxav<br />

siZneleebze, romlebic yoveldRiur marTvaSi iCenda Tavs, iyo saTnoebis<br />

reJimis ganmtkiceba masobrivi represiebiT, romelic teroris mefobis saxeliT<br />

gaxda cnobili. sayovelTao gaxda, gansakuTrebiT parizSi, sikvdiliT<br />

dasja gi liotinis gamoyenebiT, razec brZanebas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis<br />

komiteti gascemda. xelisuflebis Zaladoba, Tavdapirvelad reJimis aqtiuri<br />

oponentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, maleve inerciiT gagrZelda. is<br />

Seexo im adamianebsac, vinc iziarebda robespieris xedvas, magram ar eTanxmeboda<br />

mis meTodebs. mogvianebiT giliotinis msxverplni gaxdnen isinic, vinc<br />

mxolod eWvmitanilni iyvnen uTanxmoebaSi. xelisuflebaSi myofT Rrma undobloba<br />

dauflebodaT maSin, roca gadarCenilebs sakuTari usafrTxoebis<br />

sakiTxi aRelvebdaT. sabolood, koleqtiurma SiSma robespieri damxobamde<br />

da sikvdiliT dasjamde miiyvana. misi erTwliani mmarTelobis ganmavlobaSi<br />

sikvdiliT 40 aTasamde adamiani dasajes _ gasaocari raodenoba meTvramete<br />

saukunisTvis.<br />

revoluciis Sedegebi. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebis Sefaseba advili<br />

ar aris. man aSkarad ver miaRwia miznebs. robespieris damxobis Semdeg xelisufleba<br />

miiRo korufciulma da arakompetenturma mTavrobam, romelic<br />

cnobilia direqtoriis saxeliT. 1799 wels reJimma gza dauTmo napoleon<br />

bonapartis diqtaturas (1804­1815), romelmac SeZlo wesrigisa da stabilurobis<br />

aRdgena. napoleonis mmarTvelobisas, safrangeTma scada daemor­<br />

Cilebina mTeli evropa ambiciuri omebis seriis Sedegad, romlebmac sabolood<br />

qveyana damarcxebamde da napoleonis damxobamde miiyvana.<br />

amrigad, safrangeTis arc erT revolucias saxalxo mTavroba ar mohyolia.<br />

sabolood, napoleonis damxobis Sedegad, monarqia aRdga. Tumca, mravali<br />

RirsSesaniSnavi da grZelvadiani cvlileba ganxorcielda. magaliTad,<br />

1815 wels aRdgenili monarqiis Semdeg mefis Zalaufleba ufro SezRuduli<br />

iyo, vidre revoluciamde. ufro metic, revoluciuri epoqidan gamomdin­

498 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

are, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi da <strong>politikuri</strong> reformebi SenarCunda<br />

da xelisufleba axla ufro centralizebuli da efeqtiani iyo. am cvlilebebis<br />

miuxedavad, aRdgenili monarqia mkveTr kontrastSi modioda axali<br />

sazogadoebis egalitarul xedvasTan, rac ase STaagonebda robespiers da<br />

mis mimdevrebs.<br />

ori revoluciis Sedareba<br />

Tu amerikuli revolucia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc zomieri miznebis<br />

mqone, franguli revolucia SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc usazRvro molodinebis<br />

revolucia. dasawyisSi frang revolucionerebs wminda guliT sjerodaT,<br />

rom yvelaferi SesaZlebeli iyo. eqstremistebis miznebi utopiuri iyo.<br />

dasaxuli ukiduresi miznebis realizaciisaTvis, isini iZulebulni iyvnen miemarTaT<br />

ukiduresi saSualebebisaTvis teroris CaTvliT. daujerebelia, rom<br />

im drois amerikis yvelaze cnobili radikali Tomas peini revoluciis dros<br />

safrangeTis cixeSi aRmoCnda imitom, rom misi politika ar iyo sakmarisad<br />

radikaluri. camet koloniaSi revolucionerTa umetesoba politikurad<br />

zomieri iyo. safrangeTSi zomierebi an sikvdiliT dasajes an daapatimres.<br />

amerikis revoluciam Tavisi ufro zomieri miznebiT SeZlo Seeqmna Tanamedrove<br />

epoqis respublikuri mTavrobis pirveli warmatebuli magaliTi.<br />

safrangeTs aseTi warmateba ar hqonia. amis miuxedavad, meoce saukunis mravali<br />

revoluciuri moZraoba gacilebiT ufro metad STagonebuli iyo safrangeTis<br />

da ara amerikis magaliTiT. 22<br />

gasagebia, ratomac STaagona safrangeTis revoluciam revolucionerTa<br />

warmosaxva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, radgan mas surda aRmoefxvra siRaribe<br />

da TanaugrZno CagrulebisaTvis. magram konkretuli da mdgradi Sedegebis<br />

misaRwevad <strong>politikuri</strong> miznebi realisturi unda iyos, sxvagvarad, auxdeneli<br />

ocnebebi SesaZloa, gardauval koSmarad iqces.<br />

revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki<br />

ra ufro mosalodnelia, rom revolucia mraval rames gaaumjobesebs<br />

adamianebis cxovrebaSi Tu piriqiT? 200 wlis win britanel konservator edmund<br />

berksa da amerikel revolucioner Tomas peins am sakiTxze diskusia<br />

hqondaT. debatebis umetesi nawili safrangeTis revoluciis adreul fazas<br />

daemTxva. diskusiis sakvanZo Temas warmoadgenda sakiTxi, Sedioda Tu ara<br />

revolucia frangi xalxis interesebSi, romlis saxeliTac igi wamowyebuli<br />

iqna, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, revoluciebi sazogadoebisTvis sasikeToa<br />

Tu saziano.<br />

berkis pozicia<br />

safrangeTis revoluciam STaagona edmund berki (1729­1797) daewera<br />

revo luciaTa erT­erTi yvelaze cnobili kritika, romelic odesme dawer­

evolucia<br />

499<br />

ila inglisur enaze _ gaazrebani safrangeTis revoluciaze (1790). berks<br />

ar sjeroda, rom safrangeTis revolucia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli ekonomikuri<br />

da sazogado ebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti revolucionerebi<br />

iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes racionalizmis<br />

damangreveli doqtrina da mecniereba RmerTad aRiares. igi ambobda, imis<br />

mtkicebiT, rom mTavroba calkeuli martivi miznebis misaRwevad arsebobs<br />

(magaliTad, icavs pirovnebis uflebebs), revolucionerebma Seqmnes araswori<br />

warmodgenebi. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Sexeduleba, rom radikalur<br />

cvlilebebs yovelTvis gaumjobeseba moaqvs. amgvari azrovneba<br />

anadgurebda or rames, rasac berki <strong>politikuri</strong> sazogadoebis safuZvlad<br />

miiCnevda _ religias da tradicias.<br />

berki amtkicebda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis safuZvelSi ido safrTxis<br />

Semcveli <strong>politikuri</strong> ganzogadebebi. politikis metismetad gamartivebuli<br />

warmodgeniT da miuRweveli molodinebiT, romlebic ar Seesabameboda<br />

safrangeTis istoriasa da tradiciebs, aseve, gamartivebuli cnebebiT,<br />

rogoricaa `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~, safrangeTis revolucia<br />

emuqreboda sazogadoebriv wesrigs, romelzec, upirveles yovlisa, dafuZnebuli<br />

iyo yvela sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> faseuloba da saTnoeba. swored kargi<br />

wesrigi, berkis azriT, ganapirobebda yvelafer danarCens.<br />

swavleba kargi mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, anu rogor warvmarToT, Sevinar­<br />

CunoT igi an movaxdinoT misi reformireba, SeuZlebelia filosofiuri<br />

gansjis gziT. xelisuflebas igi `eqsperimentul mecnierebad~ ganixilavda,<br />

romlis praqtikosebsac sWirdebodaT sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba, romelic<br />

gamocdilebas moaqvs, xolo gamocdileba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare,<br />

SeuZlebelia erT dRe­RameSi gaCndes; igi grovdeba, izrdeba, iwvrTneba<br />

da amasTanave, Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. berkis xedva Seicavda warsulis<br />

Tayvaniscemas, iseve rogorc asakisa da miRwevebisadmi pativiscemas. misi<br />

azriT, sazogadoeba awewili qsovili iyo xeliT naqargi institutebisa,<br />

romelTac Sinagani logika aqvs da Cvevebis, tradiciebisa da SeTanxmebebis<br />

ZaliT grZeldeba.<br />

xelisuflebisa da adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudulobis amgva r ­<br />

m a gonivrulma xedvam berki miiyvana pragmatizmisa da sifrTxilis mniSvnelobis<br />

xaz gasmamde. igi ambobda, rom sifrTxile `saTnoebaTagan upirvelesia~.<br />

rac Seexeba pragmatizms, igi miiCnevda, rom kacobriobis da sazogadoebis<br />

sirTulidan gamomdinare, veranairi martivi, yvelafris momcveli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

formula ver moitanda imgvar Rrma cvlilebebs, rogorsac frangi Teoretikosebi<br />

hpirdebodnen xalxs.<br />

sabolood, berki akritikebda maT ukidures mouTmenlobas, vinc ganadidebda<br />

revolucias. gamodioda ra TandaTanobiTi da gaazrebuli reformis<br />

mxareze, igi iZleoda gafrTxilebas, rom Tu <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebi<br />

ar moxdeboda nela da windaxedulad, mosaxleobis udidesi masa uares mdgomareobaSi<br />

aRmoCndeboda, vidre uwin: `saWiroa dro, raTa moxdes azrTa<br />

gamTlianeba, romelsac TavisTavad ZaluZs warmoSos yvela is sikeTe, rasac<br />

miznad visaxavT. Cveni moTmineba ufro mets miaRwevs, vidre Cveni Zala.~ 23<br />

revolucia iZleva ufro met dapirebas, vidre es nebismier politikur

500 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

wesrigs SeuZlia da zrdis dauyovneblivi utopiuri garRvevebis ararealistur<br />

politikur molodins. amiT revolucias SeuZlia daabrmavos masebi netari<br />

(mag ram miuRweveli) momavlis xedviTa da waarTvas warsulis sibrZnis<br />

xedvis unari. erTi sityviT, gonivruli politika SesaZlebelia miviCnioT<br />

`SesaZleblis xelovnebad~, revoluciis mrude sarkeSi ki igi SeuZleblis<br />

mecnierebad iqceva.<br />

peinis kritika<br />

Tomas peinma (1737­1809) scada uareyo revoluciis berkiseuli xedva 1792<br />

wlis TebervalSi daweril naSromSi adamianTa uflebebi. es ornawiliani<br />

naSromi piradad berks pasuxobda. gansazRvravda ra saxalxo revoluciis<br />

legitimurobas, peini xazs usvamda mraval usamarTlobas, romlebic Caidina<br />

britanulma monarqiam amerikeli kolonistebis mimarT. peinisTvis tirania<br />

da monarqia erTi da igive iyo. monarqistebi, acxadebda igi, zeoben umecrebaze<br />

da principulad mcdarni arian: 24<br />

yvelanairi memkvidreobiTi xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT tiraniaa.<br />

samemkvidreo gvirgvins, taxts an nebismier sxva ucnaurobas, rac<br />

SesaZlebelia vuwodoT amgvar rames, ar gaaCnia raime sxva axsna<br />

garda imisa, rom kacobrioba samemkvidreo qonebaa. miiRo memkvidreobiT<br />

Zalaufleba, es igivea, rac miiRo memkvidreobiT xalxi,<br />

TiTqos igi iyos naxiri an jogi. 25<br />

sxva adgilas igi wers:<br />

rodesac xelisuflebis monarqiuli da memkvidruli sistemebis<br />

pirobebSi gasacodavebul adamianebs vakvirdebiT, romlebic<br />

sakuTari saxlidan ama Tu im Zalam gamodevna da gadasaxadebma<br />

mterze metad mouRo bolo, aSkara xdeba am sistemaTa siave da<br />

xelisuflebis principebsa da mowyobaSi saerTo revoluciis<br />

aucileb loba. 26<br />

am ganzogadebis mxardasaWerad, peins mohyavda mefis usamarTlobisa<br />

da korufciis mravali magaliTi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze didi usamarTloba<br />

iyo xalxisaTvis sakuTari xelisuflebis arCevis uflebaze uaris<br />

Tqma. mas miaCnda, rom xalxi ar unda iyos SezRuduli sakuTari winaprebis<br />

gadawyvetilebebiT. `yoveli epoqa da Taoba unda iyos Tavisufali sakuTar<br />

qmedebebSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc epoqebi da Taobebi, romlebic win<br />

uswrebdnen mas... mmarTvelTa pativmoyvareoba da SesaZleblobebi saflavis<br />

miRma aris yvelaze sasacilo da qedmaRluri yvela tiraniaSi.~ 27<br />

peini aRiqvamda safrangeTis revolucias, rogorc xazgasmiT samarTlians.<br />

igi amtkicebda, rom monarqiis damxobis mcdelobaSi frangi xalxi ubralod<br />

axorcielebda fundamentur uflebas (romelic gamomdinareobda maTi Tana­

evolucia<br />

501<br />

bari, bunebiTi uflebidan, yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni). peins TiTqmis religiuri<br />

rwmena hqonda xalxis bunebiT siqvelesa da sibrZneze. am rwmenam miiyvana<br />

igi daskvnamde, rom rodesac safrangeTis revolucias SevadarebdiT sxva<br />

qveynebis revolucias, cxadi gaxdeboda, rom `principebi da ara pirovnebebi<br />

iyvnen revoluciis samizneSi amoRebuli ganadgurebis obieqtebi.~ 28<br />

lokiseuli perspeqtiva<br />

berks sZulda saxalxo revolucia, peini ki adidebda mas. 29 daaxloebiT erTi<br />

saukuniT adre jon lokma (1632­1704) daikava garkveulad Sualeduri pozicia<br />

am or ukiduresobas Soris xelisuflebisadmi miZRvnil meore traqtatSi.<br />

lokma daiwyo msjeloba im wanamZRvrebiT, rom anarqiuli bunebiTi mdgomareobidan<br />

TavdasaRwevad adamianebi Tanaxma iyvnen hyolodaT xelisufleba. lokis<br />

azriT, SemdgomSi Tanxmoba iqmneboda rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis,<br />

aseve formaluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze, sadac es ukanaskneli arsebobda<br />

pirvel rigSi imisaTvis, raTa daecva adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucileblad<br />

miCneuli uflebebi. Semdeg igi svamda kiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu xelisufleba,<br />

misi Sinagani azris sapirispirod, daemuqreba sicocxles, Tavisuflebas da<br />

moqalaqeTa sakuTrebas? amgvar SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba axorcielebda `Zalas<br />

uflebis gareSe~ da adamianebs gaaCndaT ufleba, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT<br />

da daecvaT sakuTari Tavi. lokis sityvebiT:<br />

xelisuflebis mizani kacobriobis sikeTea, da ra aris saukeTeso<br />

kacobriobisaTvis _ adamianebi yovelTvis daucvelni iyvnen tiraniis<br />

SeuzRudavi nebisagan, Tu is, rom mmarTvelebi valdebulni<br />

unda iyvnen Seeguon oponirebas maSin, roca isini uzomod iyeneben<br />

sakuTar Zalauflebas da mimarTaven mas sakuTari xalxis sakuTrebis<br />

gasanadgureblad da ara mis SesanarCuneblad? 30<br />

loki ar adidebda revolucias. igi irwmuneboda, rom saxalxo amboxi ar<br />

SeiZleba daiwyos impulsurad. adamianebi unda Seeguon individebis Secdomebs<br />

da araswori mmarTvelobis calkeul SemTxvevebs, amtkicebda igi. magram<br />

isini ar unda Seeguon `Cagvris, gaurkvevlobisa da sicruis xangrZliv<br />

serias~. 31 loki imasac ki varaudobda, rom ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina revoluciebis<br />

Semakaveblad imuSavebda: igi miuTiTebda, rom xelisuflebis<br />

mier xalxis ajanyebis uflebis codna mas represiuli qmedebebis wamowyebamde<br />

ormagad dakvirvebul gansjas aiZulebs. sabolood, mCagvreli mTavrobis<br />

winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis uflebis gacnobiereba imaze ufro mets<br />

niSnavs, vidre gacnobiereba imisa, rom sakmarisad damTrgunvel pirobebSi<br />

xalxi ajanydeba. amitom, gaacnobierebs xelisufleba amgvar uflebas Tu<br />

ara, araarsebiTia:<br />

Tu adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTari sindisidan gamomdinare darwmunebulia,<br />

rom kanonebi, da masTan erTad maTi sakuTreba, Tavisu­

502 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

fleba da sicocxle, SesaZlebelia, maTi religiac ki, safrTxeSia,<br />

ar SemiZlia vTqva Tu rogor SeZleben isini Seakavon maT mimarT<br />

gamoyenebuli ukanono Zalaufleba. es uxerxuloba yovel xelisuflebas<br />

Seexeba. 32<br />

revoluciis uflebis deklaraciiT lokma ubralod gamoxata is, rasac<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis faqtad miiCnevda. Tumca, es ar amcirebs lokis<br />

Teoriis mniSvnelobas. ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina meCvidmete saukunis bolosTvis<br />

Tavad iyo revoluciuri. inglisSic ki, sadac ori saukuniT adre<br />

Tavi mohkveTes Carlz I, kvlav sakamaTo iyo sakiTxi, hqondaT Tu ara dinastiur<br />

mmarTvelebs mbrZaneblobis RvTiuri ufleba. sxva evropuli eri­saxelmwifoebis<br />

umravlesobaSi monarqebis RvTiuri uflebis sakiTxi ueWvelad<br />

miaCndaT. araa gasakviri, rom mefeebi arafers ise umniSvnelod ar Tvlidnen,<br />

rogorc xalxis nebas, radganac swamdaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba RvTisgan<br />

momdinareobda.<br />

revoluciis lokiseulma Teoriam daaCqara RvTiuri uflebis doqtrinis<br />

dasamareba. loki amtkicebda, rom revolucia aucilebeli xdeboda, rodesac<br />

xelisufleba moqmedebda misi arsebobis mizezis sapirispirod. uzrunvelyofs<br />

ki revolucia karg xelisuflebas? cxadia, ara _ man SesaZloa migviyvanos<br />

anarqiamde an kidev ufro met tiraniamde. qmnis revolucia ukeTesi<br />

mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobas? ueWvelad. loki acxadebda, rom xalxs xSirad<br />

mxolod revo luciis saSualebiT SeuZlia Secvalos tirania da moipovos axali<br />

da ukeTesi xelisuflebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romelic daicavs maTi<br />

sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebs.<br />

amrigad, loks ar ekuTvnis revoluciasa da politikur gamococxlebas<br />

Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb utopiuri mtkicebebi. miseuli xedviT, revolucia<br />

SesaZ loa gamomdinareobdes ukeTesi xelisuflebis survilidan, magram ar<br />

iZleva aseTi bednieri Sedegis garantias. axali xelisufleba sruliad axalia<br />

mxolod im gagebiT, rom is cvlis winas. rogorc adre aristotele, lokic<br />

aRiarebda xelisuflebis formebis sasruli raodenobis arsebobas. amrigad,<br />

revolucia ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mmarTvelobis axali formebis<br />

Zieba, aramed unda gavigoT sityvasityviT _ revoluciad (gadasxvaferebad)<br />

_ mmarTvelobis erTi arsebuli formidan sxva formaze gadasvlad. 33<br />

aseTi gansazRvrebiT revolucia naklebad hgavs romantikul movlenas.<br />

lokis azriT, revolucia gulisxmobda mmarTvelobis erTi arasrulyofili<br />

formis meore, SesaZloa kidev ufro naklebad srulyofili formiT Canacvlebas,<br />

uciloblad, masStabur cvlilebebs farTo sazogadoebaSi da Seicavda<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Zalisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas TiTqmis yovel SemTxveva­<br />

Si. revoluciis amgvari midrekileba ryevebisadmi niSnavda, rom es procesi<br />

safrTxes Seicavda maSinac ki, rodesac mizani aSkarad sasurveli iyo. revoluciis<br />

lokiseuli fxizeli xedva ar SeiZleba gadafasdes. rogorc erTerTi<br />

wamyvani Tanamedrove mecnieri aRniSnavs: `revoluciebis Sedegebi<br />

terori da Zaladobrivi da agresiuli reJimebis Camoyalibebaa~. 34

evoluciis mizezebi<br />

revolucia<br />

503<br />

loki miiCnevda, rom revolucia gardauvali da misaRebia, rodesac moqalaqeebs<br />

ubralod aRar ZaluZT gaZleba. magram, kerZod, rodis dgeba is<br />

momenti, roca maT `aRar SeuZliaT gaZleba~? ra aiZulebT moqalaqeebs, ganudgnen<br />

fesvgadgmul politikur Cvevebs da mxari dauWiron revolucias?<br />

tradiciuli axsna<br />

bevri mkvlevarisTvis, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve saRi<br />

azri cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebis mier Cadenili usamarTloba xels uwyobs<br />

iseTi garemos warmoqmnas, romelSic SesaZlebelia revoluciis aRmoceneba.<br />

revoluciis saTaveebis es tradiciuli axsna dasabams iRebs aristotelesTan,<br />

romelmac qristes Sobamde meoTxe saukuneSi SeniSna, rom<br />

ajanyebisadmi mowodeba SesaZloa aRmocendes umniSvnelo movlenisagan.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, igi, Cveulebriv, patara sakiTxebs mainc ar exeba. sxva<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naperwkali, romelic anTebs revolucias, ar unda<br />

agverios ajanyebis safuZvelSi mdebare realur mizezebSi. aristotele<br />

acxadebda, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi, revolucias iwvevs uTanasworo<br />

samarTliT marTva. yvela saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis pirobebSi pativisa<br />

da simdidrisaken swrafvam SesaZloa xalxSi warmoSvas Sexeduleba, rom<br />

erT­erTi an orive es sikeTe ar aris samarTlianad gadanawilebuli. amrigad,<br />

revolucia SesaZlebelia ganviTardes daZabulobidan, romelic<br />

arsebobs mravalricxovan Raribebsa (demokratebs), romelTac surT<br />

Tanasworoba da mcirericxovan mdidrebs (oligarqebs) Soris, romelTac<br />

surT sakuTari Zalauflebisa da simdidris SenarCuneba.<br />

politikur cxovrebaSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis<br />

Taobaze aristoteles mosazrebebma saTave daudo am Temis<br />

ganxilvas dasavlur politikur azrSi, romlis mniSvneloba garkveuli<br />

periodis Semdeg gaizarda. magaliTad, jeims medisonma federalistSi<br />

ganacxada, rom `ganxe T qilebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mdgradi wyaro<br />

aris simdidris sxvadasxvagvari da araTanabari gadanawileba~ da Camoayaliba<br />

iseTi xelisuflebis Teoria, romlis pirobebSic <strong>politikuri</strong> ganxeTqilebis<br />

amgvari wyaro unda Semcirebuliyo.<br />

naxevari saukunis Semdeg, karl marqsma revoluciis umTavres mizezad<br />

qonebrivi uTanasworoba gamoacxada. misi azriT, revolucia klasTa Soris<br />

brZolis sinonimia da mudmivad gamomdinareobs gabatonebuli usamarTlobidan.<br />

mdidar kapitalistebsa da gaRatakebul mSromelebs Soris ekonomikuri<br />

ufskrulias zrdasTan erTad, revoluciis albaTobac izrdeba.<br />

revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia<br />

ra aiZulebs rigiT pirovnebas, ugulebelyos sazogadoebis Zlieri gavlena,<br />

romelic mas konformizmisken ubiZgebs da monawiloba miiRos revo­

504 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

luciur moZraobaSi? marqsi Tvlida, rom siRaribiT da socialuri gaucxoebiT<br />

gamowveuli sasowarkveTa aris revoluciuri moqmedebis ZiriTadi<br />

fsiqologiuri berketi. misi amgvari axsna amJamad farTodaa gaziarebuli.<br />

ramdenime wliT adre marqsma es pozicia komunistur manifestSi (1848) Camoayaliba.<br />

Tumca, aleqsis de tokvili gvTavazobs alternatiul mosazrebas.<br />

ikvlevda ra safrangeTis revolucias, man SeamCnia, rom `xalxis ukmayofilebam<br />

yvelaze maRal dones safrangeTis im nawilSi miaRwia, sadac<br />

yvelaze metad SeiniSneboda gaumjobeseba, ekonomikuri da socialuri sasikeTo<br />

Zvrebi, <strong>politikuri</strong> zegavlenis Semcireba, magram iq mainc arsebobda<br />

didi ukmayofileba~. 35<br />

tokvili askvnida, rom ekonomikur gaumjobesebas revoluciamde mivyavarT,<br />

radganac, rodesac adamianebi dainaxaven garkveuli gaumjobesebebis<br />

Se s aZleblobas, maT gardauvalad metis survili gauCndebaT, aRar moisurveben<br />

cudi pirobebisa da gaRizianebis atanas da mxolod realuri, myisieri<br />

gaumjobeseba daakmayofilebT. amgvarad Cndeba revoluciis ganzraxva,<br />

amtkicebda igi.<br />

marqsis da tokvilis poziciebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli Cans, magram<br />

1962 wels jeims s. devisma dawera aRiarebuli statia, romelSic igi gamoTqvamda<br />

varauds, rom `orive ideas aqvs ganmartebiTi da SesaZlebelia, winaswarmetyveluri<br />

Rirebuleba, Tu isini Sepirispirebuli da ganlagebuli<br />

iqnebian saTanado droiTi rigis mixedviT~. 36 devisi am provokaciul daskvnamde<br />

1842 wlis doris ajanyebis, ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis da egviptis<br />

1952 wlis revoluciis guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mivida. am movlenebSi<br />

revoluciuri ganviTarebis msgavsi sqemis gamovleniT, man daaskvna, rom<br />

revolucia ufro maSin aris mosalodneli, rodesac pirobebi umjobesdeba<br />

xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da Semdgom mosdevs uecari gauareseba.<br />

devisis Tezisis ganxilvisas, ori sxva mecnieri Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda,<br />

rom adreuli ekonomikuri zrdis da Semdgomi ekonomikuri daqveiTebis tempebi<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtorebia am kuTxiT. rac ufro metia<br />

erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis maCvenebeli revoluciuri<br />

Zvrebis wina periodSi da `rac ufro mkveTria ukan daxeva uSualod revolucis<br />

win, miT ufro xangrZlivi da Zaladobrivia revolucia~, acxadebdnen<br />

isini. 37 sxva sityvebiT, revolucia ara imdenad saSineli tanjvis, aramed<br />

gamanadgurebeli imedgacruebis Sedegia. saSineli ukmayofileba, romelsac<br />

saqonlis SeZenisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis kanonieri uflebis mopovebis<br />

uunaroba kidev ufro amZafrebs, adamianebs ajanyebisaken ubiZgebs. 38<br />

revoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi<br />

imis aRniSvna, rom revoluciebi gamomdinareobs usamarTlobidan an<br />

usamarTlobis aRqmidan, asaxavs revoluciis filosofiur aRqmas. amgvari<br />

Sexe duleba xazs usvams usamarTlobis mniSvnelobas, rogorc moqmedebis<br />

mizezs anu ideas, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis ukeTuri an usamarTlo<br />

qmedeba ganixileba revoluciis principul mizezad. magram, kerZod romel

evolucia<br />

505<br />

politikur, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciur<br />

aRtkinebamde? Tanamedrove sociologebi xSirad farTomasStabian kvlevebze<br />

dayrdnobiT cdiloben axsnan revoluciuri procesi ufro zusti terminebiT,<br />

vidre amas Zveli <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofosebi akeTebdnen. 39<br />

revoluciis axsna. sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic dgas Tanamedrove sociologTa<br />

winaSe, Semdegnairad JRers: ganzogadebis ra doneze SeiZleba avxsnaT<br />

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi momxdar revoluciebs Soris mravali<br />

gansxvaveba, aseve ganvmartoT revoluciis Sinagani bunebac. zogierTi damkvirvebeli<br />

xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove revolucia (am SemTxevaSi igulisxmeba<br />

1970 da 1990 wlebs Soris momxdari revoluciebi) gansxvavdeba rogorc<br />

pirveli revoluciebisgan, romlebmac STanTqa monarqiebi da imperiebi, aseve<br />

meoce saukunis dasawyisis komunisturi revoluciebisgan ruseTsa da CineT­<br />

Si. 1970­1990 wlebSi revoluciebi umeteswilad xdeboda: 1) mcire, urbanizebul<br />

erebSi (gansakuTrebiT mesame sam yaroSi); 2) sazrdoobda ideologiebiT,<br />

dasavluri koloniuri batonobisadmi dapirispirebiT da eTnikuri da religiuri<br />

sarCuliT; 3) ganpirobebuli (an SezRuduli) iyo, zogadad, civi omiT,<br />

kerZod ki zesaxelmwifoebiT da saerTaSoriso intervenciiT. 40 marTalia, es<br />

niSnebi naTels hfens 1970­1990 wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis mniSvnelovan<br />

faqtebs, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian revoluciis Sinaarsobriv ganzogadebas. 41<br />

ufro metic, 1990 wlis Semdeg, msoflio dramatulad Seicvala civi omis<br />

dasrulebis Sedegad. magaliTad, im qveynebSi, romlebic yofili sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris nawili iyvnen, revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul politikur<br />

garemoSi moxda, vidre aTi wlis win. antirusulma ganwyobam Caanacvla antidasavluri<br />

ideologiebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris<br />

Zalauflebis masStaburi konfliqti dasrulda. amgvari seriozuli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove sociologebis Sromebi Seicavs<br />

mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs revoluciis zogadi bunebis Sesaxeb.<br />

politologebis, ted gurisa da jek gladstonis azriT, revolucia yvelaze<br />

ukeT gamoixateba, rogorc droSi gawelili interaqtiuli procesi. 42 <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

krizisis Sedegad xelisuflebis manqana etapobrivad iwyebs rRvevas,<br />

iwyeba gavleniani moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis urTierTgaucxoeba.<br />

xelisuflebis liderebs sul ufro metad aRiqvamen Seufereblebad: maT<br />

ar SeuZLliaT efeqtiani Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, ekonomikis stabilizacia,<br />

ar gaaCniaT Zala, daamyaron Sida wesrigi, arian sustni da gaubedavni<br />

gare safrT xeebis winaSe. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavroba aRiqmeba aralegitimurad<br />

TiTqmis yvelas (maT Soris elitis) mier da kargavs marTvis uflebas.<br />

43 sworad am mizezebis gamo, warmatebuli revolucionerebi, rogorc<br />

wesi, pouloben mdidari (SesaZloa aristokratiulic) patronebis mxar da­<br />

Weras da aseve SeuZliaT mravali ukmayofilo adamianis mobilizeba. revoluciis,<br />

rogorc interaqtiuli procesis es axsna revoluciis tradiciul<br />

TeoriasTan Tavsebadia. is gvexmareba avxsnaT, rogor udevs usamarTloba<br />

an usamarTlobis aRqma safuZvlad revolucias. Tanamedrove samecniero<br />

samyaro detalurad xsnis am process. igi Seiswavlis krizisis tipebs, romelic<br />

revoluciis wina periodSi dgas saxelmwifoTa winaSe, faqtorebs,

506 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

romlebsac mivyavarT xelisuflebisadmi ndobis mniSvnelovan dakargvamde<br />

da ganwiruli xelisuflebebis xSirad umweo reagirebamde.<br />

winarevoluciuri problemebi. winarevoluciuri qveynebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

saxifaTo sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi,<br />

magaliTad, ekonomikuri stagnacia da daknineba, uzomo vali da Sida omebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli maRali danaxarjebi SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT gamomfitveli<br />

iyos. ekonomikuri SeRweva, erTi an meti sxva qveynis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze,<br />

aseve SesaZloa iqces revoluciur faqtorad. ucxouri kapitalis<br />

Sedinebam naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi SeiZleba ubiZgos xelisuflebis<br />

iseTi axali politikis gatarebisken, romelic moklevadian perspeqtivaSi<br />

safrxes uqmnis mis arsebobas (magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qveyanam xeli Seuwyos<br />

marcvleulis eqsportisaTvis warmoebas qveynisSida moxmarebis sanacvlod,<br />

raTa mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri<br />

valuta daagrovos).<br />

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom demografiulma faqtorebma gaamwvavos ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis swrafma matebam, rac mesame samyaros<br />

qveynebSi aRiniSneba, SesaZloa Seanelos an ukanac daxios ekonomikuri<br />

zrda da xeli Se uwyos ekonomikur arastabilurobas. eTnikurma, rasobrivma<br />

an religiurma daZabulobebma SeiZleba gazardos arastabiluroba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

maSin, rodesac erTi jgufi swrafi tempiT viTardeba. ufro<br />

metic, swrafma urbanizaciam SesaZ loa Seqmnas araerTi seriozuli problema<br />

muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul gareubnebSi. magaliTad, rodesac umiwo an<br />

mciremiwiani glexebi iZulebuli xdebian soflis tradiciuli garemodan<br />

qalaqis ucnob garemoSi gadavidnen samuSaos saZebnad, maT xvdebaT iseTi<br />

problemebi, rogoricaa socialuri rRveva, arasworad dagegmili urbanizacia,<br />

araadekvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, antisanitaria da samedicino<br />

da saganmanaTleblo servisebis nakleboba. rogorc wesi, amasTan erTad<br />

izrdeba kriminali, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maRalia gaucxoebuli axalgazrda<br />

mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli. 44<br />

aseve revoluciis riskis winaSe dgas xelisufleba, romelsac ar SeuZlia<br />

daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi ucxo qveynebisgan. is xelisufleba ki, romelic<br />

agebs oms, kidev ufro didi riskis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes. am qveynebSi,<br />

romlebic rogorc wesi, mkacr ekonomikur regress ganicdian, wagebulma<br />

omma SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi garemo Seqmnas. 45<br />

garda amisa, areuloba mezobeli qveynebis sust xelisuflebasac SeiZleba<br />

gadaedos da gavlena moaxdinos masze.<br />

xelisuflebis reaqcia. dagrovili ekonomikuri, demografiuli da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

problemebi winarevoluciur qveynebSi xSirad moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebas<br />

iwvevs, romelic xelisuflebas sapasuxo moqmedebisken ubiZgebs.<br />

zogjer amas win eRobeba Zlieri Sida interesebi. magaliTad, rodesac oficialur<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris arian mdidari miwaTmflobelebi, maTi<br />

interesebi xSirad aferxebs reformebs, romlebic mimarTulia seriozuli<br />

da potenciurad revoluciuri Sida krizisis Semcirebisaken. 46 sxva SemTx­

evolucia<br />

507<br />

vevaSi, xelisuflebis moqmedebas aferxebs farTod gavrcelebuli Sida<br />

korufcia. ra saxis problemac ar unda hqondes xelisuflebas, veravin<br />

moiTmens mis srul uunarobas. Tu xelis uflebis reaqcia usamarTlo an mdgomareobisadmi<br />

Seuferebelia, an xelisuf leba saerTod ver axerxebs reagirebas,<br />

igi dgas riskis winaSe, dakargos mxardamWerebis ndoba da savaraudoa,<br />

iqces revoluciuri moqmedebis obieqtad.<br />

gasakviria, magram xelisufleba, romelic akeTeben cotas an arafers,<br />

dgas damxobis iseTive riskis winaSe, rogorc xelisufleba, romelic moqmedebs<br />

gadamwyvetad da represiuladac ki. safrangeTis revoluciis kvlevaSi<br />

aleqsis de tokvilma aRniSna, rom mosaxleobam monarqiis winaaRmdeg<br />

xelaxla swored maSin aiRo xelSi iaraRi, rodesac daiwyo reJimis Serbileba.<br />

tokvili askvnida: `zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvelaze saSiSi momenti cudi xelisuflebisTvis<br />

aris is, rodesac igi cdilobs misi mmarTvelobis maneris<br />

Secvlas~. 47 tokvils sjeroda, rom am paradoqss (iseve, rogorc mis varauds,<br />

rom pirvel rigSi reforma da ara represia iwvevs revolucias) safuZvlad<br />

udevs fsiqologiuri faqti:<br />

aqamde moTminebiT uZlebdnen imas, rac umowyalo Canda, mag ram wyena<br />

autaneli xdeba maSin, rogorc ki adamianebs gonebaSi gauelvebs<br />

misi moSorebis SesaZlebloba... Tavad is faqti, rom zogierTi<br />

tkivili SesaZlebelia ganikurnos, yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva<br />

tkivilze da is ufro metad autaneli Cans; adamianebi SesaZloa<br />

itanjebodnen ufro naklebad, magram isini axla ufro mgrZnobiareni<br />

arian. 48<br />

sabolood, tiranebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavs reformebis ufleba miscen,<br />

radgan maTi amgvari qmedeba niSnavs warsulis usamarTlobebis aRiarebas da<br />

aucileblad gamoiwvevs `mosaxleobaSi dagrovili boRmis gacocxlebas. 49<br />

Tanamedrove kvlevebi garkveulad adasturebs tokvilis dakvirvebas.<br />

revoluciebSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb kvlevaSi, erT­erTi<br />

mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom revolucia verasdros iqneba warmatebuli, sanam<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebisadmi loialurad iqnebian ganwyobilni<br />

da SesaZlebelia maTi efeqtianad dasaqmeba. 50 rodesac Sida usafrTxoebis<br />

zomebi metismetad dagvianebuli da metismetad gauazrebelia an ganwiruli<br />

xelisuflebis ukanaskneli imedia, arsebobs didi Sansi, rom represiis axali<br />

aqtebi mxolod gaauaresebs situacias. naTelia isic, rom xelisufleba, romelic<br />

Tavs ikavebda fizikuri Zalis sistematuri gamoyenebisagan, revoluciur<br />

situaciaSi damxobis ufro meti riskis winaSe dgas.<br />

warmatebuli revolucia. revolucia rom moxdes, unda arsebobdnen qarizmatuli<br />

liderebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tvali gausworon reJimis damxobis<br />

mcdelobasTan dakavSirebul sasikvdilo risks. 51 imavdroulad, revoluciur<br />

liderebs sWirdebaT im adamianTa mxardaWera, romelTac ukaviaT<br />

maRalisazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba da aqvT Sesabamisi unarebi. elitaze<br />

zegavlenis moxdenisaTvis Sesabamisi momenti dgeba maSin, rodesac xelisu­

508 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

fleba awyeninebs, emuqreba an Zirs uTxris mas garkveuli gziT. winarevoluciur<br />

xelisuflebas did safrTxes uqmnis elitis gaucxoeba SeiaraRebul<br />

ZalebSi. 52 Tu generlebi (da sxva maRali rangis oficrebi) Sewyveten xelisuflebis<br />

mxardaWeras (an mis winaaRmdeg Seb rundebian), es TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />

fataluria xelisuflebisaTvis.<br />

revoluciuri cvlilebebi xSirad zevidan warimarTeba. Tumca, yvela<br />

revoluciuri cvlileba damokidebulia axali xelisuflebis warmatebaze,<br />

rogor moipovebs an SeinarCunebs masobriv mxardaWeras, rac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, xSirad damokidebulia moqalaqeTa wina reJimisadmi uTanxmoebis<br />

doneze. mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes `farTod<br />

gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ekonomikuri pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis<br />

mosaxleobas Soris; imedgacruebas politikaSi realuri monawileobis<br />

SesaZleblobebis ararsebobiT, gansakuTrebiT studentebsa da saSualo<br />

klass Soris; gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ucxouri investiciebisa da oficialur<br />

pirebis korumpirebulobis gamo; da soflis mtrul ganwyobas urbanuli<br />

reJimis mtaceblurobisa da represiuli politikis gamo~. 53 sworia<br />

igi Tu araswori, es aris usamarTlobis aRqma xalxis mier, romelic kvebavs<br />

Tanamedrove epoqis yvelanairi revoluciis xanZars.<br />

da bolos, revolucia naklebsavaraudoa, Tu yvela an zemoT ganxiluli<br />

faqtorebis umetesoba, erTdroulad ar arsebobs. amgvarad, qveyana,<br />

romelsac mwvave ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi aqvs, savaraudod<br />

ar mieqaneba revoluciisaken, Tu aseve ar gaCnda sxva winarevoluciuri<br />

elementebic, rogoricaa revoluciur liderTa arseboba, elitisa da moqalaqeTa<br />

Zlieri mxardaWera radikaluri qmedebisadmi da mosaxleobis rwmenis<br />

dakargva arsebuli xelisuflebis marTvis unarSi. swored am faqtor­<br />

Ta Tanxvedris Sedegad xdeba revolucia.<br />

masobrivi moZraobebis safrTxeebi. espanelma filosofosma xose ortega<br />

i gasetma (1883­1955) 1930 wels gamoaqveyna cnobili wigni masebis amboxi. am<br />

droisTvis faSistebs ukve xelSi CaegdoT Zalaufleba italiaSi, germaniaSi<br />

hitleris ZalauflebaSi mosvlas ramdenime weli aklda da stalini sabWoTa<br />

ruseTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidirebas axdenda. 54 gaseti SeZrwunebiT<br />

werda `Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi masebis CarTvis~ Sesaxeb da amtkicebda,<br />

rom `masebs, maTive ganmartebidan gamomdinare, arc SeuZliaT da<br />

arc unda marTavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas, da miT umetes, ar unda marTavdnen<br />

sazogadoebas zogadad, rac niSnavs imas, rom evropa sinamdvileSi itanjeba<br />

udidesi saerTo krizisisgan, romelic azianebs xalxebs, saxelmwifoebs da<br />

civilizaciebs~. 55<br />

meoce saukune istoriaSi ramdenime yvelaze sisxliani masobrivi moZraobis<br />

mowme gaxda. ortega i gasetis sityvebi gansakuTrebiT moswrebulia Tanamedrove<br />

revoluciaTa damRupveli Sedegebis Suqze:<br />

rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi amboben: `iyo gansxvavebuli niSnavs<br />

iyo uxamsi~. masa amsxvrevs yvelafers, rac misgan gansxvavebuli,<br />

SesaniSnavi, individualuri, daxvewili da rCeulia. nebismieri,

daskvna<br />

revolucia<br />

romelic ar hgavs yvelas, vinc ar fiqrobs ise, rogorc yvela, dgas<br />

ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe. 56<br />

509<br />

politikur terminologiaSi revolucia niSnavs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis<br />

formebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi amgvari<br />

cvlilebebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba msoflios mraval regionSi.<br />

arsebobs revoluciis ori ZiriTadi tradicia: amerikuli da franguli.<br />

amerikuli revolucia ufro SezRuduli iyo vidre franguli da isaxavda<br />

ufro zomier miznebs. frangi revoluciuri liderebi, ufro pragmatuli<br />

amerikeli kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, miznad isaxavdnen qveynis sazogadoebrivi,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> da moraluri suraTis radikalur da srulmasStabian cvlilebebs.<br />

meTvramete saukunis dasasrulidan mZafri kamaTi imarTeboda im sakiTxis<br />

Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara revolucia sasurveli. mas Semdeg, rac edmund berkma<br />

gamokveTa revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli mravali safrTxe, Tomas peinma<br />

xazi gausva mis mraval dadebiT mxares. SedarebiT adre, jon lokma daikava<br />

ufro zomieri pozicia; igi amtkicebda, rom revolucia gardauvali da<br />

gamarTlebulia, rodesac igi mimarTulia mCagvreli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.<br />

revoluciis zusti mizezebis gamorCeva rTulia. aristoteles miaCnda,<br />

rom usamarTloba aris saxalxo janyis saTave. magram ra ubiZgebs rigiT<br />

moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos revoluciaSi? karl marqsi Tvlida, rom<br />

degradirebad ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciaSi<br />

monawileobisaken. aleqsis de tokvili amtkicebda, rom brali unda davdoT<br />

gaumjobesebis gzaze mdgar pirobebs, radganac isini cvlian socialuri realobis<br />

pirovnul imedebs. Tanamedrove xedva Camoayaliba jeims s. devisma,<br />

romelic axdens marqsis da tokvilis poziciebis kombinirebas imis mtkicebiT,<br />

rom revoluciam mosalodnelia ifeTqos maSin, rodesac Zlieri ekonomikuri<br />

an socialuri ukusvla mohyveba zrdadi molodinis da zomieri<br />

gaumjobesebis periods. revoluciis mizezebis ufro axali kvlevebi xazs<br />

usvams, rom igi mimdinare procesia da asaxavs legitimurobis kriziss.<br />

rTuli ekonomikuri, <strong>politikuri</strong> an socialuri problemebis pirobebSi,<br />

xelisufleba moqmedebs Seufereblad an usamarTlod. amiT igi kargavs<br />

sazogadoebaSi elitis ndobas da iwyeba masebis mobilizeba, rodesac<br />

revoluciis liderebi gegmaven arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobasa da axali<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigis damyarebas. sabolood, yvela masobriv moZraobaze<br />

damyarebuli revolucia damarcxda, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom am process<br />

mravali udanaSaulo adamiani Seewira.

510 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

revolucia<br />

safrangeTis revolucia<br />

amerikis revolucia<br />

revoluciuri omi<br />

generaluri Statebi<br />

bastilia<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia<br />

teroris mefoba<br />

revoluciis ufleba<br />

ekonomiuri SeRweva<br />

1. ras niSnavs revolucia? wina periodebTan SedarebiT gaxda Tu ara revolucia<br />

ufro metad an naklebad gavrcelebuli meoce saukuneSi?<br />

2. ra mniSvnelovani msgavseba iyo amerikul da frangul revoluciebs Soris?<br />

ra mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo maT Soris?<br />

3. revoluciis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb kamaTSi ra poziciebi ekavaT Eedmund<br />

berksa da Tomas peins? ra iyo berkis ZiriTadi argumenti? riTi pasuxobda<br />

peini?<br />

4. raSi mdgomareobda jon lokis pozicia revoluciis mimarT? ratom icavda<br />

igi moqalaqeTa uflebas, daemxoT sakuTari xelisufleba? ra mosazrebiT<br />

ikavebs loki adgils peinis da berks Soris?<br />

5. aristoteles SexedulebiT, ra aris revoluciis principuli mizezi? rogor<br />

ganaviTara Tanamedrove socialurma mecnierebam aristoteles filosofiuri<br />

Sexedulebebi revoluciaze?<br />

6. mohfina Tu ara Suqi Tanamedrove kvlevebma revoluciis mizezebs? Tu ki,<br />

aqvT maT wina kvlevebTan saerTo elementebi, Tu ewinaaRmdegebian maT?<br />

7. ra Teoriebi Camoyalibda imis asaxsnelad, rogor da ratom xdebian individebi<br />

imdenad imedgacruebulni, rom SeuerTdnen revolucias?<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. Jack A. Goldstone, `Revolutions in World History’, wignSi: Theoretical,<br />

Comparative, and Historical Studies, me­2 gamoc., red. Jack A. Goldstone (San<br />

Diego: Harcourt, 1993), 320.<br />

2. citirebulia Thomas Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements<br />

(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989), 5.<br />

3. iqve, 5.<br />

4. iqve. 6.<br />

5. Ted Robert Gurr da Jack Goldstone, ‘Comparisons and Policy Implications’, wignSi:<br />

Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F.<br />

Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 324. Tanamedrove da tradiciul<br />

revoluciebs Soris sxvaoba lingvisturadac aisaxeba sityvebiT

evolucia<br />

511<br />

`revolucia~ da `ajanyeba~. es gansxvaveba literaturaSi calsaxad<br />

jerac ar keTdeba da amitom am TavSi mas ar SevxebivarT.<br />

6. Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals<br />

to Eliminate Them (Boston: BeAacon Press, 1972), 170.<br />

7. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations,<br />

me­3 gamoc. (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 321. sxva naSromebTan erTad<br />

avtorebi imowmeben Hannah Arendt­is samecniero naSromebs.<br />

8. Irving Kristol, ‘The American Revolution as a Successuful Revolution’, wignSi Readings in<br />

American Democracy, red. Paul Peterson (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1979), 52-53.<br />

9. Cecilia Kenyon, ‘Republicanism and Radicalism in the American Revolution: An Old-<br />

fashioned Interpretation’, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789,<br />

red. J. Greene (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 291.<br />

10. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bernard Bailyn, ‘Political Experience and Enlightenment in<br />

Eighteenth-Century America’, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, red.<br />

Greene, 282-283.<br />

11. Martin Diamond, ‘The Revolution of Sober Expectations’, wignSi Readings in American<br />

Democracy, red. Peterson, 66.<br />

12. Jefferson-isa da Roger C. Weightman-is mimowera, June 24, 1826, wignSi The Political<br />

Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Representative Samples, red. Edward Dumbauld<br />

(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 9.<br />

13. Benjamin Wright, Consensus and Continuity, 1776-1787 (New York: Norton, 1967), 3.<br />

Wright-i eyrdnoba J. Franklin Jameson­is naSroms.<br />

14. iqve, 1.<br />

15. iqve.<br />

16. Kristol, ‘The American Revolution’, 53.<br />

17. Diamond, ‘The Revolution of Sober Expectations’, 73.<br />

18. iqve, 65.<br />

19. Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Random House, 1966), 122-123.<br />

20. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1976), 60.<br />

21. Kristol, ‘The American Revolution’, 6.<br />

22. iqve, 61.<br />

23. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis: Library of Liberal<br />

Arts, 1955), 197.<br />

24. Thomas Paine, ‘The Rights of Man’, wignSi Thomas Paine: Representative Selections, red.<br />

H. Clark (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967), 159.<br />

25. iqve, 184­185.<br />

26. iqve, 162.<br />

27. iqve, 61.<br />

28. iqve, 70.<br />

29. Tumca, amisda miuxedavad, berki garkveulwilad amerikis momxre<br />

iyo revoluciur omSi, arwmunebda ra sakuTar ers ecnoT amerikis<br />

ukmayofileba kanonierad.<br />

30. John Locke, ‘An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government’,<br />

wignSi Two Treatises on Government (New York: New American Library, 1963), 466.<br />

31. iqve, 463.

512 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

32. iqve, 452­453.<br />

33. ix. Joseph Cropsey-s Political Philosophy and the Issues of Politics (Chicago: University of<br />

Chicago Press, 1977), 157-162.<br />

34. Jack Goldstone, ‘An Analytical Framework’, wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth<br />

Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,<br />

1991), 50.<br />

35. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.:<br />

Doubleday, 1955), 176.<br />

36. James C. Davies, ‘Toward a Theory of Revolution’, American Sociological Review (February<br />

1962): 6.<br />

37. Raymond Tanter and Manus Midlarsky, ‘A Theory of Revolution’, Journal of Conflict<br />

Resolution 11 (1967): 272, cxrili 6.<br />

38. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), 3-21.<br />

39. rogorc Jack A. Goldstone-ma aRniSna wignSi ‘Theories of Revolution: The Third<br />

Revolution’, World Politics (April 1980): 425-453.<br />

40. bolo ori winadadeba warmoadgens J. Goldstone-is, T. R. Gurr-isa da F. Moshiri-s<br />

varauds wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder, Colo.: Westview<br />

Press, 1991). es sami maxasiaTebeli gansazRvrulia Goldstone-is wignSi An Analytical<br />

Framework, 325.<br />

41. rogorc Goldstone-i aRiarebs 1970 wlidan dawyebuli mis mier revoluciaTa<br />

Seswavla Seesabameba revoluciis miseul zogad gagebas. ix. Goldstone, An Analytical<br />

Framework, 37-38.<br />

42. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy<br />

Implications, 324-352.<br />

43. Barry Schult da Robert Slater, ‘A Framework for Analysis’, wignSi Revolution and Political<br />

Change in the Third World, red. B. Schutz da R. Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner,<br />

1990), 7-9. ix. aseve Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 331.<br />

44. 1975 wels wignis Thinking about Crime gamoqveynebidan James Q. Wilson­i Tavis<br />

naSromebSi amerikaSi danaSaulebaTa Sesaxeb xazs usvamda imas, rom axalgazrda<br />

mamakacebis socializacia didi sirTulea kanonmorCil sazogadoebaSi; amJamad,<br />

literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom am demografiul faqtsac<br />

aqvs gavlena revoluciaze. Seadare Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy<br />

Implications, 335 (romlebmac xazi gausves asaks da ara sqess) da James Q. Wilson-is<br />

Thinking about Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1975).<br />

45. Walter Lacqueur, ‘Revolution’ wignSi International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences<br />

(New York: Macmillan/Free Press, 1968), 501. ix. aseve, Robert Hunter­is Revolution:<br />

Why? How? When? (New York: Harper & Row, 1940), 126.<br />

46. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia,<br />

and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 249.<br />

47. Tocqueville, The Old Regime, 176.<br />

48. iqve.<br />

49. iqve, 187.<br />

50. D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Forces: A Comparative Study of Fifteen<br />

Countries with Special Emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press,<br />

1974).

evolucia<br />

513<br />

51. totalitaruli revoluciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarizmatuli<br />

lideri. ix. me­3 Tavi.<br />

52. Gurr da Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, 353-354.<br />

53. iqve, 334.<br />

54. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1993). pirvelad<br />

daibeWda 1930 wels.<br />

55. citirebulia veb­gverdidan The History Guide, www.history-guide.org/europe/gasset.<br />

html, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.<br />

56. iqve.

514<br />

Tavi XV<br />

terorizmi<br />

sustis iaraRi<br />

ra aris terorizmi?<br />

terorizmis warmoSoba ter­<br />

orizmis logika teroristuli<br />

taqtika teroristuli aqti da<br />

omi teroristuli jgufebis<br />

maxasiaTeblebi terorizmi<br />

alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.<br />

vin aris teroristi?<br />

teroristebis klasifikacia:<br />

kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu rev­<br />

olucionerebi? teroristis<br />

identificireba<br />

terorizmi da sazogadoeba<br />

axalgazrda rekrutebi teror­<br />

izmis fsiqologia terorizmi<br />

da masmedia<br />

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />

Sida kanonmdebloba qveynebs So­<br />

ris TanamSromloba unilater­<br />

aluri zomebi terorizmis winaaR­<br />

mdeg ra SeuZlia pirovnebas<br />

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?

terorizmi<br />

515<br />

1993 wlis TebervalSi, qalaq niu­iorkSi mdebare msoflio savaWro centris<br />

Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomze afeTqda 1200­futiani bombi, romelic<br />

naqiraveb, yviTel feris satvirTo manqanaSi iyo damontaJebuli. afeTqebam<br />

msoflioSi simaRliT meore Senobis sardafSi myisierad warmoSva 200 futi<br />

radiusis krateri. daSavda aTasze meti adamiani, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

msxverplis ricxvi didi ar iyo, daiRupa mxolod Svidi. msoflioSi erT­erTi<br />

yvelaze cnobili Senobis da aSS­es ekonomikuri siZlieris simbolos winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTulma teroristulma aqtma amerikelebs Soki mihgvara. rva wlis<br />

Semdeg, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, msoflio savaWro centrze axali teroristuli<br />

Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. amjerad Senobebs komerciuli reisis ori,<br />

advilad aalebadi sawvaviT datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi Seejaxa. caTambjenebi<br />

mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda, Semdeg ki saocari siZlieriT Camoingra,<br />

ramac manhetenis centris didi nawili gaanadgura, SenobebSi myofi aTasobiT<br />

adamiani imsxverpla, quCebi aTasobiT tona cecxlmodebuli nangreviT<br />

aavso da kvamlis, mtvrisa da ferflis uzarmazari Rrubeli warmoqmna, romelic<br />

ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo Camowolili qalaqis Tavze.<br />

1993 wels mravalma amerikelma dasva kiTxva: msoflio savaWro centrze<br />

ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma erTaderTi iyo Tu momavalSic ganmeordeboda?<br />

male am kiTxvaze pasuxi cxadi gaxda: amerikelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />

teroristuli Tavdasxmebi gaxSirda, rac uamravi adamianis sicocxles<br />

uqmnida safrTxes (ix. cxrili 15­1).<br />

graund z _ nangrevebis grova iq, sadac 2001 wlis 11 seqtemb ramde amayad idga<br />

msoflio savaWro centris caTambjenebi.

516 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

cxrili 15.1<br />

terorizmis samizne: amerikelebi<br />

aprili, 1983 TviTqmkvlelma aifeTqa Tavi libanSi, bei­<br />

ruTSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoSi. dai­<br />

Rupa 63 adamiani.<br />

Ooqtomberi, 1983 beiruTSi amerikuli samxedro yazarmebis da<br />

bombvam 229 adamiani imsxverpla.<br />

Ddekemberi, 1988 niu­iorkSi, msoflio savaWro centris<br />

Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomSi afeTqda<br />

avtomanqana. daiRupa 7 adamiani,<br />

daSavda 1042.<br />

Tebervali, 1993 federalurma gamomZieblebma droulad<br />

gadaarCines SeerTebuli Statebi da<br />

mdinare huZonis ori gvirabi muslimi<br />

eqstremistebis mier dagegmili teroristuli<br />

aqtisgan.<br />

ivnisi, 1993 manilaSi, filipinebi, policiam daakava<br />

islamis mimdevari teroristuli<br />

dajgufebis wevrebi. isini cdidnen<br />

bombebs, romlebiTac Semdeg apirebdnen<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis sareiso TviTmfrinavebze<br />

Tavdasxmas wynar okeaneze gadafrenis<br />

dros. am SeTqmulebis lideri,<br />

ramzi ahmed iusefi mogvianebiT pakistanSi<br />

daakaves. mas bralad edeba msoflio<br />

savaWro centrze Tavdasxmis dagegmvaSi<br />

monawileobac.<br />

aAprili, 1995 oklahomas StatSi oklahoma sitiSi afeTqebulma<br />

satvirTo manqanam gaanadgura<br />

federaluri Senoba. daiRupa 168<br />

adamiani, daSavda 600­ze meti. damnaSaved<br />

cnes amerikis ori moqalaqe.<br />

noemberi, 1995 saudis arabeTSi, qalaq riadSi mdebare<br />

amerikul samxedro sawvrTnel banak­<br />

Tan afeTqda manqana. daiRupa 5 amerikeli,<br />

daSavda 30.<br />

aAprili, 1996 gamoZiebis federalurma biurom<br />

daakava Teodor j. kaZinski da brali<br />

dasdo dajgufeba `unabomberis~ mier<br />

18 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili teroristuli<br />

aqtebis dagegmvaSi (kaZinski damna­<br />

Saved cnes).

terorizmi<br />

ivnisi, 1996 saudis arabeTSi, dharanSi, sacxovrebel<br />

kompleqsTan afeTqda danaRmuli satvir­<br />

To manqana. daiRupa 19 amerikeli, daSavda<br />

280.<br />

1 ivlisi, 1996 arizonas StatSi, qalaq feniqsSi, federaluri<br />

samsaxuris TanamSromlebma<br />

daakaves `vaiper miliciis~ dajgufebis 12<br />

wevri, romlebsac bralad mTavrobis<br />

Senobebis afeTqebis dagegmva edebodaT.<br />

17 ivlisi, 1996 TviTmfrinavi niu­iorkidan afrenis Sem­<br />

deg maleve afeTqda da Camovarda, ramac<br />

230­ve mgzavri imsxverpla. afeTqebis<br />

mizezi dRemde ucnobia.<br />

27 ivlisi, 1996 jorjiis StatSi, atlantaSi, zafxulis<br />

olimpiuri TamaSebis dros, koncertze<br />

afeTqda bombi. daiRupa erTi adamiani,<br />

daSavda 111.<br />

Aagvisto, 1998 keniasa da tanzaniaSi afeTqeba moxda<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoebTan.<br />

daiRupa 224 adamiani, romelTa umravleso<br />

ba ubralo kenieli iyo.<br />

Ooqtomberi, 2000 iemenSi, qalaq adenSi, SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

bazaze, danaRmuli katarRis afeTqebis<br />

Sedegad daiRupa 17 adamiani.<br />

11 seqtemberi, 2001 SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT sanapiros<br />

aeroportebidan gaitaces 4 TviTmfrinavi:<br />

ori msoflio savaWro centris<br />

caTambjenebs Seejaxa da aTasobiT adamiani<br />

imsxverpla, mesame pentagonis teritoriaze<br />

Camovarda, meoTxe ki _ pensil­<br />

vaniis StatSi, erT­erT yanaSi.<br />

517<br />

wyaro: `uol strit jornali~, 29 ivnisi, 1996, Agv. 14; `ekonomisti~, 15 seqtem­<br />

beri 2001, gv. 18.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg mravali teroristuli<br />

Tavdasxmas moxda, Tumca ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflios<br />

zogierT sxva kuTxeSi terorizmis problema kidev ufro mwvaved dgas. terorizmma<br />

didi gasaqani hpova mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

aziisa da afrikis kontinentebze (magaliTad, alJirSi, sadac mTavrobas<br />

yoveldRiurad uxdeba TavdasxmebTan gamklaveba, da israelSi, sadac TviTmkvlelebis<br />

mier mowyobili afeTqebebi moqalaqeebs mudmiv safrTxes uqmnis).<br />

sparseTis yuris qveynebis mdgomareobac msgavsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

CrdiloeT afrikidan sparseTis yuremde mdebare yvela muslimuri qveyana<br />

terorizmis xSiri msxverplia.

518 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

dRes msoflioSi terorizmisgan daculi ar aris arc erTi qveyana.<br />

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze teroristuli aqtebi xSiria mraval samxreTamerikul<br />

qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT peruSi, kolumbiasa da meqsikaSi). terorizmisgan<br />

dazRveuli arc dasavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebuli industriis<br />

mqone qveynebia. amis erT­erT naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi,<br />

sadac irlandiuri respublikuri armiis (IRA) ultranacionalistebi 1960iani<br />

wlebidan warmarTaven teroristul kampanias CrdiloeT irlandiaze<br />

(igive olsterze) britanuli kontrolis winaaRmdeg.<br />

terorizmis problema imdenad aqtualuria, rom misi Sedegebis ignorireba<br />

SeuZlebelia. amaze metyvelebs mravali arc ise gaxmaurebuli da maleve<br />

miviwyebuli SemTxveva. magaliTad, 1994 wlis gazafxulze germaniis<br />

policiam aRmoaCina da aRkveTa birTvuli masalebis gayidvis oTxi mcdeloba,<br />

ris Sedegadac SeiZleboda atomuri bombi damzadebuliyo. 1994 wlis<br />

agvistoSi aviakompania lufthanzas moskovi­miunxenis reisze 350 grami<br />

birTvuli sawvavi aRmoaCines. ori dRis Semdeg daakaves germaniis moqalaqe,<br />

romelmac policiis informatorss sufTa plutoniumi miyida. 1 aseve did sa­<br />

SiSroebas qmnis biologiuri da qimiuri masalebis gadaxedvis faqtebi Sav<br />

bazarze gayidvis mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom te r o ristebis mier masobrivi<br />

ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebis mcdeloba mxolod novelebsa da filmeb­<br />

Si aRar gvxvdeba. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikelebma dainaxes, rom aseTi<br />

ram axla ukve savsebiT realur safrTxed iqca.<br />

ra aris terorizmi?<br />

miuxedavad misi aqtualurobisa, terorizmi bundovan cnebad rCeba. zogierTi<br />

ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismier meTodebs politikaze<br />

gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi aris `Zalis<br />

an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. igi xSirad<br />

gamoiye neba rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> iaraRi.~ sxva wyaro terorizms ganmartavs,<br />

rogorc `udanaSaulo moqalaqeebze ganzrax Tavdasxmas <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

miznebiT.~ 2 tero rizmis ganmartebebi mravalricxovania, Tumca maTi umetesoba<br />

ramdenime faqtors iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa Zaladoba, survili<br />

imisa, rom momxdari faqti gaxmaurdes, <strong>politikuri</strong> motivi da mosaxleobis<br />

gamiznuli daSineba. 3 rogorc am TavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, terorizmis Cveneuli<br />

ganmarteba mis strategiasa da meTodebsac moicavs.<br />

terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs. 4 zogi mecnieri teroristul moqmedebebs<br />

imis mixedviT axarisxebs, (1) aris Tu ara igi romelime mTavrobis<br />

mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli an (2) ramden qveyanas moicavs<br />

igi (ix. cxrili 15­2). anu, saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin, roca xelisufleba<br />

misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axorcielebs teroristul aqtebs,<br />

rogorc es hitleris drois germaniaSi xdeboda. saerTaSoriso terorizms<br />

uwodeben movlenas, roca romelime qveynis xelisufleba Seifarebs saerTa­<br />

Soriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis Talibebis mTavroba moiqca osama<br />

bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saer­

terorizmi<br />

519<br />

TaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an raime sxva gziT uWers mxars saerTa­<br />

Soriso terorizms (anu terorizms, romelic mis sazRvrebs gareT xorcieldeba).<br />

civi omis dros SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad adanaSaulebda sabWoTa<br />

kavSirs msoflios sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroristuli<br />

dajgufebebis dafinansebasa da iaraRiT daxmarebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

am braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac mimarTavda<br />

msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi Sedioda. irani, erayi, libia,<br />

sudani, siria, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba bolo ramdenime welia, SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis eWvmitanilTa<br />

siaSi iricxeba [dReisaTvis am siaSi Sedian: kuba, irani, sudani, siria<br />

_ mTargmn. Sen.]. am siaSi, rasakvirvelia, avRaneTic iyo 2001 wlamde, roca<br />

Talibebis reJimi daemxo.<br />

terorizmi: xuTi ganmarteba<br />

terorizmis ganmarteba Znelia. teroristuli aqtebi did emocias iwvevs<br />

rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizikurad daSavda an fsiqologiuri<br />

travma miiRo), aseve mis uSualo momwyobSic. SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

mTavrobac ki ver Tanxmdeba erTian ganmartebaze. gamo naTqvami _ `is, vinc<br />

erTi adamianisTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia,~<br />

dResac aqtualuria. gTavazobT terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas.<br />

terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebis<br />

ga mowvevis mizniT.<br />

_ braian jenkinsi<br />

terorizmi aris udanaSaulo mosaxleobis mimarT Zaladobis ukanono<br />

gamoyeneba <strong>politikuri</strong> miznebis misaRwevad.<br />

_ uolter lakeri<br />

terorizmi aris udanaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da sistematuri<br />

mkvleloba, Cagvra da muqara, risi sa SualebiTac xdeba mosaxleobis<br />

da Sineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da <strong>politikuri</strong> an<br />

taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT.<br />

_ jeims m. polani<br />

terorizmi aris <strong>politikuri</strong> an socialuri miznebiT Zaladobis an<br />

muqaris ukanono gamo yeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis mimarT.<br />

igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime qveynis xelisuflebis, individebis<br />

an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad an maTi qcevis,<br />

politikis Secvlis mizniT.<br />

_ aSS­s vice­prezidentis operatiuli<br />

samsaxuri, 1986<br />

terorizmi aris adamianebis an maTi sakuTrebis mimarT ganxorciele­

520 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

buli Zaladobrivi aqti xelisuflebis, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis an<br />

misi romelime nawilis dasaSineblad an Sesaviwroveblad, raime <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

an socialuri miznebis misa Rwevad.<br />

_ gamoZiebis federaluri biuros ganmarteba<br />

wyaro: adaptirebulia veb gverdidan www.terrorism.com 2002 wlis 18 maisi.<br />

cxrili 15.2<br />

terorizmis klasifikacia<br />

tipi kontroldeba da imarTeba exeba Tu ara<br />

romelime mTavrobis mier? erTze met qveyanas?<br />

saxelmwifo terorizmi ki ara<br />

saerTaSoriso terorizmi ki ki<br />

saSinao terorizmi ara ara<br />

transnacionaluri terorizmi ara ki<br />

wyaroebi: adaptirebulia Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., International Terrorism: Characteris-<br />

tics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, ‘Trends in<br />

International Terrorism, in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, ed. Marius H.<br />

Livingston et al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.<br />

saSinao terorizmi erTi qveynis farglebSi xorcieldeba teroristebis<br />

mier, romlebsac mTavrobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT. Cveulebriv, sa­<br />

Sinao terorizmis mizani mosaxleobaSi SiSisa da uTanxmoebis gamowveva da<br />

arsebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis diskreditaciaa. inglisis, espaneTisa<br />

da dasavleTis bevri sxva qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi aseTi<br />

terorizmi sakmaod iSviaTi iyo 1995 wlamde, roca oklahoma sitis federaluri<br />

ofisis Senoba aafeTqes, xolo 1996 wlis zafxulSi atlantaSi olimpiuri<br />

TamaSebis dros bombi afeTqda. transnacionaluri terorizmi maSin<br />

Cndeba, roca sxvadasxva qveynis teroristuli dajgufebebi, romlebsac<br />

arc erTi mTavroba ar afinansebs, erTmaneTTan iwyeben TanamSromlobas, an<br />

aseTi dajgufebebis teroristuli operaciebi erTi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs<br />

scildeba.<br />

Tanamedrove terorizmis globalurma xasiaTma terorizmis saSinao da<br />

saerTaSoriso formebs Soris arsebuli zRvari kidev ufro bundovani gaxada.<br />

5 SegviZlia, klasifikaciis sxva meTodi vcadoT da teroristuli aqtebi,<br />

romlebic ar aris romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli,<br />

antisaxelmwifoebriv terorizmSi gavaerTianoT. es ukanaskneli,

terorizmi<br />

521<br />

Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba or saxeobad davyoT: dajgufebebi, romlebic sakuTar<br />

samSobloze <strong>politikuri</strong> kontrolis dabrunebas cdiloben, rogorc baskebi<br />

espaneTSi, irlandieli kaTolikeebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, Tamilebi Srilankaze,<br />

siqhebi indoeTSi da CeCnebi ruseTSi. isini nacionalistur-separatistul<br />

terorizms axorcieleben. am tipis terorizmi, rogorc wesi,<br />

romelime erTi qveynis sazRvrebs ar scildeba, Tumca xSirad xdeba ise,<br />

rom teroristebi sxva radikaluri dajgufebebisgan, ucxoeli kerZo donorebisgan<br />

an sxva qveynebis mTavrobisganac ki iReben fuls, iaraRsa da sxva<br />

saxis daxmarebas. xolo is dajgufebebi, romlebic sazogadoebis destabilizacias<br />

raime abstraqtuli rwmenis safuZvelze cdiloben, ideologiur<br />

terorizms axorcieleben. ideologia SeiZleba marqsizmis an islamis romelime<br />

ganStoebas warmoadgendes, 6 an STagonebad faSizmi an anarqizmi edos.<br />

magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~ germaniaSi, `wiTeli<br />

brigadebi~ italiaSi, `naTeli biliki~ peruSi, `islamuri jihadi~ egvipteSi,<br />

osama bin ladenis `al qaida~ da aseve, ramdenime ukiduresi memarjvene<br />

dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi. xSirad, aseT dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTa­<br />

Soriso kavSirebi.<br />

zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur­separatistulic<br />

iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri winaaRmdegobis<br />

moZraoba), romelic daupirispirda mSvidobian molaparakebebs israelsa<br />

da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizacias Soris israelis mier<br />

okupirebuli _ md. iordanes dasavleT napirisa da Razas seqtoris Sesaxeb.<br />

hamasi nacionalistur­separa tistuli moZraobaa, romelic israelis ganadgurebasa<br />

da mis adgilas radikaluri islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs.<br />

magram misi motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod ki igi islamuri<br />

fundamentalizmis erT­erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic momxreebs<br />

mouwodebs eqstremizmisa da jihadisken (wminda omisaken). hamasis magaliTi<br />

naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba SedarebiT ufro advilia,<br />

vidre misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi erTdroulad ramdenime<br />

kategorias miekuTvneba.<br />

terorizmis warmoSoba<br />

terorizmsa da religiur fundamentalizms Soris kavSiri namdvilad arsebobs<br />

_ islamuri eqstremizmi amis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca, bevri teroristi<br />

religiuri ar aris. teroristuli aqtebis realur ganxorcielebamdec<br />

religiuri fundamentalistebis Zalian mcire nawili midis. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia<br />

isic, rom terorizmis warmoSoba SegviZlia religias davukavSiroT,<br />

ufro konkretulad ki sam saidumloebiT mocul religiur seqtas. 7<br />

Tugebi erT­erTi induisturi seqtis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. religiuri<br />

mosazrebis safuZvelze saukuneebis manZilze maT aTasobiT adamiani<br />

Seiwires. es seqta sabolood mecxramete saukuneSi daiSala. zelotebi,<br />

ebraelTa eqstremistuli dajgufebis wevrebi, Zv.w. 66­73 wlebSi sxva religiis<br />

warmomadgenlebs xocavdnen da kerpTayvanismcemeli romis winaaRmdeg

522 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

ajanyebis dawyebas cdilobdnen. meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi asasinebma,<br />

Siituri muslimuri seqtis warmomadgenlebma, islamis `ganwmendis~<br />

mizniT, sxva religiebis uamravi warmomadgenlis sicocxle Seiwires. gvian<br />

Sua saukuneebSi da Semdeg, reformaciis periodSi, warmoiSva mravali sisxlismRvreli<br />

qristianuli seqtac. 8<br />

Tanamedrove revoluciuri terorizmi xSirad naklebad ukavSirdeba<br />

religiur motivs, razec metyvelebs safrangeTis revoluciis liderebisa<br />

da mecxramete saukunis rusi anarqistebis naSromebi da moRvaweoba. 9<br />

zogi eqsperti mimCnevs, rom Tanamedrove terorizms safuZveli 1960­iani<br />

wlebis bolos Caeyara; zogi misi Casaxvis wlad konkretulad 1968 welsac<br />

ki asaxelebs. 1960­iani wlebis bolos moxda rasistuli dapirispirebebi<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi, konfliqtis eskalacia vietnamSi da arabeTsa da israels<br />

Soris eqvsdRiani omi (1967 weli). dRevandeli terorizmi nawilobriv<br />

ganapiroba 1968 wels momxdarma SeEmdegma movlenebma:<br />

samma palestinelma teroristma israelis samgzavro TviTmfrinavi gaitaca<br />

da mis ekipaJs alJirSi Cafrena aiZula. es sahaero mekobreobis erTerTi<br />

pirveli SemTxveva iyo.<br />

dasavleT germaniaSi baader­mainhofis bandis wevrebma pirveli teroristuli<br />

aqti ganaxorcieles _ frankfurtSi dawves maRazia.<br />

iasir arafati, israelis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis mxardamWeri,<br />

palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis lideri gaxda.<br />

martin luTer kingis mkvlelobam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba iseTi<br />

Sida teroristuli dajgufebebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa `Savi panterebi~<br />

da `uezermeni~ [`amindis mTqmeli~ _ saxeli momdinareobs bob dilanis<br />

erT­erTi simReridan _ mTargmn. Sen.]. 10<br />

amas garda, terorizmisTvis xelsayrel garemos Seqmnas sul cota samma istoriulma<br />

faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomur<br />

epoqaSi samxedro dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis globaluri saSiSroeba<br />

uzomod gaizarda (Cveulebrivi konfliqti an omi, vTqvaT, pakistansa da<br />

indoeTs Soris, dRes SeiZleba, msoflio omad gadaiqces). amitom qveynebi,<br />

romelTa interesebic garkveul teroristul dajgufebaTa miznebs emTxveva,<br />

zogjer am dajgufebebs moraluri, finansuri an samxedro mxardaWeriT uzrunvelyofen.<br />

amgvarad, terorizmi garkveulwilad qveynebs Soris SeiaraRebuli<br />

konfliqtis damxmare saSualebad iqca. terorizmis xelSemwyob meore<br />

istoriul faqtorad davasaxelebT evropuli kolonializmis dasrulebas,<br />

ramac mraval axladSeqmnil qveyanas mosagvareblad dautova uamravi teritoriuli,<br />

nacionaluri da religiuri konfliqti. Sedegad, am qveynebSi da<br />

maT Soris gaCaRda teroristuli qmedebebiT gajerebuli omebis seria. adamianis<br />

uflebebisa da sicocxlis mimarT demokratiuli sazogadoebebis gansakuTrebuli<br />

pativiscema mesame faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan aman<br />

gamoiwvia is, rom teroristulma SemTxvevebma masmediisTvis prioritetuli<br />

mniSvneloba SeiZina. amitom, 1960­iani wlebidan aseTi incindentebi farTodaa<br />

gaxmaurebuli, rac teroristebisTvis xelsayreli reklamaa.

terorizmi<br />

523<br />

sqema 15-1. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebi 1981­dan 2000 wlis CaTvliT.<br />

wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi,<br />

`globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.<br />

htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.<br />

terorizmi da kontrterorizmi, anu terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />

masStabur industriad XX saukunis 70­ian wlebSi iqca. arsebobs monacemebi,<br />

romelTa mixedviT teroristuli incidentebis ricxvi 1971­1985 wlebs<br />

Soris aTjer gaizarda. 11 teroristuli aqtebis raodenoba 1980­ian wlebSi<br />

da mis Semdegac sakmaod didia (sqema. 15­1). Tumca, sxvadasxva monacemSi es<br />

raodenoba ganxsvavebulia, rasac, sxva mizezebTan erTad, terorizmis gansxvavebuli<br />

ganmartebebi ganapirobebs. `risks interneiSenalis~ monacemebiT,<br />

magaliTad, 1985 wels momxdari teroristuli SemTxvevebis raodenoba<br />

3000­s aWarbebs, SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis maCvenebeli ki oTxjer dabalia.<br />

12<br />

asea Tu ise, terorizmi gasuli saukunis 60­iani wlebis Semdeg Zlier ganviTarda<br />

da dRemde realur safrTxes warmoadgens. 2001 wels SeerTebuli<br />

StatebisTvis is upirveles safrTxed iqca. manamde ki terorizmi bevrad aqtualur<br />

problema iyo dasavleT evropis, samxreT amerikisa da aziis qveynebisTvis<br />

(sqema 15­2). (sakvirvelia, magram 1990­iani wlebis bolos terorizmi<br />

axlo aRmosavleTSi bevrad iSviaTi movlena iyo, vidre msoflios sxva<br />

regionebSi, CrdiloeT amerikis garda).<br />

terorizmis logika<br />

xSirad teroristuli aqtebis mizani SiSis da gaurkvevlobis atmosferos<br />

Seqmnaa, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobas moqmedi mTavrobis mimarT ndoba ek­

524 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

argeba da mas mxars aRar uWers. teroristebi Zaladobas fsiqologiur iara­<br />

Rad iyeneben.<br />

teroristebi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian status kvos: isini cvlilebebis<br />

an qaosis, rogorc TviTmizanis an rogorc sasurveli cvlilebis<br />

winapirobis miRwevas cdiloben. teroristebi arsebul viTarebas dauSveblad<br />

miiCneven da dakarguli aqvT imedi, rom maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebebi<br />

protestis gamo x a tvis mSvidobiani meTodebis an <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebebis<br />

Sedegad moxdeba. xSirad teroristebis mizani imdenad revoluciis moxdena<br />

ar aris, ramdenadac mTavrobis mxridan represiuli qmedebebis provocire­<br />

sqema 15-2. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo raodenoba regionebis<br />

mixedviT, 1995­2000<br />

wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi,<br />

`globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.<br />

htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.<br />

saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo<br />

raodenoba regionebis mixedviT, 1995­2000

terorizmi<br />

525<br />

ba, ris Sedegadac mTavroba susti da ususuri Cans. amgvarad, maTi azriT,<br />

safuZveli eyreba momaval revolucias.<br />

terorizmi xSirad ara yvelaze usamarTlo, aramed yvelaze susti xelisuflebis<br />

mqone qveynebSi gvxvdeba. terorizmis erT­erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:<br />

`Cvens droSi terorizmisgan yvelaze daculi sazogadoebebi swored isinia,<br />

sadac politikaSi Cartulobis done dabalia da usamarTlobis done _ maRali~.<br />

13 SegviZ lia davamatoT, rom teroristuli Tavdasxmebis yvelaze xSiri<br />

obieqtebi is sazogadoebebia, romlebSic politikaSi monawileobis done<br />

maRalia, usamarTlobisa ki _ dabali. SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianebuli<br />

samefo samxedro da ekonomikuri standartebiT sustebi namdvilad ar<br />

arian, magram terorizmi orive am qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemaa.<br />

teroristuli taqtika<br />

terorizms xSirad uwodeben sustebis iaraRs ZlierTa winaaRmdeg. teroristuli<br />

aqtebis ganxorcieleba im individebisTvis da patara dajgufebebisTvisaa<br />

damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic resursebis naklebobas ganicdian.<br />

maTi samizneebi, rogorc wesi, daucvelia. terorizms didi fuli ar sWirdeba,<br />

is SeiZleba iseT qmedebebs efuZnebodes, romlebic Cveulebriv dana­<br />

SaulTan asocirdeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZarcvasTan).<br />

teroristTa iaraRi xSirad iaffasiani da TviTnakeTia (magaliTad, patara<br />

zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da dinamiti), magram, rogorc viciT, isini<br />

zogjer Zalian masStaburi da daxvewilicaa (magaliTad, samgzavro TviTmfrinavebi,<br />

romlebsac samiznis gasanadgureblad iyeneben an cimbiruli<br />

wylulis (jilexis) sasikvdilo virusi). teroristuli meTodebi ukve sakmaod<br />

nacnobi gaxda. rkinigzis xalxmraval sadgurebze bombis damontaJeba,<br />

mdidari biznesmenebis gataceba da samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba<br />

sakvirvel an Tundac uCveulo movlenebad ukve aRar migvaCnia.<br />

teraqtebis obieqti, Cveulebriv, mSvidobiani mosaxleobaa, magram<br />

zogjer maTi samizne msoflio liderebic xdebian. teroristul dajgufebebs<br />

bralad edebaT mravali adamianis mkvleloba. maT Sorisaa italiis yofili<br />

premier­ministri aldo moro (1978), dedofal elisabedis biZaSvili,<br />

erl mauntbateni (1979), egviptis prezidenti anvar sadaTi (1981), indoeTis<br />

premier­ministri indira gandi (1984) da misi Svili, yofili premier­ministri<br />

rajiv gandi (1991). teroristebma aseve scades romis papis ioane pavle IIis<br />

(1981), britaneTis yofili premier­ministris, margaret tetCerisa (1984)<br />

da misi Semcvlelis, jon meijoris (1991) mokvla. SesaZloa (Tumca dazustebuli<br />

ar aris), 11 seqtembris teraqtis erT­erTi obieqti TeTri saxlic yofiliyo.<br />

Tu asea, teroristebs, albaT, SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis<br />

mokvlis imedic hqondaT.<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba teroristul meTodebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris<br />

kargad Cans brazilieli teroristis, karlos marigelas civ da saSiS<br />

nawarmoeb Si `saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli partizanuli omebisaTvis~, romelic<br />

48 gverdSi aswavlis moyvarul teroristebsa da revolucionerebs

526 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

xidebis afeTqebis, gatacebisa da bankebis gaZarcvis saSualebiT fulis Sovnasa<br />

da mtrebis `fizikur likvidacias~. wignSi uamravi `rCevaa~, magaliTad,<br />

manqanis, TviTmfrinavisa da gemis marTvis swavla; meqanikuri da radiogadamcemi<br />

mowyobilobebis teqnikis daufleba; fizikuri formis SenarCuneba;<br />

fotografiisa da qimiis Seswavla; `kaligrafiis srulyofili codnis~ SeZena;<br />

farmakologiis, pirveladi daxmarebisa an medicinis Seswavla. wigni aseve<br />

xazs usvams, rom saWiroa pirvelma daartya da amasTan, sworad daumizno.<br />

ZiriTadaT, teroristebi <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis yvela sxva formasTan<br />

SedarebiT upiratesobas Zaladobas aniWeben. metic, iseTi revolucionerebi,<br />

rogoric marigelaa, Zaladobas miiCneven ara aucilebel sisastiked,<br />

aramed gaTavisuflebisa da Semoqmedebis pozitiur formad. 14 marigelas<br />

azriT, terorizmi maSin aris warmatebuli, roca strategia da taqtika er­<br />

Tiandeba:<br />

`mTavrobas represiis gaZlierebis garda sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia.<br />

policiis patrulireba, saxlebis gaCxreka, udanaSaulo adamianebis<br />

dapatimreba qalaqSi cxovrebas autanels xdis. mTavroba warmoCndeba,<br />

rogorc usamarTlo, problemis gadaWris unaris armqone... <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

situacia samxedro situaciad gardaiqmneba, roca Zalovanebi sul<br />

ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs da iyeneben Zaladobas... pacifistebi<br />

da memarjvene oportunistebi... erTiandebian, da jalaTebs arCevnebs<br />

sTxoven.~ 15<br />

urbanuli (saqalaqo) partizanuli omebis momxreebi uaryofen egreT<br />

wodebul `politikur gamosavals~ da ufro metad emxrobian agresiasa da<br />

Zaladobas, mimarTaven sabotaJs, terorizms, eqspropriacias, Tavdasxmebs,<br />

gatacebebsa da mkvlelobebs, amZafreben problemebs, romelsac mTavroba<br />

unda gaumklavdes. 16<br />

urbanuli partizanuli jgufi, saxelad `tupamarosi,~ 1963­1972 wlebSi<br />

urugvais aterorebda mTavrobis gadagdebis mizniT. `tupamarosi~ marigelas<br />

revoluciuri principebis xorcSesxma iyo da STagonebis wyarod iqca<br />

mTeli msoflios teroristebisa da eqtremistebistebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom `tupamarosis~ safrTxes urugvaiSi mxolod mas Semdeg moeRo bolo,<br />

rac misi wevrebis umravlesoba mTavrobis masStaburi operaciis Sedegad<br />

daixoca. dRes urugvai mSvidobiani, demokratiuli qveyanaa.<br />

teroristuli aqtebi da omi<br />

al qaidas moqmedebas, roca misma mebrZolebma 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers<br />

gaitaces oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi, sami maTgani warmatebiT Seajaxes<br />

xalxiT savse Senobebs _ mxolod gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT Tu vuwodebT<br />

saomar moqmedebas. isini am dros teroristul aqts axorcielebdnen. rodesac<br />

1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma saomari TviTmfrinavebi<br />

perl harborTan amerikul samxedro gemebs Seajaxes, es, upirveles

terorizmi<br />

527<br />

yovlisa, saomari moq medeba iyo da mxolod SemTxveviT _ teroristuli<br />

aqti, Tu saerTod SeiZleba mas teroristuli aqti ewodos. iaponelTa moulodneli<br />

Tavdasxma zustad iqna Sesrulebuli: erTi xelis mosmiT maT Ca­<br />

Zires aSS­is wynari okeanis flotis saomar gemTa didi nawili. omis JargoniT,<br />

es Tavdasxma winmswrebi dartymis klasikuri magaliTia. rac ar unda<br />

saSineli da veraguli yofiliyo amerikelTaTvis im dros es operacia, is Zalian<br />

warmatebuli iyo, rogorc strategiuli movlena (cxadia, mTliani omis<br />

perspeqtivaSi, is gansxvavebul aspeqts iZens: man moaxerxa amerikeli xalxis<br />

gamowveva ise, rogorc sxva veraferi SeZlebda amas da mwvane Suqi aunTo<br />

prezident ruzvelts, raTa daesva sakiTxi kongresSi iaponiisa da germaniisaTvis<br />

omis gamocxadebis Taobaze).<br />

am or movlenas _ 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebsa da perl harbors _ xSirad<br />

erTmaneTs adareben, magram isini, cxadia, gansxvavebul kategoriebs ganekuTvnebian.<br />

perl harbori iyo Sedegi im gadawyvetilebisa, romelic miiRes<br />

aSS­sTan im dros diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mqone saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebma<br />

da umaRlesma samxedro pirebma: amas, yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, Sei­<br />

Zleba saomari moqmedeba vuwodoT. metic, dartyma mimarTuli iyo samxedro<br />

samizneebze _ iaponel pilotebs SeeZloT samoqalaqo samizneebisaTvisac<br />

daertyaT havais kunZulebze, magram isini ase ar moqceulan. da bolos, es<br />

Tavdasxmebi ar ganxorcielebula imisaTvis, rom destabilizacia gamoewvia<br />

da daemxo aSS­is an nebismieri sxva qveynis xelisufleba. misi mizani iyo gaenadgurebina<br />

aSS­is sazRvao Zalebi wynar okeaneSi da amiT Tavidan aecilebina<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Careva iaponiis gegmebSi aziis imperialisturi<br />

gadanawilebis Taobaze.<br />

11 seqtembris Tavdasxma am sam arguments mwvaved upirispirdeba. is ar<br />

iyo SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos mier (Tumca, avRaneTma<br />

TavSesafari misca al qaidas qselis wamyvan liderebsa da mis bevr mebrZols).<br />

teraqti, ZiriTadad, mimarTuli iyo samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg. es Tavdasxma<br />

miznad isaxavda aSS­is sisustis gamoaSkaravebas, misi mTavrobis Sercxvenas,<br />

amerikis ekonomikuri ZalisTvis Ziris gamoTxrasa da pentagonis<br />

imijis dakninebas rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT. amasTan, es<br />

Tavdasxmebi ganxorcielda osama bin ladenis radikaluri islamizmis mxardasaWerad,<br />

raTa maT sabolood daemxoT e.w. `moRalate~ mTavrobebi arabul<br />

samyaroSi (maT Soris bin ladenis samSobloSi _ saudis arabeTSi).<br />

teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

msoflioSi 600­ze meti teroristuli dajgufeba arsebobs. 17 rogorc<br />

wesi, isini mcirericxovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi 100ze<br />

met wevrs iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime aTeulze naklebs<br />

iTvlis. yvelaze cnobil teroristul dajgufebTagan bevri axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />

gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur fundamentalizmTan (abu nidalis<br />

organizacia, al qaida, islamuri jihadi, hezbola (RvTis partia) da<br />

hamasi). radganac es dajgufebebi eTnikurad da politikurad homogenuria

528 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

_ zogjer misi wevrebi erTmaneTis axlo megobrebi da naTesavebic ki arian<br />

_ uaRresad Znelia am teroristul qselebSi SeRweva da maTi kontroli.<br />

xSirad amisaTvis dazvervis saukeTeso samsaxurebi erTad muSaoben.<br />

2001 wlis dekemberSi, bin ladenis videoCanaweris gavrcelebis Semdeg,<br />

msofliom Seityo, rom al qaida moqmedebs ,,icode, rac saWiroas~ principiT,<br />

mkacrad icavs da anawevrebs informacias organizaciis SigniT ierarqiebs<br />

Sorisac ki. es Zalian waagavs oficialuri sadazvervo samsaxurebis<br />

praqtikas. kontrdazvervasTan amgvari msgavseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa<br />

teroristuli jgufebisa da qselebis warmatebisa da gadarCenisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT<br />

im pirobebSi, rodesac aSS­Si, evropaSi, arabul samyarosa da<br />

danarCen msoflioSi usafrTxoebis zomebi uaRresad gamkacrebulia.<br />

saudeli mdidari osama bin ladeni aSS­ze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli<br />

Setevebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. es Tavdasxma msoflio savaWro<br />

centris ganadgurebiT dasrulda.<br />

amis gaTvaliswinebiTac teroristuli dajgufebebis arsebobis xangrZlivoba<br />

xuTidan aT wlamde meryeobs. maTi liderebic ver inarCuneben<br />

Zalauflebas ramdenime welze met xans (Tumca, aqac arsebobs gamonaklisebi.<br />

abu nidali, burusiT moculi figura, 1980­ian wlebSi samogzauro gemis<br />

`aCile lauros~ gatacebisa da romisa da venis aeroportebze Tavdasxmebis<br />

iniciatori [abu nidali gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa 2002 wels, baRdadSi<br />

_ mTargmn. Sen.]. Aaseve, osama bin ladeni, al qaidas damfuZnebeli da pirveli<br />

figura). teroristuli jgufebi iSviaTad moqmedeben mudmivi adgilsamyofelidan.<br />

teroristebi SedarebiT mcire wvrTnas gadian, ar iyeneben rTul

terorizmi<br />

529<br />

iaraRs, aqvT xelsawyoebi, rogorsac Ceulebrivi qurdebi floben, zogierTi<br />

maTganis Sovna SeiZleba nebismier sabiTumo teqnikis maRaziaSi. cxadia, es<br />

daxasiaTeba ar miesadageba 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebis organizatorebs.<br />

terorizmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi<br />

1990­ian wlebis alJirSi Zneli iyo xazis gavleba islamur fundamentalizmsa<br />

da terorizms Soris an revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms Soris.<br />

alJiri yvelaze cxadad warmogvidgens im tendenciebs, romlebic arabul samyaroSi<br />

aRiniSneba, magaliTad egviptesa da saudis arabeTSi, sadac terorizmi<br />

iqca eqstremistuli dajgufebebis erTgvar taqtikad (isini iRvwodnen<br />

regionSi samoqalaqo xelisuflebebis dasamxobad).<br />

xangrZlivi revoluciuri brZolis Semdeg, 1962 wels, alJirma safrange­<br />

Tisgan damoukidebloba moipova. amis Semdeg qveyanas daaxloebiT 30 weli<br />

umetesad promarqsistuli samxedro pirebi marTavdnen, ris gamoc muslimuri<br />

fundamentalizmis ukmayofileba saxifaTod gaizarda. am mRelvarebisgan<br />

warmoiSva <strong>politikuri</strong> organizacia islamis gadarCenis fronti. mogvianebiT,<br />

1991 wels, rodesac alJirSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi<br />

Catarda, frontma pirvelsave turSi miaRwia warmatebas. Tumca, 1992 wels<br />

samxedroebma gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi da daniSnes axali prezidenti. am<br />

cinikurma aqtma frontis radikalizacia gamoiwvia da iatakqveSa organizaciis<br />

Seqmnisken ubiZga. metic, man daanawevra SeiaraRebuli islamisturi<br />

moZraoba da pirveloba yvelaze eqstremalur jihadur elementebs _ totaluri<br />

terorizmis momxreebs dauTmo. 1992 wlis bolos warmoiSva Seiara­<br />

Rebuli islamisturi dajgufeba rogorc mkvlelTa, sisxlismRvrelTa organizacia<br />

_ nak­lebad Zaladobrivi da ukompromiso gadarCenis frontis<br />

alternativa.<br />

policiaze, usafrTxoebis Zalebsa da samTavrobo pirebze islamisturi<br />

dajgufebebis pirvel TavdasxmebTan erTad, alJirSi teroristuli koSmari<br />

daiwyo. sul male teroristebma mizanSi sxva dajgufebebic amoiRes.<br />

1993­94 wlebSi aTobiT Tavdasxma ganxorcielda opoziciur dajgufebebze,<br />

ucxoelebze, inteligenciaze, Jurnalistebsa da ubralo moqalaqeebze.<br />

1995­dan 1998 wlamde teroristul aqtTa mxolod 25% iyo mimarTuli<br />

usafrTxoebis ZalTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, danar­<br />

Ceni 75% ki _ moqalaqeebze (ix. cxrili 15­3). skolebi da skolis personali<br />

Tavdamsxmelebis `sayvarel~ samizneTa Soris iyvnen.<br />

roca strategia Seicvala da teroristebis samizneSi moqalaqeebi moeqcnen,<br />

Seic vala ajanyebulTa taqtikac. 1996 wels ufro meti iyo afeTqeba,<br />

vidre mkvleloba, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samarTaldamcavebTan da<br />

organizebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (ix. cxrili 15­4). adre, ZiriTadad,<br />

samTavrobo Senobebsa da policiis ganyofilebebs afeTqebdnen. 1990iani<br />

wlebis Sua ricxvebidan gaxSirda bazrebis, kinoTeatrebis, restornebisa<br />

da skolebis afeTqebebi.<br />

alJiris islamuri moZraobis Sesaxeb axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis xelisuflebaTa<br />

cnobebis Tanaxmad:

530 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

Zaladobam sisastikis ukidures dones miaRwia masobriv sasaklaoTa<br />

seriebSi, romelic dawyo 1996 wlis bolos. 1996 wlis noembridan 1999<br />

wlis ivlisamde sul mcire 67 masobrivi mkvleloba moxda. maTi umetesoba<br />

1997 wels aRiniSna (41 Setakeba). am SetakebebSi monawi leobdnen<br />

avtomatebiT, yumbarebiT, danebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebuli samxedro<br />

aqtivistebi. isini Tavs esxmodnen soflebs RamiT, raTa amoexocaT<br />

macxovreblebi. xSirad maT Cexavdnen da yels Radidnen. daucveli<br />

iyo sakontrolo­gamSvebi punqtebi, samxedro aqtivistebi gegmavdnen<br />

specialuri samizneebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebis an maRali<br />

samxedro Cinis mqone pirebis likvidacias. 18<br />

cxrili 15.3<br />

alJireli islamisti aqtivistebis samizneebi 1992-dan 1998 wlamde*<br />

weli policia<br />

1992<br />

1993<br />

1994<br />

1995<br />

1996<br />

1997<br />

1998<br />

sul<br />

da<br />

samarTal-<br />

damcavebi<br />

28<br />

43<br />

25<br />

31<br />

18<br />

19<br />

7<br />

171<br />

samTav-<br />

robo<br />

pirebi<br />

1<br />

26<br />

18<br />

17<br />

8<br />

5<br />

0<br />

75<br />

opozi ci-<br />

uri <br />

dajgu-<br />

febebi<br />

0<br />

1<br />

12<br />

11<br />

3<br />

3<br />

0<br />

30<br />

ucxoe-<br />

lebi<br />

inteli-<br />

gencia<br />

da Jurna-<br />

listebi<br />

moqala-<br />

qeebi<br />

* dadgenilia TiToeul kategoriaSi calkeuli Tavdasxmebis ricxvTa da ara msxverplTa<br />

mTliani raodenobis mixedviT.<br />

wyaroebi: monacemebi Segrovilia Middle East Journal da Middle East International­is<br />

qronologiis seqciebidan. aq mocemulia mxolod iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlebSic dadgenilia<br />

movlenis TariRi da adgilmdebareoba. bevri incidenti ar aris Setanili<br />

am cxrilSi, radgan isini ar uzrunvelyofen sakmaris informacias misi sandoobis<br />

dasamtkiceblad. imis miuxedavad, rom es procedura saTanadod ver afasebs alJirSi<br />

Zaladorbriv incidentebs, is sakmaod sandod asaxavs Zaladobis tendenciebs.<br />

alJiris mTavroba yovelive amas upirispirdeboda Zalismieri politikiT<br />

_ teroristTa adgilze likvidaciiT. mogvianebiT man dado <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

reformis piroba. 1996 wlis noemberSi umravlesobam aRiara mTavrobis mier<br />

mxadaWerili sakonstitucio cvlilebebi, romlebic xalxSic popularobiT<br />

sargeblobda. cvlilebebs alJirs SezRuduli demokratiisaken mihyavda.<br />

mTavrobam SeZlo Seemcirebina islamisturi radikaluri dajgufebebi, Sein­<br />

2<br />

10<br />

19<br />

10<br />

3<br />

0<br />

0<br />

44<br />

2<br />

7<br />

15<br />

27<br />

6<br />

0<br />

0<br />

57<br />

5<br />

1<br />

14<br />

37<br />

49<br />

98<br />

60<br />

264<br />

sul<br />

38<br />

88<br />

103<br />

133<br />

87<br />

125<br />

67<br />

641

terorizmi<br />

531<br />

arCuna Zalaufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da akrZala religiaze<br />

dafuZnebuli yvela saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> partia (amrigad, 1997 wlis ivlisis<br />

arCevnebis dros islamis gadarCenis frontsa da mis msgavs dajgufebebs<br />

ufleba ar hqondaT TavianTi kandidaturebi wamoeyenebinaT, SeeZloT mxolod<br />

mosaxleobisaTvis arCevnebis boikotisken mowodeba).<br />

frontma uaryo da gaakritika axali konstitucia da ganagrZo brZola<br />

reJimis winaaRmdeg 1997 wlis seqtembramde, rodesac misma SeiaraRebulma<br />

frTam, islamis gadarCenis armiam, cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxada. magram<br />

yvelaze sisxlian masobriv mkvlelobebSi ara gadarCenis armiis, aramed islamuri<br />

dajgufebis TavzexelaRebul banditTa da fanatikosTa jgufebi<br />

monawileobdnen. mTavrobis wevrebs surdaT teroristTa moZebna da likvidacia<br />

da ara maTTan molaparakeba. arci isini iyvnen kompromisis momxre.<br />

cxrili 15.4<br />

alJireli islamistebis meTodebi 1992-98 wlebis ajanyebis dros*<br />

weli mSvidobiani<br />

1992<br />

1993<br />

1994<br />

1995<br />

1996<br />

1997<br />

1998<br />

sul<br />

demosnt-<br />

racia<br />

5<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

5<br />

Zaladobrivi<br />

Setakeba<br />

15<br />

19<br />

16<br />

8<br />

9<br />

10<br />

11<br />

88<br />

afeTqeba<br />

da<br />

sabotaJi<br />

mkvleloba da<br />

SeiaraRebuli<br />

Setakeba<br />

* monacemebi Segrovilia imave gziT, rogorc 15­3 cxrilis monacemebi<br />

1999 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma yinuli gaalRo. mTavrobam gaaTavisufla<br />

ramdenime politpatimari da mxari dauWira samoqalaqo Serigebis/<br />

mSvidobis aRdgenis kanons. amiT, amnistia vrceldeboda ajanyebulebze,<br />

romlebsac ar miuRiaT monawileoba sisatikeSi, vandalur aqtebSi. gadar­<br />

Cenis armiamac isargebla amnistiiT da 1999 wels daiwyo Tavisi samxedro<br />

aqtivistebis demobilizacia saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS. aTasobiT<br />

aqtivistma isargebla reJimis mier miniWebuli amnistiiT. 2000 wlis dasawyisidan<br />

islamisturi dajgufebis aqtivistebmac daiwyes cecxlis Sewyvetis gamocxadeba.<br />

amis miuxedavad, alJirSi masobrivi Jletis kidev ramdenime faqti<br />

10<br />

4<br />

10<br />

43<br />

42<br />

34<br />

22<br />

165<br />

14<br />

62<br />

73<br />

68<br />

25<br />

63<br />

46<br />

351<br />

sul<br />

44<br />

85<br />

99<br />

119<br />

76<br />

107<br />

79<br />

609

532 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

dafiqsirda, Tumca ufro iSviaTad, vidre sisxlian _1994­1998 wlebSi.<br />

mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi alJiri itanjeboda seriozuli ekonomikuri<br />

da socialuri problemebiT. gazisa da navTobis didi maragis miuxedavad,<br />

alJirSi adamianebi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovroben. umuSevroba 25%­s<br />

aRwevs. 1997 wels mosaxleobis naxevarze meti 20 welze axalgazrda iyo (es<br />

mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac umuSevroba yvelaze mtkivneulad axalgazrdobas<br />

awveba tvirTad. amas SeuZlia nawilobriv axsnas, ratom aris<br />

amdeni teroristi da revolucioneri axalgazrda). Mmetic, saxezea mougvarebeli<br />

eTnikuri dayofa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia berberebi, romlebic<br />

umciresobas warmoadgenen da Tavs gaucxoe bulad da daCagrulad grZnoben.<br />

es grZnoba ufro intensiuri gaxda, mas mere, rac alJirma arabuli<br />

oficialur enad gamoacxada, riTac gaaRiziana berberulad da frangulad<br />

molaparakeni. am problemebis ignorireba grZeldeba, radgan reJimi yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs mxolod militaristi islamistebisgan Seqmnil safrTxeze,<br />

romlebic cdiloben alJiri Teokratiul saxelmwifod gardaqmnan.<br />

vin arian teroristebi?<br />

normalur qveynebSi wynarad mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis Znelia 1990­ian<br />

wlebSi alJirSi ganviTarebul saSinelebaTa gageba. vin arian am teroristuli<br />

aqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi? saidan modian isini? riT gansxvavdebian<br />

tero ristebi Cveulebrivi kriminalebisgan, partizanebisa an revolucionerebisgan?<br />

ra aiZulebs adamianebs, mimarTon terors?<br />

teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi,<br />

partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi?<br />

ra aris terorizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli? terorizmi da fanatizmi<br />

erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa asocirebuli. magram rogor SeiZleba am saxis fanatizmis<br />

gageba? aSS­is sagareo politika terorizms epyroba, rogorc<br />

politikur fenomens, teroristebs ki <strong>politikuri</strong> saqmianobisaTvis Ziris<br />

gamomTxrel adamia nebad Tvlis. es midgoma xazs usvams mTlianad terorizmis<br />

aralegalurobas da mxars uWers masTan brZolas swrafi dasjiTa da Sesaferisi<br />

sifrTxiliT. am midgomis kritikosebi (maT Soris evropisa da natos<br />

wevri ramdenime qveyana) te rorizms, upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebriv<br />

problemad miiCneven. imis miuxedavad, rom es qveynebi ar arian teroristTa<br />

dasjis winaaRmdegni (da amas Tavadac akeTeben), isini, rogorc wesi, TanaugrZnoben<br />

socialur fenebs da eTnikur erTobebs, romelTa warmomadgenlobasac<br />

iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT, tero rizmi gaqreba mxolod maSin,<br />

roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba.<br />

aSS da israeli filosofiuri wyalgamyofis erT mxares arian, evropa<br />

_ meore mxares. arabuli samyaro gayofilia: islamuri fundamentalizmi<br />

anaTemaa egviptisaTvis, alJirisa da iordaniisaTvis, magram aRiarebulia

terorizmi<br />

533<br />

sudanSi. saudis arabeTis mdgomareoba ambivalenturia, is ufrTxis islamur<br />

fundamentalizms da amavdroulad amayobs Tavisi roliT, rogorc islamis<br />

dabadebis adgili da rwmenis damcveli. iqac ki, sadac xelisufleba aviwroebs<br />

islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri adamiani saidumlod keTilganwyobilia<br />

maT mimarT. palestinaSi keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis mimarT,<br />

rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da faqtobrivad, aSkarac. bevri arabi<br />

aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul sam yaroSi adamianebi aRtacebulni arian osama<br />

bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis Tanaxmad, bevr qveyanaSi osama yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil vaJebSi.<br />

dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian, Tumca<br />

araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ Cveulebrivi kriminalebi. mkvleloba, motaceba,<br />

bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis gataceba sazizRari danaSaulia, imis<br />

miuxedavad, vin da ratom ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, Tu<br />

maTi motivi <strong>politikuri</strong>a. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ midian,<br />

udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daSinebulia.<br />

magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa daSineba da cxadia, arc<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa, mkvlelebi arian<br />

da mxolod SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro teroristebi TanamSromloben<br />

kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeneben maT taqtikas, magram aseTi<br />

SemTxvevebi SedarebiT iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis saxelTanaa<br />

dakavSirebuli. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa<br />

kolumbia da peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan.<br />

orive maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisuflebas<br />

da daamarcxos (an gadaibiros) mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.<br />

Tu teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc Cveulebrivi<br />

partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian, rogorc<br />

xSirad Tavad irwmunebian xolme. partizanebi Seadgenen revoluciuri<br />

moZraobis an partiis SeiaraRebul frTas. maos wiTeli armia, albaT, amis<br />

yvelaze cnobili magaliTia. partizanuli Zalebi iTreven mTavrobas SeiaraRebul<br />

brZolaSi. aravis SeuZlia imis mtkiceba, rom partizanebs arasdros<br />

CaudeniaT sisastike moqalaqeebis mimarT (an is, rom uniformiani<br />

jariskacebi amas arasdros akeTeben), magram yvelaze mwvave Zaladoba mimar­<br />

Tulia saxelisuflebo da usafrTxoebis Zalebisken. amisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

teroristebi, pirvel rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs.<br />

es strategia dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze, raTa adamianebma ar<br />

iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmunon isini, rom xelisuflebas<br />

maTi dacva ar SeuZlia.<br />

yvela teroristi revolucioneria, Tumca, ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT. cxadia,<br />

meoce saukunis bevri revolucineri mimarTavda terors, Zalauflebis<br />

xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi koncentrirebulni<br />

arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze, xelovnurad<br />

(masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion <strong>politikuri</strong> da socialuri<br />

krizisi. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan ajanyebul­<br />

Ta partia, SeaRwion mTavrobaSi, policiasa da SeiaraRebul ZalebSi; profkavSirebis<br />

meSveobiT gaswion agitacia da propaganda axalgazrdaTa STagonebi­

534 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

sTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa da quCis demonastraciTa wamosawyebad.<br />

amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia.<br />

teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc taqtika, ise strategiaa. xSirad teroristebi<br />

frangi emil anris azrs iziareben. rodesac es adamiani kafeSi bombis<br />

SegdebisaTvis gaasamrTles 1894 wels, man Tqva: `udanaSaulo aravinaa~.<br />

teroristis identificireba<br />

erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, terorizms urbanuli siRaribe asazrdoebs.<br />

amrigad, Tanamedrove terorizmis Sesaxeb nebismierma Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />

misi socialuri konteqsti, maT Soris urbanuli problemebi,<br />

ojaxuri struqturis rRveva, axalgazrdaTa umuSevroba da gadaWedil,<br />

swrafi tempis da xSirad usaxur qalaqSi gaucxoebis faqtori. aseve, ra Tqma<br />

unda, gasaTva liswinebelia dasavluri Careva _ jer kolonializmi da axla<br />

globalizacia. adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon amas da<br />

Seeguon am stress, sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben. zogi danaSauls sCadis, sxvebi<br />

_ alkoholisa da narkotikebis miRebas iwyeben, mcire nawili teroristi<br />

xdeba. Tumca, yvela teroristi ar modis urbanuli garemodan da arc<br />

siRaribe awuxebs. zogi teroristi izrdeba urbanuli siRaribis centrSi,<br />

sxvebi ki ubralod, mis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian. magaliTad, osama bin ladeni<br />

daibada saudis arabeTis Zalze SeZlebul ojaxSi. metic, bevri teroristi<br />

ganaTlebuli da privilegirebuli warmoSobisaa. isini, ubralod, akvirdebian<br />

sastik usamarTlobas, romelic Tavad ar ganucdiaT. te roristTa umravlesoba<br />

mamrobiTi sqesis, martoxela da axalgazrdaa. 19<br />

terorizmi da sazogadoeba<br />

msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas mraval adamians protestis WeSmariti,<br />

samarTliani da Rrma gancda aqvs. Tu es protesti aRar iarsebebs, SesaZloa<br />

terorizmic gaqres. 20 magram aseve, arseboben sazogadoebebi, sadac individebsa<br />

da jgufebebs usamarTlod eqcevian, Tumca, amis miuxedavad, iq terorizmi<br />

ar gaCenila. ratom? dafiqrdiT amaze: totalitarul da (xSirad<br />

aseve)avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT terorizmis problema. 21<br />

xSirad terorizmisaken midrekili ufro susti saxelmwifoebia _ anu<br />

maT arastabiluri <strong>politikuri</strong> struqturebi (mTavroba, biurokratia, Tavdacvisa<br />

da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, partiuli sistema da a.S) da danawevrebuli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> kultura aqvT. sustma saxelmwifom SeiZleba miiRos arapopularuli<br />

da aralegitimuri avtoritaruli saxelmwifos forma an susti<br />

da ganukiTxavi demokratiis saxe. 22 Tuki yvela saxis susti xelisufleba<br />

garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia terorizmis SemTxvevebTan, isic unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom demokratiuli qveynebi Tavisi bunebiT metad mgrZnobiareni<br />

(mowyvladebi) arian terorizmis mimarT da maTTvis miuRebelia mkacri kontrteroristuli<br />

programebi (ix. sqema 15­3). modiT, vnaxoT ratom.

axalgazrda rekrutebi<br />

terorizmi<br />

535<br />

Siiti TviTmkvleli qali, romelic 1985 wels Tavisi danaRmuli manqaniT<br />

israelis armiis patruls Seejaxa samxreT libanSi, Teqvsmeti wlis iyo. iordaneli,<br />

romelmac 1984 wels romSi arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebis diplomatis<br />

mokvla scada, 22 wlisa iyo. samgzavro gemis `aCile lauros~ oTxi<br />

gamtaceblidan ufrosi 23, xolo umcrosi _ 19 wlisa iyo. gamokvlevebis<br />

Sedegebis Tanaxmad, teroristebis saSualo asaki 22,5 welia.<br />

2<br />

regionis mixedviT movlenis tipis<br />

mixedviT<br />

4<br />

6<br />

7<br />

9<br />

172<br />

1<br />

2<br />

3<br />

4<br />

11<br />

Tavdasxmis samiznes<br />

mixedviT<br />

axlo aRmosavleTi 2 dabombva 1 mTavroba 2<br />

evrazia 4 cecxlis wakideba 2 diplomatebi 3<br />

afrika 6 sxva 3 samxedroebi 8<br />

das. evropa 7 SeiaraRebuli Seteva 4 sxvebi 17<br />

azia 9 gataceba 11 biznesi 178<br />

laT. amerika 172 danaRmva 179<br />

2<br />

3<br />

8<br />

17<br />

179 178<br />

sqema 15-3. antiamerikuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi, 2000<br />

wyaroebi: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis sakoordinato ofisi,<br />

Pattern of Global Terrorism, 2000. Online at www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2461.<br />

html, 14 maisi, 2002.<br />

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi daapatimres Tormeti da ToTxmeti wlis teroristebi.<br />

arabul da iranul dajgufebebSi ahyavT ToTxmeti­TxuTmeti wlis<br />

bavSvebi xSirad Zalze saxifaTo misiebisaTvisac. 23 germanelma fsiqologma,<br />

romelic gaesaubra `wiTeli armiis fraqciis~ dajgufebis dakavebul wevrebs,<br />

`gardatexis asakis krizisis~ elementebi aRmoaCina [irlandiis respublikuri<br />

armiis ganayofi _ mTargmn. Sen.] irlandiis droebiTi respublikis<br />

armiis eqsperti akvirdeboda `teroristul tradiciebs~ zog qveynebSi,<br />

sadac `ojaxebi STaunergaven Svilebs, rom [terorizmi] aris maTi uflebebisaTvis<br />

brZolis gza.~ 24<br />

erik hoferi Tavis naSromSi mimoixilavs zogierTi axalgazrdis fanatizmisadmi<br />

midrekilebas. is aTavsebs aseT axalgazrdebs e.w. `Seufereblebis~ kategoriaSi,<br />

romelsac Semdeg yofs droebiTad da mudmivad. hoferi wers:

536 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

am kategoriaSi mozardebi, umuSevari kolejdamTavrebulebi, veteranebi,<br />

axali imigrantebi da misTanani Sedian. isini ukmayofiloni da<br />

aRelvebulebi arian SiSiT, rom maTi saukeTeso wlebi gaileva manam,<br />

sanam mizans miaRweven. 25<br />

amavdroulad, hoferi mainc fiqrobda: miuxedavad imisa, rom isini `advilad<br />

eqcevian gavlenis qveS, maTi bolomde gadabireba yovelTvis mainc<br />

ver xer xdeba~.<br />

terorizmis fsiqologia<br />

terorizmis fsiqologiis erTi eqspertis azriT, `mizezis mqone teroristebi~<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian. 26 vin arian es meamboxeebi?<br />

vin axdens maT motivirebas? araa gasakviri, rom teroristul<br />

dajgufebaTa wevrebis yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi asocirebulia<br />

mozardobasTan. es Strixebia: 27<br />

• zedmeti gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur sa kiTxebs<br />

Sav­TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad cxovroben<br />

`fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT mizans mxars<br />

uWeren.<br />

• imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba usamarTloa,<br />

mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini. maT ar surT daelodon<br />

an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom raRacis misaRebad<br />

morideba ar aris saWiro.<br />

• riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis gamo saTavgadasavlo<br />

situaciebs eZebs xolme.<br />

• TviTkmayofileba. teroristebi amJRavneben Tavdajerebulobas, dogmatizmsa<br />

da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mimarT.<br />

• utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe dedamiwaze, axlos,<br />

horizonts miRmaa da erTaderTi, rac mas eRobeba, aris arsebuli<br />

binZuri da mCagvreli wesrigi.<br />

• sazogadoebrivi izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi Zalian<br />

martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli Sei­<br />

Zleba erTaderTi `ojaxi~ iyos.<br />

• TviTrealizaciis saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs saWiroeba _ Tavi<br />

mniSvnelovnad igrZnon, survili _ Tavisi anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis<br />

pirvel furcelze.<br />

• sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi, nacnobebisa da<br />

naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil mZevalTa gancxadebebSi<br />

xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli maxasiaTebeli: zogi<br />

teroristi saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.<br />

teroristebi xSirad zedmetad amartiveben realobas. magaliTad, maT

terorizmi<br />

537<br />

SeiZleba dainaxon msxverpli, rogorc mxolod obieqti _ es Cveva aRmoCenilia<br />

nacist mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi. 28 msgavsi mosazreba<br />

aqvs pol r. makhius, jons hopkinsis universitetis samedicino skolis gamo­<br />

Cenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis, rom teroristebs aqvT `cxoveluri Jini~ erTgvari<br />

`idea fiqsi~. es idea aris `kulturis an sazogadoebis gaziarebuli<br />

azri, magram is pacientSi aRviZebs dominantur qcevebs, rom emsaxuros am<br />

ideas.~ 29 erTi saxis klinikuri aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris nervuli<br />

anoreqsia. doqtor makhius azriT, adolf hitleri (antisemiti), kari<br />

neiSeni (alkoholisagan TavSekaveba) da jon brauni (abolicionizmi, monebis<br />

gaTavisufleba) sami istoriuli figuraa, romelTac msgavsi idea fiqsebi<br />

hqondaT. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTebia unabomberi da jek kevorkiani<br />

(evTanazia). [am adamianebs miaCndaT, rom isini emsaxurebian ideas, romlisTvisac<br />

mizani yvela saSualebas amarTlebda ­ mTargmn. Sen.]<br />

maT, vinc ideebisTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad fanatikosebs uwodeben.<br />

hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb amaves amtkicebs: fanatizmi<br />

(usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba), iqneba is <strong>politikuri</strong> Tu religiuri, hoferis<br />

SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi TvalsazrisiT,<br />

fanatizmi siZulvils miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv ki<br />

siZulvili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT, gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad<br />

moazrovne fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi arsebobis<br />

azrs.<br />

sayuradReboa fanatikuri gonebrivi mdgomareobis hoferiseuli da xasiaTeba:<br />

fanatikosi mudam xifaTiani da arasrulfasovania. mas ar SeuZlia<br />

Tavdajerebuli iyos mxolod sakuTar Sinagan Zalebze da resursebze,<br />

sakuTar uaryofil `me~­ze dayrdnobiT. amitom is mTeli vnebiTa<br />

da TavdadebiT epotineba nebismieri saxis mxardaWeras, razec ki xeli<br />

miuwvdeba. misi dauokebeli erTguleba misi brma Tavdadebisa da religiurobis<br />

arsia. is amas yvela saxis Zalisa da Rirsebis wyarod aRiqvams.<br />

Tumca, misi mizanmimarTuli Tavdadeba sococxleze moWidebis<br />

saSualebaa misTvis, is advilad aRiqvams Tavs im miznis damcvelad da<br />

mxardamWerad, romelsac Tavad eWideba. is mzad aris sakuTari sicocxle<br />

gaswiros, raTa sakuTar Tavsac da sxvebsac aCvenos, rom swored<br />

es aris misi roli. is sakuTar sicocxles sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis<br />

dasamtkiceblad swiravs. 30<br />

ar aris aucilebeli, rom fanatikosebi keTilSobiluri miznebiT iyvnen<br />

motivirebulni. isini eWidebian mizans ara imitom, rom is samarTliani an wmindaa,<br />

aramed imitom, rom usazRvrod sWirdebaT raime xelCasaWidi. swored<br />

raime ideis erTgulebis es dauokebeli saWiroeba aqcevs mizans TviTmiznad.<br />

aqedan ki mcire nabiji rCeba jihadamde an teroristul kampaniamde. 31<br />

imis miuxedavad, rom ar aris aucilebeli terorizmi socialuri uTanasworobisa<br />

da usamarTlobis anarekli iyos, xSirad mainc asea xolme. magaliTad,

538 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

alJiris SemTxvevaSi, romelsac saerTaSoriso amnistiam (Amnesty International _<br />

adamianis uflebaTa damcveli saerTaSoris organizacia) 1990­iani wlebis bolos<br />

axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze Zaladobrivi qveyana uwoda, terorizmi iyo<br />

sapasuxo reaqcia samxedroebis mier 1992 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis ukanono<br />

gauqmebaze. magram mainc, roca saqme saqmeze midgeba, did gamocanad rCeba, rogor<br />

SeuZlia adamians Caidinos iseTi barbarosuli aqtebi, Tundac idealizmisa<br />

da religiurobis suliskveTebiT, romlebic arRvevs moralurobis yvelaze<br />

elementarul standartebsac ki.<br />

terorizmi da media<br />

teroristebi saxelis moxveWisken iswrafvian, cdiloben yuradRebis mipyrobas.<br />

ratom? imitom, rom mediaSi gaSuqeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dramatuli<br />

kadrebi, romlebsac televizia uCvenebs, msoflios yuradRebas miipyrobs,<br />

sazogadoebas gaacnobs teroristebisaTvis mniSvnelovan ideasa da mizans.<br />

es aramarto politikuradaa momgebiani, aramed amiT ucnobi da uintereso<br />

indivi debi Tavs mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. metic, CNN­sa da msoflios sxva<br />

wamyvan arx eb ze `praim taimi~ (saukeTeso saeTero dro televiziaSi) eTmoba<br />

teroristebisa da terorizmis problemis gaSuqebas. cxadia, yvelaze SemaZrwunebel,<br />

sensaciur teroristul aqtebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva<br />

mediaSi. eWvgareSia, rom msoflio savaWro centris fataluri afeTqeba<br />

istoriaSi yvelaze farTod da vrclad gaSuqebuli teroristuli aqtia.<br />

politikis bevri analitikosi, romelic Jurnalistikis sferos farglebs<br />

gareT moRvaweobs, terorizmis aseT mzard aRzevebas nawilobriv medias,<br />

kerZod ki televizias abralebs. cud axal ambavSi meti sensaciaa da,<br />

Sesabamisad, nilsenis maRal reitings (anu Tavis mxriv maRal sareklamo<br />

Semosavals) iZleva [Nielson rating _ mediaauditoriis kvlevis sistema, SemuSavebuli<br />

nilsen media riserCis mier _ mTargmn. Sen.]. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

terorizmi televiziisTvisaa `zedgamoWrili~.<br />

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mediisaTvis mxolod siaxlis Setyobineba<br />

ar aris sakmarisi. axali ambebis industriam unda gayidos informacia,<br />

mayurebelTa wili _ axali ambebis bazari, romelic irCevs satelevizio<br />

siaxleebs, gansazRvravs imas, ramdens gadauxdian kompaniebi TavianT<br />

sareklamo prodiuserebs. amrigad, axal ambebis prodiuserebs ar undaT xelidan<br />

gauSvan kargi istoria, maSinac ki, Tu es teroristTa sasargeblod<br />

gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.<br />

mediis dasacavad SegviZlia vTqvaT: SeuZlia vinmes amtkicos, rom udanaSaulo<br />

adamianebiT savse TviTmfrinavis gataceba ar aris gasaSuqeblad<br />

mniSvnelovani? media xom, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgebelia, miawodos adamianebs<br />

informacia da sad aris garantia, rom maSinac, Tu erTi telekompania<br />

gadawyvets ar gaaSuqos garkveuli teroristuli incidenti an mxolod mcire<br />

yuradReba miaqcios mas, sxvebic igives gaakeTeben? sabolood, saidumlo<br />

molaparakeba da cenzura erTaderTi `gamosavalia~, magram am SemTxvevaSi<br />

gamojanmrTelebis saSualeba daavadebaze uaresia. roca demokratiuli sax­

terorizmi<br />

539<br />

elmwifoebi ebmebian konstituciurad saeWvo saqmianobaSi teroristuli<br />

aqtebis sapasuxod, terorizmis ganmaxorcieleblebi imarjveben politikurad<br />

da moralurad. protestsa da demonstracias, romlebic SeiZleba cenzuram,<br />

satelefono saubrebis mosmenam da sxva msgavsma zomebma gamoiwvios,<br />

SeiZleba zogjer sazogadoebis destabilizacia mohyves.<br />

mediis TviTSekaveba mxolod mimzidveli gamosavalia. realurad Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

axali ambebis industria ar Seamcirebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

miwodebas, sanam sazogadoebrivi azri ar ganewyoba am gamoSvebebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. rogorc momxmareblebi, xSirad viRebT imas, rasac viTxovT da<br />

am TvalsazrisiT vimsaxurebT imas, rasac viRebT.<br />

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />

kiTxva, romelsac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian, mdgomareobs<br />

ara imaSi, rogor SeiZleba terorizmis Sekaveba, aramed rogor SeiZleba misi<br />

Sesusteba ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis gareSe. es kiTxva awuxebda aSS­sa<br />

da mis evropel mokavSireebs gviani 1960­iani wlebidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan<br />

da rusuli mafiis aRzevebasTan erTad, birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe<br />

SesamCnevad gaizarda. amiT xazi gaesva qmediTi xelisuflebebis saWiroebas<br />

msoflo terorizmTan dapirispirebisa da misi damarcxebis mizniT. 32<br />

Sida kanonmdebloba<br />

avtoritarul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi teroristebs swrafad<br />

da sastikad uswordebian. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mihyvebian kanons<br />

yovelTvis, roca es SesaZlebelia. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi bevrma<br />

demokratiulma qveyanam miiRo axali kanoni an Secvala Zveli, raTa ufro<br />

efeqtianad gamklaveboda teroristebsa da terorizms.<br />

amerikeli demokratebis erT­erTi midgomaa axali kanonmdeblobis miReba.<br />

magaliTad, aSS­Si sahaero mekobreoba (TviTmfrinavebis gataceba) federalur<br />

danaSauladaa aRiarebuli iseve, rogorc nebismieri Zaladobrivi<br />

aqtis Cadena TviTmfrinavis mgzavris mimarT aSS­is farglebSi da nebismieri<br />

amerikeli mgzavris mimarT sazRvargareT. savaWro centris da oklahoma sitis<br />

afeTqebis Semdeg, 1996 wlis aprilSi kongresma miiRo antiteroristuli<br />

da efeqtiani sasikvdilo ganaCenis aqti (Antiterorism and Effective Death Penalty<br />

Act) . am aqtma aRWurva federaluri aRmasrulebeli organoebi meti finansebiTa<br />

da axali meqanizmebiT terorizmTan sabrZolvelad, SeboWa imigracia<br />

da gaamartiva terorizmSi eWvmitanil ucxoelTa deportaciis procedura.<br />

2001 wels, seqtembris im sabediswero dRes, msoflio savaWro centrze<br />

meore dartymam gamoamJRavna yvela adre miRebuli kontrteroristuli zomis<br />

sruli araadekvaturoba aSS­Si. prezidentma jorj buSma swrafad Seqmna<br />

qveynis usafrTxoebis axali ofisi kontrterorizmis sferoSi momuSave yvela<br />

federaluri departamentisa da saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciisaT­

540 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

vis. prezidentma aseve gamosca orazrovani direqtiva terorizmSi eWvmitanilTaTvis<br />

samxedro tribunalis Seqmnis Taobaze:<br />

ganxiluli iyo SesaZlebloba sasamarTlo procesebis warmoebisa gemebze<br />

zRvaSi an aSS iseT samxedro nagebobebze, rogoricaa baza guantanamos<br />

yureSi, kuba. es procesebi unda yofiliyo swrafi da uaRresad<br />

gasaidumloebuli. . . .[da] informaciis gacema SeiZleba SezRuduli<br />

yofiliyo mSral faqtebamde, rogoricaa mopasuxis saxeli da ganaCeni.<br />

saoqmo Canawerebi SeiZleba sajaro sazogadoebisgan dafruli yofiliyo<br />

wlobiT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic ki. 33<br />

yvelaze didi cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba mTavrobis uflebamosilebas<br />

aSS­Si legalurad myof ucxolebze, 11 seqtembris Semdeg kongresis mier<br />

miRebul kanonSi aisaxa. am kanonis sruli saxelia: amerikis gaerTianeba da<br />

gaZliereba Sesaferisi meqanizmebis Seqmnis saSualebiT, raTa SeaCeron da ar<br />

dauSvan 2001 wlis msgavsi teroristuli aqti (Uniting and Strengthening America<br />

by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001). aSS­<br />

Si mas patriotis aqtis saxeliT icnoben. masSi ganxilulia cneba, vin unda<br />

moiazrebodes terorizmSi eWvmitanilad da aRWurvavs generalur prokurors<br />

uflebamosilebiT, daakavos arabebi da muslimebi, iseve rogorc sxva<br />

ucxoelebi. es kanoni aZlevs mTavrobas uflebas, aukrZalos aSS­Si Sesvla<br />

nebismier ucxoels, romelic sajarod amarTlebs terorizms an miekuTvneba<br />

romelime teroristul dajgufebas. kanoni afarToebs aseve `teroristuli<br />

saqmianobis~ gansazRvrebasac, masSi axla ukve nagulisxmebia nebismieri<br />

ucxoeli, romelic iyenebs `saSiS xelsawyos~ an agrovebs fuls teroristuli<br />

dajgufebisaTvis gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad. da bolos,<br />

kanoni saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, daakavos nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic<br />

generalur prokurors saxi faTod miaCnia.<br />

prezidentis brZanebebidan gamomdinare, antiteroristuli zomebi da<br />

axali kanoni federalur xelisuflebas, mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT,<br />

moqalaqeebis Tvalyuris devnebis uflebas da dakavebis saSualebas aZlevs<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebSi. gamokiTxvebma daadgina, rom<br />

amerikelTa didi umravlesoba am zomebs Sesaferisad miiCnevda da ar<br />

fiqrobda, rom isini riskis qveS ayenebda samoqalaqo uflebebs. mainc arsebobda<br />

umciresoba, rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene mxridan, romelic<br />

kategoriulad ar eTanxmeboda am zomebs. isini gamoxatavdnen SiSsa da SeSfoTebas<br />

imis mimarT, rac individualuri Tavisuflebebisa da konstituciuri<br />

garantiebis eroziad miaCndaT (gansakuTrebiT, uflebebis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio<br />

Sesworebis I, IV, V da VI muxlebTan mimarTebaSi).<br />

terorizmTan brZolis kidev erTi, axali midgoma dakanonda _ teroristuli<br />

organizaciebis wevrobis ukanonod gamocxadeba. gaerTianebul<br />

samefoSi teroristuli dajgufebebi ukanonoa, maT Sorisaa irlandiis respublikuri<br />

armia (IRA) da irlandiis erovnul­ganmaTavisuflebeli armia.<br />

saberZneTSic miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs teroristul dajgufebebs<br />

da maT wevrobas danaSaulad Tvlis. amasTan, safrangeTma, britaneTma

terorizmi<br />

541<br />

da SvedeTma SezRudes vizebis gacema ucxoeli nacionalistebis mier Cadenili<br />

teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. italiasa da SvedeTSi<br />

kanoniT policiisaTvis ufro ioli gaxda telefonebis mosmena da safosto<br />

gzavnilebis gaxsna `werili­bombebis~ aRmosaCenad. yovelTvis, roca demokratebi<br />

aseT zomebs mimarTavs, is gardauvlad wamoWris samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa<br />

sakiTxebs.<br />

TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris<br />

saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelsac<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia axorcielebda, aseve araefeqtiani aRmoCnda.<br />

igive SeiZleba iTqvas amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizaciisa (1971<br />

wels) da evrosabWos (1977 wels) mier ganxorcielebul regionul midgomebze.<br />

34 amisgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi ormxrivi molaparakeba mokavSire qveynebs<br />

an msgavsi interesebis mqone moqiSpe qveynebs Soris ufro warmatebuli<br />

gamodga terorizmTan brZolaSi. magaliTad, 1973 wlis molaparakebam aSS­sa<br />

da kubas Soris bolo mouRo amerikuli TviTmfrinavebis gatacebas havanaSi.<br />

kidev erTi magaliTia 1986 wlis molaparakeba aSS­sa da did britaneTs Soris,<br />

romlis mixedviTac maT gaafarToves eqstradiciis xelSekruleba da<br />

gamoricxes <strong>politikuri</strong> motiviT Cadenili seriozuli Zaladobrivi dana­<br />

Saulis CamdenTa Sewyaleba. 11 seqtembris teraqtebis Semdeg aSS­m moipova<br />

bevri qveynis, maT Soris pakistanisa da ruseTis mTavrobebis mxardaWera da<br />

aqtiuri TanamSromloba msoflio masStabiT antiteroristuli kampaniis<br />

warmoebaSi. amas gansakuTrebiT uWerdnen mxars natos wevri qveynebi, maTgan<br />

yvelaze aRsaniSnavia didi britaneTi imdroindeli premier­ministr toni<br />

bleris meTaurobiT.<br />

didi yuradReba daeTmo sadazvervo samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas da informaciis<br />

gacvlas, magram aman mxolod mcire warmateba moitana terorizm­<br />

Tan brZolaSi. interpoli policiis saerTaSoriso saagentoa, romlis Stabbina<br />

safrangeTSia. aseve, dasavleT evropaSi arsebobs organizacia, romelic<br />

drodadro axvedrebs erTmaneTs wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebsa<br />

da policiis uwyebaTa meTaurebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis gasacvlelad<br />

da gamoZiebis koordinirebisaTvis. am organizaciebma erTgvarad<br />

gaaioles teroristTa Sepyroba da zogjer xelic SeuSales teroristuli<br />

aqtebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, gamoZiebis federaluri biurosa da<br />

centraluri sadazvevrvo saagentos maRali rangis warmomadgenlebma iTanamSromles<br />

ruseTTan saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebsa da birTvuli<br />

iaraRis SesaZ lo kontrabandistebs Soris kavSiris gamosavlenad.<br />

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas SeuZlia miaRwios swraf warmatebas, roca<br />

misi mizani konkretul teroristul problemebTan brZolaa da mokavSire<br />

qveynebs Soris arsebobs urTierTgageba da koordinacia. misi dadebiTi Tu<br />

uaryofiTi mxareebi gamovlinda 1986 wlis aprilSi, roca prezidentma ronald<br />

reiganma gasca libiaze saraketo Setevis brZaneba. es qveyana saerTa­<br />

Soriso terorizmis Ria mxardamWerad miiCneoda. Tavdapirvelad britaneTi

542 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

momxre iyo aSS­is mier dartymis ganxorcielebisa. frangebs SeeSindaT teroristTa<br />

SuriZiebisa da uari uTxres britaneTis bazebidan afrenil aSS­is<br />

samxedro TviTmfrinavebs gadaekveTaT safrangeTis sahaero sivrce.<br />

aSS­is sadamsjelo sahaero dartyma warmatebuli gamodga da male gaCnda<br />

mravalmxrivi konsensusis niSnebic. 1986 wlis aprilSi evropis Tanamegobrobam<br />

xma misca libiaze ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas da 1986 wlis zafxulSi<br />

libiis moqalaqeebi gaaZeves britaneTidan, safrangeTidan, dasavleT<br />

germaniidan, italiidan, espaneTidan, daniidan, belgiidan, niderlandebidan<br />

da luqsemburgidan. mogvianebiT, loqerbis [Sotlandia] Tavze samgzavro<br />

TviTmfrinavebis afeTqebaSi dadanaSaulebuli libielebi daapatimres.<br />

isini haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos winaSe 2000 wels warsdgnen. imis<br />

miuxedavad, rom es loqerbis tragediidan didi xnis Semdeg moxda, cxadi<br />

gaxda, rom mTavrobaTSoris TanamSromlobas SeuZlia teroristebis dasjas<br />

Seuwyos xeli.<br />

unilateraluri zomebi<br />

zogi kontrteroristuli strategia elementaruli Cans, Tumca mxolod<br />

erTi SexedviT. magaliTad, bevr aeroportSi gamZafrda usafrTxoebis zomebi<br />

1985 wlis teroristuli sisxliani sasaklaoebis Semdeg, magram aSS­Si es<br />

saTanadod ar gakeTda 11 seqtembris teraqtamde. erT dResac, oTxi komerciuli<br />

TviTmfrinavi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaitaces aRmosavleT sanapiros<br />

sami sxvadasxva aeroportidan da, rogorc Cans, gamtaceblebma moaxeres<br />

TviTmfrinavebSi iaraRis Setanac.<br />

bevr xelisuflebas sjera, rom Sekaveba da angariSworeba terorizmTan<br />

brZo lis erTaderTi efeqtiani saSualebaa. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZola moiTxovs sul mcire teroristebTan molaparakebaze<br />

uaris Tqmas, gansakuTrebiT roca saqmeSi CarTuli arian mZevlebi an samoqalaqo<br />

samizneebze tavdasxma ar wydeba. sxvagvarad moqceva marcxisaTvis<br />

ganwiruli da borotebis dajildoebis tolfasi iqneboda, rac momavalSic<br />

waaxalisebda msgavs Tavdasxmebs.<br />

perus `ganaTebuli gza~ terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />

warmatebisaken<br />

Sendero Luminoso _ `ganaTebuli gza~ 1980 wels perus demokratiul qveynad<br />

gadaqcevasTan erTad gaCnda. Tavdapirvelad, agrarul safuZvelze<br />

Seqmnilma teroristulma organizaciam saarCevno yuTebi dawva da gasafrTxileblad<br />

mkvdari ZaRlebis dakidebiT gaiTqva saxeli, mogvianebiT<br />

ki yuradReba masobriv Zaladobas miapyro. Zaladoba zogjer regionul<br />

omSi gadaizrdeboda xolme sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis dabombvis,<br />

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa da ubralo moqalaqeTa<br />

mkvlelobebis CaTvliT. 1992 wlisaTvis 5 aTas wevriani Zlieri organiza­

terorizmi<br />

543<br />

ciis kiserze daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvleloba da 20 mlrd dolaris zarali<br />

iyo. organizaciis lideri qarizmatuli abimal guzmani saSualo klasis<br />

warmomadgeneli da yofili filosofiis maswavlebeli iyo. misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

`ganaTebuli gza~ mxars uWers da maoisturis msgavs ideologias.<br />

jgufis gamorCeuli niSani iyo yvela sxva samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo,<br />

samoqalaqo, reformistuli Tu radikaluri organizaciis mimarT mtroba.<br />

mis mtrebs Soris iyo ufro mcirericxovani, naklebad Zaladobrivi memarcxene<br />

teroristuli organizacia revoluciuri moZraoba tupak amaru,<br />

romelsac XX saukunis 80­iani wlebis mijnasa da 90­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

Zalze momgebian narkotikebis operaciebze kontrolis brZola mougo. tupak<br />

amaru gauCinarda <strong>politikuri</strong> scenidan, magram 1996 wlis dekemberSi<br />

kvlav gamoCnda, roca diplomatiuri miRebis dros misma partizanebma alya<br />

Semoartyes iaponiis elCis adgilsamyofels da mZevlad aiyvanes (bevri maTgani<br />

oTxi TviT) mravali maRalCinosani (isini gaaTavisufles mas Semdeg,<br />

rac uSiSroebis Zalebma teroristebis adgilsamyofeli SturmiT aiRes da<br />

partizanebi mokles).<br />

XX saukunis 80­ian wlebSi guzmansa da `ganaTebul gzas~ perus ramdenime<br />

susti demokratiuli xelisufleba daupirispirda. verc erTma ver SeZlo<br />

hiperinflaciis, maRali umuSevrobis, uzarmazari sagareo valis, farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli siRaribis, narkobaronebisa da xelisuflebis korufciis<br />

(terorizmze rom araferi vTqvaT) daTrgunva. 1992 wlis 5 aprils peruSi<br />

movlenebi radikalurad Seicvala. gadawyvita ra mkacri da mtkice moqmedebebis<br />

kursis aReba, prezidentma alberto fuximorim sruli Zalaufleba<br />

aiRo xelSi. man SeaCera konstituciis moqmedeba, daSala arCeuli kongresi<br />

da mniSvnelovnad SeaCera sasamarTlos muSaoba. fuximoris akritikebdnen<br />

samxedro moqmedebebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, eqvsi Tvis Semdeg guzmani<br />

cixeSi ijda. metic, 1993 wels politikur mkvlelobaTa raodenoba 50%­iT<br />

Semcirda da kleba momdevno welsac gagrZelda. warmatebuli iyo fuximoris<br />

ekonomikuri politikac: 7%­ianma zrdis tempma perus laTinuri amerikaSi<br />

Zlieri ekonomikis saxeli moutana. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda inflaciis<br />

done. [2000 wels fuximori avtoritarizmis da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis<br />

braldebiT gadaayenes _ mTargmn. Sen.]<br />

guzmanis daWeris Semdeg `ganaTebul gzas~ daSlis safrTxe emuqreboda,<br />

radgan misi aTasobiT wevri dapatimrebuli iyo. mogvianebiT, organizacia<br />

kvlav aRdga. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganaTebuli gzis~ wevrebis raodenoba<br />

sagrZnoblad Semcirda, xolo ideologia bundovani gaxda, organizacia<br />

arsebobas ganagrZobda oskar ramires durandis (guzmanis Zveli megobris)<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT. is kvlav axorcielebda misTvis Cveul Zaladobis aqtebs,<br />

Tumca ukve Semcirebuli masStabiT. organizacia kvlav Cafluli iyo narkotikebis<br />

aralegalur vaWrobaSi.<br />

rogori Canda momavali? perus ukiduresi ekonomikuri vardnis garda, savaraudoa,<br />

rom `ganaTebuli gza~ an teroristul organizaciad darCeba, an<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis sxvagvar safrTxed transformirdeba _ magaliTad, specializdeba<br />

organizebul danaSaulze (transformacia, romelic ukve ganicada<br />

ramdenime teroristulma dajgufebam kolumbiasa da braziliaSi).

544 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

kontrterorizmma imuSava iq, sadac mTavrobebma gamoamJRavnes neba da<br />

SesaZlebloba, mieRoT mtkice da prevenciuli (profilaqtikuri) samxedro<br />

kontrzomebi. 1976 wels israelis komandosebis mamacurma reidma ugandis<br />

entebes aeroportSi daamtkica, rom teroristebi ar arian daumarcxeblebi<br />

maSinac ki, roca maT mZevlebi hyavT. igive gaakeTes komandosebma 1996<br />

wlis dekemberSi, roca tupak amarus revoluciur moZraobas limaSi (peru)<br />

mZevlad hyavda ayvanili adamianebi iaponiis saelCoSi. mZevalTa daxsnis<br />

operaciebSi warmatebisaTvis saWiroa kargad gawvrTnili, swrafad moqmed<br />

komandosTa erTeulebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, germaniis GCG-9, romelmac<br />

gaaTavisufla lufthanzas gatacebul TviTmfrinavSi myofi mZevlebi mogadiSuSi,<br />

somaliSi 1977 wels. aRsaniSnavia aseve britanelTa SAS (Special Air<br />

Service) da aSS­s Delta Force. adgilobrivi policiis samsaxurebi ar arian teroristebTan<br />

gasamklavebad saTanadod aRWurvili da gawvrTnili:<br />

roca SAS­Tan erTad muSaob iseT arealSi, rogoricaa qalaqi armaSi<br />

[CrdiloeT irlandia], sul male acnobiereb, rom omis monawile xar<br />

da ara sapolicio operaciisa. Ramidan Ramemde irlandiis respublikuri<br />

armiis aqtivistTa danayofebi [mtris zurgSi aRweven] usafrTxo<br />

samxreTisaken da [gadaadgildebian] Tavisuflad iseTi adgilebisaken,<br />

romlebic TavianTTvis usafrTxo gaxades mkvlelobiT, wamebiT, motacebebiTa<br />

da sxva danaSaulebebiT. isini rTul iaraRs iyeneben, [maT<br />

Soris], msxvilkalibrian tyviamfrqvevebs, saraketo danadgarebs, fugasur<br />

naRmebsa da mravalnair asafeTqebel nivTierebebs. audiomeTvalyureobis<br />

meSveobiT Sen usmen maT Sexvedrebs, sadac gaicema sabotaJis<br />

mowyobis brZanebebi, romlebmac moqalaqeebi unda Seiwiros.<br />

samoqalaqo sapolicio procedurebs ar SeuZlia gaumklavdes am saxis<br />

safrTxes. Tu Sen daadgen jgufis adgilsamyofels, savaWro centrze<br />

organizebuli Tavdasxmis procesSi, sadac rZis bidonebi savsea asafeTqeblebiTa<br />

da lursmnebiT, masTan gasamklaveblad sabrZolo patruls<br />

agzavni da ar iZaxeb adgilobriv policiels. 35<br />

kontrterorizmi italiaSi: istoriuli warmatebuli SemTxveva<br />

XX saukunis 70­ian wlebis dasavleTSi italia teroris masStabebiT<br />

gamoirCeoda. ukiduresi memarcxene wiTeli brigadebi kapitalizmisa da xelisuflebis<br />

`simboloebs~ _ asobiT mosamarTles, mewarmes da politikoss<br />

itacebdnen da klavdnen. 1969­dan 1983 wlamde teroristuli Zaladobis 14<br />

aTasze meti aqti aRiricxa, 409 adamiani mokles, xolo 1366 daWres.<br />

1978 wels wiTelma brigadebma yofili premier­ministri da italiis<br />

erT­erTi wamyvani politikosi aldo moro gaitaces. igi mokles, roca xelisuflebam<br />

uari Tqva moros gamtaceblebTan molaparakebaze. sabolood<br />

teroristebi damarcxdnen. aRSfoTebuli sazogadoeba mkacr kontrteror­

terorizmi<br />

545<br />

istul brZolas iTxovda, ris Sedegadac wiTeli brigadebis wevrTa raodenoba<br />

mkveTrad Semcirda.<br />

rogor SeZlo es italiam? Tavdapirvelad policiam wiTeli brigadis<br />

teroristul dajgufebebSi SeaRwia da misi asobiT wevri daapatimra. Semdeg,<br />

sasjelis Semsubuqeba SesTavazes im monanie teroristebs, romlebic<br />

aqtivistebisa da sxva teroristebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb informacias<br />

gadascemdnen. Semdeg, policiam Tavisi Zalebi iseT SezRudul da SedarebiT<br />

advilad samarTav teroristuli samizneebze mimarTa, rogoricaa<br />

aeroportebi, portebi da sazRvrebi. sabolood, axalma kanonebma policias<br />

uflebamosileba gauzarda satelefono saubrebisa da sxva resursebis<br />

ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT.<br />

TanagrZnobis gareSe darCenili italiis teroristebi izolaciaSi moeqcnen<br />

da dRes qveynis stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgenen.<br />

Tumca, iseTi specialuri kontrteroristuli danayofebis arseboba,<br />

rogoric britaneTis SAS­ia, ar aris sakmarisi. xelisuflebas unda surdes<br />

maTi gamoyeneba. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, kontrteroristuli<br />

politikis mTavari mizania `aCvenos arsebuli sistemis Seucdomloba~. 36<br />

warumatebloba, rogoric iyo 1980 wlis aSS mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebina<br />

tyveebi iranidan, 1985 wels egviptis mcdeloba, daekavebina maltaSi gatacebuli<br />

TviTmfrinavi, xandaxan gardauvalia xolme da zogjer tragikuli<br />

SedegebiT mTavrdeba, magram kidev ufro tragikuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes<br />

Sedegebi maSin, Tu gadawyvetilebebi ar iqneba droulad miRebuli.<br />

sxva nabijebi, romelTa gadadgmac mTavrobas SeuZlia, moicavs SeiaraRebisa<br />

da feTqebadi nivTierebebis kontrols da albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

(marTalia, yvelaze Zneli) aris kargi Sida sadazvervo Zalebis<br />

ganviTareba. mxo lod teroristTa samalavebis, gadaadgilebisa da gegmebis<br />

Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebiTaa SesaZlebeli maTi Tavdasxmebis Tavidan<br />

acileba. teroristTa samizneebis dacva maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu winaswar<br />

gvecodineba rodis da sad apireben teroristebi dartymis miyenebas.<br />

cxadia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba da is konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic<br />

policia da sagamoZiebo samsaxurebi moqmedeben, dabrkolebaa nebismieri<br />

xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.<br />

moqalaqeebi ar arian miCveulni megobrebis, ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblebisa<br />

da TanamSromlebis TvalTvals. aseve, sadazvervo informaciis mogrovebas<br />

ramdenime saagento axorcielebs, nawilobrv imitom, rom ar moxdes erTerTi<br />

maTganisTvis zedmeti Zalauflebis miniWeba. aSS­Si, magaliTad, dazverva<br />

da kontrdazverva erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnulia, centraluri<br />

sadazvervo saagento CIA pasuxismgebelia ucxoeTSi dazvervaze da ekrZaleba<br />

aSS­is moqalaqeebis an dajgufebaTa winaaRmdeg Sida SpionaJis operaciebSi<br />

monawileobis miReba _ kontrdazverva gamoZiebis federaciuli<br />

biuro funqciaa. am biurokratiuli ufskrulis Semcirebis saWiroebam ganapiroba<br />

11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg prezident buSis gadawyvetileba,<br />

Seeqmna qveynis usafrTxoebis axali samsaxuri.

546 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

ra SeuZlia pirovnebas?<br />

moqalaqeebma da firmebma Tavadac mimarTes usafrTxoebis zomebs sakuTari<br />

Tavis dasacavad. 37 iseve, rogorc bevri mTavroba aZlierebda Tavis<br />

saelCoebisa da sxva sazRvargareTuli dawesebulebebis dacvas 1980­1990ian<br />

wlebSi, kerZo kompaniebic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolars xarjaven<br />

dacvis momsaxurebisaTvis aSS­Si da sxvagan. 38 dacvis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT<br />

gamoikveTa 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg. bevr moqalaqes ara<br />

aqvs imis saSualeba, rom piradi dacva daiqiraos. magram sazogadoebis sifrTxiles<br />

SeuZlia teroristebisaTvis saqmis sakmaod garTuleba. magali­<br />

Tad, israelSi, sadac terorizmis mudmivi safrTxea, oficialuri informaciiT<br />

sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi moTavsebuli naRmebis 80%­is<br />

gauvnebelyofa xerxdeba, radgan saeWvo obieqtebs adamianebi cnoben da<br />

maT Sesaxeb droulad acnobeben saWiro instanciebs. 39 aSS­Si usafrTxoebis<br />

eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom momavalSi terorizmisaTvis winaaRmdegobis<br />

gaweva didwilad iqneba damokidebuli rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise<br />

xelisuflebis sifxizleze. aseve, komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis pilotebi<br />

Tanxmdebian, rom Tu TviTmfrinavis gataceba Sewydeba, es moxdeba mgzavrTa<br />

mzadyofnis gamo, gauswordnen teroristebs da ara imitom, rom aviaci ­is<br />

usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi arian bortze.<br />

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?<br />

Tanamedrove terorizmi seriozuli problemaa da rogorc Cans, misi<br />

aRmofxvra mokle xanSi ver moxerxdeba. safrTxe, piriqiT, ufro izrdeba:<br />

birTvuli terorizmi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, ukve realuria.<br />

cxadia, rom ar arsebobs erTi da sruliad efeqtiani gamosavali terorizmis<br />

problemidan. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs teroristTa xelsayreli<br />

pirobebis SezRudvis an Semcirebis gzebi, agreTve dasjis, an ubralod,<br />

terorizmis aRmofxvris meTodebi sawyis etapze, sanam is dramatul zRvars<br />

miaRwevdes (rogorc es moxda italiaSi da ekvadorSi 1970­ian da 1980­ian<br />

wlebSi da alJirSi 1990­ian wlebSi).<br />

warmatebis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mniSvnelovani problema: erTma<br />

teroristmac ki SeiZleba uzarmazari ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. am arasrulyofil<br />

samyaroSi SeuZlebelia terorizmis srulad aRmofxvra, magram<br />

moTminebiT, uryeobiT, gambedaobiTa da sifrTxiliT SeiZleba misi SeCereba<br />

da Tavisuflebis dacva _ es aris uaxlesi warsulidan miRebuli erT­erTi<br />

gakveTili.<br />

daskvna<br />

terorizmi SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc status kvos Secvlaze mimarTuli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Zalisxmeva, romelic xorcieldeba moqalaqeTa dasaSineblad

terorizmi<br />

547<br />

Zaladobis gamoyenebiT. igi Tanamedrove samyaroSi yoveldRiuri movlenad<br />

iqca. misi uZvelesi fesvebi religiur konfliqtSia. Tanamedrove terorizmi<br />

1960­iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves.<br />

teroristebi iRvwian qaosisa da dabneulobis klimatis SeqmnisaTvis, im<br />

rwmeniT, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> arastabiluroba daaCqarebs xelisuflebis dacemas.<br />

isini qmnian mWidrod dakavSirebul, homogenur, mcire dajgufebebs.<br />

teroristebs SeuZliaT didi safrTxis winaSe daayenon <strong>politikuri</strong> da ekonomikuri<br />

problemebis mqone qveynebi. amis magaliTia muslimuri fundamentalizmi<br />

alJirSi.<br />

imis miuxedavad, rom teroristebi arRveven kanons, isini ar arian damnaSaveebi<br />

am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. isini arc partizanebi da Cveulebrivi<br />

revolucionerebi arian. yvela teroristi revolucioneria, magram<br />

yvela revolucioneri ar aris teroristi. teroristi iseTi saxis revolucioneria,<br />

romelic ar iRvwis <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad,<br />

misi upirvelesi mizania protesti gamoTqvas da SeebrZolos arsebuli<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigiT gamowveul usamarTlobas Zaladobrivi aqtebis saSualebiT.<br />

teroristebi, rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi, martoxela mamakacebi<br />

arian. maT aseve saerTo aqvT bevri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris<br />

fanatizmi da siZulvili.<br />

sust, avtoritarul mTavrobas da demokratias teroristebi did safrTxes<br />

uqmnian. demokratia da terorizmi erTmaneTis umowyalo mtrebi arian.<br />

demokratia damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis kompromisis survilze da<br />

sxva adamianebis mosazrebis pativiscemaze, teroristebi ki borotmoqmedebi<br />

arian, romlebic nebismier qmedebaze midian miznis misaRwevad. metic, Tavisi<br />

bunebiT demokratiuli qveynebi teroristuli TavdasxmebisaTvis Riaa.<br />

problema, romlis winaSec demokratiuli qveynebi aRmoCndebian xolme<br />

terorizmTan brZolaSi, garTulebulia imiT, rom erTdroulad SenarCunebul<br />

unda iqnes individualuri Tavisufleba da daculi iyos erovnuli<br />

usafrTxo eba. demokratiuli qveynebis mier miRebulma unirateralurma Tu<br />

TanamSromlobiTma zomebma dagvanaxa, rom SesaZlebelia terorizmis Sekaveba<br />

magram ara misi srulad aRmofxvra.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

terorizmi<br />

saxelmwifo terorizmi<br />

saerTaSoriso terorizmi<br />

saSinao terorizmi<br />

transnacionaluri<br />

terorizmi<br />

antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi<br />

nacionalistur­separatistuli<br />

terorizmi<br />

ideologiuri terorizmi<br />

kontrterorizmi

548 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

1. riT gansxvavdeba terorizmi Cveulebrivi danaSaulisgan? partizanuli<br />

omisgan?<br />

2. rogoria teroristebis tipuri taqtika da rogor aris dakavSirebuli<br />

erTmaneTTan maTi miznebi da saSualebebi?<br />

3. ra fsiqologiuri fesvebi aqvs terorizms da ra aris tipuri teroristis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi?<br />

4. ratom aris demokratia daucveli terorizmisgan? SeafaseT terorizmis<br />

safrTxe demokratiuli qveynebis mimarT.<br />

5. ra dabrkolebebi xvdeba kontrteroristul politikas?<br />

6. ra nabiji gadadga konstituciurma demokratiam terorizmisgan Tavis dasacavad?<br />

kidev risi [Tu saerTod ramis] gakeTeba SeiZleba?<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. Cindy Coombs. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ:<br />

Prentice-Hall, 1997), 1-2.<br />

2. `Nihilism and Terror~, New Republic, September 29, 1986, 11.<br />

3. aseve ix. Martha Crenshaw, `The Causes of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism:<br />

Characteristics, Causes, Controls, red. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (New York:<br />

St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 113.<br />

4. ori klasifikaciis sqema aris TanamimdevrobiT ganxiluli. isini ar<br />

amowuraven literaturaSi mocemul informacias. Tavdapirveli diskusia<br />

aq mihyveba keglis, romelic eyrdnoba edvard miqolusis `Trends in<br />

International Terrorism,~ in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World,<br />

red. Marius H. Livingston da sxvebi (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1978);<br />

ix. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., `Characteristics, Causes, and Controls of International<br />

Terrorism: An Introduction,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 5.<br />

5. iqve.<br />

6. gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias Soris sruliad qreba, roca momxreebi<br />

Riad misdeven politikur miznebs da religias TavianTi saSualebebis<br />

gasamarTleblad iyeneben. magaliTad, islamisti eqstremistebi xSirad<br />

mouwodeben xalxs jihadisken (wminda omisken) israelis winaaRmdeg da<br />

`jvarosnuli omebisaken~ (Tu bin ladenis epiTets gamoviyenebT), magram<br />

yvela muslimma icis, rom yurani (islamis wminda wigni) mkacrad krZalavs<br />

udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmevas da aranair gamonakliss<br />

ar uSvebs. islami terorizms kidev ufro metad krZalavs, vidre qristianoba.<br />

7. ufro srulyofili ganxilvisaTvis ix. Devid Rapoport, `Religion and Terror:<br />

Thugs, Assassins and Zealots,~ wignSi International Terrorism, ed. Kegley, 146-157.<br />

aseve ix. Leonard Weinberg and Paul Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism<br />

(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 19-23

terorizmi<br />

549<br />

8. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 22<br />

9. Compare Repoport, `Religion and Terror,~ 146, da iqve., 24-26<br />

10. Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 13,<br />

1986, 19.<br />

11. iqve, 20.<br />

12. iqve, ix. aseve sqema 15­1 am TavSi.<br />

13. Walter Laqueur, Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 220.<br />

14. Paul Johnson, `The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism,<br />

red. Kegley, 65.<br />

15. Carlos Marighella, Mini-Manual for Urban Guerillas, mTargmn. Gene Hanrahan<br />

(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1984). (Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda<br />

espanurad 1970 wels).<br />

16. Claire Marighella, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism<br />

(New York: Holt, 1981), 21-22.<br />

17. statistika eyrdnoba David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Free<br />

Press, 1990), 165.<br />

18. Mohhamad M. Hafez, Middle East Journal 4 (Semodgoma 2000): 584­585.<br />

19. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism, 17.<br />

20. Walter Laqueur, `The Futility of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red.<br />

Kegley, 69. avtori aRniSnavs am Sexedulebas, magram ar emxroba mas.<br />

21. rogorc adre aRvniSneT. ix. magaliTad, Henry Dietz, `Revolutionary Organization<br />

in the Counterside: Peru,~ wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the<br />

Third World, red. Barry Schutz and Robert Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner,<br />

1990), 135.<br />

22. Laqueur, `Faculty of Terrorism,~ 70; and Walter Laqueur, `Reflections on the Eradication<br />

of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 207.<br />

23. Coombs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, 68.<br />

24. Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 15,<br />

1986, 18.<br />

25. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 49.<br />

26. ix. Frederick J. Hacker, Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Our<br />

Time<br />

(New York: Norton, 1977).<br />

27. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ May 15, 1986, 19.<br />

28. sindisis qenjnis naklebobis Sesaxeb ix. Long, Anatomy of Terrorism, 19.<br />

29. Paul McHugh, The Weekly Standard, December 10, 2001.<br />

30. Hoffer, True Believer, 80.<br />

31. iqve, 81.<br />

32. am ganxilvis didi wili dafuZnebulia Weinberg-isa da Devis-s naSromze Political<br />

Terrorism, Tavi 8, 151-188.<br />

33. Mattew Purdy, `Bush’s New Rules to Fight Terror Transform the Legal Landscape,~<br />

New York Times (online edition), December 16, 2001.<br />

34. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 168-170.<br />

35. Gayle Rivers, The Specialist: Revelations of a Counterterrorist (New York: Charter<br />

Books, 1985), 40.

550 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

36. Richard Clutterburck, Protest and the Urban Guerilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman,<br />

1974), 287.<br />

37. ix. generally Brian Jenkins, red., Terrorism and Personal Protection (Boston: Butter-worth,<br />

1985)<br />

38. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ May 21, 1986, 16.<br />

39. iqve, 17.

Tavi XVI<br />

omi<br />

politika sxva<br />

saSualebebiT<br />

omis mizezebi<br />

adamianis buneba sazogadoeba<br />

garemo<br />

omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis<br />

miRma<br />

totaluri omi: omi, romelSic<br />

yvela<br />

ibrZvis<br />

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic<br />

aravis surs<br />

birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac<br />

veravin igebs<br />

aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad<br />

gamarTlebuli?<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrina<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrinis Se­<br />

faseba niurnbergis procesi<br />

551

552 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

omi saerTaSoriso politikis umTavresi problemaa. prusieli samxedro<br />

Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici (1780­1831) ambobs, rom `omi politikis<br />

gagrZelebaa, oRond sxva saSualebebiT~. mTavroba yovelTvis acnobierebs,<br />

rom diplomatia SeiZleba uZluri aRmoCndes da Sesabamisad, nebismier dros<br />

gaCaRdes omi mezobel saxelmwifosTan an saxelmwifos SigniT moqiSpe eTnikur<br />

an religiur jgufebs Soris. cxadia, nebismieri donis politikis<br />

yvelaze didi marcxi gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva<br />

formis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.<br />

Cveulebriv, rodesac omze saubroben, gulisxmoben saxelmwifoTaSoris<br />

oms _ oms, romelSic ori an meti eri­saxelmwifoa CarTuli. samoqalaqo omi<br />

erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am tipis<br />

omebi ufro xSiria, vidre damoukidebel saxelwifoebs Soris. partizanuli<br />

omi aris brZolis erT­erTi nairsaxeoba, romelsac ZiriTadad msubuqad<br />

SeiaraRebuli moZravi SenaerTebi awarmoeben soflebSi (xSirad mebrZolebs<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sakvebiT da TavSesafriT exmareba). partizanebi,<br />

rogorc wesi, gamiznul Zaladobas mimarTaven armiis, policiisa da xelisuflebis<br />

winaaRmdeg, rac miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis Sesustebas an damxobas.<br />

omis meoTxe kategoria _ mcire intensivobis konfliqtebi, iwyeba maSin,<br />

rodesac erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs metoqe saxelmwifoSi Zaladobis periodul<br />

an xangrZliv gamovlinebas (magaliTad, daqiravebuli jariskacebis<br />

gagzavniT an partizanebis daxmarebiT).<br />

Tu gavixsenebT daRupulTa ricxvs, ganadgurebul qonebas, daxarjul<br />

Tanxebs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom omi adamianis yvelaze damangreveli da fuWi<br />

qmedebaa. mxolod meoce saukuneSi omma 35 milioni adamiani _ maT Soris 25<br />

mln samoqalaqo piri imsxverpla (es Sefaseba 1990 wels gakeTda, roca saukunis<br />

dasasrulamde kidev aTi weli iyo darCenili). 1 generalma uiliam Sermanma<br />

sakuTar Tavze gamoscada omis saSinelebebi (igi, rogorc meTauri, TavgamodebiT<br />

ibrZoda omebSi). amerikis samoqalaqo omis damTavrebdan 15 wlis Semdeg<br />

warmoTqmul sityvaSi man Tqva: `bevri patara biWi fiqrobs, rom omi didebuli<br />

ram aris, magram, biWebo, damijereT _ es namdvili jojoxeTia~!<br />

saubedurod, yvelas ar esmis omis saSinelebebi ise, rogorc general<br />

Sermans esmoda. istoriis mravali saxelganTqmuli (an saxelgatexili)<br />

pirovneba omis didebam `Seqmna~. sxvebma ki, vinc sisxlisRvras ar Seurigda,<br />

mainc aRiara omis perversuli momxibvleloba. Cvens welTaRricxvamde merve<br />

saukuneSi berZenma poetma homerosma aRniSna, rom kaci Zilis, siyvarulisa<br />

da cekva­simRerisgan ufro iRleba, vidre omisgan. homerosis Semoqmedeba<br />

miZRvnilia simamacisa da Tavganwirvisadmi, romelsac omi moiTxovs. ber­<br />

Zeni filosofosi aristotele, romelic homerosze 500 wliT adre cxovrobda,<br />

simamaces adamianis upirveles Rirsebad miiCnevda. aristoteles azriT,<br />

brZolaSi gamoCenili simamace akeTilSobilebda adamians, radganac es<br />

iyo moralurad swori nabiji sikvdilis SiSis sapasuxod, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

safrTxes uqmnis politikur sazogadoebas.<br />

aqcenti omis sargeblianobaze ar axasiaTebs mxolod Zvel berZnebs an antikur<br />

mwerlebs. albaT, ise aravis mouxdenia omis racionalizacia, rogorc<br />

es germanelma filosofosma hegelma SeZlo (1770­1831). igi amtkicebda: `Tu

omi<br />

553<br />

saxelmwifoebi ver aRweven urTierTSeTanxmebas da ver xerxdeba maTi survilebis<br />

harmonizacia, maSin omi erTaderTi gamosavalia~. am winadadebaSi<br />

araferi ar aris Sokis momgvreli, Tumca, igi sakmaod pesimisturad JRers.<br />

hegeli ufro Sorsac midis da amtkicebs, rom omi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi<br />

gamosavalia, radgan `gaWianurebuli da, miT ufro, mudmivi mSvidoba erebs<br />

ryvnis~. mSvidobis dros, hegelis azriT, sazogadoeba dundeba da nawevrdeba.<br />

`omi aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs. aseve maTTvis, vinc monawileobs samoqalaqo<br />

daumorCileblobaSi, sazRvrebs gareT brZolaa saWiro, raTa qveynis<br />

SigniT mSvidoba damyardes.~ 2<br />

ramdeni omi xdeba weliwadSi?<br />

SeiZleba gvegonos, rom es ioli gamosaTvlelia, magram sinamdvileSi<br />

ase araa. maga liTisTvis ganvixiloT 1996 weli. centralurma sadazvervo<br />

saagentom ocdarva SeiaraRebuli konfliqti daiTvala mTeli msoflios<br />

masStabiT. imave wels, Tavdacvis informaciis centrma gamoavlina ocdaSvidi<br />

mimdinare da aTi Camcxrali SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, xolo Tavdacvis<br />

erovnuli sabWos fondis monacemebiT es ricxvi gacilebiT didi _ samocdaoTxi<br />

iyo. romeli wyaroa sarwmuno?<br />

es gansxvaveba ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. maT Soris, upirvelesia sajaro<br />

politikis mkvlevari organizaciebis <strong>politikuri</strong> orientacia. Tavdacvis<br />

erovnuli sabWos fondi konservatiuli asociaciaa, romelic mxars<br />

uWers Tavdacvis xaziT biujetis zrdas. amitom, gasakviri araa, rom am organizaciisTvis<br />

garemomcveli samyaro gacilebiT saSiSia, xolo mimdinare<br />

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi _ ufro didi, vidre liberalurad<br />

ganwyobili Tavdacvis informaciis centrisTvis, romelic xandaxan ukmayofilebas<br />

gamoTqvams Tavdacvaze daxarjul TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. isic ar<br />

aris gasakviri, rom Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konfliqtebs ufro<br />

did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre Tavdacvis informaciis centri. erovnuli<br />

sabWo konfliqtebad miiCnevs ara mxolod SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas, aramed<br />

narkotikebTan da organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebul incidentebsac.<br />

amgvari gansxvavebebi rom ar arsebobdes, omebis daTvla mainc gaWirdeboda.<br />

omis gansazRvra daRupulTa ricxvis mixedviT imTaviTve SeuZlebelia,<br />

radganac omSi monawile arc erTi mxare ar axmaurebs sarwmuno informacias,<br />

xolo miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebisTvis Sesabamisi informaciis<br />

xelmisawvdomoba an SezRudulia, an saerTod SeuZlebelia. erovnuli saz­<br />

Rvrebis mixedviT omisa da brZolebis gansazRvra aseve warumatebelia.<br />

magaliTad, Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWo bosniisa da serbeTis konfliqtebs<br />

erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganixilavs, xolo centraluri sadazvervo<br />

saagento maT balkaneTis konfliqtad moixseniebs.<br />

hegeli ambobda, rom `msoflios istoria aris msoflios sasamarT­

554 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

lo~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hegelisaTvis saimedoobis an gamZleobis<br />

yvelaze didi gamocda aris ara raRac abstraqtuli moraluri standarte bi,<br />

aramed konkretuli warmateba. da radganac msoflio politikaSi warmateba<br />

ZalauflebiT da sididiT izomeba, gamodis, rom Zala da ufleba sinonimebi<br />

yofila.<br />

germanelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem (1844­1900) meti radikalizmi<br />

SesZina am ideas. nicSe zogadad uaryofda pirobiT zneobriobas, xolo qristianul<br />

eTikasa da humanurobas gansakuTrebiT ver itanda da sisusted miiCnevda.<br />

nicSe eTayvaneboda Zalauflebis agresiul gamovlinebas rogorc<br />

adamianebSi, aseve qveynebSi. igi xotbas asxamda nebisyofas da omis, erTi<br />

SexedviT usiamovno, magram sasikeTo gavlenas erebsa da civilizaciebze. 3<br />

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg es Tema uCveulo ZaliT gacocxldeba<br />

omis mexotbe diqtator adolf hitlerisa da misi aranakleb agresiuli<br />

mokavSiris, benito musolinis mier, romlebic, hegelis da nicSes msgavsad,<br />

abuCad igdebdnen pacifizms. italiuri faSizmis mamis _ musolinis mixedviT,<br />

`omi adamianis energiis mobilizacias axdens da ganadidebs imaT, visac<br />

Zala Seswevs, mas Tvali gausworos~. 4<br />

idealur samyaroSi omi ar iqneboda, magram igi yovelTvis iyo da aris.<br />

omis safrTxe imis imedTan erTad arsebobs, rom erT mSvenier dRes omi aRar<br />

iqneba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bevri moazrovne­politikosi (rom araferi<br />

vTqvaT utopist meocnebeebze) imeorebda, rom goni, an RmerTi, an istoria<br />

msoflios gaaTavisuflebda omis agoniisgan. magram es optimistebic ki<br />

TiTqmis verasdros Tanxmebodnen iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa omis gamomwvevi<br />

mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, Tu gvinda, rom aRar iyos omi, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

misi gamomwvevi mizezebi unda aRmovfxvraT.<br />

omis mizezebi<br />

ratom maincdamainc omi? am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs, sxvadasxva<br />

omis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxic sxvadasxvaa. igi damokidebulia mraval<br />

faqtorze, upirveles yovlisa ki _ droze.<br />

cxadia, oms sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli faqtori iwvevda. magali­<br />

Tad, meTormete saukunis evropaSi an axlo aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi nebismieri<br />

miukerZoebeli mkvlevari am periodis gansakuTrebulad xSir da sastik<br />

omebs aucileblad religiur aRtkinebas miawerda. paradoqsulia, rom<br />

gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamorCeuli jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic me­<br />

TerTmete saukunis dasasruls daiwyo da TiTqmis 200 wels mimdinareobda,<br />

im rwmeniT iyo gamsWva luli, rom `RmerTi CvenTanaa~.<br />

religiam Zalze mcire roli Seasrula meoce saukunis ZiriTadi omebis<br />

gaCaRebaSi (Tumca man xeli Seuwyo ufro regionul da adgilobriv omebs).<br />

magaliTad, religiuri fanatizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar yofila pirveli<br />

msoflio omis safuZveli. bevri damkvirvebeli am omis dawyebis mizezad nacionalizms<br />

miiCnevs, romlis Sesaxebac meTormete saukuneSi araferi iyo<br />

cnobili. mkvlevarTa meore nawili omis dawyebas evropul qveynebs Soris

omi<br />

555<br />

SeiaraRebaSi Sejibrs ukavSirebs da amtkicebs, rom samxedro momzadebis<br />

tempma evropa sabolood omamde miiyvana. mkvlevarTa mesame jgufi imperializms<br />

adanaSaulebs: mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi koloniebis<br />

dasapatroneblad dawyebuli brZola omSi gadaizarda maSin, rodesac daupatronebeli<br />

aRar darCa arc erTi kolonia aziasa da afrikaSi.<br />

religias arc meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi uTamaSia mTavari roli. misi<br />

umTavresi da gadamwyveti mizezi iyo ideologia (nacionaluri socializmi<br />

germaniaSi, faSizmi _ italiaSi, xolo komunizmi _ sabWoTa kavSirSi). da<br />

mainc, umTavresi `izmi~, romelic germaniis, italiis da iaponiis agresiuli<br />

politikis ukan idga, iyo ultranacionalizmi an, rogorc saerTaSoriso<br />

politikis gamoCenili mkvlevari hans j. morgenTau uwodebda, nacionalisturi<br />

universali zmi. koreis (1950­1953) da vietnamis (1963­1975) omebs geo<strong>politikuri</strong><br />

anu saxe l mwifoebrivi da ideologiuri mizezebi daedo safuZvlad.<br />

bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom swored pragmatizmisa da idealizmis am<br />

nazavma ganapiroba orive omis aradamakmayofilebeli (amerikelebis TvalsazrisiT)<br />

Sedegebi.<br />

zedapirulad ise Cans, TiTqos orive msoflio omis gamomwvevi mizezebi<br />

radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im mizezebisgan, romlebmac ganapiroba jvarosnuli<br />

omebis dawyeba. magram, miuxedavad savaraudo (an uSualo) mizezebisa<br />

(rogoricaa religiuri fanatizmi, nacionalizmi da ase Semdeg), nebismieri<br />

omi aris erTi da imave Zveli `daavadebis~ gamovlineba, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom am `senis~ simptomebi da simwvave droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala.<br />

filosofosebi da Teologebi, romlebic imedovnebdnen, omis fenomenis<br />

SeswavliT moeZebnaT axsna mSvidobisaTvis, 2000 welia cdiloben ipovon<br />

omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi. istoriis yvelaze damangreveli _ meore<br />

msoflio omis Semdeg, mecnierebi maTematikuri da statistikuri modelebis<br />

gamoyenebiT cdiloben problemis arsSi Cawvdomas. am tipis raodenobrivi<br />

kvleva aris mcdeloba, gamoiyenos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis meTodologiuri<br />

Jini da sizuste. am midgomis erT­erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli<br />

jon vaske ambobs:<br />

samyaros filosofiuri analizi, maSinac ki, rodesac is ekuTvnis iseT<br />

did moazrovnes, rogoricaa aristotele, ar iZleva mTlian codnas.<br />

Cveni Semecnebis areali gafarTovda mxolod mecnieruli meTodis<br />

ganviTarebis Sedegad. mxolod kontrolirebuli dakvirvebis, samxilebis<br />

Segrovebis, frTxili induqciisa da im rwmenis meSveobiT, rom<br />

hipoTeza yovelTvis unda gamoicados miRebamde, SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />

progresis miRweva. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, dadgeba Tu ara eWvqveS privilegirebuli<br />

Teoriebi, es procesi aucilebelia, sanam omisa da mSvidobis<br />

Sesaxeb utyuar cnobas moivipovebT. 5<br />

ra nayofi gamoiRo omis Seswavlisadmi mecnierulma midgomam am dromde?<br />

vakses mixedviT, man `daxvewa fiqrebi omze da dasva seriozuli kiTxvebi misi<br />

gagebis Sesaxeb arsebul axsnebTan dakavSirebiT~. 6<br />

politologebis erTi nawili ase darwmunebuli ar aris. 7 magaliTad, jeims

556 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

doerti da robert palcgrafi askvian, rom `miuxedavad omis Sesaxeb statistikuri<br />

swavlebis (rogorc induqciuri, aseve deduqciuri) gavrcelebisa,<br />

verc erTi maTgani ver xsnis bolomde yvelaze saWirboroto problemas...<br />

ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi isini mxolod sqolioebSi Segvxvdeba da<br />

klasikur Sromad aravin CaTvlis~. 8 greg qeSmens am debatebSi neitraluri<br />

pozicia ukavia:<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs romelime konkretuli Teoria,<br />

romelic axlos mainc mividoda universalur RirebulebasTan, socialur<br />

mecnierul kvlevas fuWad ar Cauvlia. zogi Teoria moklebulia<br />

faqtobriv safuZvels da maT mxolod miTologiis statusi aqvT<br />

miniWebuli. magram Teoriebis nawilis sandooba msoflio istoriis<br />

faqtebma daadastura. marTalia, gasuli oTxi aTwleulis ganmavloba­<br />

Si socialuri mecnierebis Catarebuli kvleva ver dasrulda omis<br />

Sesaxeb erTiani Teoriis SeqmniT, magram Catarebulma kvlevebma mainc<br />

gazarda omis mizezebis Sesaxeb Cveni codna. 9<br />

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvlevas im sami alternatiuli Teoriis<br />

ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic dasavleTis yvelaze TvalsaCino <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

moazrovneebis naSromebSi gvxvdeba. erT­erTi interpretacia aqcents<br />

adamianis bunebaze akeTebs, meore xazs usvams sazogadoebas (mTavrobis<br />

CaTvliT), mesame yuradRebas amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso garemoSi arsebul<br />

problemebze (magaliTad, sakvebis, wylis, miwis, bunebrivi resursebisa da<br />

a.S. naklebobas), rogorc socialuri da saerTaSoriso konfliqtis gagebis<br />

ZiriTad saSualebaze. 10 am sami interpretaciis detaluri analizis Semdeg<br />

ganvixilavT Tanamedrove kvlevebis ramdenime Sedegs, raTa davadasturoT<br />

an uarvyoT es interpretaciebi.<br />

adamianis buneba<br />

isini, vinc oms adamianis bunebis mankier mxared miiCneven, sxvadasxva axsnas<br />

gvTavazoben `cudad moqcevis~ zogadsakacobrio tendenciis Sesaxeb. am mxriv,<br />

qristianobam umniSvnelovanesi kvali daatyo dasavleTis politikur azrovnebas.Zvel<br />

aRTqmaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli periodis qristiani moazrovneebi<br />

mi iCnevd nen, rom mTeli kacobrioba daRdasmulia pirvelyofili codvis anu<br />

adamisa da evas mier saRvTo kanonis darRvevis gamo edemis baRSi. `dabadebaSi~<br />

moTxro bili dacemis ambavi exeba moralur uZlurebasa da adamianis<br />

codviT gamoxatul sisustes. yvela gagebiT, es aris universaluri mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone universaluri ambavi, naWuWSi moqceuli msoflios istoria.<br />

cnobili Teologis, netari avgustines (354­430) SexedulebiT, omi aris<br />

safasuri, rasac vixdiT Cveni codvili bunebis gamo. sxva filosofosebic<br />

amJRavneben msgavs pesimizms ise, rom ar asaxeleben pirvelyofil codvas,<br />

rogorc yvela ubedurebis mizezs. berZeni filosofosi platoni omis gamomwvevad<br />

msoflio batonobisadmi adamianis daucxromel swrafvas asaxelebs.

omi<br />

557<br />

XVI saukunis italielma moazrovnem, nikolo makiavelim kidev ufro pirquS<br />

ferebSi aRwera adamianis bunebisa da politikis urTierTobis pesimisturi<br />

suraTi. `mTavarSi~ makiaveli werda, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> warmateba da moraluri<br />

simarTle xSirad erTmaneTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia:<br />

rac ufro binZur politikur meTods mimarTavs mTavari sakuTari miznebis<br />

dasakmayofileblad, miT ufro mdidrdeba da warmatebuli xdeba igi.<br />

Tu mklevarTa erTi nawili religias, xolo meore nawili filosofias iyenebs<br />

adamianis agresiuli qmedebebis asaxsnelad, mkvlevarTa mesame nawili<br />

fsiqologias iSveliebs. zigmund froids (1856­1939), fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebels,<br />

miaCnda, rom adamianebi ibadebian `sikvdilis surviliT~ _ TviTganadgurebis<br />

Tandayolili tendenciiT, romlis mimarTulebis Secvlasac<br />

isini mogvianebiT umeteswilad axerxeben. rogorc froidi miiCnevda, konfliqtis<br />

pirobebSi adamianebi am gamanadgurebel tendencias erTmaneTis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, oms fsiqoTerapiuli funqcia<br />

aqvs: es aris TviTdamangreveli impulsis gamodevna. Tumca, am Teoriis<br />

kritikosebi miiCneven, rom es mosazreba mxolod sanaxevrodaa swori _ is jariskacebi,<br />

romlebic sCadian mkvlelobas, Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebas<br />

omis dawyebis Taobaze, xolo isini, vinc amis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas<br />

(da vinc axerxebs mSvidad jdomasa da safrTxis Tavidan acilebas), Tavad ar<br />

ibrZvis. jariskacebis umetesoba Tavis movaleobas asrulebs da garda amisa,<br />

ibrZvian, radgan Tavad msxverplad qceva ar surT da ara imitom, rom isini<br />

bunebiT moZaladeebad arian dabadebuli.<br />

fsiqologTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom agresia adamianis Tandayolili<br />

Tviseba da bunebrivi reaqciaa imedgacruebaze, zogjer ki adamianebi am­<br />

JRavneben `teritoriebze mbrZaneblobis~ imave tips, romliTac xasiaTdebian<br />

cxovelTa SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxeobebi. `teritoriis~<br />

Teoriis mixedviT, farul agresias Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli adamianis<br />

bunebaSi da erTi piris an jgufis kuTvnili teritoriisadmi muqara stimuls<br />

aZlevs agresiul qmedebas.<br />

mklevarTa sxva nawili miiCnevs, rom omis umTavresi mizezi devs ara adamianis<br />

sulSi, aramed mis gonebaSi. adamianebi arc uzneoebi arian da arc SeSlilebi,<br />

isini ufro gonebaClungebi arian, imdenad briyvebi, rom ver xvdebian omis amaoebas.<br />

erTi gamoCenili pacifisti pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris werda:<br />

dabrkolebas Cvens gzaze qmnis ara moraluri, aramed inteleqtualuri<br />

sfero. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom adamianebi winaswar arian ganwyobilni<br />

da amitom ver swvdebian samyaros socialur WeSmaritebas,<br />

aramed maT, Tumca modiT, viyoT gulaxdilebi da vTqvaT `Cven~ _ konservatiuli<br />

temperamenti da SezRuduli goniereba gvaqvs~. 11<br />

Tomas hobsi (1588­1679) omis gansxvavebul, magram aseve aranakleb usiamovno<br />

axsnas gvTavazobs. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi bunebiTi mdgomareobiT<br />

sastikebi da ugunurebi arian (hobsi inglisSi puritanuli revoluciis<br />

dros cxovrobda da mas zaravda imaze fiqri, rom erT mSvenier dRes<br />

dabrundeboda qaosi da `yvela gaaCaRebda oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~). magram

558 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

yvelafris miuxedavad, hobsi realisti iyo da cdilobda Caswvdomoda adamianis<br />

bunebas iseTs, rogoric aris da ara iseTs, rogoric unda iyos. erTaderTi<br />

saSualeba adamianis WeSmariti bunebis gasagebad aris codna imisa,<br />

rogor moiqcevian isini civilizebuli sazogadoebis gareSe, bunebiT pirobebSi.<br />

dResac mniSvnelovania mis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi.<br />

hobsi omis Sesaxeb. hobsis Tanaxmad, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adamia nebs<br />

marTavs TviTgadarCenis ZiriTadi instinqti. maT yvelaze ufro sikvdilis<br />

eSiniaT da gansakuTrebiT ufrTxian uecar, moulodnel aRsasruls. Tumca,<br />

sikvdilis SiSi maT ki ar adunebT, aramed piriqiT, agresiulobasa da Zaladobas<br />

hmatebs, rac am pirobebSi normad iTvleba:<br />

amgvarad, adamianis bunebaSi devs davis sami mizezi. pirveli aris<br />

konkurencia, meore _ gansxvaveba da mesame _ dideba. pirveli adamians<br />

moxveWisken ubiZgebs, meore _ usafrTxoebisken, xolo mesame _<br />

reputaciis mopovebisken. pirveli warmoSobs Zaladobas, radgan adamianebs<br />

surT ibatonon sxva adamianebze, maT colebze, bavSvebze, daepatronon<br />

maT saqonels; meore adamianebs aiZulebs, daicvan sakuTari<br />

monapovari, xolo mesame iwvevs Rimils gasxvavebuli azrisa da sxvebis<br />

Sefasebebis mimarT.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom maSin, roca adamianebi Tavisuflad<br />

cxovroben da ar emorCilebian erT saerTo Zalas, cxovroben iseT pirobebSi,<br />

romlebsac SeiZleba omi vuwodoT da es aris yvelas omi yvelas<br />

winaaRmdeg. 12<br />

amdenad, hobsisTvis, bunebiTi mdgomareoba omis mdgomareobasTan igivdeba.<br />

hobsma igive logika gamoiyena Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis<br />

asaxsnelad, romelic gamudmebuli saomari mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeboda.<br />

misi azriT, swored ise, rogorc bunebiT pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs<br />

ZiriTadi survilebi da instinqtebi, aseve, amave instinqtebis mqone liderebi<br />

marTaven saxelmwifo ebs. da swored ise, rogorc bunebas ar hyavs mTavroba,<br />

raTa daicvas adamianebi erTmaneTisgan, aseve, saerTaSoriso sistemas<br />

ar hyavs xelisufleba, raTa daicvas saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisgan.<br />

hobsis azriT, arsebobs davis sami saxe, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis<br />

bunebis sam nakls. esenia: agresiuli omebi, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs<br />

konkurenciis instinqti; TavdacviTi omebi, romlebic gamowveulia SiSiT<br />

da mesame, agonistikuri omebi _ gamowveuli siamayiT da pativmoyvareobiT.<br />

am kompaqturi TeoriiT, hobsi Seecada aexsna ara mxolod is, rogor moiqceodnen<br />

sazogadoebis da mTavrobis macivilizebeli gavlenisgan Tavisufali<br />

adamianebi (romlebic kisers gamoRadravdnen erTmaneTs, rom ara xelisuflebis<br />

mier SemoRebuli kanoni da wesrigi), aramed isic, ratom iwyeben<br />

saxelmwifoebi oms erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

romlebic gare damkvirveblisaTvis yovelad uazroa.<br />

hobsis memkvidreoba: hans morgenTau, hobsis msgavsad, TavgamodebiT amtkicebda,<br />

rom adamianebi mankierebi arian. morgenTaus azriT, `adamianuri

omi<br />

559<br />

buneba, romelSic politikis kanons Tavisi adgili aqvs, ar Secvlila im<br />

droidan moyolebuli, rodesac Cineli, indoeli da berZeni filosofosebi<br />

cdilobdnen aRmoeCinaT es kanonebi~ da `politika, sazogadoebis msgavsad,<br />

imarTeba obieqtur kanonTa wyebiT, romlebsac safuZveli adamianis bunebaSi<br />

udevs.~ 13 am kanonTa moqmedebis gageba SesaZlebelia `im interesebis meSveobiT,<br />

romlebic Zalauflebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am gziT politikis konceptualizacia<br />

niSnavs, rom adamianebi motivirebulebi arian TviTdainteresebiT,<br />

romelic maT ZalauflebisTvis mudmivi brZolisaTvis ganawyobs. morgenTaum<br />

gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoxata sakuTari azri, rodesac ganacxada, rom<br />

`saerTaSoriso politika, yvela politikis msgavsad, aris brZola ZalauflebisTvis~.<br />

rac ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikis saboloo mizani,<br />

uSualo mizani mainc Zalauflebaa. `iseve, rogorc misma winamorbedma hobsma,<br />

morgenTaumac uaryo mcdari (idealisturi) mosazreba, romelic amtkicebs,<br />

rom `adamianuri sawyisi keTilia, xolo adamianis buneba _ iolad drekadi<br />

da Tvinieri~. nacvlad amisa, igi mxars uWers realistur mosazrebas, rom `samyaro,<br />

romelic arasrulyofilia raciona luri mosazrebidan gamomdinare,<br />

aris im Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelic adamianis sawyisSia~. 14<br />

morgenTaus da mis naSromebze dafuZnebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> Teoriis realisturi<br />

skolis mixedviT, adamianis buneba da gandidebis instinqti<br />

erTaderTi Tu ara, erT­erTi wamyvani mizezia, romelic konkurenciasa da<br />

konfliqts iwvevs. amgvari analizi kacobriobas Zalian usiamovno kuTxiT<br />

warmoaCens. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, es mosazreba aris erTaderTi<br />

sarwmuno axsna imisa, Tu ratom xdeba omebi.<br />

sazogadoeba<br />

yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> moazrovne omis mizezad adamianis fsiqikas an bunebas<br />

ar miiCnevs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili omis gaCaRebaSi, zogadad, Tanamedrove<br />

sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, romelic saxelmwifos saxiT aris<br />

formirebuli (eqskluziuri <strong>politikuri</strong> an `wevrobis~ principze agebuli<br />

asociaciebi), xolo meore nawili _ <strong>politikuri</strong> saxelmwifoebis im konkretul<br />

kategorias, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas. am TavSi ganvixilavT<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Teoriebisadmi sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve im liderebs,<br />

romlebic sazogadoebas an sa xelmwifos (sazogadoebis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

CarCo) adanaSauleben omebis gaCaRebaSi.<br />

ruso: damnaSavea qoneba. `adamiani Tavisufal qmnilebadaa dabadebuli, magram<br />

mas mTeli cxovreba borkilebi adevs~, _ eri­saxelmwifoebze mitanili<br />

am ieriSiT daiwyo frangma filosofosma Jan­Jak rusom (1712­1778) klasikad<br />

qceuli naSromi `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~ (1762), romelSic pirdapir<br />

gaakritika hobsis mosazreba adamianis muxTal da moZalade bunebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

rusom dasawyisSive ganacxada, rom adamianebi `suleli, magram<br />

mSvidobiani~ arsebebi arian, romlebsac SeuZliaT TanaugrZnon daCagrulebs<br />

(daakvirdiT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba es gansazRvreba `suleli, ma­

560 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

gram moZalade~ adamiane bis Sesaxeb Tezas, romelic am TavSive ganvixileT).<br />

am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, hobsma ubralod Sescoda, rodesac iseTi Tandayolili<br />

Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ambicia, SiSi da siamaye, miawera bunebiT mdgomareobaSi<br />

myof adamianebs. rusos sjeroda, rom es aris socialuri adamianisa<br />

da ara pirvelyofili adamianis Tviseba. raoden paradoqsulic unda<br />

iyos, antisocialur saqciels socialuri safuZvlebi aqvs; es aris adamianis<br />

mankierebis utyuari niSani. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea sazogadoeba da ara<br />

adamianis buneba. ruso sakmaod mkveTrad gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas am<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: `cxadia, rom sazogadoebas unda mieweros mkvlelobebi,<br />

mowamvlis faqtebi, Saragzis yaCaRobebi da amgvar danaSaulebaTa<br />

dasjac ki~. 15<br />

rusos swamda, rom sazogadoeba aris yvelanairi problemis mizezi, omis<br />

CaTvliT. is gansakuTrebiT adanaSaulebda kerZo sakuTrebis instituts,<br />

meTvramete saukunis evropis ZiriTad sazrunavs, im ubedurebebisaTvis,<br />

romlebmac mTeli kacobrioba moicva mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma civilizaciis<br />

yalb siamovnebaze gacvales pirvelyofili umankoeba. sakuTreba ganarCevs<br />

adamianebs imiT, rom qmnis usargeblo uTanasworobas janmrTelobis,<br />

statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da TandaTanobiT<br />

_ saxelmwifoebs Soris:<br />

pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi Caibe­<br />

Wda, rom `es misia~ da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi<br />

aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmariti<br />

fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa da saSinelebas<br />

ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras,<br />

inanebT, Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa _ saerTo. 16<br />

rusom Camoayaliba postulati, rom kerZo sakuTrebis Seqmnam safuZveli<br />

Cauyara pirvel politikur sazogadoebas, xolo politikurma sazogadoebam,<br />

Tavis mxriv, damatebiTi, eri­saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. da gamomdinare iqidan,<br />

rom TiToeuli eri­saxelmwifo meoris pirispir rCeboda, warmoiSva didi<br />

daZabuloba, romelic Semdgom `erTa Soris omebSi, brZolebSi, mkvelobebSi<br />

gadaizarda, ramac SeZra buneba da Searyia goneba~. 17 rogorc ruso ambobs,<br />

`adamianuri rasis dayofam sxvadasxva sazogadoebebad~ gamoiwvia is, rom<br />

adamianebi yvelaze Rirseul saqcielad TanamoZmis mkvlelobas miiCnevdnen.<br />

TandaTanobiT saqme iqamde mivida, rom adamianebi umiznod<br />

xocavdnen erTmaneTs. brZolis erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti<br />

mkvleloba xdeboda da erTi qalaqis dapyrobas ufro meti saSineleba<br />

mosdevda, vidre es bunebiT mdgomareobaSi mTeli saukunis ganav lobaSi.<br />

18<br />

rusos mosazrebam imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela borotebis saTave kerZo sakuTrebaa,<br />

Rrma kvali daaCnia Tanamedrove inteleqtualur istorias. im<br />

politikur moazrovneebs Sorisac ki, romlebic uaryofen rusos Sexedule­

omi<br />

561<br />

bas eri­saxelmwifoebis mankierebis Sesaxeb, mravlad arian isinic, romlebic<br />

aRiareben mis zogad Teorias: `adamiani kargia, magram adamianebi erTad<br />

_ cudebi~. am Temaze ramdenime variacia warmoiSva meoce saukuneSi. rogorc<br />

davinaxavT, TiToeuli Zireulad gansxvavdeba meorisgan, magram yvela maTgani<br />

iziarebs mosazrebas, rom is fataluri manki, romelsac omamde mivyavarT,<br />

unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi da ara adamianis bunebaSi.<br />

damnaSavea nacionalizmi: bevri Tanamedrove moazrovne amtkicebs, rom<br />

omi imTaviTve arsebobs calkeul sazogadoebebSi damoukidebeli mTavrobebiT.<br />

am potenciuri separatistuli tendenciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa<br />

nacionalizmi (romelsac xSirad jingoizmis an Sovinizmis saxeliTac moixsenieben,<br />

gasakuTrebiT mis radikalur gamovlinebebs). nacionalizmi, Cveulebriv,<br />

gulisxmobs konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier patriotul<br />

grZnobas samSoblos mimarT. erT­erTi cnobili avtori ambobs:<br />

yvela ers Tavisi vardisferi sarke aqvs. amgvari sarkis gansakuTrebuli<br />

Tvisebaa gamosaxulebis momxibvlelad warmoCena: is aSorebs<br />

naoWebs da xasiaTi da mSveneba pirdapir brwyinavs! TiToeuli eri sakuTar<br />

Tavs miiCnevs yvelaze marTlad... TiToeuli eri darwmunebulia<br />

(aq sagulisxmoa temperamenti da midrekileba), rom is `RvTis rCeuli~<br />

eria da `RviTsgan kurTxeul miwaze~ cxovrobs. 19<br />

gasakviri ar aris, rom nacionalizms kerpTTayvanismcemlobas uwodeben.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom is erTi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris aZlierebs kavSirs,<br />

erTobasa da TviTSewirvas, Tavad sazogadoebebs Soris, pirdapir Tu iribad,<br />

militarizmis, qsenofobiisa da ormxrivi undoblobis safuZveli xdeba.<br />

SesaZlebelia nacionalizmiT manipulireba ise, rom man mxari dauWiros<br />

agresiul politikas, xolo omi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes<br />

nacionalizmis gasaZliereblad. urTierTkavSiri nacionalizmsa da oms Soris<br />

imdenad meryevi da cvalebadia, rom bevri internacionalisti (Teoretikosebis<br />

is nawili, romlebic mxars uWeren qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da<br />

TanamSromlobas xelisuflebaTa aqtiuri TanamSromlobis gziT msoflio<br />

organizaciismagvar struqturaSi) nacionalizms msoflios xalxebs Soris<br />

mSvidobis miRwevis mTavar dabrkolebad miiCnevs.<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac nacionalizmi xelovnuri gatacebaa, anu ufro socialurad<br />

aris ganpirobebuli, vidre Tandayolilia, omebis gaCaRebaSi<br />

damnaSavea <strong>politikuri</strong> sazogadoeba. amgvarma msjelobam misca stimuli<br />

idealistTa erT, meocnebe nawils da maT ukiduresad (kritikosebis azriT<br />

`briyvul~) martiv formulas miagnes: movspoT eri­saxelmwifoebi, maTTan<br />

erTad _ nacionalizmi, nacionalizmTan erTad ki omebic moispoba. meore<br />

nawili ufro praqtikul gamosavals xedavs _ eri­saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis<br />

nacvlad, saWiroa maTi `koreqtireba~.<br />

vilsoni da kanti: damnaSavea tirania. bevri eqsperti Tanamedrove konfliqtebis<br />

umTavres wyarod nacionalizms miiCnevs, xolo meore nawili<br />

meoce saukunis ori damangreveli omis gaCaRebaSi despotizms adanaSaulebs.

562 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

prezidenti vudrou vilsoni iyo pirveli, romelmac win wamoswia es cneba<br />

da faqtobrivad Seecada, am fundamentur pricnipebze samyaros axali modeli<br />

aego. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg vilsoni Seecada gaexangrZlivebina<br />

mSvidoba msoflioSi qartiis meSveobiT, romelic ToTxmeti principisgan<br />

Sedgeboda. igi imedovnebda, rom am principebis dacva SesaZlebels gaxdida<br />

msoflios mSvidobiani gziT marTvas. mis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflios axali<br />

sistemis qvakuTxedia erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba anu adamianebis<br />

ufleba, airCion sasurveli mTavroba. vilsonis azriT TviTgamorkvevis<br />

ufleba gaxdeboda demokratiis safuZveli, romelic, bunebrivia, mSvidobis<br />

damkvidrebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre diqtatura.<br />

magram ratom unda gauCndeT demokratiul saxlemwifoebs omis survili<br />

diqtatorul saxelmwifoebze naklebad? meTvramete saukunis germanelma<br />

filosofosma emanuil kantma (1724­1804) pirvelma axsna es movlena,<br />

ramac didi gavlena iqonia vilsonze (rogorc erT­erTma kompetenturma<br />

pirma aRniSna, `vilsonma patiosnad gadmoitana kantis maradiuli mSvidobis<br />

ideebi Tavis ToTxmet principSi~ 20 ). kantis naSromis mixedviT imisaTvis,<br />

raTa saxelmwifoebma SeinarCunon siZliere, saWiroa ganaviTaron ganaTleba,<br />

komercia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba. ganaTlebas, kantis azriT,<br />

moaqvs saerTo ganmanaTlebloba, xolo komercia saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas<br />

moipovos ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, xolo es ori faqtori safuZvels<br />

uyris mSvidobas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, farTo <strong>politikuri</strong> Tavisuflebis<br />

pirobebSi, moqalaqeebi ufro kompetenturebi gaxdebian sazogadoebriv<br />

sakiTxebSi. radganac Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro respublikur wyobaSi miiRweva,<br />

amgvari xelisufleba bunebiT ufro mSvidobismoyvarea. mizezi martivia:<br />

respublikaSi, monarqiisa da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, gadawyvetilebas omis warmoebis Taobaze iReben is adamiane bi,<br />

romlebmac Tavadac unda ibrZolon. rogorc kanti ambobs:<br />

respublikis konstitucia axalisebs mSvidobismoyvare saqciels Semdegi<br />

mizeziT: Tu omis dawyebisTvis saWiroa im adamianebis Tanxmoba,<br />

romlebmac sakuTar Tavze unda gamoscadon omis mTeli saSineleba,<br />

Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom isini xalisiT daTanxmdebian am<br />

binZur TamaSSi monawileobaze. amgvari saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

qveynebi, romelTa mTavari sagani ar aris moqalaqe, Zalze iolad<br />

iwyeben oms, rogorc gasarTobs da amisTvis maT seriozuli mizezi ar<br />

sWir debaT. 21<br />

kantma iwinaswarmetyvela msoflio sistemis ufro mSvidobiani modelis<br />

damkvidrebis myari, Tumca SeumCneveli, evoluciuri procesi, rodesac<br />

mTavrobebi gaiTvaliswineben adamianTa umravlesobis azrs. kanti fiqrobda,<br />

rom omi TandaTanobiT istoriis kuTvnileba gaxdeboda.<br />

kantis mier aRmoCenili kavSiri respublikanizmsa da mSvidobas Soris<br />

vilsonis <strong>politikuri</strong> kredo gaxda. orive, kanti da vilsoni, miiCnevda, rom<br />

eri­ saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aris msoflioSi omebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi<br />

gza. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, orive miiswrafvoda demokratiis,

omi<br />

amerikis prezidenti vudro vilsoni, romelsac didi pativiT Sexvdnen did<br />

britaneTSi pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, imedovnebda, rom<br />

msoflios `demokratiisTvis usafrTxo adgilad~ aqcevda, magram misi erovnuli<br />

TviTgamorkvevis Teoria warumatebeli aRmoCnda da ver SeZlo erebs Soris<br />

omis SeCereba.<br />

563<br />

ganaTlebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis globaluri gavrcelebisken mSvidobis<br />

miRwevisa da SenarCunebis mizniT. vilsoni gansakuTrebiT did mniSnvnelobas<br />

aniWebda rigiTi moqalaqis zneobasa da saR azrs. igi darwmunda, rom<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideali aris kacobriobis <strong>politikuri</strong> xsnis Tavi<br />

da Tavi. mas agreTve sjeroda, rom msoflios xalxebi liberalur demokratiasa<br />

da mSvidobas arCevdnen, alternatiuli mTavrobis arCevis saSualeba<br />

rom hqonodaT. da bolos, vilsoni fiqrobda, rom Tu demokratiuli institutebi<br />

iarsebebda yvela qveyanaSi maSin, rogorc calkeuli qveynis, aseve,<br />

zogadad, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris zneobrivi Zala xels SeuSlida<br />

SeiaraRebul agresias.<br />

lenini: damnaSavea kapitalizmi. im adamianebs Soris, romlebic ar eTanxmebodnen<br />

ideas, rom mSvidoba emyareboda ufro meti demokratiuli saxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnasa da diqtaturis aRmofxvras, gaxldaT vilsonis aranakleb<br />

cnobili Tanamedrove, rusuli revoluciis sulisCamdgmeli da yofili<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli mmarTveli v.i. lenini (1870­1924). lenini gaaf­<br />

TrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda im burJuaziuli demokratiis ideas, romelsac<br />

TavgamodebiT icavda vilsoni. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani iwonebda<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideas, maTi interpretaciebi am cnebis Sesaxeb<br />

gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. vilsoni amtkicebda, rom nebismieri eri ar­<br />

Cevda demokratias, Tuki arCevanis SesaZlebloba eqneboda demokratiasa da<br />

sxva romelime sistemas Soris. misgan gansxvavebiT, lenini amtkicebda, rom

564 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

kapitalizmsa da komunizms Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad<br />

komunizmis sasargeblod gadawydeboda. leninisaTvis politikis primati<br />

cxadi iyo. leninis, rogorc karl marqsis mimdevaris, azriT, omi mxolod da<br />

mxolod kapitalistebis interesebs emsaxureboda.<br />

Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi `imperializmi: kapitalizmis umaRlesi<br />

safe xuri~, leninma kidev ufro gaaRrmava marqsis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom dasavluri imperializmi anu gviandeli mecxramete saukunis qiSpi<br />

koloniebisaTvis, ud avod miuTiTebda kapitalizmis gadaSenebaze. leninis<br />

azriT, imperializmi i y o im daundobeli brZolebis logikuri gagrZeleba,<br />

rac axasiaTebs monopoliur kapitalizms. misive mosazrebiT, kapitalistebi<br />

yovelTvis Seecdebodnen ucxo qveynebis bazrebis dapyrobas, rac maT sa­<br />

Sualebas miscemda, ganexorcielebinaT sarfiani investiciebi an gaeyidaT<br />

saqoneli. amgvarad, monopolisti kapitalistebi sakuTari finansuri Zalauflebisa<br />

da misi Tanmdevi <strong>politikuri</strong> gavlenis meSveobiT cdilobdnen<br />

omSi CaeTriaT sazogadoeba sakuTari finansuri sar geblis gazrdis mizniT.<br />

leninis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:<br />

rodesac afrikaSi evropuli koloniebi teritoriis mxolod erT<br />

meaTeds moicavda (rogorc es 1976 wels iyo), koloniurma politikam,<br />

Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganviTareba teritoriebis `Tavisufali<br />

mitacebis~ meTodiT SeZlo, magram rodesac afrikis cxra meaTedi mitacebul<br />

iqna (daaxloebiT 1900 wlisTvis) da moxda mTeli msoflios<br />

danawileba, amas mohyva koloniuri monopoliis periodi, ramac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZola msoflios ganawilebis<br />

an gadanawilebisaTvis. 22<br />

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom leninis azriT, omi sarfiani saqmea kapitalistebisTvis<br />

da amitom cdiloben isini omis xelSewyoba sakuTar saqmed aqcion.<br />

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis leniniseuli analizi Zalze Sors dgas vilsonis<br />

Teoriisagan imis Sesaxeb, rom tiranias aucileblad mivyavarT saer­<br />

TaSoriso konfliqtebamde. da mainc, es ori mosazreba erTmaneTs ZiriTad<br />

sakiTxSi emTxveva: orive, vilsonic da leninic amtkicebdnen, rom eri­saxelmwifoebi,<br />

ufro sworad konkretuli defeqtis mqone eri­saxelmwifoebi,<br />

iwveven omebs. es ori lideri erTmaneTis Tanamedroveebi da amavdroulad<br />

metoqeebic iyvnen. isini ideologiuri wyalgamyofis sapirispiro mxares<br />

idgnen, magram, rusos msgavsad, orive fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis mankierebis<br />

aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, msoflioSi samudamo mSvidoba daisadgurebda.<br />

es manki vilsonisTvis mTavrobis konkretuli tipi iyo, xolo leninisTvis<br />

_ ekonomikis tipi. orive SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sakiTxia cvlileba:<br />

Secvale agresiuli eri­saxelmwifoebi da adamianebi simSvidesa da harmoniaSi<br />

icxovreben.<br />

garemo<br />

TeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom omebi gamowveulia deficitiTa

omi<br />

565<br />

da daucvelobiT, rac dakavSirebulia iseT `bunebriv mtaceblebTan~, rogoricaa<br />

sicive, SimSili, daavadebebi, qariSxlebi da a.S. es mosazreba filosofos<br />

jon lokis (1632­1704) ideebs emTxveva.<br />

lokis Sexeduleba. traqtatSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb (1690) loki<br />

amtkicebda, rom omebi aris bunebis kanonebis gamoZaxili da ara adamianis<br />

bunebisa an sazogadoebis defeqtebisa. martivad rom vTqvaT, garemo pirobebi,<br />

romelsac adamiani ver akontrolebs, xSirad ayenebs adamians sikvdilsicocxlis<br />

sakiTxis pirispir da amitom, konfliqtebic gardauvalia. misi<br />

winamorbedi hobsis msgavsad, lokic ar xuWavda Tvals adamianis bunebis mankierebebze.<br />

adamianis bunebis Seswavlam loki im azramde miiyvana, rasac hobsic<br />

emxroboda _ anu TviTgadarCena adamianis ZiriTadi instinqtia. TumcaRa, am<br />

sakiTxze am ori moazrovnis msjeloba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT­erTi kompetenturi<br />

piris sit yvebiT:<br />

lokis mier danaxuli bunebiTi mdgomareoba ar aris iseTi sastiki, rogoric<br />

es hobs warmoedgina. Tu Zalis gamoyeneba uflebis gareSe Cveulebrivi<br />

movlenaa lokiseul bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, es imitom ar xdeba,<br />

rom adamianebis umetesoba borotmoqmedi, veluri an sisxlismsmelia;<br />

hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki ar fiqrobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani erTmaneTis<br />

potenciuri mkvlelia. sicocxlisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe<br />

bunebiT mdgomareobaSi aris ara mkvlelis tendenciebi adamianebSi, aramed<br />

is siRatake da gaWirveba, rac axasiaTebs am mdgomareobas. 23<br />

loks swamda, rom siRatake da gaWirveba gardauvalia bunebiT<br />

mdgo mareo ba Si, radgan, misi azriT, didi Zalixmevaa saWiro yoveldRiuri<br />

sarCos mosapoveb lad. am pirobebSi ki, Cveni qoneba unda davicvaT im mezoblebisgan,<br />

romlebic iswrafvian misi dapatronebisken da im adamianebisgan,<br />

romlebsac SiaT da Raribebi arian. amgvarad, loki problemas ufro mwir<br />

resursebSi (sakvebi, miwa da a.S) xedavda, vidre Sinagan bunebriv xasiaTze.<br />

lokis Sexedulebebi adamianebze, sazogadoebasa da bunebaze mWidrod aris<br />

dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan. Tu omis warmoSobis mizezebi<br />

unda veZeboT adamianebSi, rogorc es hobs sjeroda, maSin misi aRmofxvris<br />

erTaderTi saSualebaa Sinagani meobis Secvla. xolo, Tu problema unda ve­<br />

ZeboT sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ruso da lenini Tvlidnen, maSin gamosavali<br />

mdgomareobs sazogadoebis (an saxelmwifos) imgvarad gadawyobaSi, rom aRmoifxvras<br />

agresiuli qcevis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. magram, Tu problemaa ara<br />

adamiani an sazogadoeba, aramed bunebaa, maSin erTaderT gamosavlad bunebis<br />

gardaqmnaRa rCeba.<br />

sainteresoa is faqti, rom bunebis transformacia iyo zustad is gza,<br />

romelsac loki Sida sazogadoebaSi konfliqtis aRmofxvris instrumentad<br />

miiCnevda. misi azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebam unda izrunos iseTi<br />

pirobebis damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas.<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Sesustdeba<br />

socia luri daZabulobis ZiriTadi mizezi _ adamianis mdgomareobis bune­

566 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

brivi `gaWirveba~. amave dros, Tu bunebis cvalebadobas Caenacvleba organizebuli<br />

sazogadoebis oficialuri wesebi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba imis<br />

saWiroeba, rom adamianebma mudmivad akontrolon erTmaneTi. amgvarad, adamianebi<br />

SeZlebdnen sabolood daetovebinaT bunebiTi mdgomareoba, mTeli<br />

Tavisi anarqiiTa da safrTxeebiT.<br />

bunebiTi mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom<br />

bedis ironiiT Seabijes sxva _ saerTaSoriso politikis sastik samyaroSi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom loks ar mourgia politikis Sesaxeb sakuTari Teoria<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, misi msjeloba srulad miesadageba am<br />

sakiTxs. mTavrobis `gamogonebamde~ adamianebi cxovrobdnen Sida anarqiaSi.<br />

amgvaradve, efeqtiani msoflio xelisuflebis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />

saxelmwifoebi arseboben saerTaSoriso anarqiaSi. am gagebiT, eri­saxelmwifoebs<br />

Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba mcirediT gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisagan,<br />

romelic arsebobda adamianebs Soris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

Camoyalibebamde. saerTaSoriso bunebiTi mdgomareoba, iseve, rogorc<br />

Tavdapirveli bunebrivi mdgomaroba, mudmivad imyofeba potenciur saomar<br />

viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli eri­saxelmwifo sakuTari Tavis<br />

gadarCenis mizniT moqmedebs mtrul garemoSi, swored ise, rogorc TiToeuli<br />

adamiani moiqceoda bunebiT mdgomareobaSi.<br />

omis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Zvirfasi nadavli teritoriaa da<br />

istoriidan gamomdinare, swored axali teritoriebisa da miwebis, lokis<br />

mixedviT qonebis, dapatronebis gamo xdeba omebis umetesi nawili. gaixseneT,<br />

mecxramete saukunis bolos evropis saxelmwifoebis brZolas axali<br />

koloniebisaTvis lenini axali bazrebis, iafi muSaxelisa da nedleulis<br />

dapatronebis survils miawerda. mniSvnelovania leninis mosazreba imis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis (fuli da qoneba) dagrovebisadmi midrekileba,<br />

romelsac lokic aRwerda, pirdapir ukavSirdeba imperializmis fenomens,<br />

rac, rogorc man iwinaswarmetyvela, msoflios omamde miiyvanda. lenini<br />

Tundac aWarbebdes kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmisas,<br />

erTi ram cxadia: teritoriuloba yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda da kvlavac<br />

daukavSirdeba oms.<br />

loki im dros moRvaweobda, rodesac jer kidev mravlad iyo evropelebis<br />

mier daupatronebeli da auTvisebeli teritoria. igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianebi<br />

harmoniulad icxovobdnen, Tu romelime maTgani ar moindomebda sxvebis<br />

daCagvras. am faqtebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mosaxleobis zrdas­<br />

Tan erTad gaizarda moTxovna resursebze, xolo, siRatakis zRvris sakiTxi<br />

ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. loki amtkicebs, rom preistoriul adamians<br />

safrTxe eqmneboda bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT. warmoidgineT,<br />

ramdenad gaZlierda es safrTxe droTa ganmavlobaSi.<br />

bunebrivi resursebis simwire: malTusis koSmari. bevrma Tanamedrove avtorma<br />

ganavrco lokis mier wamoweuli bunebrivi resursebis simwiris Tema. am<br />

Temas Tomas malTusic (1766­1834) Seexo Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ `gamocdileba<br />

xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis Sesaxeb~ (1780). riCard folkma (1972), magali­<br />

Tad, gansazRvra `planetaruli safrTxis oTxi ganzomileba~: `omis sistema~,

omi<br />

567<br />

`mosaxleobis zrda~, `mwiri resursebi~ da `garemos gadatvirTva~. 24 safrTxis<br />

es oTxi ganzomileba, folkis mixedviT, erTi problemis erTmaneTTan dakav­<br />

Sirebuli aspeqtebia da aqedan gamomdinare, erTad unda ganvixiloT.<br />

saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT folkis mosazrebebi<br />

Seesabameba politikis lokiseul gagebas:<br />

...saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rasakvirvelia, aris omis sistemis<br />

ukiduresi magaliTi. konfliqtebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />

sasicocxlo interesebi mudmivad riskis qveSaa. Zalauflebisa da<br />

resursebis uTanasworoba ubiZgebs saxelmwifoebs daepatronon mezobeli<br />

saxelmwifoebis kuTvnilebas. 25<br />

swored ise, rogorc adamianebi arian daucveli sxvebis Zaladobisgan<br />

bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, mtacebeli eri­saxelmwifoebi safrTxes uqmnian<br />

sxva er­saxelmwifoebs. amitom, istoriis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc folki<br />

amtkicebs, is garemoebebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konkretuli eri­saxelmwifoebis<br />

kontrols, aiZulebs maT, ganixilon sakuTari usafrTxoeba<br />

mezobeli saxelmwifoebis saWiroebebis pirdapirpropociulad. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, miuxedavad im uprecendento ngrevisa, rac pirvel da meore<br />

msoflio omebs mohyva, `mravali nabiji gadaidga, da xSirad warmatebiTac,<br />

omis barbarosobis xarisxis Sesamcireblad, magram faqtobrivad araferi<br />

gakeTebula omis warmomSobi faqtorebis aRmosafxvrelad~. 26 konkretulad<br />

romel faqtorebzea laparaki? profesori folki amtkicebs, rom sakvebisa<br />

da wylis maragis xelmisawvdomoba pirdapir kav SirSia uZveles omebTan, rac<br />

kvlavac aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba Tanamedrove omebTan mimarTebaSi:<br />

dRevandeli, masobrivi SimSilis viTarebaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />

uZvelesi kavSiri, rac arsebobs omebsa da sakvebis maragis kontrols<br />

Soris, iseve, rogorc saukuneobrivi gamocdileba, romelic gulisxmobs<br />

samxedro ZaliT privilegirebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> da ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobis dacvas. 27<br />

sakvebisa da wylis maragze ufro mniSvnelovani, folkis azriT, aris<br />

mosaxleobis demografiuli afeTqebis kontrolis aucilebloba. bevr Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi mosaxleobis zrda planetaruli mniSvnelobisaa. gasagebia, rom<br />

msoflioSi arc erTi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad Zlevamosilia<br />

igi, ar grZnobs Tavs bolomde daculad Cveni drois amgvari problemebisagan.<br />

1973 wlis navTobis krizisi kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom yvelaze mdidari<br />

da Zlevamosili qveynebic ki SeiZleba daucvelebi gaxdnen. SezRudulia<br />

da araproporciulad ganawilebuli ara mxolod navTobi, aramed iseTi<br />

nedleulic, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi da TuTia. amave dros, msoflios<br />

yvelaze Raribi qveynebi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nedleulis _ sakvebis _<br />

deficits ganicdian.

568 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

omis Teoriebi: kritika<br />

winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli sami ZiriTadi mosazreba omis ZiriTadi<br />

mizezebis Sesaxeb eyrdnoba dasavleTis <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofiis fundamentur<br />

principebs _ adamianis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis triadas. samive<br />

Teoria garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. erTad aRebuli, es Teoriebi xsnis<br />

omis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezebs. calke an erTad aRebuli es Teoriebi ki<br />

xsnis, ratom daiwyo konkretuli omebi. maSinac ki, rodesac omi izolirebulad<br />

mimdinareobs, omis gamomwvevi mizezebi kompleqsuria da Znelia maTi<br />

gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, rodesac, savaraudod,<br />

egoisturi da Zaladobisaken midrekili adamianuri buneba aris is faqtori,<br />

romelic ubiZgebs saxelmwifoTa liderebs awarmoon omi, yvela lideri<br />

ar aris egoisti an moZalade. ufro metic, yvela lideri erTnairad rodi<br />

eqvemdebareba sakuTari xalxis politikur da sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs,<br />

an oponentebis samxedro SesaZleblobebs. aseve, isini erTnairad ar aRiqvamen<br />

saSiSroebebsa da riskebs. rac Seexeba eri­saxelmwifoebs, Cans, rom,<br />

sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi maT omisken an piriqiT, mSvidobisken midrekil<br />

saxelmwifoebad aqcevs. magram ar aris gansazRvruli, konkretulad romeli<br />

maxasiaTeblebi aris dakavSirebuli omis warmoebis tendenciasTan. da bolos,<br />

maSin, rodesac sakvebisa da sxva resursebis simcire zog saxelmwifos<br />

konfliqtisaken ubiZgebs, es faqtori xSirad iwvevs sapirispiro reaqcias:<br />

daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis Zlieri survilis saxiT.<br />

ar arsebobs erTi konkretuli ganmarteba, romelic adekvaturad xsnis<br />

yvela omis gamomwvev mizezebs. problemis gamartiveba ufro abrkolebs pasuxis<br />

moZiebis process. idealizmi da sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsi imeds<br />

aZlevs omisgan gadaqancul msoflios, magram es imedi mainc uadgiloa.<br />

politikis miRma<br />

mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom Tu yvela Tanasworia, is saxelmwifoebi,<br />

romlebic amJRavneben nacionalizms, ufro midrekilebi arian omebisaken,<br />

vidre politikurad apaTiuri saxlmwifoebi, magram yvela iSviaTad aris<br />

Tanaswori. rasakvirvelia, erovnul saxelmwiofebriobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

axsna `uZluria omis SemTxvevebis axsnaSi~. 28<br />

magram ra vuyoT vilsoniseul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratiuli<br />

qveynebi bunebiT mSvidobianebi arian, xolo tirania Tanamedrove samyaroSi<br />

omis gaCaRebis uTavresi mizezia? mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi bevrma<br />

moazrovnem gausva xazi damokidebulebas diqtatorul da omismosurne an<br />

agresul qmedebas Soris. magaliTad, aristotele fiqrobda, rom `tiranebi<br />

omis Semoqmedni arian~. isini sakuTar xalxs omisken ubiZgebdnen im ganzraxviT,<br />

rom `TavianTi daqvemdebarebulebi mudam dakavebulebi yofiliyvnen da<br />

yovelTvis dasWirvebodaT lideri.~ 29 zogi Tanamedrove avtori, rogoricaa<br />

hana arendti, amtkicebda, rom totalitaruli xelisufleba imTaviTve<br />

agresiulia. 30 meoce saukunis ori mniSvnelovani konfliqti (meore msoflio

omi<br />

569<br />

omi da koreis omi) wamoiwyes totalitarma diqtatorebma. aseve, stalinma<br />

1930­ian wlebSi, hitlerma _ 1940­ian wlebSi, maom 1950­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

da pol potma 1975­1979 wlebSi, gaaCaRes omi sakuTar qveynebSi sisxlis­<br />

Rvrisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis saxiT. saxelmwifo qmedebis ukiduresad<br />

sisxliani es epizodebi adasturebs im faqts, rom totalitari mmarTvelebi<br />

midrekilni arian Zaladobisaken.<br />

arsebobs sxva mosazrebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs diqtatur<br />

a s a da organizebul Zaladobas. diqtatorebi srulad akontroleben<br />

SeiaraReb ul Zalebs, policiasa da propagandis saSualebebs. xSirad isini<br />

omis gmirebi arian, romlebmac samxedro gamarjvebebiT gaikafes gza Zalauflebisken.<br />

es warma tebuli jariskacebi, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes marTvis<br />

sadaveebi, iSviaTad amboben uars Zalis gamoyenebaze. amgvari mmarTvelebisTvis<br />

omi saerTo saxalxo gadaxvevaa yveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinisgan da<br />

xSirad sxva maxres mimarTavs dagubebul Sida mtrobas, romelic, sxva Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi, diqtatorisken iqneboda mimarTuli. oms SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos<br />

sazogadoebis gamTlianebas, disidentebze mitanil ieriSs da bolos, is Sei­<br />

Zleba diqtatorma gamoiyenos stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi ekonomikis<br />

gasajansaReblad an `miZinebuli~ moqalaqeobis gamosacocx leblad.<br />

ramdenad misaRebic unda iyos es Sexedulebebi, isini mainc ar amtkiceben<br />

sabolood, rom oms yovelTvis despotizmi an araproporciuloba iwvevs.<br />

erT­erTi problema isaa, rom amgvari analizis yvela SemTxvevaze morgeba<br />

martivi ar aris. gavixsenoT Tundac vietnamis omis magaliTi. kenedis, jonsonisa<br />

da niqsonis administraciebi omis gaCaRebis mizezad komunistebis<br />

agresias asaxelebdnen. Tumca, samxreT­aRmosavleT aziaSi aSS­is sagareo<br />

politikiT ukmayofiloebi brals SeerTebuli Statebis provokaciul an<br />

gauTvlel qmedebebs xdebodnen. amgvarad, gamomdinare iqidan, romeli faqtori<br />

migvaCnia ufro myarad, vietnamis omi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc<br />

imis magaliTi, rom diqtatura ufro midrekilia omisken, vidre demokratiuli<br />

reJimi an kidev demokratiul qveynebs diqtatorulze aranaklebad<br />

SeuZliaT mimarTon militarizms.<br />

saerTod, warmomadgenlobiTma demokratiulma qveynebmac ver miaRwies<br />

TvalsaCino warmatebas, Tavidan aecilebinaT omi. magaliTad, me­20 saukune­<br />

Si, indoeTma, msoflios udidesma demokratiulma qveyanam, ramdenime sisxlismRvreli<br />

omi gadaitana pakistanis winaaRmdeg. arc SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

xelisufleba mdgara ganze: misma samxedroebma 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomari moqmedebebi wamoiwyes. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ar<br />

yofilan aramosurne monawileebi omSi. SeerTebuli Statebi arc ki cdila<br />

Tavidan aeridebina espanur­amerikuli omi 1898 wels. garda amisa, Znelia<br />

Tvali davxuWoT 1914 wlis meqsikis revoluciaSi amerikis Carevis faqtze,<br />

rodesac (arc meti, arc naklebi) swored prezident vilsonis brZanebiT<br />

amerikelma sazRvao qveiTebma alya Semoartyes navsadgur verakuzs, xolo<br />

Semdeg sadamsjelo razmi gaemgzav ra meqsikaSi panCo vilas [meqsikis revoluciis<br />

(1910­1917) erT­erTi lideri _ mTargmn. Sen.] Zalebis winaaRmdeg.<br />

garda amisa, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis raodenobrivi analizi<br />

ar adasturebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom viTomcda demokratiuli qveynebi

570 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

omisken naklebad midrekilni arian, vidre avtoritaruli an totalitaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebi. 31 faqtobrivad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iseTive<br />

sixSiriT ebmebian saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc sxva tipis saxelmwifoebi.<br />

zogi mtkicebuleba xels uwyobs im mosazrebas, rom demokratiuli qveynebi<br />

SeiZleba ufro iSviaTad iwyeben oms, magram ufro xSirad uerTdebian maT. 32<br />

Tumca, erTi mxriv, kant­vilsoniseuli omis prodasavluri da antidiqtatoruli<br />

mosazrebebi marTalia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Zalian iSviaTad<br />

(an arasodes) eomebian erTmaneTs (ix. cxrili 16­1). 33 WeSmaritad demokratiul<br />

qveynebs Soris ukve saukune­naxevaria ar yofila omi. 34<br />

aRiareba imisa, rom demokratiuli qveynebi ufro xSirad eomebian sxva<br />

arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs da ara erTimeores, aris demokratiuli<br />

mSvidobis paradoqsi. erT­erTi, mravalmxrivi axsnis Tanaxmad:<br />

demokratiul qveynebSi omis molodini da masTan dakavSirebuli sa­<br />

SiSroebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Semcirebulia am qveynebis saerTo<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturiT, ormxrivi identobiTa da simpaTiiT, zogadad,<br />

adamianebsa da elitarul wreebs Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebiT,<br />

am qveynebis interesTa jgufebis unariT, romelic maT saSualebas<br />

aZlevs, Camoayalibon transnacionaluri koaliciebi, ufro xSiri komunikaciebiTa<br />

da ufro pozitiuri ormxrivi aRqmiT. 35<br />

urTierTTanmxvedri saxelmwifoebrivi aRqmis sakiTxi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani iyos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom demokratiul qveynebSi<br />

mTavrobis Zalaufleba ufro danawevrebuli da SezRudulia, <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

liderebi ufro midrekilebi arian kompromisisken, rodesac saqme konfrontacias<br />

exeba da konstituciur demokratiul qveynebSi pativs scemen<br />

TiToeuli moqalaqis uflebas. yvela es faqtori xels uwyobs <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

davis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas demokratiul qveynebSi. demokratiuli<br />

qveynebi ar uqmnian safrTxes erTmaneTs, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo<br />

faseulobebisa da interesebis aRqmas. es mniSvnelovnad amcirebs imis alba­<br />

Tobas, rom sxvadasxva saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala monawileobdes iseT krizisSi,<br />

romelic oms gamoiwvevs.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian<br />

omSi, isini arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, rac imas<br />

niSnavs, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> gansxvavebis (an daSorebis) xarisxi mTavrobebs<br />

Soris, iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa<br />

mniSvnelovani iyos. 36 amgvari monacemebi amyarebdnen vudro vilsonis daskvnas<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiuli wyobis dauZinebeli<br />

mteria, agreTve, mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas kapitalisturi da komunisturi<br />

reJimebis SeuTavseb lobis Sesaxeb. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis<br />

politikis Sesaxeb Catarebulma erT­erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom `rac ufro<br />

msgavsia ori qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, <strong>politikuri</strong> orientacia,<br />

kultura da sarwmunoeba, ufro Sewyobilia maT mier micemuli xmebi gaero­<br />

Si kenWisyrebSi~ da naklebsavaraudoa maT Soris konfliqtis gaCaReba. imave<br />

logikiT, `rac ufro gansxvavebulia ori qveyana ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa

omi<br />

571<br />

da sididis TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro didia maT Soris konfliqtis arsebobis<br />

albaToba.~ 37<br />

cxrili 16.1<br />

omebi, 1816-1991<br />

omis tipebi raodenoba*<br />

demokratiebi demokratiebis winaaRmdeg 0<br />

demokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg 155<br />

arademokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg 198<br />

sul 353<br />

* ganisazRvreba im samxedro qmedebaTa safuZvelze, romlis drosac aranakleb 1000<br />

adamiani daiRupa.<br />

wyaro: Haiku Institut of Peace Research, (October 20, 1991) Tavi 18, 473.<br />

ekonomikis miRma<br />

Tu politika mxolod nawilobriv da bundovnad xsnis konfliqtis arss,<br />

leninis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom omi gamowveulia ekonomikuri faqtorebiT,<br />

kerZod ki kapitalizmiT, kidev ufro bundovania. mniSvnelovania erTi<br />

faqti: omi win uswrebda rogorc kapitalizms, aseve imperializms, rac imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom kapitalizmi ar aris omis gamomwvevi erTaderTi mizezi. 38<br />

ufro metic, ar arsebobs istoriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic mxars uWers<br />

leninis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi gansakuTrebiT<br />

midrekilni arian omisa da konfliqtisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

zogi omis dakavSireba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebTan,<br />

es axsna yvela SemTxvevaSi ar gamodgeba 39 . garda amisa, damokidebuleba<br />

kapitalizmsa da imperializms Soris bolomde naTlad gansazRvruli araa.<br />

kapitalisturi qveynebis nawili misdevs imperialistur praqtikas da omSic<br />

miuRia monawileoba, magram arsebobs gamo naklisebi, magaliTad, SvedeTi da<br />

Sveicaria. leninis ekonomikuri Teoria Znelad Tu xsnis amgvar gansxvavebas<br />

an imas, ratom amJRavnebs socialisturi qveynebis nawili midrekilebas SeiaraRebuli<br />

agresiisadmi. rogorc erT­erTi mkvlevari ambobs:<br />

sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro baltiispireTis qveynebi (1939), fineTi<br />

(1939), ungreTi (1956), Cexoslovakia (1968) da avRaneTi (1979), CineTma<br />

Seteva miitana tibetze (1956), indoeTsa (1962) da vietnamze (1979);<br />

vietnamma Seutia kambojas (1975), sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi erTmaneTs<br />

daupirispirdnen ogadenis irgvliv (1977). 1945­1967 wlebSi momxdari<br />

69 saerTaSoriso konfliqtidan, socialisturma qveynebma monawileoba<br />

miiRes TxuTmet maTganSi, rac daaxloebiT 25 procents Seadgens.

572 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

unda gavixsenoT isic, rom msoflios qveynebis mxolod 15 procents<br />

hqonda socialisturi ekonomika. 40<br />

yvelaferi zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi ar aris dakavSirebuli<br />

omebTan. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omi, romelSic monawileobda<br />

koalicia aSS­is meTaurobiT, gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri motivebiT,<br />

kerZod, arabeTis uSvelebeli sanavTobe sabadoebisa da axlo aRmosavle­<br />

Tis, aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis evropasTan damakavSirebeli sasicocxlo<br />

arxebis sadam huseinis kontrolisgan dasacavad. magram mxolod ekonomikuri<br />

motivebi araa sakmarisi omis gasaCaReblad. imis dasadastureblad,<br />

rom ekonomikuri sistemis erTi konkretuli tipi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />

romelime faza an zogadad ekonomika gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs<br />

omis gaCaRebaSi, argumentebi Zalian mwiria. rodesac akademiuri kvlevebi<br />

ekonomikas erT­erT mizezad miiCnevs, isini ZiriTadad mxolod omebisa da<br />

ekonomikis urTierTkavSiris statistikas eyrdnoba, romelic, rogorc yvela<br />

mecnierisTvis cnobilia, ar adasturebs mizez­Sedegobriobas.<br />

meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, omebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis teritoriebze<br />

xdeba. xom ar migvaniSnebs es imaze, rom ekonomikurad naklebad<br />

ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilni arian omisken? ara yovelTvis,<br />

radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi es omebi provocirebulia ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis<br />

mqone qveynebis mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimdinare konfliqtebi<br />

suecSi, alJirSi, kongoSi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, foklendis kunZulebsa da<br />

eraySi, amis magaliTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom ver davadasturebT myar urTierTkavSirs<br />

ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis six­<br />

Sires Soris, arsebobs damamtkicebeli samxilebi, rom ekonomikurad ganvi­<br />

Tarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilebi arian omisaken, vidre ekonomikurad<br />

naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi. 41<br />

zedmeti gamartivebis safrTxe<br />

omis Sesaxeb mravali martivi Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, zogi raodenobrivi<br />

Teoretikosi SesaSuri sizustiT gvTavazobs modelebs, romlebsac,<br />

maTi azriT, mivyavarT omis gamomwvev samxedro aliansamde, muqaramde,<br />

krizisebis seriebamde da a.S. 42 garda amisa, amgvarma kvlevebma aCvena, rom<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> liderebis mier gadadgmuli iseTi nabijebi, rogoricaa aliansis<br />

Seqmna omis safrTxis Sesamcireblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs omis<br />

dawyebis albaTobis zrdas. 43 Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kvlevam ver SeZlo<br />

daedasturebina, rom am modelebSi aRwerili moqmedebebi aris omis uSualo<br />

mizezebi. TiToeuli es fenomeni SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos mis<br />

ukan myof meore fenomenTan. ufro metic, TviT yvelaze `tipuri~ modelic<br />

TavisTavad SezRudulia, radgan mxolod im konfliqtebs exeba, romlebic<br />

daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba. 44<br />

omis Teoretikosebis umetesoba didi xania amtkicebs, rom patara saxelmwifoebTan<br />

SedarebiT, Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi ufro midrekilni arian

omi<br />

573<br />

omisken. 45 es albaToba amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT saku­<br />

Tari gamarjvebis rwmena, ufro ixrebian omebisken. 46 Tumca, romelime saxelmwifos<br />

Zlierebis gansazRvra rTuli saqmea, politikurma liderebma SesaZloa<br />

gaangariSebaSi Secdoma dauSvan da gadaWarbebiT Seafason sakuTari<br />

qveynis siZ liere an piriqiT, saTanadod ver Seafason mowinaaRmdege (amis<br />

TvalsaCino magaliTia vietnamis omi). 47 is qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian Sida<br />

Zaladobas, ufro midrekilni arian omisken Semdegi mizezebis gamo: omma,<br />

SesaZlebelia, gaaerTianos eri an Sida konfliqtebma iol samizned aqcios<br />

qveyana. 48 is qveynebi, romlebsac `riskis moyvaruli~ liderebi xelmZRvaneloben,<br />

ufro xSirad ebmebian omSi.<br />

kidev erTi Sesabamisi faqtoria saerTo sazRvrebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />

rodesac saerTo sazRvari didia an es xdeba istoriuli mtrebis SemTxveva­<br />

Si. 49 garemo faqtorebic udides rols TamaSobs, radgan qveynebi, romlebic<br />

gamoirCevian mosaxleobis zrdis tendenciiT, saWiro resursebis ukmarisobiTa<br />

da maRali teqnologiebiT, savaraudod ufro xSirad axorcieleben<br />

eqspansiur sagareo politikas, maSin, rodesac mcirericxovani, magram teqnologiurad<br />

ganviTarebuli qveynebi iSviaTad ebmebian omSi da Tu es saxelmwifoebi<br />

mainc monawileoben omSi, isini ufro msxverpli arian, vidre<br />

agresori. 50 daskvnis saxiT rom vTqvaT, didi, Zlevamosili qveyana swrafi<br />

tempiT mzardi mosaxleobiTa da maRal doneze ganviTarebuli teqnologiiT,<br />

romelic esazRvreba istoriul mters da romelsac marTavs riskis<br />

moyvaruli lideri, iqneboda agresiuli omis pirveli kandidati, gansakuTrebiT<br />

maSin, Tu es qveyana imyofeba samoqalaqo mRelvarebis an Seiara­<br />

Rebuli ajanyebis pirobebSi.<br />

am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebis didi nawili, adamianis bunebiT da mwiri<br />

resursebiT dawyebuli da omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT damTavrebuli<br />

(rogoricaa mosaxleobis raodenoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da saz­<br />

Rvrebis problemebi), Znelia an sulac SeuZlebeli, Seicvalos. amerikeli<br />

komikosi uil rojeri ambobda, rom msoflioSi mSvidoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi<br />

iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu qveynebi, adamianebis msgavsad, moZraobas<br />

SeZlebdnen; magram qveynebs ar SeuZliaT moZraoba (Tumca mosaxleobas Seu­<br />

Zlia _ is migrirebs _ gadaadgildeba).<br />

mcdar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtebis aRmofxvra<br />

an maTi dayvana mxolod erT faqtoramde, SeuZlia realurad gazardos<br />

omis albaToba. rogorc 1919­1939 wlebis evropis istoria adasturebs,<br />

mxolod saerTaSoriso sistemis gadawyobaze koncentrireba da<br />

adamianis bunebis rolis uaryofam waaqeza umowyalo adamianebi omisken da<br />

gzas gauxsna egoist da ambiciur liderebs. 51 amerikel, frang da britanel<br />

liderebs 1930­ian wlebSi realurad rom SeefasebinaT ultranacionalistebis<br />

ideologia an hitleris jojoxeTuri zraxvebi, SesaZlebeli iqneboda<br />

meore msoflio omis Tavidan acileba.<br />

omTan dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri mizezebisa da faqtorebis axsnam<br />

SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis marTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis<br />

mokrZalebul gaumjobesebas mSvidobis dasadgurebis Sesaxeb iluziebis<br />

gaqarwylebis meSveobiT. amgvar mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi martivi gadaw­

574 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

yvetilebis miRebam, SesaZloa, ufro gaauaresos mdgomaroeba, vidre gadawyetilebis<br />

saerTod ar miRebam, radgan adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro<br />

cdilobdnen gaemartivebinaT omis sakiTxebi, istoriisaTvis cnobili arian<br />

omis dawyebaSi yvelaze didi wvlilis SetaniT.<br />

totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis<br />

totaluri omi sruliad axali fenomenia. is ramdenime arsebiTi niSniT<br />

gansxvavdeba Soreuli warsulis SezRuduli omebisgan. pirvel rigSi, is<br />

ar aris SezRuduli droSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom omSi monawile saxelmwifo<br />

an saxelmwifoebi cdiloben moipovon sruli gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze.<br />

maT ver aCerebs veraferi, garda upirobo kapitulaciisa. meore, totalur<br />

omSi yvela saSualeba gamoiyeneba. totalur omSi monawile saxelmwifoebi<br />

iyeneben ganviTarebul teqnologiebs SeiaraRebis moqmedebis manZilis, sizustisa<br />

da ganadgurebis potencialis gazrdis mizniT. mesame, totaluri<br />

omi arc monawileebiTa SezRuduli. masSi SeiZleba sazogadoebis yvela fena<br />

iyos Cabmulebi.<br />

napoleonis omebi totaluri omis prototipad iTvleba, radgan es aris<br />

amgvari tipis omis pirveli SemTxveva. napoleonma sayovelTao hegemoniis<br />

mopo vebis mizniT wamoiwyo es omi. igi ar cnobda araviTar limits drois an<br />

saSualebebis mxriv. napoleons surda gabatonebuliyo mTels evropaze da<br />

hqonda yvela saSualeba, rac saWiro iyo erTiani, centralizebuli saxelmwifos<br />

SeqmnisaTvis im dros (cxadia, napoleonis epoqaSi ar arsebobda masobrivi<br />

ganadgurebis iaraRi, aramed iyo konvenciuri iaraRi da armia. napoleonis<br />

swored amgvarma jarma miwasTan gaaswora moskovi, kremlis CaTvliT,<br />

ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, napoleonma SemoiRo<br />

armiaSi masobrivi gawvevis idea, rac imas niSnavs, rom man gaaerTiana<br />

uamravi axalgazrda kaci msoflios pirvel saxalxo armiaSi. am dromde jari<br />

Sedgeboda mxolod da mxolod profesionali da daqiravebuli jariskacebisgan.<br />

napoleonma aseve warmatebiT gamoiyena nacionalizmis idea, propaganda<br />

da patriotuli simbolika mTeli sazogadoebis saomari mobilizaciisTvis.<br />

yvela es inovacia avismomaswavebeli niSani iyo: meoce saukunis pirveli<br />

naxevris ori totaluri omi SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc erTi movlena, romelic,<br />

mcire SesvenebiT or ukiduresad mZime spazms Soris, TiTqmis erTi<br />

saukunis win dawyebuli procesebis saSinel kulminaciad iqca.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg totaluri omis cneba kidev ufro saSineli<br />

gaxda, rac sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da mecnierul da teqnologiur<br />

aRmoCenebs ukavSirdeba. birTvuli epoqis dadgomam mTlianad<br />

Secvala omis strategia da taqtika, aseve samxedro Zalebis moqmedebis<br />

logika da brZolis veli. omis axali saxis msgavsad, es transformaciac totaluri<br />

iyo.

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs<br />

omi<br />

575<br />

Cven mogvwons, roca vfiqrobT, rom Cvenma liderebma yovelTvis kargad<br />

ician, rasac akeTeben, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme omisa da mSvidobis<br />

sakiTxebs exeba. magram gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic xdeba. ra moxdeboda<br />

pakistaneli iaraRiT movaWreni indoeTis gavliT rom cdiliyvnen<br />

cimbiris wylulis gamomwvevi tvirTis gatanas da anTraqsis sasikvdilo<br />

sporebi indoeTis dedaqalaqis, niu­delis centrSi maSin gavrcelebuliyo,<br />

rodesac qaSmireli taqsis mZRoli SuqniSnis wiTel Suqze gaivlida da satvirTo<br />

manqanas daejaxeboda gadatvirTul gzajvaredinze? da ra iqneboda,<br />

es yvelaferi pakistanTan krizisis dros rom momxdariyo? xom SesaZlebelia<br />

indoeTs efiqra, rom pakistani globalur oms iwyebda? pakistans araferi<br />

esaqmeboda am ambavTan, magram indoeTs SeiZleba jer sapasuxo dartyma mieyenebina<br />

da Semdeg daesva kiTxvebi (lodini metismetad sarisko iqneboda<br />

amgvar SemTxvevaSi). am scenariT, sayo velTao birTvuli omi SeiZleboda yofiliyo<br />

SemTxveviTobis da araswori aRqmis da ara romelime mxaris racionaluri<br />

gadawyevetilebisa da arCevanis Sedegi.<br />

mcdari aRqmis gamo omebs iwvevs Seqmnili situaciis araswori interpretireba<br />

da yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia im omebisa, romlebic aravis surs.<br />

SemTxveviTi omebi amgvari omebis erT­erTi variantia. gzavnilis araswori<br />

Targmani, Setyobineba, romelic daniSnulebis adgilamde ver mivida,<br />

yu radRebis miRma darCenili an arasworad interpretirebuli diplomatiuri<br />

signali kosmosuri epoqis iaraRebis sistemis SemoRebamde karga xniT<br />

adre aCqarebda ganuzraxvel omebs. teqnologiur epoqaSi, sadac dominirebs<br />

birTvuli iaraRi da balistikuri raketebi, SemTxveviT gamowveuli omebis<br />

saSiSroeba da riski mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. omis eskalacia SesaZlebelia<br />

iyos limitirebuli (da lokalizebuli) konfliqti or saxelmwifos Soris,<br />

rodesac arc erTi mxare Tavdapirvelad ar apirebda mis xelT arsebuli<br />

yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram msxverplis ricxvis<br />

zrdasa da brZolis velze situaciis cvlilebasTan erTad, erT­erTi mxare<br />

(savaraudod is, romelic agebs) brZolis bedis sakuTar mxares Semobrunebis<br />

mizniT gamoiyenebs ufro Zlier iaraRs da mowinaaRmdegesac sxva araferi<br />

darCeba, garda imisa, rom imave siZlieris iaraRiT daupirispirdes. im Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare flobs birTvul iaraRs, amgvari situaciis dinamikam<br />

SesaZlebelia birTvul omamde miiyvanos saqme. aqedan gamomdinare, is,<br />

rac daiwyo tradiciuli omiT, SeiZleba nabij­nabij mivides sayovelTao<br />

samkvdro­sasicocxlo brZolamde.<br />

kaTalitikur omebsac SeuZlia Zaladobis warmoSoba da ganadgureba<br />

nebismieri saxelmwifos ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad. istoriulad,<br />

amgvari omebi yvelaze metad aliansebis molaparakebaTa safuZvelze iwyeba:<br />

Tu aliansis erT wevrze ganxorcielda Seteva, mokavSireebi ebmebian mis<br />

dacvaSi da amgarad, omi kidev ufro farTo masStabiani xdeba. omi SeiZleba<br />

daiwyos, rogorc lokaluri konfliqti or ganviTarebad qveyanas Soris,<br />

romlebsac Zlieri mokavSireebi hyavs. adgilobrivi omi yovelTvis SeiZleba<br />

gadaizardos regionul da globalur omSic ki (rogorc es moxda orive<br />

msoflio omis SemTxvevaSi).

576 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

SesaZlebelia, agreTve, sxva jojoxeTuri scenaric. magaliTad, fsiqikurad<br />

SeSlilma adamianma SeiZleba ramenairad moaxerxos birTvuli omis sa­<br />

SiSroebis gamowveva. gulisxmobs Tu ara yvela es scenari sabotaJs, araswor<br />

aRq mas, SemTxveviTobas, eskalacias Tu fatalur movlenebs, gviCvenebs, rogor<br />

SeiZleba daiwyos omi winaswarganzraxuli agresiis gareSe.<br />

birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs<br />

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi mxolod erTxel gamoiyenes. SeerTebulma<br />

Statebma ori atomuri bombi Camoagdo iaponiis qalaqebSi _ hirosimasa<br />

da nagasakiSi, raTa daesrulebina meore msoflio omi. prezidenti<br />

trumeni daeloda iaponiis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mier danebebis Sesaxeb<br />

gancxadebas, mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma bombma miwasTan gaaswora hirosima.<br />

sami dRis Semdeg man meore bombis Camogdebis brZaneba gasca. amjerad am<br />

gadawyevetilebam gaamarTla, iaponia danebda. es iyo omSi atomuri iaraRis<br />

gamoyenebis pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva. didi Secdoma iqneba am momgebiani<br />

strategiis xelaxali gamoyeneba. mizezi martivia: rodesac amerikis<br />

prezidentma es gadawyvetileba miiRo 1945 wels, msoflioSi sul orad ori<br />

atomuri bombi arsebobda da isic amerikelebis arsenalSi. prezident trumens<br />

ar gauriskavs, radgan mis gadawyvetilebas ar mohyveboda masirebuli<br />

sapasuxo dartyma iaponiis an sxva qveynis mxridan. im droisTvis SeerTebul<br />

Statebs hqonda (marTalia, mcirexniani) birTvuli monopolia.<br />

sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad ganaviTara birTvuli iaraRis programa da<br />

ukve 1950­iani wlebis bolosTvis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis mTeli<br />

arsenali hqonda, kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis CaTvliT. moskovma<br />

faqtobrivad daamarcxa SeerTebuli Statebi kosmosSi, rodesac 1957<br />

wels gauSva pirveli sateliti vostoki, romelic dedamiwas uvlida gars.<br />

1960­ian wlebSi SeerTebulma Statebma ara mxolod dakarga birTvuli monopolia,<br />

aramed yvelaze Zlevamosili qveynis reputaciac. omis muqarisa<br />

da konfrontaciis epoqas (birTvuli iaraRis muqariT mowinaaRmdegeebis<br />

daSineba) mohyva ueWveli urTierT ganadgurebis an urTierT Sekavebis<br />

epoqa anu situacia, romelSic orive zesaxelmwifos aqvs unari, win aRudges<br />

pirvel dartymas da miayenos meore sapasuxo dartyma mowinaaRmdeges, rac<br />

gamoiwvevs agresorisTvis miuRebel zarals.<br />

TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo Zal­Rones ar iSurebda birTvul SejibrSi<br />

gamarjvebulis poziciis mopovebisa da SenarCunebiaTvis. 1970­iani wlebis<br />

dasawyi sisTvis, orive supersaxelmwifos uSvelebeli SesaZlebloba hqonda<br />

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRiT gamanadgurebeli dartyma mieyenebina<br />

metoqisTvis. kidev ufro SemaSfoTebeli is iyo, rom orive mxarem aago birTvuli<br />

wyalqveSa navebi, romlebic moZravi platformis funqcias asrulebda<br />

birTvuli raketebis gaSvebisTvis. orive mxares undoda am Sejibris mogeba,<br />

arc erT maTgans ar surda damarcxeba, magram orive maTganma icoda, rom am<br />

omSi gamarjvebuli ar iqneboda, Tu isini ver SeinarCunebdnen urTierTSekavebis<br />

mdgomareobas. kubis birTvuli krizisis dros (1963) es balansi TiTq­

omi<br />

577<br />

mis dairRva. es iyo gamosafxizlebeli gangaSi. orma dauZienebelma mterma<br />

saswrafod daamyara kavSiri _ axla ukve yvelasTvis cnobili cxeli xazi<br />

_ pirdapiri sakomunikacio gza TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris katastrofis<br />

Tavidan acilebis mizniT.<br />

aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?<br />

jerjerobiT omi ganvixileT mxolod da mxolod agresorebis TvalTaxedviT.<br />

magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas msxverplis Sesaxeb? Zalian cota eqsperti<br />

Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba im mosazrebas, rom qveynebs aqvT ufleba, win aRudgnen<br />

SeiaraRebul agresias. rodesac dgeba qveynis yofna­aryofnis sakiTxi, Tavdacva<br />

moralurad gamarTlebulia. amitom, miuxedavad benjamin franklinis<br />

mtkicebisa, rom `ar arsebobs kargi omi da cudi mSvidoba~, zogi omi SeiZleba<br />

aucileb lad da saWirod CavTvaloT. konkretulad romeli omebi miekuTvneba<br />

am kategorias? vin unda gansazRvros da ramdenad darwmunebulebi<br />

SegviZlia viyoT gansazRv risas?<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrina<br />

samarTliani omis angariSgasawevi doqtrinis mixedviT arsebobs garemoebebi,<br />

romelTa fonze omi SeiZleba iyos `kargi~ ara `sasiamovnos~ an `bunebrivad<br />

sasurvelis~ mniSvnelobiT, aramed qveynis keTildReobisa da samar­<br />

Tlianobis dacvis principidan gamomdinare. es koncefcia Tavdapirvelad<br />

win wamoswies adreuli periodis qristianma Teologebma, kerZod ki netari<br />

avgustinem, xolo Sua saukuneebis filosofosebma kidev ufro daxvewes igi.<br />

Tanamedrove epoqaSi, hugo grociusma (1583­1645) [holandieli filosofosi,<br />

iTvleba saerTaSoriso samarTlis damfuZneblad _ mTargmn. Sen.] da bunebi­<br />

Ti samarTlis sxva Teoretikosebma moaxdines misi xelaxali formulireba.<br />

is mecnierebi, romlebisTvisac misaRebia samarTliani omis cneba, erTsulovnad<br />

Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom TavdacviTi omebi gamarTlebulia.<br />

Tu romelime qveyana gaxda moulodneli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, sapasuxo<br />

Seteva moZaladeze mizanSewonilia. zogma Teoretikosma kidev ufro gaafarTova<br />

es doqtrina da ufleba misca mesame mxare­saxelmwifoebs CaerTon<br />

agresiis uZluri msxverplebis dacvaSi. 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omi,<br />

romelsac win uswrebda erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba, amgvari SemTxvevis<br />

naTeli maga liTia.<br />

Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi samarTliani omis doqtrinas mxolod TavdacviT<br />

omebs ukavSireben, magram adreuli avtorebi yovelTvis ver axdendnen<br />

amgvar gansxvavebas. netari avgustines, magaliTad, ezizReboda omi<br />

mTeli Tavisi ubedurebebiT, magram saWirod Tvlida agresiul omebsac ki<br />

iseTi garemoebebisas, rodesac `saxelmwifo uZluria gadaixados kompensacia<br />

im zianis gamo, romelic misma moqalaqeebma gamoiwvies an daabrunos is,<br />

rac mitacebul iqna.~ 52 adreuli epoqis sxva qristiani Teologebi, maT Soris

578 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

wminda ambrosi (340­397), amtkiceben, rom erebi araTu uflebamosilni, aramed<br />

valdebulnic ki arian, maRali principebis dasacavad gaaCaRon agresiuli<br />

omebi. `kacs aqvs moraluri movaleoba, gamoiyenos Zala, aRudges win<br />

borotebas da SeaCeros igi~, _ werda wminda ambrosi. 53 ambrosi acnobierebda<br />

SezRudvebsac agresiuli omis SemTxvevaSi da ambobda, rom omisTvis saWiroa<br />

samarTliani mizezi.<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrina gacxadebulia xuT konkretul postulatSi.<br />

pirveli, omi unda iyos yvelaze bolo saSualeba legitimuri xelisuflebisTvis<br />

da mis garda aRar unda arsebobdes romelime politikurad efeqtiani<br />

alternativa; meore, konfliqtis mizezi unda iyos samarTliani. igi unda<br />

daiwyos mxolod im mizniT, rom SeaCeros agresia da gamoasworos usamarTloba;<br />

mesame, omi ar SeiZleba iyos fuWi. yovelTvis unda iyos imis albaToba,<br />

rom qvyanas, romelic iwyebs oms, aqvs warmatebis Sansi; meoTxe, saWiroa<br />

iyos proporciuloba rogorc drosTan, aseve saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi,<br />

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, omis mizezma unda gaamarTlos daxarjuli fulisa<br />

da daRupulTa raodenoba, xolo omSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi unda<br />

amarTlebdes omis dawyebis mizezs; dabolos, mexuTe, samarTliani omi maqsimalurad<br />

unda amcirebdes samoqalaqo pirebisadmi miyenebul zaralsa da<br />

sikvdilianobas. Tu daculia zemoT CamoTvlili yvela piroba, omi SeiZleba<br />

gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos.<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrinas safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobis is cneba,<br />

romelic scildeba uSualo saxelmwifo interesebs. gansxvavebiT martivi<br />

nacionalizmisa, rac gamoixateba iseTi lozungebiT, rogoricaa `avia Tu<br />

kargi, mainc Cemi qveyanaa~, samarTliani omis koncefcia Seicavs im moraluri<br />

pasuxismgeblobis Sefasebis standarts, romelic scildeba viwro saxelmwifo<br />

interesebs. adreuli periodis qristiani Teologebi samarTlianobis<br />

cnebas afuZnebdnen qristianul Teologiur doqtrinasa da sulier moZ­<br />

Rvrebebze. samarTliani omis Tanamedrove doqtrinebi efuZneba bunebiTi<br />

kanonzomierebis filosofias, romlis mixedviT arsebobs adamianis keTildReobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli martivi WeSmaritebebi, aseTi WeSmaritebebi na­<br />

Telia yvela saRad moazrovne adamianisTvis da erTobliobaSi qmnis `yvelasaTvis<br />

samarTlianis~ ideals.<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba<br />

im kritikuli SeniSvnebidan, romelic axlavs samarTliani omis doqtrinas<br />

Tqvens yuradRebas sam ZiriTad maTganze gavamaxvilebT: doqtrina aris<br />

mora luri relativizmi, eTnocentrulad mikerZoebulia da politikurad<br />

ararealuri.<br />

moraluri relativizmi. kritikosTa nawils miaCnia, rom samarTliani omis<br />

koncefcia efuZneba Zalze subieqtur da, aqedan gamomdinare, daudasturebel<br />

faseulobaTa gansjas, rac moraluri relativizmis saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom mosazrebebi gansxvavdeba imis Sesaxeb, vin aris dam­

omi<br />

579<br />

naSave konkretuli omis dawyebaSi, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis<br />

nebismieri mcdeloba xSirad asaxavs ara dazustebul realur faqtebs, aramed<br />

damkvirvebelTa mosazrebebs. moraluri relativizmis amgvari tipis Tavidan<br />

acilebis erTaderTi saSualeba mxolod omamdeli da omis Semdgomi situaciis<br />

zedmiwevniT aRweraa, rac mxolod sarwmuno faqtebs daeyrdnoba.<br />

eTnocentruloba da nacionalisturi mikerZoeba. msgavsad amisa, dadgenilia,<br />

rom samarTliani omis dasavleli Teoretikosebi exebian mxolod<br />

sakuTar kulturas da cdiloben yuradReba ar miaqcion im omebis gamamar­<br />

Tlebel faqtebs, romlebic sxva kulturis mqone erebma daiwyes. amas Sei­<br />

Zleba eTnocentrizmi ewodos. magaliTad, jihadis (`brZola~ an `saRvTo<br />

omi~) islamuri koncefcia cdunebis, borotebis an `moRalateTa~ winaaRmdeg,<br />

aris agresuli omis moraluri safuZveli, romelsac iSviaTad aRiareben<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrinis dasavleli damcvelebi.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> miamitoba. samarTliani omis doqtrinis oponentebis garkveuli<br />

nawili ayenebs praqtikuli winaaRmdegobis sakiTxs. maTi mtkicebiT,<br />

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba SeTanxmeba samarTliani an<br />

usamarTlo omebis mtkice, miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod misaRebi gansaz­<br />

Rvrebis Sesaxeb, mainc Zneli iqneba miRebuli doqtrinis marTebulad gamoyeneba.<br />

iseve, rogorc adamianebi ver iqnebian sakuTari Tavis obieqturi<br />

mosamarTleebi, saxelmwifoebi ver gamoiCenen miukerZoeblobasa da obieqturobas<br />

im sakiTxebTan dakav SirebiT, romlebSic sakuTari interesebi aqvT.<br />

kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom miukerZoebeli msajulis gareSe, samarTliani<br />

omis doqtrina rCeba im butaforiad, romelsac agresori qveynebi iyeneben<br />

sakuTari keTildReobisken mimarTuli qmedebisa da samxedro Carevebis<br />

gasamarTleblad.<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWerebi ki Tvlian, rom moraluri<br />

gansja omis Sesaxeb didi xania iTvleba rogorc bunebrivad, aseve saWirod:<br />

bunebrivad im gagebiT, rom `im droidan dawyebuli, rac kacebi da qalebi<br />

omze laparakoben, yovelTvis exebian `sworsa~ da `araswors~ 54 da saWiro<br />

imitom, rom amis gareSe yvela omi obieqturad (an saqebrad) CaiTvleba.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobs mecnierulad dadasturebuli mtkicebuleba,<br />

rom agresiuli omi uaresia, vidre prevenciuli, magram aseTi mtkicebuleba<br />

arc aris saWiro, radgan viciT, rom civsisxliani mkvleloba moralurad<br />

ufro gaumarTlebelia, vidre mkvleloba Tavdacvis mizniT. am gansxvavebas<br />

mxars uWers ara mxolod sisxlis samarTali, aramed saRi azric.<br />

xSirad amboben, rom samarTliani omis doqtrina im adamianebis sasargeblod<br />

muSaobs, romlebic mxars uWeren mas. es mosazreba simarTlis marcvals<br />

Seicavs. TavisTavad, samarTliani omis doqtrina ar Seicavs sayovelTaod<br />

misaReb stan darts, romelic saWiroa eri­saxelmwifos qcevis SesazRudad.<br />

saxelmwifoTa liderebi xSirad monawileoben zneobriv saubrebSi da amave<br />

dros uzneod iqcevian. samarTliani omis doqtrinis SenarCuneba Rirs ara<br />

qcevis gasakontroleblad, aramed Sefasebis meTodis saxiT.

580 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

niurnbergis procesi<br />

meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moxda istoriisaTvis cnobili<br />

pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac germaniaSi, qalaq niurnbergSi nacist liderebs<br />

brali wauyenes. maT brali dasdes, pirveli, mSvidobis winaaRmdeg moqmedebaSi,<br />

radgan omis dawyebiT daarRvies saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da Se­<br />

Tanxmebebi; meore, saomari wesebis darRvevaSi, rogoricaa tyveebis mimarT<br />

gamoCenili sisastike, qalaqebis mTliani ganadgureba, dapyrobil qveynebSi<br />

samoqalaqo pirebis mimarT gamoCenili sastiki mopyroba. mesame, kacobriobis<br />

winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulSi, rac agreTve gulisxmobda mSvidobiani<br />

mosaxleobis masobriv xocva­Jletas.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom nacistebma ver SeZles ebraeli xalxis ganadgureba,<br />

isini Zalian axlos iyvnen dasaxul mizanTan. evropeli ebraelebis masobrivi<br />

Jletis gamo nacisti liderebis dasjis gadawyvetileba efuZneboda<br />

damsa xurebuli ganaCenis gamotanis survils. germanelTa moqmedeba ver<br />

gamarTldeboda omis faqtiT (omic, rasakvirvelia, hitlerma daiwyo). ufro<br />

metic, germaneli nacistebis mier Cadenil sisastikes analogi ar aqvs Tanamedrove<br />

samyaroSi.<br />

kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebaTa koncefcia myarad uWers<br />

mxars samarTliani omis doqtrinas. nacistebis mier im moraluri principebis<br />

ugulebelyofa, rom saWiroa udanaSaulo adamianebis wamebisa da<br />

sikvdilisgan dacva, imdenad aSkara iyo da maTi darRveva imdenad TvalSisacemi,<br />

rom umciresi eWvis gareSec ki, nacistebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs<br />

aranairi moraluri gamarTleba ar hqonda. marTalia, omis dros Cadenili<br />

danaSaulebebis moraluroba/amoralurobis sakiTxi SeiZleba problemuri<br />

iyos. Tumca, holokostis SemTxvevaze es ar vrceldeba. samarTliani omis<br />

doqtrinaSi miTiTebuli gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, es aris udavod kriminaluri<br />

saqcieli.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, zogadad,<br />

amgvari procesebis gamarTvis tendencia seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. ioli<br />

ar aris mSvidobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis iarliyis mikvra konkretul da xSirad<br />

uprecedento SemTxvevebSi. sikvdilis banakebma daarRvies kanonis, samarTlis,<br />

Rirsebis yvela standarti, magram ra vuyoT mokavSireTa mier drezdenis<br />

dabombvis faqts? an germaneli mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil<br />

qmedebebs, romlebzec, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tvals xuWavda sabWoTa armia?<br />

an hirosimasa da nagasakis mcxovrebTa sasowarkveTas? omSi zneobasTan da<br />

moralTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi xSirad bundovani da upasuxoa.<br />

arsebobs genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis ufro axali magaliTebi politikurad<br />

motivirebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, romlis msgavsic<br />

bosniaSi, ruandaSi, siera­leonesa da sxva qveynebSi moxda 1990­ian wlebSi.<br />

unda wardgnen Tu ara teroristebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rTuli iuridiuli<br />

da zneobrivi sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvasac aq ar vapirebT. vTqvaT, rom<br />

prezidentma buSma 11 teraqti saomar moqmedebad Seafasa. am teraqtma fexqveS<br />

gaTela uzenaesi zneobrivi da religiuri principebi, kerZod is, rom<br />

arasodes aqvs gamarTleba udanaSaulo adamianebis Jletas. wardgebian Tu

omi<br />

581<br />

ara al qaidas liderebi an Semsruleblebi odesme marTlmsajulebis winaSe,<br />

damokidebulia imaze, rodis, sad da rogor daakaveben maT (Tu, rasakvirvelia,<br />

moxerxda zogi maTganis cocxlad ayvana), agreTve imaze, moiyvans Tu<br />

ara sisruleSi aSS­s xelisufleba sakuTar dapirebas, gaasamarTlos isini<br />

samxedro tribunalma da ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom.<br />

daskvna<br />

omis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ar aris saxelmwifo politikis mizani.<br />

magaliTad, italiis faSisti lideri, benito musolini, yovelTvis xotbas<br />

asxamda oms.<br />

dRemde bevri mcdeloba iyo omis dawyebis mizezebis gamosavlenad. Sedegad,<br />

masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba sam kategoriad daiyos: mecnierTa<br />

nawili mizezs adamianis bunebaSi xedavs, meore nawili sazogadoebas<br />

adanaSaulebs, xolo mesames sjera, rom yvelaferSi damnaSavea dedabuneba<br />

(Seubralebe li garemo). Tomas hobsi fiqrobda, rom omi aris adamianis uku­<br />

RmarTobis pro­duqti. Jan­Jak rusos miaCnda, rom adamiani zogadad kargia,<br />

magram sazogadoeba xdis mas mankiers; jon lokis azriT, adamianis agresia<br />

bunebrivi resursebis simciriT aris gamowveuli (adamianis kontrolis gareT<br />

arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT). bunebrivi resursebis simwire ukav­<br />

Sirdeba bunebrivi Zalebisa da faqtorebis mravalferovnebas, SimSilis, daavadebebis,<br />

qariSxlebis, gvalvebisa da a.S. CaTvliT.<br />

erT faqtorze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi ver xsnis omis gamomwvev mizezebs.<br />

oms ganapirobebs sxvadasxva _ socialuri, <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri da<br />

fsiqologiuri _ faqtori.<br />

daZabulobis pirobebSi, omi SeiZleba daiwyos ise, rom es ewinaaRmdegebodes<br />

yvela mxaris survils. aseTi arasasurveli omebi xSirad iwyeba araswori<br />

interpretaciis, gaugebrobis, SemTxveviTobis, eskalaciis an kaTalitikuri<br />

reaqciebis Sedegad. daugegmavi omis dawyebis albaToba kidev<br />

erTxel cxadyofs im potenciur safrTxes, rac dakavSirebulia zneobrivi<br />

pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebasTan. xSirad, rodesac omi iwyeba, garkveuli ar<br />

aris, vin an ram gamoiwvia misi dawyeba.<br />

saxelmwifo politikis instrumentad omis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlisa da zneobrivi normebis darRvevaa, Tumca, ara yvela omis Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi. samarTliani omis doqtrina amtkicebs, rom Tavdacva da universaluri<br />

principebis dacva aris brZolis legitimuri safuZveli, magram am<br />

doqtrinas xSirad akritikeben zneobrivi relativizmis, kulturuli eTnocentrizmis<br />

da <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmis naklebobis motiviT.<br />

niurnbergis procesze moxda agresiuli omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis<br />

gamo bralis wayeneba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebma Camoayalibes<br />

saomar danaSaulebaTa axali kategoria _ danaSaulebani kacobriobis<br />

winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli

582 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

iyo, saWiroa amgvar procedurebs maqsimaluri sifrTxiliT movekidoT momavalSi.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi omi<br />

samoqalaqo omi<br />

partizanuli omi<br />

mcire intensivobis konfliqtebi<br />

SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri<br />

imperializmi<br />

ultranacionalizmi<br />

bunebiTi mdgomareoba<br />

internacionalistebi<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkveva<br />

demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi<br />

SezRuduli omi<br />

upirobo kapitulacia<br />

omi mcdari aRqmis gamo<br />

SemTxveviTi omi<br />

omis eskalacia<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

kaTalitikuri omi<br />

nacionalistur­separatmasirebuli<br />

sapasuxo dartyma<br />

birTvuli monopolia<br />

urTierT ganadgureba<br />

urTierT Sekaveba<br />

pirveli dartyma<br />

sapasxuxo dadrtyma<br />

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi<br />

cxeli xazi<br />

samarTliani omi<br />

moraluri relativizmi<br />

eTnocentruizmi<br />

danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomari danaSauli<br />

danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg<br />

1. ramden ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa ganmartebebi omis uSualo mizezebis<br />

Sesaxeb?<br />

2. Tomas hobsis mixedviT, ra aris yvla omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? ra<br />

argumentebiT cdilobs hobsi sakuTari Tezisis dacvas?<br />

3. ra aris, rusos azriT, omis ZiriTadi mizezi? riT gansxvavdeba misi mosazreba<br />

hobsis mosazrebisgan? ra argumentebs iSveliebs ruso sakuTari mosazrebis<br />

dasacavad?<br />

4. im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic omis gamomwvev mTavar mizezad sazogadoebas<br />

miiCneven, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebis<br />

konkretulad romeli aspeqti ganapirobebs eri­saxelmwifoebis omisken<br />

midrekilebas. daasaxeleT teqstSi warmodgenili oTxi alternatiuli<br />

Teoria.<br />

5. rogor xsnida jon loki omis fenomens? riT gansxvavdeba es mosazreba<br />

hobsis mosazrebebisgan? romeli argumentebiT amyarebs is sakuTar mosazrebas?

omi<br />

583<br />

6. omis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb romeli axsna migaCniaT yvelaze sarwmunod?<br />

pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />

7. ratom aris Zneli ubralod daigmos damnaSave mxare an mxareebi, rodesac<br />

omi iwyeba?<br />

8. saomari xelovnebis daxvewis epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli<br />

xdeba omis dawyeba winaswar ganuzraxvelad. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba es<br />

moxdes?<br />

9. aris Tu ara yvela omi gaumarTlebeli zneobrivi kuTxiT? pasuxi daasabu­<br />

TeT.<br />

10. aris Tu ara samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWeri da sawinaaRmdego<br />

argumentebi dabalansebuli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />

11. ra uZRoda win niurnbergis sasamarTlo process? ra aris kacobriobis winaaRmdeg<br />

Cadenili danaSaulebebi? rogor Seesabameba samarTliani omis<br />

doqtrina am konteqsts?<br />

12. mizanSewonili da SesaZlebelia Tu ara niurnbergis tipis procesebis<br />

gamarTva yoveli omis Semdeg?<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. Paul Seabury da Angelo M. Codevilla, War: Ends and Means (New York: Basic<br />

Books, 1990), 6.<br />

2. G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Rights, Targm. T. M. Knox, wignSi Great Books of the<br />

Western World, tomi 46, red.: R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica,<br />

1952), 149.<br />

3. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, Targm. Marion Farber (Lincoln: University<br />

of Nebraska Press, 1984), 230-321), aforizmi #477.<br />

4. Benito Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism”, Targm. M. Oakeshott, wignSi Great<br />

Political Thinkers, red. William Ebenstein (New York: Holt, 1965), 621.<br />

5. John Vasquez, “Introduction: Studying War Scientifically”, wignSi The Scientific<br />

Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan<br />

(New York: Lexington, 1992), xix.<br />

6. iqve, xxii.<br />

7. Tu omis Tvisobriv analizTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri meTodologiis<br />

gacnoba gsurT, waikiTxeT Stuart Bremer­isa da sxvaTa avtorobiT<br />

(adaptirebuli Marie Henehan­is mier) ‘The Scientific Study of War: A Learning<br />

Package”, iqve, 373­437.<br />

8. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International<br />

Relations: A Comprehensive Study, me­3 gamocema (New York: HarperCollins,<br />

1990), 356.<br />

9. Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International<br />

Conflict (New York: Lexington, 1993), 279.<br />

10. es ganxilva aseve moicavs im klasifikaciebis variacias, romelic warmod­

584 politika Zaladobis gziT<br />

genilia Kenneth N. Waltz­is naSromSi Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical<br />

Analysis (New York: Columbia Univesity Press, 1965). vaRiarebT, rom valSi<br />

varT am naSromis winaSe.<br />

11. citata motanilia Sir Norman Angell­is naSromidan Neutrality and Collective<br />

Security, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena Edward Hallett Carr­ma wignSi The<br />

Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). 39.<br />

12. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (London: Everyman’s Library, 1956). 64.<br />

13. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,<br />

me­5 gamoc. (New York: McGrow-Hill, 1992), 3-4.<br />

14. iqve, 29.<br />

15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, FFirst and Second Discourses, Targm. Roger da Judith Masters,<br />

red. Roger Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 197. citata aRebulia<br />

rusos `meore saubris~ SeniSvnebidan.<br />

16. iqve, 195­196.<br />

17. iqve, `meore saubari~,141­142.<br />

18. iqve, 161.<br />

19. Frederick Hartmann, The Relations of Nations (New-York: Macmillan, 1978), 32.<br />

20. William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (Chicago: University of Chicago<br />

Press, 1975), 26-27.<br />

21. Immanuel Kant, “Eternal Peace”, wignSi Immanuel Kant’s Moral and Political Writings,<br />

red. Carl Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), 458.<br />

22. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International<br />

Publishers, 1939), 124.<br />

23. Robert Goldwin, “John Locke”, wignSi History of Political Philosophy, red. L.<br />

Strauss da J. Cropsey (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1963), 442.<br />

24. Richard Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival<br />

(New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 106-107.<br />

25. iqve, 105.<br />

26. iqve, 113.<br />

27. iqve, 155.<br />

28. Cashman, What Causes War? 157.<br />

29. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 1313b, 245.<br />

30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, 1951), 113-114.<br />

31. William Dixon, “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict”,<br />

American Political Science Review 88 (March 1994): 14.<br />

32. demokratiuli qveynebis tendenciaze ix. Stuart Bremer-is, ”Are Democracies<br />

Less Likely to Join Wars?” (naSromi warmodgenili iyo Amercian Political Science<br />

Association-is yovelwliur Sexvedraze, Chicago, September 3-6, 1992).<br />

33. ufro vrclad ix. Brice Russett-is Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.,<br />

Princeton University Press, 1993).<br />

34. rogorc miTiTebulia Cashman­is naSromSi What Causes War?, 129.<br />

35. iqve.<br />

36. iqve, 137­139.<br />

37. Rudolph Rummel, “Some Empirical Findings”, World Politics 21 (1969): 238-239.

omi<br />

585<br />

38. msjeloba SerCeviT mohyveba Cashman­is What Causes War?, 132-134.<br />

39.M Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 51-57.<br />

40. iqve, 133.<br />

41. Michael Haas, “Scietal Approaches to the Study of War”, wignSi The War System,<br />

red. Richard Falk da Samuel Kim (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1980), 355-356, 365.<br />

42. ix. John Vasquez, “The Steps to War”, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and<br />

War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington,<br />

1992), 343-370.<br />

43. Jack Lavy, “Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers,<br />

495-1975, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red.<br />

John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 3-36.<br />

44. Vasquez, “The Steps to War”, 370.<br />

45. Cashman, What Causes War? 137.<br />

46. iqve.<br />

47. Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories, 354-355.<br />

48. iqve, 145­152; Tumca, rogorc qeSmeni aRniSnavs, mxilebuleba calsaxa ar<br />

aris.<br />

49. iqve, 142­145, amave naSromSia mocemulia kvlevebis Sejameba. ix., aseve Paul<br />

Diehl­is “Arms Races to War: Testing Some Empirical Linkages”, Sociological<br />

Quarterly 26 (Semodgoma 1985): 331­349; da misive “Continuity and Military Escalation<br />

in Major Power Rivalries, 1816-1980”, Journal of Politics 47 (noemberi 1985):<br />

1203­1211.<br />

50. Nazli Chourci da Robert North, “Lateral Pressure in International Relations: Concept<br />

and Theory”, wignSi Handbook of War Studies, red. Manus Midlarsky (Boston:<br />

Unwin Hyman, 1989), 310-311.<br />

51. Waltz, Man, the State, and War, 233.<br />

52. citirebulia Lee McDonald­is naSromSi Western Political Theory: From Its Origins<br />

to the Present (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), 127.<br />

53. citirebulia Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, naSromSi Contending Theories of International<br />

Relations, 151, n. 24.<br />

54. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 1.

586

nawili V<br />

politika<br />

mTaAvrobis<br />

gareSe<br />

Tavi XVII<br />

saeraSoriso<br />

urTierTobebi:<br />

brZola Zlierebisvis<br />

Tavi XVIII<br />

saeTaSoriso<br />

organizacia(ebi):<br />

brZola wesrigisTvis<br />

587

588

Tavi XVII<br />

saerTaSori so<br />

urTierTobebi<br />

brZola<br />

ZlierebisTvis<br />

iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgen-<br />

Tau<br />

klasikuri evropuli sistema<br />

sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli<br />

konsensusis marcxi<br />

Tanamedrove globaluri sistema<br />

evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipolarobis<br />

dasawyisi ideologiis primati<br />

birTvuli omis safrTxe<br />

urTierT Sekaveba<br />

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da<br />

dRes ra aris erovnuli interesi? E<br />

erovnuli interesis dacva<br />

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi<br />

bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo<br />

politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, rogorc<br />

egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali<br />

samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali tendenciebi,<br />

Zveli problemebi ra<br />

xdeba civi omis Semdeg? globaluri<br />

ekonomika regionalizmis aRzeveba<br />

eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla<br />

aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare<br />

gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsasruli<br />

Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sainformacio<br />

teqnologiebis revolucia<br />

apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizacia-<br />

Ta Sejaxeba da anarqia?<br />

589

590 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

Cvens welTaRricxvamde 416 wels aTenelebma gemebi da jari spartis<br />

neitraluri koloniis, milosis kunZulis dasapyrobad gagzavnes, romelsac<br />

ar surda omis monawile gamxdariyo. 1 aTenelebi, romlebic molaparakebebs<br />

Zalis poziciidan awarmoebdnen, milosis mkvidrTagan upirobo kapitulacias<br />

moiTxovdnen da eubnebodnen, rom `samarTlianobis sakiTxi mxolod<br />

Tanabar Zalebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi dgeba, maSin roca Zlierni<br />

akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.~<br />

miloselebma kiTxvis dasmiT gasces pasuxi, `ratom SeiZleba iyos<br />

CvenTvis kargi Tqveni mmarTvelobis qveS yofna?~ `imitom~ upasuxes aTenelebma,<br />

rom `Tqven geqnebaT arCevanis gakeTebis upiratesoba damorCilebasa<br />

da sakuTari Tavis ubedurebaSi Cagdebas Soris da Sesabamisad, raki ar gaganadgurebT,<br />

Cvenc moge buli davrCebiT~. miloselebi cdilobdnen daerwmunebinaT<br />

aTenelebi, rom am or saxel mwifos Soris mSvidobiani urTier­<br />

Tobebi orive mxaris interesebSi Sed ioda. Tumca, aTenelebi am logikas ar<br />

iziarebdnen. samarTlianobis sakiTxis uxeSi ugulebelyofiT, isini Tvlidnen,<br />

rom Tu miloss miscemdnen damoukideblobis SenarCunebis saSualebas,<br />

maSin miloselebi da sxvebic amas AaTenis sisusted miiCnevdnen. `Cveni imperiis<br />

gafarToebiT~, ganagrZobdnen aTenelebi `movipovebT usafrTxoebas.<br />

faqti, rom xarT kunZulovani da SedarebiT susti saxelmwifo, adasturebs,<br />

rom ver SeaferxebT zRvis mbrZaneblebs.~ ase rom, milosis saxelmwifo Zalis<br />

politikis gaTvlebs Seewira.<br />

aTenelebis Seurigeblobas miloselebi gabedulad da mtkiced dauxvdnen.<br />

miloselebi kvlav imeorebdnen, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT mainc<br />

neitralurad darCena surdaT. aTenelebma ganagrZes kunZulis alyaSi moqceva,<br />

miloselebma sapasuxo winaaRmdegoba gauwies. spartelebi movidnen,<br />

magram ver darCnen. Semdeg ubedurebis zarmac Camohkra:<br />

aTenidan demeasis vaJis, filokrates meTaurobiT damatebiTi Zalebi<br />

gaigzavna da alya ufro gaZlierda. Sida gamcemlobis gamo miloselebi<br />

Cabardnen aTenelebs, romlebmac yvela mamakaci daxoces,<br />

qalebi da bavSvebi monebad gayides, Semdeg ki daaxloebiT xuTasamde<br />

kolonisti daasaxles am teritoriaze.<br />

es ambavi iseve ikiTxeba, rogorc erT­erTi sazareli epizodi hari poteris<br />

cxovrebidan, swored is, rodesac eSmakeuli voldemori ukan iseTi<br />

gaZlierebuli brundeba, rogoric arasodes yofila. hogvartisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

milosi realurad arsebuli adgili iyo da Sesabamisad moTxrobaSi<br />

gadmocemuli tragedia realurad moxda. am yvelafris safuZveli peloponesis<br />

omi (Zv. welTaRricxvis 431­404) iyo. Cven ki miloselebis sazareli bedisweris<br />

Sesaxeb viciT imis gamo, rom berZenma istorikosma Tukididem aRwera<br />

es ambavi.<br />

iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau<br />

italiuri renesansis epoqis udidesi <strong>politikuri</strong> moazrovne nikolo makiaveli<br />

(1469­1527) werda, rom Wkviani mmarTveli yovelTvis mosagebad unda

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

591<br />

TamaSobdes. misive sityvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis wesi Zalze Sorsaa imisagan,<br />

rogorc unda vcxovrobdeT. vinc sworad cxovrebas Seecdeba, gadarCenis<br />

nacvlad safrTxeSi igdebs Tavs~. 2 brZeni mmarTveli _ agrZelebda makiaveli<br />

_ acnobierebs, ra unda gakeTdes misi gavlenis sferos SesanarCuneblad<br />

da gasafarToeblad da ar aZlevs moralur eWvebs misi azrovnebis daCrdilvis<br />

uflebas. magaliTad, mmarTvelma mxolod maSin unda daicvas micemuli<br />

piroba, roca es mis interesebSia:<br />

keTilgonieri mmarTveli ar unda iyos sakuTari aRTqmis erTguli,<br />

Tuki SeiZleba, rom es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndes misTvis da ukve<br />

aRar arsebobs mizezebi, ramac es aRTqma daadebina. . . yvela kaci kargi<br />

da keTili rom iyos, aseTi qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini<br />

borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven imas, rac aRgiTqves, Sen ratom­<br />

Ra unda uerTgulo sakuTar aRTqmas maT mimarT? 3<br />

makiavelis mosazreba da miloselTa bedic im faqtis mkafio ilustrirebaa,<br />

rom zneoba naklebad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi, vidre<br />

saxelmwifos SigniT. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso politika bunebiTi mdgomareobis<br />

msgavsia, saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuloba SenarCundeba da erTaderTi<br />

pasuxgasacemi SekiTxva iqneba, vin gadarCeba da vin ganadgurdeba.<br />

makiavelis inteleqturi pirdapiroba da politikisadmi ulmoblad realisturi<br />

midgoma, SesaZloa, yvelaze warmatebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofiis<br />

safuZvelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi. es im gagebiT, rom man gauZlo drois<br />

gamocdas, is kvlavac axdens gavlenas da moyolebuli makiavelis droidan,<br />

misi marTebulobis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad dagrovda. Teoria,<br />

rom sa xelmwifoebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebisa da ara idealebis Sesabamisad,<br />

cnobilia, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi. amJamad is yvelaze<br />

metad hans morgenTaus (1904­1980) nawerebTan asocirdeba. makiavelis msgavsad,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realistebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, rogor unda<br />

iqceodnen qveynebi da akvirdebian, realurad rogor iqcevian isini da cdiloben<br />

gaarkvion ratom iqcevian ase. TviTgadarCena saxelmwifo politikis<br />

umTavresi amocanaa, xolo gadarCenis uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza _ saxelmwifos<br />

Zlierebis zrdaa. saerTaSoriso politikaSi, amtkicebs morgen­<br />

Tau, rac ar unda iyos saboloo mizani, uSualo mizani yovelTvis Zlirebaa.<br />

ase rom, interesi gansazRvrulia rogorc Zliereba. morgenTausaTvis es ori<br />

koncefcia erTiania _ nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi interesi, pirvel<br />

rigSi, Zlierebis miRwevaa, Semdeg ki sxva miznebisa, rogoricaa prestiJi da<br />

a.S., da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini zrdis sa xelmwifos Zlierebas.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realistebi amtkiceben, rom warmateba saerTaSoriso politikaSi,<br />

maSinac ki, roca konfrontacia ar aris, sabolood mainc Zlierebazea<br />

damokidebuli. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, `Zala, Zliereba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes<br />

yvelafers, rac awesebs da inarCunebs erTi adamianis kontrols<br />

meoreze~. 4 Zalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti saerTaSoriso politikaSi<br />

samxedro Zlierebaa. Sesabamisad, <strong>politikuri</strong> realistebi civi gonebiT ganixilaven<br />

iseT Temebs, rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi (meti

592 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre naklebi), birTvuli iaraRis kontroli da saer­<br />

TaSoriso organizaciebSi mona wileoba (SezRuduli sargeblobiTa da momavlis<br />

imedis gareSe).<br />

Tumca, <strong>politikuri</strong> da samxedro Zliereba sinonimuri araa. sxva faqtorebic,<br />

maT Soris geo<strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri da socialuri Eqmnian saxelmwifos<br />

Zlierebas. TviT <strong>politikuri</strong> lideris pirovnuli qarizma da kompetenciac<br />

an saxelmwifo institutebis efeqtianoba aZlevs mas upiratesobas konkurentul<br />

da saSiS msoflioSi. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri faqtorebis,<br />

rogoricaa qarizma, ugulebelyofa `tolfasia prestiJis ugulebelyofisa,<br />

rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi damoukidebeli elementisa~. 5<br />

saxelmwifos mTavari interesebis optimizacia da gawonasworeba politikur<br />

sibrZnes saWiroebs. morgenTau wers: `realizmi sibrZnes ganixilavs,<br />

rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar gazomvas, rac uzenaesi<br />

Rirsebaa politikaSi~. 6 sworad interpretirebisa da gamoyenebis SemTxveva­<br />

Si amgvari sibrZne sworad warmarTavs saxelmwifos saqmeebs. erovnuli interesebis<br />

realistur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli sagareo politika aramarto<br />

riskian Tavgadasavlebs, aramed aseve dampyroblur sibrmavesac airidebs,<br />

rac anadgurebs erebsa da civilizaciebs moraluri principebis, idealebis<br />

Tu RmerTis saxeliTac ki~. 7 rogorc morgenTau aRniSnavda, erovnuli interesis<br />

koncefcia moralistebis daSvebuli Secdomebis sapirispiroa.<br />

cxadia, erovnuli interesi gansxvavdeba qveynidan qveynamde, icvleba wlidan<br />

wlamde, aseTi interesi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi, pirvelxarisxovani<br />

an meorexarisxovani, zogadi an specifikuri.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realistisaTvis warmatebuli saxelmwifo moRvawe isaa, vinc<br />

flobs erovnuli interesebisa da amocanebis erovnul SesaZleblobebTan<br />

dabalansebis xelovnebas. sibrZne moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawem,<br />

msgavsad myidvelisa supermarketSi, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan is, rac<br />

aucilebelia da rac, ubralod, sasurvelia. saxelmwifos marTvis codna gulisxmobs<br />

eris molodinebisa da survilebis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebTan<br />

SesabamisobSi moyvanasa da sasicocxlo da meorexarisxovani interesebis<br />

zustad garCevas. <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi sagareo politikaSi gansakuTrebul<br />

mniSvnelobas moqnilobas, obieqturobasa da sentimentalizmis naklebobas<br />

aniWebs. <strong>politikuri</strong> realisti ityvis, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi<br />

arseboben ara mudmivi mokavSireebi, aramed mxolod mudmivi interesebi.<br />

morgenTaus azriT, saxelmwifo moRvawe­ebs sxva principebiT saqmianoba ar<br />

epatiebaT, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad amoraluri SeiZleba iyos aseTi<br />

saqcieli Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobebis poziciidan.<br />

saerTaSoriso politikis riskian samyaroSi zneobas aqvs sxva saxe _<br />

Cveni Sida cxovrebis zneobisagan gansxvavebuli, rogorc piraduli, aseve<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong>. radganac sxva saxelmwifoebic moqmedeben interesebisa da<br />

ara idealebis Sesabamisad, sakuTarma saxelmwifomac aseve unda imoqmedos.<br />

nebismieri saxelmwifo sxvis xarjze sargeblis miRebas cdilobs _ koleqtiuri<br />

saqcielis amgvari forma advilad SesamCnevi da universaluria. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, morgenTau amtkicebda, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi ara mar­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

593<br />

to xsnis, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi ise, rogorc iqcevian, aramed, aseve<br />

SeuZlia gaakeTos prognozi, rogor moiqcevian isini.<br />

klasikuri evropuli sistema<br />

makiaveli da morgenTau, orive evropis istoriis xmauriani epoqis<br />

produqtebi iyvnen, Tumca sxvadasxva dros. makiavelize zegavlena iqonia im<br />

mZafrma metoqeobam, intrigebma da konfliqtma, rac axasiaTebda XV­XVI saukuneebis<br />

italiur qalaq­saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. igi<br />

cxovrobda im dros, rodesac Tanamedrove eri­saxelmwifo jer kidev Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi iyo. klasikuri evropuli sistemis dabadeba makiavelis<br />

gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg moxda. morgenTau daibada germaniaSi<br />

I msoflio omamde. am omis erT­erTi Sedegi iyo evropuli sistemis ngreva,<br />

romelsac monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris wonasworobis SenarCuneba<br />

surda. koleqtiuri gawonasworobis es aqti interesze iyo dafuZnebuli,<br />

is kavSirSi iyo `interesis~ imgvar definiciasTan, romelic sistemis yvela<br />

aqtoris gadarCenas gulisxmobda. evropis cnobili ZalTa wonasworobis<br />

sistema TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda (ix. sqema 17­1).<br />

is 1648 wels vestfaliis zavis dadebiT daiwyo da dasrulda I msoflio omis<br />

dawyebasTan erTad. napoleonis safrangeTis mokle periodis garda, 266<br />

wlis manZilze, verc erTma saxelmwifom kontinentze hegemoniis damyareba<br />

ver SeZlo, rac TavisTavad aRsaniSnavi miRweva iyo nebismieri epoqisaTvis.<br />

(A) (B) (C)<br />

sqema 17-1. ZalTa wonasworobis regulireba<br />

wonasworoba (A) irRveva axali monawilis damatebiT (B); wonasworoba kvlav aRdgeba<br />

(C) ama Tu im saxelmwifos gadasvliT erTi aliansidan meoreSi.<br />

wyaro: Edward V. Gulick, Europe’s Classical Ballance of Power (New York: Norton, 1967).<br />

sistemuri winapirobebi<br />

saerTaSoriso sistema funqcionirebda efeqtianad, radgan erTi saxelmwifo,<br />

romelic wonasworobis damcvelis saxeliT iyo cnobili, krizisisa<br />

da konfliqtis viTarebaSi sakuTar samxedro Tu politikur SesaZleblobebs<br />

ufro susti aliansis mxareze gadaisroda xolme. didi britaneTi amgvarad<br />

iqceoda, radganac amis saSualebas geografiuli mdebareoba da samxedro<br />

(gansakuTrebiT sazRvao) SesaZleblobebi aZlevda. kontinentis siaxloves

594 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

mdebare kunZulovan saxelmwifos, britaneTs SeeZlo SedarebiT mSvidad<br />

edevnebina Tvali metoqeobisa da konfliqtebisaTvis la manSis srutis<br />

gadaRma. istoriulad, britaneTis mTavari sazrunavi is sakiTxi iyo, vin mar­<br />

Tavda e.w. dablobs (dRevandeli belgiisa da holandiis teritoria), zustad<br />

srutis gaswvriv, romlis sigane yvelaze viwro wertilSi mxolod 22 milia.<br />

zogadad, britaneTi miudgomel cixe­simagres warmoadgenda, radganac verc<br />

erTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi dapyroba. da bolos, britaneTis sazRvao<br />

upiratesobam da ekonomikurma Zlierebam igi Zli eri mokavSire da sazareli<br />

mteri gaxada, Tumca saxmeleTo jaris simcirem mis mier evraziis kontinentze<br />

dominirebis safrTxe gamoricxa.<br />

meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gansazRvravda tradiciul evropul<br />

sistemas, iyo ZiriTadi zneobrivi konsensusi _ yvela saxelmwifo erTsa<br />

da imave civilizacias miekuTvneboda. istorikosebma eduard gibonma da arnold<br />

toinbim, iseve rogorc filosofosebma emerix de vatelma da Jan Jak<br />

rusom, aRniSnes is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac im kulturul da religiur<br />

tradiciebs hqonda, romelic gavrcelda evropul sazogadoebaSi da gadalaxa<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ZalTa balansis sistemis ayvavebis pirobebSic ki. 8<br />

am araordinalur pirobebSi, `saerTaSoriso politika gaxda aristokratiuli<br />

garToba, sporti mmarTvelebisaTvis, rodesac yvela TamaSis erTian<br />

wesebs aRiarebs da yvela msgavsi SezRuduli miznebisaTvis ibrZvis~. 9 Sez­<br />

Ruduli miznebi niSnavs, rom maSinac ki, rodesac omi gaCaRdeboda, metoqeebi<br />

ar cdilobdnen erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, evropis<br />

mmarTvelebi, XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobis, racionalizmis ideebiT<br />

Sepyrobilni, mmarTvelobisas pragmatul midgomas irCevdnen da nebismieri<br />

saxis fanatizms absurdulad da saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. aramarto miznebi,<br />

aramed samxedro da ekonomikuri Se saZ leblobebic SezRuduli iyo: mxolod<br />

ramdenime qveyanas Tu SeeZlo qveynis simdidre maRali riskis Semcvel TavgadasavlebSi<br />

gaeflanga, amasTan, Tanamed rove teqnologiis ararsebobis gamo<br />

samxedro moqmedebebic SezRuduli iyo.<br />

am panevropuli kulturis kidev erTi SemTxveviTi aspeqti ideologiis<br />

ararseboba gaxldaT. mokavSireTa Secvla garemopirobebis SecvlasTan er­<br />

Tad xdeboda. struqturul sixistes SeeZlo Seeferxebina gawonasworebis<br />

procesi da ufro SesaZlebeli gaexada totaluri omi.<br />

evropuli konsensusis marcxi<br />

ram ganapiroba SedarebiT stabiluri saerTaSoriso wesrigis rRveva, romelic<br />

250 welze meti xnis manZilze arsebobda? pirveli, XIX saukuneSi napoleonis<br />

mier evropis dapyrobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam Seeqmna<br />

pirveli saxalxo armia Tanamedrove istoriaSi da im periodSi nacionalizmis<br />

zrdis Sesaxeb gvauwya. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis hegemoniis mcdeloba<br />

sabolood uSedegod damTavrda, is iyo mravali movlenis mauwyebeli da<br />

man miznis erTi garSemo gaerTianebuli eris Zlierebis demonstrireba moaxdina.<br />

TviTon miznis arsi dafuZnebuli iyo adamianTa Tanasworobis feTqebad

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

595<br />

ideaze, romelic gvian XVIII saukunis safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebis<br />

Sedegad warmoiSva. napoleonis omebsa da I msoflio oms Soris iseTma ideebma,<br />

rogorc iyo erTa TviTgamorkveva da universaluri uflebebi, politikis<br />

Sesaxeb fundamenturi Sexedulebebi Secvala da amiT safuZveli gamoacala<br />

Zvel aristokratiul wesrigs.<br />

XIX saukuneSi industriulma revoluciam ekonomikur da teqnologiur<br />

sferoebSi samxedro moqmedebebis arsi Secvala. magaliTad, prusiam gamoiyena<br />

rkinigza samxedro Zalebis gadasayvanad avstriisa (1866) da safrange­<br />

Tis (1870) winaaRmdeg. omSi axali saSualebebiT, magaliTad, samxedro daniSnulebis<br />

Sida wvis Zravebis, moZravi savele artileriisa da ukve I msoflio<br />

omisaTvis, sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebac aRar iyo ucxo.<br />

bolo faqtori, ramac safuZveli gamoacala evropul sistemas, samxedro<br />

aliansebis simtkice iyo. XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, koaliciebi fiqsirebuli<br />

da kargad gamokveTili xdeboda maSin, roca saxelmwifoebi TandaTanobiT<br />

axdendnen samxedro Zalis akumulirebas. mSvidobianobis Jams uprecedento<br />

danaxarjebma samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, SedarebiT<br />

didi, mudmivi armiebis Seqmnam da samxedro Sejibrma kidev ufro gaamwvava<br />

evropis dayofa or dapirispirebul aliansad. amgvarma viTarebam ganapiroba<br />

I msoflio omis dawyeba, ramac ZalTa wonasworobis klasikuri sistemis dasasrulis<br />

dasawyisi gvamcno.<br />

Tanamedrove globaluri sistema<br />

II msoflio omma ganapiroba axali konfiguraciis warmoqmna, romelic<br />

dResac ganagrZobs msoflio politikis gansazRvras. evropuli sistema ori<br />

supersaxelmwifos mier dominirebulma globalurma sistemam Secvala. am<br />

axal bipolarul sistemaSi orive mxarem uzarmazari saxsrebi totaluri<br />

omis sawarmoeblad saWiro resursebis Seqmnisaken mimarTa da TiToeuli mxare<br />

erTmaneTs ideologiur mtrad aRiqvamda. civi omi amerikis SeerTebul<br />

Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris 1945 wlidan daiwyo, TiTqmis naxevar saukunes<br />

gagrZelda da 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. Sesabamisad,<br />

mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT msoflio politikis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />

amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris metoqeobis magaliTze, manam,<br />

sanam gadavalT Tanamedrove globalu ri sistemis ganxilvaze.<br />

evrocentrizmis dasasruli<br />

erT­erTi yvelaze aSkara cvlileba saerTaSoriso politikaSi II msoflio<br />

omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlenis Semcireba iyo,<br />

romlebic XVII saukunidan saerTaSoriso ZalTa wonasworobis brunvis centrs<br />

warmoadgendnen. realurad, evropas Crdili pirvelad ori araevropuli<br />

Zalis _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis gaZlierebam miayena,<br />

risi winapirobebic ukve gvian XIX saukuneSi ikveTeboda. II msoflio omis Sem­

596 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

deg naTeli gaxda, rom iseTi tradiciulad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, rogoric<br />

iyo didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania, meorexarisxovani saxelmwifoebi<br />

gaxdnen. britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva msoflio masStabis imperiaze,<br />

safrangeTi sakuTari ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis<br />

rekonstruqciiT iyo dakavebuli, germania damarcxebuli da danawevrebuli<br />

iyo zonebad, ris Sedegadac ori axali saxelmwifo _ germaniis federaciuli<br />

respublika (dasavleTi germania) da germaniis demokratiul respublika<br />

(aRmosavleTi germania) warmoiSva. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelmac omis Sedegad<br />

uzarmazari danakargebi ganicada, arnaxulad gaZlierda.<br />

II msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da holandiis<br />

koloniebi maleve daiSala.A am yofil koloniur teritoriebze axali saxelmwifoebi<br />

aRmocendnen, romlebmac or industriul bloks mimarTEes samxedro<br />

da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis.Aase rom, mesame samyaro bipolaruli<br />

Zalebis metoqeobis arenad gadaiqca. am brZolis brendi civi omi iyo.<br />

bipolarobis dasawyisi<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom evropulidan globalur saerTaSoriso sistemaze<br />

gadasvla II msoflio omamde daiwyo, omma es procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara<br />

_ nawilobriv msoflio politikis mTavari aqtorebis, evropis saxelmwifoebis<br />

mTavari scenidan CamoSorebiT. yofili didi saxelmwifoebis<br />

adgilze, romelTa raodenoba omis dawyebisas Svids Seadgenda, ori supersaxelmwifo<br />

gamoCnda _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri.<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma evropis dasavleT nawilze proteqtoratis<br />

msgavsi ram Seqmna, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma `satelituri~ imperia _ evropis<br />

aRmosavleT nawilSi.<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna da gamoiyena<br />

birTvuli iaraRi, II msoflio omis Semdeg mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

birTvul monopolias flobda. sabWoTa kavSirma, dasavleli eqspertebis<br />

Tu politikosebis gasaocrad, warmatebiT gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi 1949<br />

wels da amiT moaxdina imis demonstrireba, rom masac hqonda ufleba supersaxelmwifo<br />

yofiliyo.<br />

1950­ian wlebSi samxedro Zlierebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma yvela danarCeni<br />

saxelmwifo daCrdiles. Tumca, maT Soris arsebulma ideologiurma<br />

ufskrulma maT Soris nebismieri saxis TanamSromloba Seaferxa.<br />

ideologiis primati<br />

saerTaSoriso scenaze ori supersaxelmwifos dominireba maT bunebriv<br />

metoqeebad ayalibebda; radganac erTi iyo kapitalisturi da demokratiuli,<br />

xolo meore komunisturi da diqtatoruli, metoqeobam gansakuTrebiT<br />

saSiSi da mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis alian­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

597<br />

sis wevrTa undobloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa diqtatoris ioseb<br />

stalinis mimarT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabWoTa armiis mier germanelebisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebuli aRmosavleT evropis dapyrobiTa da stalinis mcdelobiT,<br />

aeZulebina dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, uari eTqvaT dasavleT berlinze.<br />

amerikis SerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebisaTis aranakleb<br />

SemaSfoTebeli sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1949 wels sakuTari atomuri iaraRis<br />

gamocda gaxda.<br />

amasTan, sabWoTa kavSirma amerikis sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebebi, maT Soris<br />

didi raodenobis sesxis micemaze uaris Tqma da marSalis gegmis wamowyeba,<br />

aRiqva, rogorc dasturi, rom `amerikuli imperializmi~ `msoflio<br />

socialisturi sistemis~ dangrevas isaxavda miznad. stalinis mTavarma<br />

ideologma andrei Jdanovma 1947 wels komunisturi partiis yrilobaze ganacxada,<br />

rom msoflio or banakad iyo gayofili. am ori banakis doqtrinas<br />

oreuli hyavda dasavleTSi `msoflio komunisturi SeTqmulebis~ saxiT, romelic<br />

emyareboda mosazrebas, rom saidumlo komunisturi proeqtis mizans<br />

yvela demokratiuli sazogadoebis damxoba warmoadgenda. retrospeqtiulad,<br />

amgvari rwmena SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic ki iyos, Tumca orive mxares<br />

arsebulma eqstremalurma ritorikam, romelic savse iyo ideologiuri dapirispirebebiT,<br />

amgvar intepretacias damajerebloba Semata.<br />

amerikis Sekavebis politika dasavleT evropaSi gavleniani samxedro<br />

aliansis _ CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato)<br />

SeqmniT gaaqtiurda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari samxedro aliansis _ varSavis<br />

xelSekrulebis organizaciis SeqmniT upasuxa (Cveulebriv varSavis<br />

xelSekrulebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili), romelic moskovsa da aRmosavleT<br />

evropas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. or bloks Soris arsebuli konfrontaciuli<br />

atmosfero kompromisisa da SeTanxmebisaTvis mcire SesaZleblobas<br />

tovebda. civi omi wamoiwyo orma gansakuTrebiT Zlierma saxlemwifom,<br />

romelTa miznebi, interesebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTSeuTavsebeli<br />

Canda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli cdilobda SewinaaRmdegeboda meoris<br />

ambiciebs, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, orive erTmaneTis ganadgurebas isaxavda<br />

miznad. am TvalsazrisiT, omis Semdgomi sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda<br />

im tradiciuli evropuli sistemisagan, romelic man Caanacvla: omisa<br />

da diplomatiis mizani ukve mxolod teritoriebisa da samflobeloebis<br />

gansazRvra aRar iyo.<br />

birTvuli omis safrTxe<br />

rodesac evropuli ZalTa wonaswroba dairRva, saxelmwifoebma omis<br />

warmoebis saSualebebis SezRudvis mizniT konkretuli wesebi daadgines.<br />

XX saukunis orma tqnologiurma garRvevam didad gazarda samxedro Zalis<br />

destruqciuli potenciali. pirvelad Seiqmna sahaero Tavdasxmis, xolo Semdeg<br />

_ gadazidvis sistemebi, romelTa SesaZleblobebi omis warmoebis Sesaxeb<br />

erTi saukuniT adre arsebul warmodgenebs Zireulad cvlida. meore,<br />

birTvuli fizikis miRwevebma ganapiroba atomuri da wyalbadis bombebis Se­

598 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

qmna, romelTac mTeli qalaqebis ganadgureba SeeZlo. am samecniero da teqnologiuri<br />

miRwevebis Sedegad, amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris arsenali saxmeleTo<br />

da sazRvao raketebiT gaivso. am or saxelmwifos hqonda uzarmazari<br />

SesaZleblobebi: orive mxares gaaCnda sakmarisi raodenobis birTvuli iara­<br />

Ri, rom gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi. aseT viTarebaSi farTomasStabiani omi<br />

TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi gaxda.A Seqmnili viTarebis aRqmam, rogorc Semdeg<br />

vnaxavT, mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa usafrTxoebis axali<br />

sqemis warmoqmnaSi. igi miznad isaxavda kacobriobis gadarCenas msoflioSi,<br />

romelic ganadgurebis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.<br />

urTierT Sekaveba<br />

II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema Sekavebis princips<br />

efuZneboda. birTvuli iaraRis uprecedento gamanadgurebelma efeqtma ganapiroba<br />

Sekavebis principis arseboba, rac konfliqtis prevencias niSnavda,<br />

ramdenadac iseTi saxelmwifoebis erovnuli Tavdacva, rogorc aSS da<br />

sabWiTa kavSiri iyo, moiTxovda agresorisaTvis yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe<br />

epasuxaT. Sekaveba amoqmedda ara rogorc abstraqtuli idea, aramed rogorc<br />

istoriuli aucileb loba. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma birTvuli<br />

monopolia II msoflio omis Semdeg male ve dakarga, Tumca 1970­iani wlebis<br />

Sua periodamde mainc upirates poziciaSi imyofeboda. 1957 wels sabWoTa<br />

kavSirma pirveli sateliti (Tanamgzavri) gauSva orbitaze. sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

mier ganxorcielebulma kosmosurma gasrolam daanaxa mTels msoflios,<br />

rom igi ukve Sori radiusis raketebis Seq mnis teqnologiasac flobda, anu<br />

sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo gaesrola iaraRi sakuTari teritoriidan, romelic<br />

pirdapir amerikuli samizneebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.<br />

1960­iani wlebis bolos, amerikisaTvis uZlevelobis era dasrulda:<br />

sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna saxmeleTo saraketo sistema, romlis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

adekvaturi Tavdacvis sistema ar arsebobda. axla ukve orive mxare aRmoCnda<br />

birTvuli ufskrulis winaSe. Sekaveba gaxda axali lozungi samxedro<br />

strategiis Sesaxeb debatebSi da II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis<br />

Semadgeneli nawili. Sekavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi qmnian<br />

birTvul iaraRs ara misi gamoyenebis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mier maTi<br />

gamoyenebis Sekavebis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, am saxis iaraRis Sesaqmnelad<br />

saWiro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba skolebis, biblioTekebisa<br />

da skverebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis finansebisagan. am<br />

yvelafris floba moxmarebis gareSe seriozuli Sida <strong>politikuri</strong> marcxi<br />

iqneboda. amis sapirispirod, birTvuli iaraRis odesme gamoyeneba gamoiwvevda<br />

bevrad ufro seriozul sagareo politikur marcxs, romelsac See­<br />

Zlo safrTxeSi Caegdo TviT kacobriobis arseboba.<br />

ase rom, Sekaveba fundamenturad fsiqologiuri fenomenia. rogorc ase­<br />

Ti, is sakuTar TavSi maRali riskis mqone pokeris TamaSis elementebs Seicavs.<br />

pokeris msgavsad, Sekaveba moicavs garkveul realobaze dafuZnebul<br />

interesTa Sejibrs, radganac gadarCenas safrTxe emuqreba, moTamaSeebma

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

599<br />

minimumamde unda Seamciron riski. blefi am procesis nawilia. amrigad, Tu A<br />

qveyana warmatebiT iyenebs samxedro Zalas, raTa B qveyanas sasurvel sagareo<br />

politikur mizanze Buari aTqmevinos, B qveynis prestiJi ilaxeba, xolo A<br />

qveyana fsiqologiur upiratesobas zeimobs. birTvuli Sekaveba efuZneba<br />

ara marto realur Zlierebas, aramed udidesi saSiSroebis pirobebSi orive<br />

mxaris motivebsa da aRqmas.<br />

ramdenime sakvanZo mosazreba udevs safuZvlad birTvuli Sekavebis<br />

Teo r i as. pirveli, saxelmwifoebi potenciur agresorebTan urTierTobaSi<br />

acxadeben naTlad gamokveTil mzaobas Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenon<br />

birTvuli iaraRi. meore, miuxedavad ormxrivi undoblobisa, orive mxareze<br />

gadawyvetilebis mimRebni racionalurni arian, Sesabamisad arcerTi mxare<br />

ar wamoiwyebs birTvul moqmedebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca igi sakuTar<br />

Tavs sapirispiro dartymisagan icavs. mesame, TiToeul mxares aqvs meore<br />

dartymis (ukugebis) ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom<br />

saxelmwifos birTvuli SesaZleblobebi gauZlebs pirveli dartymis upiratesobas<br />

da SeZlebs sapasuxo dartymis gan xorcielebas, romelic Tavdamsxmels<br />

Sesabamis zians miayenebs.<br />

imisaTvis rom uzrunveleyo misi birTvuli Zalebis sicocxlisunarianoba,<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma II msoflio omis Semdeg gancalkevebuli<br />

gadazidvis sistemebi Seqmna.E es e.w. sameuli (triada) Sedgeboda saxmeleTo<br />

kontinentTa Sorisi balistikuri raketebis (ICBM), wyalqveSa navidan gasaSvebi<br />

balistikuri raketebisa (SLBM) da strategiuli aviaciisgan (SAC).<br />

sabWoTa kavSirsac hqonda msgavsi sameulisagan Semdgari Sekavebis sistema.<br />

igi ZiriTadad efuZneboda saxmeleTo saraketo sistemebs, romelic ssrk­s<br />

ufro didi raodenobiT hqonda, vidre amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. amasTan,<br />

amerikis sazRvao Sekavebis sistema bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre sabWoTa<br />

kavSirisa.<br />

Sekavebasa da samxedro SeiraRebaSi upiratesoba II msoflio omis Semdeg<br />

xan erT mxares hqonda xan meores. ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda Seiara­<br />

Rebis mimarTulebasa da tempebs. TiToeul saxelmwifos hqonda specifikuri<br />

miznebi da prioritetebi, rac garkveul SezRudvebs awesebda samxedro xarjebze.<br />

meore, TiToeuli supersaxelmwifo eWvis TvaliT uyurebda erTmaneTis<br />

qmedebebs. ase magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1970­ian wlebSi gamalebuli<br />

SeiaraRebis wamowyebam aiZula amerika, TviTonac igive gaekeTebina.<br />

am mcdelobebis erT­erTi Sedegi iyo is, rom stabiluri wonasworobis miRweva<br />

ver xerxdeboda im pirobebSi, rodesac erT saxelmwifos, eqspansiuri<br />

sagareo politikiT, hqonda aSkara upiratesoba birTvuli iaraRis raodenobasa<br />

da ZlierebaSi. dabolos, Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlena teqnologiamac<br />

iqonia. erTi mxriv, radganac teqnologiebis codna ar SeiZleba ar gavrceldes,<br />

orive saxelmwifo zedmetad frTxilobda ganiaraRebis sakiTxTan<br />

mimarTebaSi, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom erT saxelmwifos SeiZleba<br />

mieRwia teqnologiuri garRvevisaTvis, sakmaod mniSvnelovani winapiroba<br />

iyo maRali donis sam xedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis gagrZelebisaTvis.<br />

birTvulma Sekavebam ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imuSava, Tumca<br />

igi savse iyo daZabulobiTa da safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive su­

600 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

persaxelmwifo mudmivad arwmunebda danarCen msoflios, rom maT birTvuli<br />

iaraRi mxolod TavdacviTi miznebisaTvis sWirdebodaT, TviTon birTvuli<br />

iaraRis arsenalebis arsebobis faqti xSirad amwvavebda SiSsa da undoblobas.<br />

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dREes<br />

miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris gansxvaveba sakvanZoa saerTaSoriso politikisa<br />

da aseve sagareo politikis formulirebisaTvis. sagareo politikur<br />

mizanSi Cven vgulisxmobT im amocanebis erTobliobas, rac ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa<br />

qmedebebs, sagareo politikis saSualebebSi ki im strategiebs,<br />

romelsac saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sakuTari amocanebis realizebis<br />

mizniT. miznebi (amocanebi) Tavisi arsiT aris farTo, mtkiced dafuZnebuli<br />

da rTulad (nela) cvalebadi. strategiebi ki SeiZleba iyos pragmatuli<br />

da taqtikuri, mTlianad nakarnaxevi im miznebiT, romelic saxelmwifoebs<br />

aqvT. strategia SeiZleba icvlebodes droTa ganmavlobaSi da iyos globaluri,<br />

an regionuli. nebismieri saxelmwifos msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebulma<br />

Statebma or ZiriTad mimarTulebas Soris arCevani unda gaakeTos. man, albaT<br />

ufro metad, vidre nebismierma sxva saxelmwifom msoflioSi, sagareo<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> miznebisa da erovnuli interesebis Secvala moaxdina XX saukunis<br />

Sua periodSi.<br />

ra aris erovnuli interesi?<br />

saerTaSoriso politikaSi ori mniSvnelovani da xSirad gameorebadi<br />

strategia aris cnobili _ TavdacviTi anu status kvos strategia da TavdasxmiTi<br />

_ eqspansionisturi strategia (eqspansionizmi). saxelmwifoTa<br />

umetesi nawili ambobs, rom isini mimarTaven pirvels, im SemTxvevaSic ki,<br />

roca realurad meore strategias atareben. es TvalTmaqcoba garkveulwilad<br />

winaswar ganzraxulia da sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa. yvelafers rom<br />

Tavi davaneboT, es xom adamianis bunebaSia, movaxdinoT sakuTari qmedebebis<br />

racionalurad warmosaxva, rodesac maT gamarTlebas ver vaxerxebT.<br />

damkvirveblisaTvis SesaZloa gamoCndes, rom xandaxan TavdacviT, status­kvos<br />

momxre saxelmwifosa da agresiul saxelmwifos qmedebebs Soris<br />

arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris, Tumca motivacia da miznebi maT sakmaod gansxvavebuli<br />

aqvT. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben gafarToebas da arsebuli<br />

Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlas, amas xSirad swored im saxelmwifoebis<br />

xarjze akeTeben, visac arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCuneba<br />

surs. rogorc wesi, eqspansionisti saxelmwifoebi ukmayofiloni arian arsebuli<br />

status­kvoTi. am mizeziT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon omis provocireba,<br />

wamoiwyon gamalebuli SeiaraReba, xeli Seuwyon revoluciis wamowyebas,<br />

da zogadad, eswrafvian saerTaSoriso sistemis destabilizacias. aseTi<br />

qmedebebi warmoSobs sakmaod did zneobriv wnexs am saxelmwifoebze, Tumca<br />

TiToeuli SemTxvevis mainc individualurad ganxilva unda moxdes.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

601<br />

gansxvaveba agresorsa da TavdacviT saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod naTelia<br />

Teoriulad, Tumca praqtikulad sakmaod bundovania. ase rom, Tu mowinaaRmdege<br />

saxelmwifo ar erTveba SeiaraRebis SejibrSi, status kvo saxelmwifo<br />

mzadaa darCes arsebuli samxedro momzadebis doneze, magram Tu ukmayofilo<br />

metoqe saxelmwifo mis xelT arsebul samxedro arsenals kidev zrdis, maSin<br />

unda vivaraudoT, rom Tundac yvelaze kmayofili status kvo saxelmwifoc<br />

ki iZulebuli gaxdeba igive gaakeTos, oRond, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli motivaciiT.<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi motivacia eqspansiaa, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sakuTari<br />

Tavis dacva.<br />

bediswera<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis acxadebda pretenzias, rom igi<br />

axorcielebda status­kvos politikas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is far­<br />

Tovdeboda. istoria imisa, rogor gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

13 Statidan da gadaiWima mTels kontinentze okeanidan okenamde, nebismierma<br />

skolis moswavlem icis. Tumca, maswavleblebi iSviaTad warmoaCenen amas<br />

amerikuli imperializmis an eqspansionizmis istoriad, garda im SemTxvevisa,<br />

roca moswavleebi da maswavleblebi aborigeni amerikelebi arian. Eespanelebsa<br />

da meqsikelebs am sakiTxis gamo davis sruli safuZveli aqvT, aseve<br />

xalxs, vinc cxovrobs texasSi, kaliforniasa an floridaSi (sxva StatebTan<br />

erTad). TviT rusebic ki SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegon (isini dasaxldnen alaskaze<br />

manam, sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Seiqmneboda) amgvar xedvas.<br />

eqspansionistebi aSS­is kongresSi amas `bedisweras~ uwodebdnen, magram, rogorc<br />

Seqspirma Tqva, vardi, Tundac sxva saxeliT, mainc vardia.<br />

zogierTi saxelmwifo uyuradRebod tovebs am tipis saerTaSoriso<br />

sistemaSi warmoqmnil safrTxeebs da cdilobs Tavi daaRwios saerTaSoriso<br />

Zalis politikis TamaSebs. es saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven neitralitetis an<br />

miumxroblobis politikas. neitraluroba gulisxmobs nebismier situaciaSi<br />

ganze yofnas, maSin roca miumxrobloba zogadad aravis mxareze yofna,<br />

Tumca ara yvela SemTxvevaSi neitralurad darCenaa.<br />

status­kvo strategiebi arsiT konservatiulia. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic<br />

mimarTaven amgvar strategiebs, miznad arsebuli wonasworobis Senar­<br />

Cunebas isaxaven, isini eTayvanebian stabilurobas, saxelmwifoebs Soris<br />

mSvidobian urTierTobas da yvelaferTan erTad, legitimurobas. status­kvo<br />

saxelmwifoebi zogadad cdiloben mimarTon iseT instrumentebs,<br />

rogoricaa saerTaSoriso samarTali, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi da globaluri<br />

mniSvnelobis organoebi (magaliTad, erTa liga da gaerTianebuli<br />

erebis organizacia), raTa msoflioSi SenarCunebul iqnes Zalauflebis<br />

danawilebis arsebuli forma da prestiJi. Cveulebriv, isini uars amboben<br />

revoluciis gziT mosuli xelisuflebis aRiarebaze, radgan miaCniaT, rom

602 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

maT Zalaufleba xelSi arakanonieri gziT Caigdes, an safrTxes uqmnian regionuli<br />

an globaluri wonasworobis stabiluro bas, anda im motiviT, rom<br />

Zaladobisa da ukanonobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba safuZvels aclis samar­<br />

Tlisa da wesrigis principebs mTels msoflioSi. amerikis sagareo politika<br />

II msoflio omis Semdeg am politikis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa _ amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi CineTis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze TiTqmis mTeli<br />

ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ambobda uars, komunistebis mier 1949 wels<br />

Zala uflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo.<br />

da mainc, ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrulad misdevs status­kvos<br />

strategias TiTqmis yvela frontze. xandaxan <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba<br />

romelime konkretul saxelmwifoSi meryeobs eqspansionizmsa da statuskvo<br />

strategiebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri istoria<br />

am tendenciis ilustrirebis naTeli magaliTia. marTalia, sxvadasxva<br />

dros igi atarebda kontinenturi da kontinents miRma eqspansiis politikas,<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi misi arsebobis umetes nawilSi regionuli<br />

da saerTaSoriso status­kvos SenarCunebis princips eyrdnoboda. amgvari<br />

politikis ori magaliTia monros doqtrina da II msoflio omis Semdgomi<br />

mcdeloba, Seekavebina sabWoTa agresia. orive maTgani wignis momdevno<br />

nawilSia ganxiluli.<br />

erovnuli interesis dacva<br />

saxelmwifos grZelvadian miznebsa da moklevadian politikur qmedebebs<br />

Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. zRvari miznebsa da yoveldRiur<br />

politikas Soris ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoSobs. pirveli, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, Tu romel strategias irCevs saxelmwifo _ eqspansionisturs<br />

Tu status­kvos, is erTdroulad SesaZloa iyenebdes sxvadasxva meTods<br />

gansxvavebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo SeiZleba<br />

cdilobdes status­kvos SenarCunebas sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT<br />

erT saxelmwifosTan da amavdroulad mimarTavdes eqspansiur politikas<br />

meoresTan mimarTebaSi: magaliTad, 1939 wlis agvistoSi faSisturma germaniam<br />

_ eqspansionisturma saxelmwifom, xeli moawera Tavdausxmelobis<br />

paqts sabWoTa kavSirTan, rac man aRmosavleT evropis dasapyrobad gamoiyena.<br />

saxelmwifom SesaZloa airCios eqspansionizmis strategia, roca mas<br />

sjera, rom pirveli dartymis ganxorcieleba da potenciuri mtris teritoriis<br />

dakaveba aucilebelia misi TviTgadarCenisaTvis. es magaliTebi sxva<br />

sakiTxebzec migviTiTebs, kerZod imaze, rom Zalis gamoyenebis strategiebi<br />

aris moqnili, isini icvleba pirobebis Secvlis Tanmimdevrulad da SeiZleba<br />

gardaiqmnas, roca saxelmwifos mmarTveli elita amas saWirod miiCnevs.<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma araerTxel ganaxorciela laTinuri amerikis<br />

saxelmwifoebis dapyroba an samxedro intervencia, xolo mizezad yovelTvis<br />

an status­kvos SenarCuneba an Cagruli xalxis tiraniisagan gaTavisufleba<br />

saxeldeboda.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

603<br />

monros doqtrina: status kvos dacva. 1823 wlis 2 dekembers prezidentma<br />

jeims mon rom kongresisadmi yovelwliur mimarTvaSi gamoacxada monros<br />

doqtrina. am mimarTvaSi man Tqva, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pativs<br />

scemda arsebul politikur konfiguracias msoflios dasavleTY naxevarsferoSi.<br />

`evropuli saxelmwifoebis ukve arsebuli koloniebis saqmeebSi<br />

Cven ar CavreulvarT da arc CavereviT~ ganacxada monrom. magram<br />

im qveynebis mimarT, romlebmac gamoacxades damoukidebloba da inar­<br />

Cuneben mas . . . ver SeveguebiT nebismieri evropuli saxelmwifos mier<br />

Seviwroebis an kontrolis nebismier formas da amas aRviqvamT, rogorc<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT aramegobruli damokidebulebis<br />

gamomJRavnebas. 10<br />

am deklaraciiT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma faqtobrivad ganacxada,<br />

rom am droidan vaSingtoni nebismieri sagareo aqtoris mxridan wonasworobis<br />

darRvevis nebismier mcdelobas SeewinaRmdegeboda. amiT, monros doqtrinam<br />

daumtkica amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ufleba, SeenarCunebina upiratesi<br />

pozicia msoflios TiTqmis naxevarSi _ im naxevarsferoSi, romelsac igi sakuTari<br />

saxelmwifo interesebis mniSvnelovan nawilad Tvlida.<br />

istoria, konfliqti da sagareo politika:<br />

axlo aRmosavleTis magaliTi<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong> miznebis kompleqsurobisa<br />

da orazrovnebis ilustrirebisaTvis, israelsa da arabul samyaros<br />

Soris xangrZlivi konfliqtis gaxsenebac ki sakmarisia.<br />

II msoflio omis Semdeg ebraelma nacionalistebma, igive sionistebma,<br />

britanelebisa da arabebis winaaRmdeg palestinaSi sakuTari saxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnis moTxovniT omi wamoiwyes. TavianTi qmedebebis gasamarTleblad maT<br />

mohqondaT istoriuli, bibliuri da samarTlebrivi argumentebi da amtkicebdnen,<br />

rom holokostis (meore msoflio omis periodSi germaniis nacisturi<br />

xelisuflebisa da misi mokavSireebis mier ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli<br />

masobrivi genocidi _ mTargm. Sen.) Semdeg ebraelebs usafrTxod<br />

mxolod sakuTar samSobloSi SeiZleboda ecxovraT. oms, romelic maT<br />

wamoiwyes, bevri udanaSaulo adamiani emsxverpla. pa lestinelma arabma<br />

devnilebma ebraelebi imperialistebad miiCnies. arabma nacionalistebma es<br />

sababad gamoiyenes da sionizmisa da axlad Seqmnili ebrauli saxelmwifos<br />

winaaRmdeg saRvTo omi gamoacxades. regionSi arsebulma arabulma qveynebma<br />

uaryves israelis suvereniteti, rac maincdamainc moulodneli ar yofila.<br />

Semdeg radikalma palestinurma dajgufebebma teroristuli aqtebis<br />

ganxorcieleba daiwyes israelis moqalaqeebisa da ramdenime arabuli qveynis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT egviptis winaaRmdeg. 1956 wels egviptem suecis arxi CamoarTva<br />

safrangeTsa da did britaneTs, romlebic aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars

604 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

israels egviptis winaaRmdeg omSi, swored im sakiTxze, Tu vin gaakontrolebda<br />

arxs. am epizodma kidev ufro gaaZliera arabTa rwmena, rom sionizmi da<br />

dasavluri imperializmi arabul samyaroze gabatonebas isaxavda miznad.<br />

mtrobis gaRvivebis aTwleulis Semdeg, meore omi daiwyo. 1967 wels israelma,<br />

romelic pasuxobda egviptidan wamosul safrTxesa da aseve eyrdnoboda<br />

dazvervis samsaxurebis mier mowodebul informacias, rom egvipte<br />

emzadeboda TavdasxmisaTvis, winmswrebi samxedro moqmedebebi ganaxorciela<br />

egviptis winaaRmdeg, rac eqvsdRiani omis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. daaxloebiT<br />

erTkviriani samxedro Setakebebis Sedegad israelma daikava arabTa<br />

teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris, sinais naxevarkunZuli da<br />

Razas olqi egvipteSi, golanis simaRleebi siriasa da mdinare iordanes<br />

dasavleT sanapiro iordaniaSi. ierusalimi, manam danawevrebuli qalaqi,<br />

mTlianad israelis kontrolos qveS aRmoCnda. am damarcxebiT damcirebulma<br />

egviptem da siriam momdevno brZolebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. 1973 wels<br />

israelis teritoriebze TavdasxmiT maT 1967 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili status<br />

kvos gadasinjva scades. israeli am SemTxvevaSic Tanabar Zalebs flobda,<br />

Tumca, amjerad, warmatebas ver miaRwia. ame rikis SeerTebulma Statebma mediatoris<br />

funqcia ikisra. egviptelebma 1979 wels israelTan sazavo xelSekrulebis<br />

(kemp­devidis SeTanxmeba) dadebiT daibrunes sinais naxevarkun­<br />

Zuli, magram sxva arabulma saxelmwifoebma egvipte sionizmsa da dasavlur<br />

imperializmTan garigebaSi daadanaSaules.<br />

konfliqti palestinelebsa da ebraelebs Soris 1980­ian wlebSi isev<br />

gamwvav da, rodesac israelma daipyro libanis nawili 1982 wels, im mizniT,<br />

rom sapasuxo qmedebebi ganexorcielebina palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli<br />

organizaciisa da sxva dajgufebaTa Tavdasxmebze. mogvianebiT palestinelebma<br />

wamoiwyes pirveli intifada (ajanyeba) israelis mier md. iordanes<br />

dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas olqis dakavebis gamo. 1990–ian wlebSi droebiTi<br />

simSvide aRiniSna da pirveli nabijebi gadaidga palestinis saxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnisaken. ebraelebsa da palestinel arabebs Soris mSvidoba dairRva<br />

2000 wels, rodesac palestinis gamaTavisuflebelma organizaciam uaryo<br />

konfliqtis mogvarebis Taobaze israelis gegma, romelic, marTalia, bevrad<br />

ufro guluxvi iyo, vidre israelis mier adre gakeTebuli nebismieri daTmoba,<br />

mainc ver daakmayofila palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciis<br />

lideri iasir arafati. daiwyo meore intifada, bevrad ufro sastiki, vidre<br />

pirveli. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare mudmivad cdilobda sakuTari qmedebebis<br />

gamarTlebas, oRond, ra Tqma unda, sxva dasxva argumentebiT. arabebi<br />

acxadebdnen, rom isini icavdnen palestinelTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas,<br />

xolo ebraelebi apelirebdnen holokostsa da israelis uflebaze, hqonoda<br />

suverenuli saxelmwifo.<br />

Sekaveba: status-kvos gafarToeba. amerikis status­kvos politikis<br />

meore mniSvnelovani magaliTia Sekaveba, romelic 1940­iani wlebis bolos<br />

daiwyo da 1991 wlamde, kerZod ki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde grZeldeboda.<br />

II msoflio omma mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa wonasworoba evropaSi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

605<br />

da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirvelad aRmoCnda pirvelxarisxovani<br />

msoflio lideris rolSi, Tumca, mas metoqec gamouCnda. sabWoTa kavSiri,<br />

ioseb stalinis liderobiT, axal sastik safrTxes uqmnida amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis usafrTxoebas. im droisaTvis ise Canda, TiTqos asruleba<br />

ewera aleqsis de tokvilis saukunovan winaswarmetyvelebas, rom amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi, TiToeuli `gangebis mier iyvnen xeldadebulni,<br />

rom ebatonaT msoflios naxevarze~. 11<br />

amerikuli politikis Semoqmedebma moulodnelad gadawyvites, rom<br />

aRqmuli sabWoTa safrTxisaTvis Sekavebis politikiT epasuxaT, romlis<br />

ZiriTadi safuZvlebi 1947 wlis ivlisSi prestiJul Jurnal Foreign Affairs –Si<br />

dabeWdil statiaSi iyo asaxuli. ucnobi avtori batoni X (Mr. X) im periodSi<br />

saxelmwifo departamentis politikis dagegmvis Stabis gavleniani direqtori<br />

da mogvianebiT amerikis elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi, jorj qenani gamodga.<br />

qenani werda:<br />

naTelia amerikis SerTebuli Statebis nebismieri politikis mTavari<br />

elementi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT unda iyos grZelvadiani, momTmeni,<br />

magram [saWiroa] myari da fxizeli Sekaveba ruseTis eqspansiuri tendenciebis<br />

mimarT . . . sabWouri zewola dasavleTis samyaros Tavisufal<br />

institutebze SeiZleba Sekavdes sapirispiro Zalis sxvadasxva<br />

geografiul da politikur wertilebSi gamoyenebiT. 12<br />

qenanma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom Tu Sekavebis politika Tanmimdevrulad<br />

iqneboda gamoyenebuli aTwleulis manZilze, maSin sabWoTa gamowveva mniSvnelovnad<br />

Semcirdeboda. man aseve gamoTqva varaudi, rom Sekavebis gamar­<br />

Tlebis SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari Sida<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> zewolis msxverpli gaxdeboda.<br />

Sekavebis es axali doqtrina sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aprobirebuli status­kvos<br />

politika evropasTan mimarTebaSi. misi SesamCnevi siaxle im status­kvos<br />

iniciativebis specifikur misadagebaSi gamoixateboda, romelic<br />

evropaSi II msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna.<br />

Sekavebis pirveli mTavari gamocda moxda 1947 wels, rodesac saberZneTi<br />

lamis komunisturi amboxebis msxverpli gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac didma britaneTma,<br />

romelic aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi tradiciulad status­kvos<br />

garantoris rols TamaSobda, ganacxada, rom mas aRar SeeZlo daxmareboda<br />

saberZneTis legitimur mTavrobas, maSin aSS Sevida saberZneTSi.<br />

hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil daJinebul mimarTvaSi moiTxova<br />

daxmareba gaewiaT TurqeTisa da saberZneTis mTavrobebisaTvis. trumenma<br />

Sekavebis principebis xelaxali formulireba moaxdina, rac Semdeg trumenis<br />

doqtrinis saxeliT gaxda cnobili: `me mjera, rom amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis politika Tavisufali xalxebis mxardaWera unda iyos, im<br />

xalxebisa, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian dapyrobis mcdelobas, rogorc mcire<br />

SeiaraRebuli jgufis, aseve gare Zalis mxridan.~ 13 mas Semdeg, rac kongresma<br />

daamtkica prezidentis moTxovna, Sekaveba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

oficialuri politika gaxda.

606 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

1948 wels CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis mopovebas<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi `evropis aRdgenis programiT~, e.w.<br />

MmarSalis gegmiT gamoexmaura. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli16,5 miliardi<br />

amerikuli dolari omisagan dangreuli evropis qveynebis ekonimikis rekonstruciisaTvis<br />

iyo gamiznuli. es programa Sedgenili iqna evropis ara mato<br />

ekonomikuri, aramed sulieri da <strong>politikuri</strong> aRdgenisaTvis. im droisaTvis<br />

SiSobdnen, rom komunizmi SeiZleboda mosuliyo `ukana karidan~ anu safrangeTisa<br />

da italiis gavlenian komunistur partiebs SesaZloa esagreblaT<br />

mosaxleobis saerTo demoralizaciiT da moskovis faruli mxardaWeris<br />

gamoyenebiT moepovebinaT Zalaufleba parizsa da romSi, iseve, rogorc es<br />

praRaSi moxda. ase rom, marSalis gegma aSS­is mier II msoflio omis Semdeg<br />

status­kvos SenarCunebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo.<br />

1949 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daarRvia is tradicia, romelic<br />

saTaves jer kidev misi Seqmnidan iRebda. man mSvidobian dros mxari<br />

dauWira samxedro alianss _ nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrule bis<br />

organizacia), romelic dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos, aSSsa<br />

da kanadas moicavda. nato iyo Sekavebis strategiis ekonomikuridan samxedro<br />

sferoze gadatanis logikuri mcdeloba.<br />

1949 wels komunistebis mier CineTis kontinentur nawilze Zalauflebis<br />

mopovebam, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mRelvarebis axali talRa warmoSva.<br />

1950 wels, roca koreaSi samxedro Setakebebi daiwyo CrdiloeTis komunistur<br />

reJimsa da samxreTis arakomunisturs Soris, amerikis SeeTebulma<br />

Statebma gada­wyvita iseve energiulad aemoqmedebina Sekavebis politika<br />

aziur perimetrze, rogorc amas igi evropaSi akeTebda. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom formalurad omi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT mimdinareobda,<br />

koreis omi, rea lurad, aSS­is wamowyebuli iyo misi erovnuli interesebis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad, rac mdgomareobda status­kvos SenarCunebaSi,<br />

oRond amjerad aziaSi.<br />

1960­ian wlebSi politikam, romelic pirvel rigSi evropasa da Semdeg<br />

aziaSi komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad, mesame samyaros<br />

saxelmwifoebSi antikomunisturi intervenciis forma miiRo. samxedro aR­<br />

Wurviloba, ekonomikuri daxmareba, diplomatiuri mxardaWera da amerikis<br />

birTvuli qolga mimarTuli iyo yvela im saxelmwifosaken, romelic miiCneoda,<br />

rom komunisturi amboxebis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxis<br />

winaSe idga. samxedro intervencia iTvleboda Sesabamis sapasuxo politikad<br />

konkretuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro Sekavebis am strategiam umaRles<br />

mwvervals 1964­1972 wlebSi, samxreT koreaSi asiaTasobiT amerikeli<br />

jariskacis gagzavnis Semdeg miaRwia, rac miznad isaxavda daxmarebodnen<br />

saxelmwifos komunisturi meamboxeebisa da CrdiloeT vietnamis Zalebis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vietnamis omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

naklebad eyrdnoboda farTomasStabiani samxedro intevenciis strategias<br />

saerTaSoriso status­kvos SesanarCuneblad, Tumca amerikis sagareo politikis<br />

safuZvlebi mainc ucvleli darCa.<br />

adreul 1990­ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sekavebis politikam<br />

misi mTavari mizani dakarga. sabWoTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebam da­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

607<br />

moukidebloba mieca aRmosavleT evropis yofili sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis,<br />

aseve 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg amerikis mier marTuli koaliciis<br />

mxardaWeram da sabWoTa saxelmwifos dezintegraciam imave wels, daadastura,<br />

rom amerikis Sekavebis politikam mizans miaRwia. 1991 wlis bolos<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sabolood gamoavlina, rom sabWoTa safrTxe veRar<br />

Seasrulebda amerikis sagareo politikis qvakuTxedis funqcias. es ki amerikis<br />

Sekavebis politikas moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls xdida.<br />

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi<br />

arsebobs tendencia, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi erovnuli interesebis<br />

agresiuli ganxorcielebis sinonimad iqces, ara savaldebulod eqspansionistebi,<br />

aramed, magaliTad, intervenciuli.P <strong>politikuri</strong> realistebi<br />

iSviaTad Tu arian zomierni krizisul situaciebSi. magaliTad, 2001 wlis<br />

11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli<br />

aqtebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma da misma konservatiulma<br />

respublikurma administraciam yvelas mouwodes agresiuli qmedebebisaken<br />

damnaSaveebisa da nebismieri im sa xelmwifos winaaRmdeg, vinc saerTa­<br />

Soriso teroristebs mfarvelobda. amerikis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi<br />

iyo Zalismieri _ dabombva da specialuri sabrZolo danayofebis gadasma<br />

im mizniT, rom (1) daemxoT Talibanis mTavroba, (2) moeklaT an daekavebinaT<br />

osama bin ladeni da gaeneitralebinaT al qaidas teroristuli qseli.<br />

sinamdvileSi, Zalismieri meTodebi yovelTvis eqspansionistur strategias<br />

rodi gamoxatavs. amerika ar cdilobda avRaneTis koloniad gadaqcevas.<br />

sakmaod ucnauria, rom status­kvos momxreebi (gansakuTrebiT konservatorebi)<br />

Zaladobas pirdapir ukavSireben agresias, xolo agresias _ eqspansionizms.<br />

amasTan, swored status­kvos damcvelebi (kvlav, gansakuTrebiT<br />

konservatorebi) mimarTaven Zaladobas an afinanseben amboxebebs, rogorc<br />

revoluciuri moZraobebis damarcxebisaken mimarTuli strategiis nawils.<br />

amgvari strategiis momxreebi pretenzias gamoTqvamen, rom idealistebi<br />

arian, magram msoflios danarCeni nawili, mcire gamonaklisis garda, gare<br />

Zalis mxridan samxedro intervenciis nebismier mcdelobas mainc imperializmad<br />

afasebs. magaliTad, reiganis administracia (1980­1988 ww) xels<br />

uwyobda sxvadasxva antikomunistur meamboxe ebs msoflioSi 1980­ian wleb­<br />

Si, maT Soris jgufebs centralur amerikaSi (kontras nikaraguaSi) aziaSi<br />

(mujahidebs avRaneTSi) da afrikaSi (unitas partizanebs angolaSi). prezidenti<br />

reigani veravis gaabriyvebda imiT, rom igi am meamboxe Zalebs, romlebic<br />

mas marTla moswonda, `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs~ uwodebda.<br />

es magaliTebi sagareo politikis analizSi moraluri obieqturobis mniSvnelobis<br />

(magram sirTulis) ilustrirebas axdens. Zalisa da simdidris arsebuli<br />

balansis Secvlaze mimarTuli strategia aucileblad imperializmis<br />

an idealizmis niSani rodia; ufro xSirad, is aCvenebs, rom realizmma, avad<br />

Tu kargad, gavlena moaxdina politikis Semqmnelebze, rom maT TavianTi<br />

qmedebebisaTvis garkveuli mimarTuleba miecaT.

608 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

imis gasagebad, ra aris eqspansionizmi, unda gavigoT isic, ras ar wamoadgens<br />

igi. magaliTad, yvela is saxelmwifo, ro melsac aqvs Tundac teritoriuli<br />

pretenziebi sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi an Zalisa da simdidris<br />

globa luri gadanawilebis Secvla surs, ar aris agresiuli da eqspansionisturi.<br />

sasazRvro dava TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom modave saxelmwifos<br />

imperiuli zraxvebi aqvs. arc bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos `axali saer­<br />

TaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis~ damyarebis moTxovna gulisxmobs amas (rac<br />

globaluri simdidris xelaxla gadanawilebis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba).<br />

status­kvos Secvla amgvari gziT nak lebad agresiulia, radganac miznebi<br />

da meTodebi SezRuduli da zomieria da isini pirwmindad <strong>politikuri</strong> da<br />

diplomatiuria (zewola an darwmuneba) da ara samxedro an ekonomikuri<br />

(daSineba da iZuleba).<br />

civi omis dros <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi umniSvnelovanesi Teoria iyo<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aRsawerad. Zalis eqspansiis an Zalis Senar­<br />

Cunebisa da regionuli sabrZolo strategiebi kargad gaazrebuli da kritikulad<br />

Seswavlili gaxldaT im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri mimarTavdnen gadarCenisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis<br />

strategiebs, razedac sxva saxelmwifoebic xSirad reagirebdnen. im<br />

periodSi, sakuTar interess gamodevnebul qveynebs Soris ZaluflebisaTvis<br />

brZolis realisturi Sexeduleba bevri (Tumca ara yvela) politologisaTvis<br />

saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis srulyofil axsnas uzrunvelyofda. Tumca,<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, debatebi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

realizmisa da erovnuli interesis cnebis relevanturobis Taobaze<br />

ufro mwvave gaxda.<br />

bumerangis efeqti<br />

`bumerangis efeqtis~ koncefcia civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg akademiur<br />

wreebSi amerikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema<br />

iyo (Tumca debatebi sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis umetesad SeumCneveli<br />

darCa). am terminis popularizacia moaxdina Calmers jonsonma, aziis<br />

sakiTxebis eqspertma, romelmac amave saxelwodebis bestseleri dawera. 14<br />

centraluri sadazvervo saagentos analitikosebma realurad es koncefcia<br />

TavisTvis gamoigones, Tumca igi Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis<br />

mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes. jonsonis azriT:<br />

es termini gulisxmobs [warsulis] im <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebebis arasasurvel<br />

Sedegebs, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis [dRemde]<br />

metwilad gasaidumloebuli iyo. is, rasac yoveldRiuri presa aqveynebs<br />

_ `teroristTa~ saSineli qmedebebi, `urCi saxelmwifoebi~ an<br />

`iaraRis ukanono movaWreebi~, xSir SemTxvevaSi adrindeli qmedebebis<br />

gamoZaxilia. 15<br />

magaliTebad jonsons moaqvs 1988 wels saaviacio kompania pan amerikanis<br />

reisi 103­is afeTqeba lokerbis Tavze, SotlandiaSi, romelic misi mtkice­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

609<br />

biT, `iyo samagieros gadaxda reiganis administraciis mier libiaze ganxorcielebuli<br />

sahaero TavdasxmisaTvis, romlis drosac prezident muamar<br />

kadafis geri daiRupa~. 16 is aseve ambobs, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba amerikaSi<br />

warsulSi Statebis mier laTinur amerikaSi diqtatorebisa da antikomunisturi<br />

moZraobis xelSewyobis Sedegia da teroristuli aqtebi amerikis<br />

samizneebze amis ukugamoZaxilia. igi axdens pentagonis teqnologiis departamentis<br />

xelmZRvanelisaTvis 1997 wels gagzavnili moxsenebis citirebas,<br />

rom istoriuli monacemebi aCvenebs urTierTkavSirs amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis mier saerTaSoriso situaciebSi Carevasa da amerikis winaaRmdeg<br />

teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenobis zrdas Soris.~ 17<br />

suraTi, romelsac jonsoni aRwers, sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia:<br />

warsulis gamoZaxilis yvelaze pirdapiri da naTeli forma xSirad<br />

maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac msxverpli pasuxobs amerikis saidumlo<br />

Tavdasxmebs, an amerikis mier dafinansebul teroristul kampanias,<br />

an centraluri sadazvervo saagentos mier dagegmil ucxo qveynis<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> lideris damxobas. dRes mTels msoflioSi ukve sakmarisi<br />

safuZvelia Seqmnili momavali bumerangis efeqtebisaTvis. 18<br />

1999 wels gamoTqmuli es mosazreba winaswarmetyveluri Canda gansakuTrebiT<br />

im dReebSi, rodesac teroristebma msoflio savaWro centrsa da<br />

pentagonze Tavdasxmebi ganaxorcieles gatacebuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis<br />

gamoyenebiT. jonsonma 1990­1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omisa da mis<br />

Semdeg periodze, gansakuTrebiT ki im xangrZliv gaWirvebazec dawera, rac<br />

erayma gamoiara amerikis mier ekonomikuri blokadis dawesebis Semdeg. jonsoni<br />

werda, rom `blokadam daavadebebis, cudi kvebisa da araadekvaturi samedicino<br />

momsaxurebis gamo daaxloebiT naxevari milioni erayeli moqalaqis<br />

daRupva gamo iwvia.~ osama bin ladenma da alqaidam 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris<br />

teraqtebi Semde gi argumentebiT `gaamarTles~: (1) amerikis SeerTebulma<br />

Statebma saudis arabeTSi amerikeli jariskacebis ganTavsebiT maTi qveynis<br />

wminda miwa­wyali wabilwa, (2) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma xeli Seuwyo<br />

israels palestinelTa uflebebis darRvevaSi da (3) amerikam wamoiwyo ekonomikuri<br />

omi erayis moqalaqeebis winaaRmedg.<br />

prezidentma bil klintonma bin ladeni amerikis or saelCoze Tavdasxma­<br />

Si daadanaSaula 1998 wels, nairobiSi (keniis dedaqalaqi) da dar es salamSi<br />

(tanzaniis dedaqalaqi). sapasuxod man xarTumSi (sudanis dedaqalaqi) farmacevtuli<br />

qarxana da avRaneTSi al qaidas sawvrTneli bazebi dabomba. verc<br />

erTi am sahaero dartymis Sedegad ver moxerxda mTavari miznis miRweva,<br />

magram sudanze Tavdasxmam sakmaod didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia, rodesac<br />

gairkva, rom farmacevtuli qarxana ar awarmoebda masobrivi ganadgurebis<br />

birTvul iaraRs, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs miaCnda. Tumca,<br />

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma ganagrZes am Tavdasxmebis gamarT leba<br />

terorizmis `Sekavebis~ motiviT, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu msxverplni aranair<br />

kavSirSi ar iyvnen zianTan, romelic aSS­s miadga. msoflioSi am

610 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

gziT inergeba momavali `bumerangis efeqtebi~. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi<br />

ugulebelyofen im faqts, rom saelCoebis dabombvaSi dadanaSaulebuli<br />

bin ladeni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili prote­<br />

Jea. rodesac amerika organizebas uwevda avRanel meamboxeebs sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris winaaRmdeg 1980­ian wlebSi, man (bin ladenma) mniSvnelovani<br />

roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTidan gandevnaSi da mxolod 1991<br />

wels Semoutrialda amerikas, radganac man sparseTis yuris omisa da<br />

misi dasrulebis Semdeg mSobliur saudis arabeTSi amerikis jaris gan­<br />

Tavseba sakuTari religiuri rwmenis SebRalvad miiCnia. 19<br />

jonsonis analizi da braldeba gansakuTrebiT damajereblad 2001 wlis<br />

11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis fonzec Cans. jonsoni bevri msgavsi magaliTis<br />

analizs axdens, romelic misi SefasebiT, sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis,<br />

rom gamoiwvio momavali `bumerangis efeqti~ amerikis urTierTobebSi<br />

iaponiasTan (okinava [ganlagebulia samxedro baza _ mTargmn. Sen.]), samxreT<br />

koreasTan (1980 wlis kvanjus Jleta [samxreT koreaSi ajanyeba, romelic<br />

samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT CaaxSves _ mTargmn. Sen.), CineTTan, indonezias­<br />

Tan da sxvebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom jonsonis kritikis zogierTi adgili<br />

sakmaod mkveTria da wignSi bevri simarTlea naTqvami, misi Sexedulebebi<br />

sakamaToa da xSirad ar aris gaziarebuli akademiuri wrisa da samTavrobo<br />

eqspertebis mier. marTlac, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis<br />

periodSi bevri amerikeli eWvis TvaliT uyurebda amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis sagareo politikis nebismier kritikas da bevri politologic am<br />

Sexedulebas eTanxmeboda.<br />

axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis zogierTi Teoretikosi kvlav daJinebiT<br />

amtkicebda, rom civi omis Semdgom periodSi bevri araferi Secvlila. isini<br />

agrZeleben erovnuli interesebis cnebis tradiciul misadagebas msoflio<br />

politikasTan. Tumca, Secvlilma garemoebebma (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam)<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Statebs metwilad izolacionisturi anu qveynis Sida<br />

procesebze orientirebuli sagareo politikis gatarebisaken ubiZga. civi<br />

omis Semdgomi realistebis Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aRar<br />

hqonda imis fufuneba, rom msoflio policielis roli eTamaSa da arc misi<br />

usafrTxoeba Tu keTildReoba saWiroebda amas. nacvlad amisa, amerikis<br />

SeerTebulma Statebma, `unda ganamtkicos sakuTari usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba<br />

ara utopiur miznebze dayrdnobiT da ara mTeli msoflios keTildReobaze<br />

zrunviT, aramed . . . bolomde misi erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

20<br />

neoizolacionistebi anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemas obieqtur mocemulobad<br />

miiCneven da amitom rCevebs msoflios Secvlis mcdelobis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

iZlevian. nacvlad amisa, isini amboben, rom amerikis SeerTebulma<br />

Statebma minimumamde unda Seamciros sagareo konfliqtebSi misi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

611<br />

monawileoba. saerTaSoriso ganxeTqilebebi da konfliqtebi saerTaSoriso<br />

sistemis damaxa siaTebeli nawilia, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTisagan<br />

sagrZnoblad gansxvavde bian zomiT, bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri<br />

ganviTarebiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiTa da a.S.<br />

Sida politikaze orientirtebuli erovnuli interesebis koncefcia<br />

gamoricxavs im tipis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur iniciativebs, romelic<br />

amerikas pirdapir ar asargeblebs. amavdroulad, is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs<br />

amerikis rols arsebul aliansebSi (gansakuTrebiT natoSi) da saer­<br />

TaSoriso organizaciebSi (magaliTad, gaeroSi) da sxva mravalerovnul institutebSi<br />

(rogoricaa msoflio banki da msoflio savaWro organizacia).<br />

da bolos, aman Se iZleba msoflio mesaWis (anu efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobis)<br />

gareSe datovos.<br />

politologebi maqs singeri da aaron vildavski sxva kuTxiT uyureben<br />

civi omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso politikas. isini amtkiceben, rom miuxedavad<br />

`axali msoflio wesrigis~ Taobaze saubrebisa, bevri Tanamedrove kritikosi<br />

ver axerxebs gaacnobieros is realuri msoflio, romelic civi omis<br />

Semdeg Camoyalibda. 21 gansxvavebiT im meocnebeTagan, romlebic acxadeben<br />

erTi <strong>politikuri</strong> msoflios arsebobis Sesaxeb, da civi omis realistebisagan,<br />

vinc axdens sami <strong>politikuri</strong> samyaros identificirebas, vildavski da<br />

singeri amtkiceben, rom arsebobs ori amgvari msoflio _ erTi, romelic<br />

Sedgeba ganviTarebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, romelic<br />

Sedgeba gaRatakebuli, arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan. ufro<br />

metic, isini warmatebul demokratiul qveynebs, rac daaxloebiT msoflio<br />

mosaxleobis 15 procents moicavs, `mSvidobis zonebs~ uwodeben, xolo<br />

ganuviTarebel diqtatorul saxelmwifoebs ­ `konfliqtis zonebs.~ ori<br />

zona Tu ori msoflio danaxulia, rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli<br />

da gancalkevebuli. singeri da vildavski midian im daskvnamde, rom Zalauflebrivi<br />

dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi kvlav normaa konfliqtur zonaSi.<br />

amasTan erTad, mSvidobianma konkurenciam da ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam<br />

Caanacvla omi mSvidobis zonaSi.<br />

am analizis <strong>politikuri</strong> datvirTva bevris mTqmelia. magaliTad, Tu<br />

amgva ri gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli zonebi arsebobs, maSin saxelmwifoebs<br />

mSvidobis zonaSi SeuZliaT ganze gadgnen im Zaladobisa da sisxlis­<br />

Rvrisagan, rac konfliqtis zonaSi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro intervencia<br />

regionul konfliqtebSi didi sifrTxiliT unda ganxorcieldes.<br />

singerisa da vildavskis Tanaxmad:<br />

Cveni saerTo mizani stabiluri demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvis zrda<br />

unda iyos, anu mSvidobis zona unda gafarTovdes rac SeiZleba male.<br />

vvaraudobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma es politika xuTi<br />

mimarTulebiT unda warmarTos: pirveli, mkafiod unda gavmijnoT<br />

Cveni politika demokratiul da arademokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi;<br />

meore, savaWro barierebis SemcirebiT; mesame, ekonomikuri daxmarebis<br />

gaweviTa da rekomendaciebiT; meoTxe, magaliTis micemiTa da<br />

sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobiT; sxva demokratiul qveynebTan dau­

612 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

Ralavi muSaobiT mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso wesrigis<br />

gaumjobesebis mizniT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxedro intervencia<br />

gaxdeba aucilebeli. magram ar unda gavataroT iZulebis politika avtoritarul<br />

reJimebze demokratiis Tavsmoxvevis mizniT. 22<br />

amgvari analizi optimisturia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gviCvenebs `magali­<br />

Tis micemisa da Cveni bazrebis gaxsnilobis SesaZleblobebs,~ rogorc yvelaze<br />

efeqtian gzas, zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT avtoritarul saxelmwifoebze. ma­<br />

Sasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa<br />

Soris urTierTobebs tradiciuli realisturi TvalTaxedviT ganixilavs,<br />

igi politikas demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris sxvagvarad afasebs.<br />

idealizmi, rogorc piradi interesi: zneobis Zala<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi, misi aqcentirebiT Zalaze, egoizmsa da erovnul<br />

interesze, sakamod gavleniani gamodga. jer kidev civi omis damTavrebamde<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmis indiferentuloba zneobis sakiTxebis mimarT far­<br />

Tod iyo gakritikebuli. rogorc zeviT vnaxeT, <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi naklebad<br />

iyenebs zneobis ideas, nacvlad amisa, igi keTilganwyobilia iseTi<br />

cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa faqtebi, interesi da Zala. miiCneven ra moralurobis<br />

amgvar uaryofas aRmaSfoTeblad, zogierTi politologi mxars<br />

saerTaSoriso politikis alternatiul Sefasebas uWers, rasac idealizms<br />

uwodeben, romelic Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da zneobriv principebs miiCnevs<br />

mTavar komponentad saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis asaxsnelad, gasagebad<br />

da Sesacvleladac ki. idealebiT daintereseba ara marto gvexmareba, avxsnaT,<br />

ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi, ise rogorc iqcevian, aramed aseve<br />

aZlevs mimarTulebas saxelmwifoebs, rogor unda moiqcnen. idealistebi<br />

xSirad miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs, msgavsad adamianebisa, surT mSvidoba<br />

da keTildReoba, magram rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi SecdomaSi Sedian<br />

iracionaluri Zalebis, magaliTad, ideologiisa da mxurvale nacionalizmis<br />

zemoqmedebis Sedegad, sanacvlod omebsa da saerTaSoriso daZabulobebs<br />

vRebulobT. imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes msoflio daZabuloba, rom<br />

aRdges racionaluroba da sabolood Seewyos xeli mSvidobis ganmtkicebas,<br />

idealis tebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso samarTals da iseT<br />

globa lur organizaciebs aniWeben, rogoric gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaa.<br />

idealistebi realistebs xSirad cinikosebad aRiqvamen, sapasuxod realistebi<br />

idealistebs gulubryviloebs uwodeben. vin aris marTali? albaT<br />

oriveni. TviT realizmis arqiteqtori, hans morgenTau, ar uaryofs, rom<br />

zneob rivi faqtorebi garkveul rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.<br />

zneobis sakiTxis gauTvaliswineblad realistisaTvis Tu nebismieri<br />

sxva Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlisaTvis, Zalian rTulia eri­saxelmwifoTa<br />

calkeuli qmedebebis gageba. singeri da vildavski aRniSnaven realizmis<br />

siRrmiseul gavlenas sabWour­amerikuli metoqeobis zenitisas:

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

613<br />

`praqtikulad yvelas sjeroda, rom Tu saxelmwifo bevrad ufro Zlieri<br />

iyo, vidre misi mezoblebi, igi sakuTar Zlierebas maT dasapyrobad an gasakontroleblad<br />

gamoiyenebda.~ 23 mag ram, ra Tqma unda, es arasdros momxdara,<br />

arc civi omis dros da arc mis Semdeg, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo.<br />

ase rom, SesaZloa TviT Sekavebac ki zneobrivi principebis gavleniT<br />

iseve avxsnaT, rogorc Zalis politikis urTi erTqmedebiT.<br />

zogierTi saxelmwifo lideri sagareo politikis formulirebisas aSkar<br />

ad zneobriv principebs aniWebs upiratesobas, vidre sxvebi. magaliTad,<br />

amerik is SeerTebul StatebSi prezidenti vudro vilsoni gansakuTrebul<br />

mniSvnelobas erTa TviTgamorkvevis principsa da koleqtiur usafrTxoebas<br />

aniWebda, xolo prezidenti jimi karteri aqtiurad uwyobda xels adamianTa<br />

uflebebis globalur gavrcelebas; orive prezidenti garkveul zneobriv<br />

principebs iziarebda. saxelmwifoebi xandaxan altruistulad iqcevian,<br />

magaliTad, im devnil TaTvis TavSesafris micemiT, vinc politikur devnas,<br />

ekonomikur katastrofas, Tu samoqalaqo oms gamoeqca. or msoflio oms Soris<br />

periodSi britaneTis liderebma scades versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis<br />

Sedegad germaniaze dakisrebuli mkacri pirobebis Semsubuqeba. amgvari<br />

midgoma Sefasda `keTilSobilur idead, romelic fesvgadgmuli aris qristianobaSi,<br />

mamacobasa da saerTo gonierebaSi.~ 24<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro moqmedebebi somaliSi 1992­1994<br />

wlebSi masobrivi SimSilobis aRmofxvris mizniT ganxorcielda. am intervencias,<br />

romelsac bevri amerikeli jariskacis sicocxle Seewira da aranairi<br />

ekonomikuri Tu samxedro upiratesoba ar moutania amerikisaTvis, mxolod<br />

erovnuli interesis safuZvelze ver avxsniT. 25 ufro metic, am intervenciam<br />

islamisti eqstremistebis (osama bin ladenis CaTvliT) gaucxoebis garda<br />

sxva araferi gamoiwvia da maTi SefasebiT, es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

kidev erTi morigi intervencia iyo islamuri sazogadoebis Sida saqmeebSi.<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos sagareo politika moicavs rogorc<br />

idealebs, aseve sakuTar interesebsac. magaliTad, marSalis gegma nebismier<br />

SemTxvevaSi didsulovani iyo. ufro metic, TviT uinston CerCili, romelic<br />

Tavis naTqvam nebismier sityvas kargad zomavda, mas `istoriaSi yvelaze uangaro<br />

qmedebas~ uwodebda. 26 magram marSalis gegma aseve miesadageboda amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflio omis Semdgom status kvos strategiul<br />

politikas da miznad isaxavda stabiluri dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis<br />

Seqmnas, romelic SeZlebda win aRdgomoda samxedro agresiasa da Signidan<br />

gadatrialebas. msgavsad, germaniam didi daxmareba gauwia ruseTs 1991­92<br />

wlebSi, nawilobriv humanitaruli motivebiT da nawilobriv imis SiSiT,<br />

rom dasustebul ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi gamoiwvevda dasavleT evropis<br />

destabilizacias, es ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda didi raodenobiT<br />

devnilebis gadaadgilebas germaniis mimarTulebiT.<br />

marTalia, rom saxelmwifoebi yvelaze ufro TanamgrZnobni maSin arian,<br />

roca maT garkveuli fsoni aqvT dadebuli, magram bevri saxelmwifo xvdeba, rom<br />

SesaZloa kargi sagareo politika kargi saqmeebic iyos da maRali idealebis<br />

mxardaWeramac Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas. keTilSo­

614 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

bilebas xSirad keTili neba mosdevs da keTil nebas `gacvliTi Rirebuleba~<br />

aqvs saerTaSoriso politikaSi (iseve, rogorc nebismier politikaSi).<br />

saxelmwifoebs xandaxan konkretuli erovnuli interesebi dauTmiaT<br />

moraluri principebis gamo. II msoflio omis dros swored dania iyo am mosazrebis<br />

naTeli ilustrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi okupirebuli qveyana<br />

iyo, faSisturma mTavrobam mas sakmaod farTo <strong>politikuri</strong> damoukidebloba<br />

mianiWa. ebrauli warmoSobis moqalaqeebisa da sxva devnilebis dacvis<br />

motiviT, daniis mTavrobam da mosaxleobam Riad ganacxada uari germanelTa<br />

im brZanebebis Sesrulebaze, romelic miznad ebraelTa danarCeni mosaxleobisagan<br />

izolacias isaxavda da Sesabamisad, amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari Tavi<br />

Caigdo safrTxeSi. aseTi uCveulo zneobrivi gambedaobis Sedegad, danielebma<br />

`eqstraordinaluri dabrkoleba Seuqmnes germanul gamanadgurebel manqanas:<br />

es iyo daniis xelisufalTa mier TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma da adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis erTsulovneba ebraelebis gadasarCenad.~ 27 danielTa<br />

qmedebebis Sedegebi da TviT amgvari qmedebebic sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. Tumca,<br />

`patara daniam, zedmetad sustma imisaTvis, rom Tavdacvaze Zalaze dayrdnobiT<br />

ezruna, sagareo politika humanitarul motivebze mimarTa. . . da SEedegad<br />

hitleris dapyroba gadaitana.~ 28<br />

aRiareba imisa, rom orives, zneobasac da Zalasac SeuZlia garkveuli<br />

rolis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, amtkicebs, rom erovnuli<br />

interesebis farTo gageba orive komponents unda moicavdes. ufro metic,<br />

iseTi zneobrivi principebis msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, rogoricaa<br />

Tavisufleba, demokratia da adamianTa uflebebi, warmodgenilia, rogorc<br />

demokratiul sa xelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis Semadgeneli umniSvnelovanesi<br />

komponenti. es idea dafuZnebulia varaudze, rom sagareo<br />

politika, romelic indiferentulia zneobis mimarT, ar SeiZleba moralurad<br />

gamarTlebuli iyos; aseve igi eyrdnoba utilitarul Sexedulebas,<br />

rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan Semdgari msoflio, romelic pativs<br />

scems Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs, ufro usafrTxoc iqneba. demokratiuli<br />

saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi xSirad idealizmisa da realizmis<br />

elementebs erTdroulad Seicavs. es mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebaze<br />

miuTiTebs: Zala samarTlianobis gareSe ubralo sargeblianobas, maSin,<br />

roca zneoba Zalis gareSe mxolod kargi ganzraxvaa. 29<br />

axali samyaro, Zveli Gvevebi<br />

politikur realizmis Teoriis mixedviT, erovnuli interesis cnebis mTavari<br />

daSveba ambobs, rom suverenuli qveynebi Tavad cdiloben, gansazRvron<br />

sakuTari interesebi. zogierTi Tanamedrove kritikosi miiCnevs, rom mxolod<br />

sakuTar Tavze orientirebuli erovnuli interesis cneba moZvelebulia. isini<br />

amtkiceben, rom `axali diplomatiis, institutebisa da maregulirebeli<br />

saerTaSoriso reJimebis arsebobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma<br />

Tavi gaarTvan msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa Soris gazrdil `urTierTdamokidebulebas,~<br />

radganac ` erovnuli suverenitetis Cveneuli, sayovelTaod miRebuli<br />

Tanxvedra saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan, ukve dromoWmulia.~ 30

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

615<br />

aSkarad gamokveTili ekologiuri gamowvevebi (rogoricaa globaluri<br />

daTboba, mJavuri wvimebi, haeris dabinZureba), iseve, rogorc araganaxlebadi<br />

bunebrivi resursebis swrafi amowurva, Warbmosaxleoba da msoflio siRaribe<br />

globaluria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da Sesabamisad globaluri midgomebis<br />

SemuSavebas saWiroebs. `ifiqre lokalurad, imoqmede globalurad~, aseTia<br />

Tanamedroveobis devizi. misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli<br />

moraluri valdebuleba, rom mxolod viwro, egoisturi interesebis farglebSi<br />

ar imoqmedon. gadarCenis interesebidan gamomdinare, adrindelma<br />

msoflio wesrigma gza axal msoflio wesrigs unda dauTmos, romelSic globaluri<br />

interesebi Caanacvlebs erovnul interesebs. ase rom, sul ufro da<br />

ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis msoflioSi, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

sakuTari keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saukeTeso<br />

gza ara SigniT, aramed gareT yureba, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis<br />

karis gaReba da nebis­mieri saxis nacionalisturi tendenciebis (iseTis,<br />

rogoricaa gadametebuli patriotizmi, proteqcionizmi da izolacionizmi)<br />

uaryofaa axali globaluri TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisaTvis.<br />

amgvari midgoma adamianebis azrovnebisa da qmedebebis mkafio cvlilebas<br />

moiTxovs. is aseve saWiroebs sakuTari interesis bevrad ufro farTo<br />

da gaTviTcnobierebul definicias, vidre es iyo saerTaSoriso politikis<br />

praqtikaSi warsulSi. zogierTi axal msoflio wesrigsa da globalur Tanamegobrobas<br />

kargad SeniRbul idealizmad aRiqvams. Tumca, am midgomis<br />

momxreebi uaryofen braldebas da amtkiceben, rom politika, romelsac isini<br />

mxars uWeren, Rrmad devs adamianis interesSi da globaluri usafrTxoeba,<br />

albaT, TviTgadarCenac ki, msoflio politikis xedvis radikalur gadafasebazea<br />

damokidebuli. dRevandel msoflioSi, askvnian isini, guSindeli<br />

realizmi araTu dromoWmuli, aramed saSiSicaa.<br />

axali tendenciebi, Zveli problemebi<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis<br />

sistemis dasasrulis Sesaxeb gvamcno. saxelmwifoebs moulodnelad erTmaneTTan<br />

urTierTobaTa xelaxla gansazRvra mouxdaT. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

xSirad amtkiceben, rom axali msoflio wesrigi aRmocenebis procesSia. am<br />

axali msoflio politikis dinamikis gageba arsebiTia Tanamedrove saerTa­<br />

Soriso politikis nebismieri Tanmimdevruli xedvisaTvis.<br />

saerTaSoriso politika dRes ar asaxavs ZalTa wonasworobis mkafio<br />

konfiguracias, sadac monawileebi dausrulebeli miznebiT, konfliqturi<br />

interesebiTa da daaxloebiT Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT urTierTqmedeben<br />

stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rogorc es xdeboda evropaSi<br />

1648­1914 wlebSi. aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigisaTvis urTierTsapirispiro<br />

tendenciebia damaxasiaTebeli, magaliTad, evropuli integraciisaken<br />

mimarTuli moZraoba, romelic scdeba tradiciul saxelmwifo<br />

sazRvrebs, religiuri da eTnikuri partikularizmis Tanadrouli zrda<br />

ukve arsebuli saxelmwifoebis SigniT, ramac gamoiwvia sami mravaleTnikuri

616 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

saxelmwifos _ sabWoTa kavSiris, iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakis daSla<br />

evropaSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba ufro<br />

droebiTi da gardamavalia da garkveuli drois Semdeg ufro stabilur xasiaTs<br />

miiRebs. 31<br />

ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg?<br />

Cven vcxovrobT gauwonasworebel (daubalansebel) msoflioSi. sabWoTa<br />

imperiis daSlam da adreul 1990­ian wlebSi erayis winaaRmdeg omSi amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Zlierebis demonstrirebam aSkara gaxada,<br />

rom amerika msoflioSi erTaderTi supersaxelmwifoa. es daskvna kidev<br />

ufro ganamtkica amerikis stabilur ekonomikasa da yofil sabWoTa ekonomikas<br />

Soris arsebulma aSkara gansxvavebam, aseve amerikis Sida stabilurobisa<br />

da sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva regionSi warmoqmnili arastabilurobis Sedarebam<br />

da dasavluri aliansis SenarCunebam mas Semdegac ki, rac varSavis<br />

xelSekrulebis organizaciam arseboba Sewyvita.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom supersaxelmwifos universaluri definicia ar arsebobs,<br />

analitikosTa umetesi nawili amtkicebs, rom supersaxelmwifo sam<br />

kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes: pirveli, mas unda hqondes sruli Zliereba<br />

anu ara mxolod samxedro Zliereba, aramed ekonomkuri, <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

diplomatiuri da TviT zneobrivic ki; meore, hqondes globaluri xedva,<br />

rac msoflios yvela regionSi sakuTari Zlierebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas<br />

gulisxmobs; mesame, hqondes saerTaSoriso arenaze liderobis damtkicebis<br />

survili. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi aris supersaxelmwifo. iaponia da germania ekonomikurad Zlieri<br />

qveynebi arian. britaneTsa da saf rangeTs aqvs TvalsaCino diplomatiuri<br />

Zliereba da mniSvnelovani samxedro SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar miiCnevian<br />

ekonomikurad Zlier saxelmwifoebad. ruseTis federacias aqvs uzarmazari<br />

strategiuli birTvuli SesaZleblobebi da garkveuli diplomatiuri<br />

Zliereba, Tumca am etapze sakuTari Sida ekonomikuri problemebiT aris<br />

dakavebuli. CineTs, regionul Zalas, aklia globaluri SesaZleblobebi da<br />

ganviTarebuli mrewveloba.<br />

unipolaruli msoflios erTi Tanamdevi efeqti globaluri daZabulobis<br />

Semcirebaa (rasac ver vityviT regionuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi).<br />

birTvuli Cixi, romelic civ oms gansazRvravda, ukve aRar aris msoflio<br />

politikis mamoZravebeli Zala. Cacxra ideologiuri konfliqti (kapitalizmi<br />

da demokratia, socializmisa da komunizmis winaaRmdeg)MDEG, romelic II<br />

msoflio omis Semdgom msoflios gansazRvravda. es `deideologizacia~<br />

ar gulisxmobs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio bolomde gaTavisuflda gansxvavebuli<br />

interesebisa da Rirebulebebisagan. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom<br />

xedva, romelze dayrdnobiTac amerikelebi afasebdnen msoflio politikas<br />

TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze, gadasinjvas saWiroebs. realizmi iseve<br />

saWiroa erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rogorc adre, magram zustad ra<br />

aris realisturi sagareo politika Tanamedrove msoflios Secvlili gare­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

617<br />

moebebis pirobebSi, naklebad aSkara da cxadia.<br />

unipolaruli msoflios kidev erTi Sedegi aris is, rom msoflios erTaderTi<br />

supersaxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo faqtorebis<br />

gavlenis Sedegad naklebadaa SezRuduli. Tumca, arc erTi saxelmwifo ar<br />

aris bolomde srulad Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi (gansakuTrebiT<br />

imis gamo, rom bevri saxelmwifo flobs birTvul iaraRs). bevri SezRudva,<br />

romelsac dRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdis, TviTon amerikam<br />

daiwesa. es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, <strong>politikuri</strong> da moraluric ki.<br />

globaluri ekonomika<br />

msoflios yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs Soris <strong>politikuri</strong> konfliqtebis<br />

Semcirebis pararelurad izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniSvneloba.<br />

msoflios saxelmwifoebis dedaqalaqebSi gavrcelebuli sityvaa<br />

globalizacia. bunebrivia, rom omisa da mSvidobis problematikis Semcirebis<br />

Sedegad, saxelmwifoebi da maTi liderebi biznessa da keTildReobis<br />

uzrun v e l yofis sakiTxebs miubrundnen. eWvgareSea, rom dRes saxelmwifoebi<br />

ekonomikurad bevrad ufro urTierTdamokidebulni arian, vidre odesme<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi, Tumca ras niSnavs es yvelaferi? mokled rom vTqvaT,<br />

ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri Tanam­<br />

Sromlobis, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri konkurenciis zrdas iwvevs.<br />

msoflio ekonomikis es transformacia umeteswilad didi mravalerovnuli<br />

korporaciebisa da axali sainformacio teqnologiebis arsebobiTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli, romelsac saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ver abrkolebs. garda<br />

amisa, zogierTi problema, magaliTad, regionuli da garemosdacviTi problemebi,<br />

SeiaraRebis kontrolis SezRuduli formebi, saerTaSoriso valis<br />

sakiTxebi da ekonomikuri politikis Sejereba krizisebis dros, ubralod<br />

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas saWiroebs. magaliTad, msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone ekonomikur sakiTxebs pasuxi gaeca 1997­98 wlebSi, rodesac bevrma<br />

aziurma saxelmwifom moulodneli mkveTri ekonomikuri vardna ganicada.<br />

globaluri ekonomikuri safrTxeebis sapasuxod, SemuSavebul iqna daxmarebis<br />

programa, romelmac pirdapiri sargebeli moutana bevr saxelmwifos,<br />

maT Soris samxreT koreasa da indonezias. am programas xelmZRvanelobda saer-<br />

TaSoriso savaluto fondi _ organizacia, romelSic mravali saxelmwifo<br />

Sedis da miznad msoflioSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebas isaxavs.<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma koordinacia gauwia didi ekonomikuri sesxebis<br />

gacemas da moiTxova, rom saxelmwifoebs, romelsac is exmareboda, sesxi<br />

mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisTvis gamoeyenebina.<br />

amgvari TanamSromlobiTi mcdelobebis fonzec ki, ekonomikuri<br />

konkurencia saxelmwifoebs Soris mainc izrdeba. xSirad, mTavrobebi cdiloben<br />

asargeb lon sakuTari moqalaqeebi Sida sawarmoebis an soflis meurneobis<br />

subsidirebiT, importul saqonelze tarifis dawesebiT, an sxva saxis<br />

savaWro barierebis SeqmniT. amgvari proteqcionistuli qmedebebi xels uSlis<br />

Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso daZabu­

618 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

lobac gamoiwvios TviT mokavSireebs Sorisac ki. aseTi daZabulobis naTeli<br />

magaliTi amerikasa da iaponias Soris arsebuli savaWro molaparakebebia.<br />

amerikuli da iaponuri urTierTobebi moulodnelad garTulda iaponiis<br />

xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis gamo. savaWro molaparakebebi<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da mis evropul mokavSireebs Soris 1993­94<br />

wlebSi daiZaba soflis meurneobisaTvis samTavrobo subsidiebis gacemis<br />

gamo. es magaliTebi kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da ekonomikis samyaroSi konkurencia, iseve,<br />

rogorc TanamSromloba, kvlavac arsebobs.<br />

regionalizmis aRzeveba<br />

msoflios umdidresi saxelmwifoebi geografiul ekonomikur gaerTianebebs<br />

ayalibeben. xSirad es gaerTianebebi scdeba saxelmwifoTa viwro ekonomikur<br />

interesebs da did finansur jildos hpirdeba maT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli TanamSromloba<br />

ekonomikisa da vaWrobis sferoebSi. ase rom, evropis kavSirs aqvs erTiani ekonomika<br />

erTiani valutiT da mis sazRvrebSi WeSmaritad Tavisufali vaWrobiT.<br />

evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli es ekonomikuri TanamSromloba<br />

evoluciuri xasiaTisaa da wlebis manZilze viTardeba ekonomikuri (erTiani<br />

bazari) da samxedro (nato) TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. yvelaze ufro STambeWdavi<br />

is faqti iyo, rom am TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebis Sedegad<br />

safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli saukuneobrivi metoqeoba da undobloba<br />

daZleul iqna. amasobaSi, 1994 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma,<br />

meqsikam da kanadamG gaaformes CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />

xelSekruleba (NAFTA). mogvianebiT, imave wels, gaCnda idea, rom NAFTA-Si<br />

Cilec CaerToT. 1994 wlis dekemberSi, dasavleT naxevarsferos 34 saxelmwifos<br />

warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas Tavisufali savaWro zonis<br />

Taobaze (SeTanxmebas oficialurad amerikis Tavisufali zona ewoda),<br />

romelic gadaWimuli iqneboda kanadidan argentinis teritoriis CaTvliT.<br />

amgvar ekonomikur gegmas unda moecva bazari daaxloebiT 850 milioni momxmarebliT,<br />

romelic 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis saqonelsa<br />

da momsaxurebas moixmarda [es iniciativebi jer­jerobiT ganuxorcielebeli<br />

rCeba _ mTargmn. Sen.]. da bolos, iaponiam ganamtkica kavSirebi<br />

wynari okeanis auzis sxva saxelmwifoebTan da ikveTeba niSnebi, rom `1990­ian<br />

wlebSi iaponias da aziis axlad industrirebul saxelmwifoebs (samxreTi<br />

korea, singapuri, honkongi da taivani) ZaluZT axali Zlieri blokis Seqmna,<br />

romelic mis wevr saxelmwifoebs vaWrobiT, investiciebiTa da daxmarebebiT<br />

daakavSirebs erTmaneTTan.~ 32 es potenciuri regionuli bloki yvelaze<br />

nak lebad gamokveTilia am sam alianss Soris da amavdroulad, aRmocenebadi<br />

ekonomikuri manqana CineTis saxiT, sakmaod arTulebs mis realizacias.<br />

ra aRmocendeba ekonomikuri Zlierebis amgvari `samTaviani~ koncentraciisagan?<br />

ra Tqma unda, TanamSromloba am ekonomikur blokebs SigniT gaizrdeba.<br />

TanamSromloba aseve urTierTdamokidebulebas niSnavs, kargad an

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

619<br />

cudad, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmoaCina adreul 1950ian<br />

wlebSi, rodesac meqsikis pesos gaufasurebam safrTxe amerikis finansur<br />

bazrebsac Seuqmna. ufro metic, am TanamSromlobidan gamomdinare, bevri<br />

momavali <strong>politikuri</strong> integraciis imgvar formebs winaswarmetyvelebs, romelic<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gadafaravs.<br />

ufro rTuli kiTxva, romelic ismis, Semdegia: rogor moaxerxebs Tanaarsebobas<br />

es sami geoekonomikuri bloki? konkurencia maT Soris<br />

gardauvalia. Tumca, amave dros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencialic<br />

didia. bolos, savaraudoa, rom samive blokis saxelmwifoebi regionul<br />

savaWro asociaciebSi wevrobiT isargebleben da advili mosalodnelia, rom<br />

maTsa da bevr ganviTarebad saxelmwifos Soris ekonomikur zRvars gazrdian.<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli jgufebis arseboba SesaZloa ufro damabrkolebeli,<br />

vidre xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxdes globaluri ekonomikis<br />

aRmocenebisaTvis.<br />

eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla<br />

maSin, roca mWidro regionulma ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam SesaZloa<br />

xeli Seuwyos iseT saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> organizaciebis aRmocenebas, romelic<br />

scdeba egoisturi eri­saxelmwifoebis farglebs, eTnikuri daZabulobebi<br />

msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi TviT eri­saxelmwifos arsebobas uqmnis<br />

safrTxes. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi VIII TavSia ganxiluli, ramdenime<br />

im mniSvnelovan moments unda SevexoT, romelic aRmocenebad saerTaSoriso<br />

wesrigTan aris kavSirSi.<br />

ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze msoflioSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis<br />

raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. uTanxmoebebi sxvadasxva eTnikur, religiur<br />

da rasobriv jgufebs Soris eri­saxelmwifoebis SigniT da amgvar<br />

jgufebsa da mTavrobebs Soris, miuTiTebs mniSvnelovan faqtze: intensiuri<br />

eTnikuri dapirispirebebi msoflios mxolod erTi romelime regioniT ki ar<br />

Semoifargleba, aramed TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs.<br />

eTnikuri SuRlis magaliTebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. yvelaze cnobil<br />

dapirispirebul eTnikur [da religiur ­ red. Sen.] jgufebs waroadgenen<br />

siqhebi da muslimebi indoeTSi, frangulad mosaubre kvebekelebi kanadaSi,<br />

qurTebi eraysa da TurqeTSi, Tamilebi Sri­lankaSi da timorelebi indoneziaSi.<br />

intensiuri eTnikuri daZabuloba dapirispirebul xalxebs Soris<br />

TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeba qveynis SigniT politikur brZolasa da ZaladobasTan.<br />

eTnikur da Zabulobebs xSirad gamouwvevia amboxi, samoqalaqo<br />

omi, teroristuli aqti da drogamoSvebiT, qveynebis dezintegraciac ki.<br />

erTi konkretuli problema, romelic asocirdeba eTnikur brZolasTan,<br />

dakavSirebulia devnilebTan da sxva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebTan.<br />

1994 wlis zafxulSi samoqalaqo omma ruandaSi gamoiwvia 200 aTasidan 500<br />

aTasamde adamianis sikvdili, daaxloebiT 3 milionma devnilma (qveynis mosaxleobis<br />

40 procenti) scada mezobel zairSi gadasvla (axla zairs kongos<br />

demokratiuli respublika hqvia). saerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentoebisa

620 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

da zairis mTavrobis winaSe masobrivi SimSilobisa da epidemiuri daavadebebis<br />

problema dadga. omma bosniaSi aseve milionobiT devnili, oboli da<br />

TavSesafris maZiebeli warmoSva 1990­iani wlebis Sua periodSi.<br />

TviT mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris rutinuli samTavrobo valdebuleba,<br />

romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia yovel<br />

aT weliwadSi savaldebulod miiCnevs, SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos<br />

msoflios sxva regionebSi. eraySi, libanSi, keniasa da pakistanSi, sxva qveynebis<br />

msgavsad, eTnikurma uTanxmoebebma daabrkola aRweris Catareba, radgan<br />

`sakanonmdeblo adgilebis, Semosavlebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis<br />

gadanawileba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris damokidebulia imaze, ra<br />

Sedegebs aCvenebs aRwera.~ 33 aRweris Catarebam TviT omic ki gamoiwvia:<br />

Crdilo­aRmosavleT indoeTSi mdebare asamis StatSi, aRweris Sedegebma,<br />

romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo cvlileba iyo dafiqsirebuli<br />

bengalelebsa da asamelebs Soris arsebul proporciaSi, 1970­ian<br />

wlebSi gza gaukafa Zaladobriv reaqcias saarCevno siebSi bengaluri<br />

saxelebis zrdis faqtis gamo. amis Sedegad aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa.<br />

aRwera SesaZloa sikvdil­sicocxlis sakiTxi gaxdes eTnikurad dayofil<br />

sazogadoebaSi. 34<br />

bolos, mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi<br />

ufro kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. bevr saxelmwifoSi,<br />

rogoricaa araerTi axlad damoukideblobamopovebuli saxelmwifo<br />

yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, sxvadasxva xalxia warmodgenili, romlebic<br />

gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs miekuTvnebian da umetesoba erTmaneTisagan<br />

damoukideblobis survils gamoTqvams da moTxovnasac ayenebs. TviT kanada­<br />

Sic ki, bevri frangulad mosaubre kvebekeli, romelTa raodenoba kanadis<br />

27 milioniani mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens, damoukideblobis moTxovnas<br />

mxars sakuTari enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis motiviT uWers. kvebek­<br />

Si mcxovreb daaxloebiT 800 aTasi indiels msgavsi moTxovnis argumentad<br />

sakuTari 10000 wliani istoria mohyavs. kvebekelma eskimosebma (inuitebma)<br />

ganacxades, rom isini Seecdebian Seqmnan TavianTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />

kvebekisave farglebSi im SemTxvevaSi Tu es ukanaskneli moipovebs damoukideblobas.<br />

amgvari moTxovnebi aqcents akeTebs im faqtze, rom gazrdili<br />

eTnikuri grZnobebi, rac politikis, ekonomikis, enis, diskriminaciisa da<br />

kulturis sakiTxebze paeqrobaSi gamoixateba, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mamoZravebeli<br />

Zala iyos dRevandel msoflioSi, rac xSirad <strong>politikuri</strong> erTobis<br />

mis yvelaze mcire nawilebad fragmentacias iwvevs.<br />

aRsasruli axaleburad:<br />

`mdumare gazafxulis~ * Tavidan acileba<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi garemosdacviTi<br />

sakiTxebis umetesi nawili uyuradRebod rCeboda 1960­ian wle­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

621<br />

bamde. mas Semdeg daintereseba garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT didad gaizarda,<br />

iseve, rogorc gaizarda garemosdacviTi jgufebis raodenoba da maTi Sesa­<br />

Zlebloba msoflios masStabiT gavlena moexdinaT mTavrobebze globaluri<br />

ekologiuri sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. es e.w. mwvane partiebi TiTqmis yvela<br />

wamyvan industriul sa xelmwifoSi arsebobs, garda amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qveyanaSi ufro garemosdacviTi interes­<br />

Ta jgufebi ayvavda. iseT kargad cnobil da finansurad Zlier jgufebs, rogoricaa<br />

sieras klubi, audubonis sazogadoeba, gadaarCineT delfinebi da<br />

erovnuli bunebis federacia, sakmaod didi <strong>politikuri</strong> gavlena aqvs. ufro<br />

metic, kvleviTi institutebi monitorings uweven garemos mdgomareobas<br />

da moiTxoven imgvari sajaro <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebebis gatarebas, romelic<br />

ekologiur faqtorebs gaiTvaliswinebs.<br />

arcTu ise gasaocaria, rom gasulma aTwleulebma aseTi gazrdili daintereseba<br />

gamoiwvia garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT _ mJavurma wvimebma, globalurma<br />

daTbobam, wylis resursebis dakonservebis saWiroebam, tyeebisa da<br />

Tevzis mrewvelobis problemebma iseTi amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebis<br />

gamoyenebam, rogoricaa navTobi, gazi da sxva mineralebi, ubiZga saxelmwifoTa<br />

meTaurebs eTanamSromlaT garemosdacviTi SeTanxmebebis dasadebad.<br />

miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom amgvari SeTanxmebebis umetesi nawilis gavlena<br />

sakmaod SezRudulia, varaudoben, rom momavalSi maTi raodenoba da mniSvneloba<br />

TandaTan ufro gaizrdeba.<br />

aRsasruli Zveleburad:<br />

birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba<br />

ganadgurebis uzarmazari masStabiT gamowvevis SesaZleblobis gamo, atomuri,<br />

biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi _ zogjer maT ABC iaraRs (inglisuri<br />

Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons­is _ atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri<br />

iaraRi. mTargmn. SeniSvna) uwodeben _ TavisTavad gansxvavebul kategoriad<br />

klasificirdeba. (atomuri iaraRi aseve birTvuli iaraRis saxelwodebiT<br />

aris cnobili; _ es ori saxelwodeba urTierTSemcvlelia). garda imisa, rom<br />

am iaraRs SeuZlia gamoiwvios sicocxlis ganadgureba, infrastruqturis<br />

dazianeba da farTomasStabiani ekologiuri dabinZureba, maTi gamoyenebis<br />

Sedegad aseve moxdeba genetikuri mutaciebi, rasac didi gavlena eqneba momaval<br />

Taobebze. realurad, maT mier gamowveuli efeqtebis prognozireba an<br />

gakontroleba sakmaod rTulia. sa xelmwifoebs, romlebsac aqvs es iaraRi,<br />

surT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs ar hqon des igi. erayi da CrdiloeTi korea is<br />

ori saxelmwifoa, romelmac scada masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmna, rasac<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi mokavSireebi mtkiced upirispirdebodnen<br />

[Tavisi birTvuli programa aqvs irans _ red. Sen.].<br />

marTalia, arsebobs ABC iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebebi (ix. VIII<br />

Tavi), magram bevri is saxelmwifoc ki, romelsac ukve aqvs masobrivi ganadgurebis<br />

iaraRi, uars acxadebs am SeTanxmebebis xelmoweraze. logikuria,<br />

rom saxelmwifoebrivi arastabiluroba da regionuli konfliqtebi ufro

622 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

saSiSi gaxda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sistemebis gavrcelebis alba­<br />

Tobis gamo. cxeli wertilebi, magaliTad, CrdiloeT korea aziaSi, safrT xes<br />

uqmnis msoflio stabilurobas. rogorc 17­1 cxrili gviCvenebs, birTvuli<br />

iaraRis mqone saxelmwifoTa raodenoba jer kidev sakmaod mcirea, Tumca,<br />

Tu 1960­ian wlebSi birTvuli iaraRis mflobelTa raodenoba xuTs Seadgenda,<br />

dRes es ricxvi cxramde gaizarda.<br />

cxrili 17.1<br />

birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba<br />

aqvs<br />

birTvuli<br />

iaraRi<br />

savarudod,<br />

aqvs<br />

birTvuli<br />

iaraRi<br />

piroba dado,<br />

rom ar<br />

Seqmnis<br />

birTvul<br />

iaraRs<br />

uari Tqva<br />

birTvul<br />

iaraRze<br />

CineTi israeli alJiri belorusia irani<br />

safrangeTi<br />

didi<br />

britaneTi<br />

argentina yazaxeTi eErayi*<br />

brazilia ukraina lLibia*<br />

miCneulia,<br />

rom cdilobs<br />

birTvuli<br />

ira Ris<br />

mopo vebas<br />

indoeTi germania CrdiloeT<br />

korea<br />

pakistani iaponia siria<br />

ruseTi samxreTi<br />

afrika<br />

SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi<br />

* aSS­s libiasTan daaxloebisa da eraySi intervenciis Semdeg es qveynebi aRar iTvle­<br />

bian birTvu ­li ambiciebis mqoned. red. Sen.)<br />

aranakleb aRmaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom zogierT ganviTarebad saxelmwifos,<br />

romelsac aqvs Rirebuli bunebrivi resursebi ­ magaliTad, navTobiT<br />

mdidari libia, irani da erayi _ miiCneva, rom surs (an surdaT) birTvuli<br />

iaraRis Seqmna. ufro metic, es faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs birTvuli<br />

iaraRis gavrcelebis safrTxeebis realurobaze. dResdReobiT, birTvuli<br />

iaraRis dasamzadebeli teqnologia farTodaa cnobili da mis dasamzadeblad<br />

saWiro aucilebeli nivTierebebi (magaliTad, gamdidrebuli urani)<br />

gacilebiT advilad moipoveba. erT­erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 2000 wlisaTvis<br />

daaxloebiT 40 saxelmwifos unda hqonoda birTvuli iaraRis sawarmoeblad<br />

saWiro saSualebebi. 35 am iaraRis <strong>politikuri</strong>, samxedro da simboluri<br />

mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, miamitobaa velodoT, rom qveynebi (gansa­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

623<br />

kuTrebiT, agresiuli miznebis mqone qveynebi), romelTac ar gaaCniaT aseTi<br />

iaraRi, ar Seecdebian mis Seqmnas.<br />

rac ufro meti iqneba im saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo aqtorebis (magaliTad,<br />

teroristebis) raodenoba, visac eqneba birTvuli, biologiuri Tu<br />

qimiuri iaraRi, miT ufro didia albaToba, rom es iaraRi gamiznulad Tu<br />

umiznod iqneba gamoyenebuli. gavrcelebis uamravi forma arsebobs. magali­<br />

Tad, sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg birTvuli iaraRi memkvidreobiT ergo ramdenime<br />

yofil sabWoTa respublikas. Zlieri diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad<br />

yazaxeTsa da ukrainaSi [aseve belorusSi _ mTargmn. Sen.] arsebuli kontinentTaSorisi<br />

raketebi ruseTs gadasces.<br />

kidev erTi koSmaruli scenari realobad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris<br />

Semdeg, roca teroristebma antraqsiT (cimbiruli wylulis virusi) ramdenime<br />

Tavdasxma ganaxorcieles. kidev ufro did safrTxes Seicavda SesaZlebloba,<br />

rom teroristul qselebs gamoeyenebinaT atomuri iaraRi dasaxlebul<br />

adgilebSi radiaciis gasavrceleblad an antraqsze ufro Zlieri<br />

baqteriuli iaraRi.<br />

sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia<br />

axal saerTaSoriso wesrigSi zogierTi procesi miuTiTebs SezRudul,<br />

mag ram mniSvnelovan tendenciaze, romelic gardaqmnis Tanamedrove ersaxelmwifoebs<br />

(magaliTad, globaluri ekonomikisa da TanamSromlobiTi<br />

organizaciebis zrda, rogoricaa vTqvaT evropis kavSiri). aseve, zogierTi<br />

procesi eri­saxelmwifos dezintegraciaze mianiSnebs (magaliTad, eTnikuri<br />

daZabulobebi). Tana medrove realobis kuriozuli faqti is gaxlavT,<br />

rom es orive urTierTsapirispiro tendencia erTdroulad aRiniSneba.<br />

sainteresoa, rogor jdeba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia<br />

am modelSi? eWvgareSea, rom sainformacio revolucia realurad mimdinareobs.<br />

globaluri komunikaciebis SesaZleblobebi gasaocrad gaizarda<br />

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. muris kanonis Tanaxmad (gordon<br />

muri, intelis Tana damfuZnebeli) gamoTvliTi simZlavre erT dolarze yovel<br />

18 TveSi ormagdeba: dRes 2000 dolariani nouTbuqi bevrad ufro Zlieria,<br />

vidre 10 miliondolariani kompiuteri 1970­ian wlebSi. amas emateba isic,<br />

rom 1970­ian wlebSi mxolod daaxloebiT 50000 kompiuteri iyo msoflioSi;<br />

dRes maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 140 milionamde gaizarda. roca transatlantikur<br />

satelefono xazs erTdroulad mxolod 138 satelefono saubris<br />

gadacema SeeZlo, dRes es ricxvi 1,5 mili ons Seadgens. internets msoflios<br />

masStabiT daaxloebiT 50 milionamde momxmarebeli hyavs da maTi raodenoba<br />

kvlav izrdeba.<br />

sainformacio revoluciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

efeqti xelisuflebis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze kontrolis dawesebis<br />

SesaZleb lobis Sesustebaa. moqalaqeebs msoflios masStabiT ukve xeli miuwvdebaT<br />

informaciis damoukidebel wyaroebze. yvelaferi, dawyebuli mTavrobis<br />

kritikiT da damTavrebuli pornografiiT an kriminal­teroristis

624 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

piradi veb­gverdiT `Seqmeni Seni sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi~, xelmisawvdomia<br />

nebismieri qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis gareSe.<br />

sainformacio revolucia TviT im tradiciul kulturebsa da civilizaciebs<br />

uqmnis safrTxes, romlebic ar iziareben dasavlur Rirebulebebs.<br />

ra Tqma unda, sainformacio revolucias mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

Sedegebic aqvs, romelTagan zogierTi dRes mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba<br />

davinaxoT. magaliTad, zogadad miCneuli iyo, rom teqnologia tiran<br />

mmarTvelebs sakuTari Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis kuTxiT SeeZloT<br />

gamoeyenebinaT (gavixsenoT jorj oruelis mier mis klasikur novelaSi<br />

1984 teleekranebisa da sxva teqno logiebis aRwera, romelsac totalitari<br />

mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen), magram sapirispiroc SesaZloa simarTle iyos:<br />

sainformacio revolucia garkveulwilad xels uwyobs msoflioSi Tavisuflebas<br />

imiT, rom igi urTulebs arademokratiul liderebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis<br />

kontrols. ufro metic, Tu teqnologia xels uwyobs Tavisufali<br />

mTavrobebis raodenobis zrdas da demokratiuli qveynebi erTmaneTTan<br />

omisagan Tavs ikaveben, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom teqnologiurma<br />

revoluciam ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmnas unda Seuwyos xeli?<br />

apokalipsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa<br />

Sejaxeba da anarqia?<br />

axali, aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi marTlac rom gadaizardos<br />

ufro mSvidobian epoqaSi, igi mSvidobas bolomde mainc ver uzrunvelyofs.<br />

kacobriobis istoriaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki Segvaxsenebs, rom konfliqtis<br />

arseboba saukuneebs iTvlis. ase rom, dRevandel civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi,<br />

mecnierebi daoben ara imaze, iqneba Tu ara momavalSi konfliqtebi, aramed<br />

imaze, riTi iqneba igi gansxvavebuli warsulSi arsebuli konfliqtebisagan.<br />

semuel hantingtoni momavali konfliqtis erT­erT yvelaze damaintrigebel<br />

da amaRelvebel xedvas gvTavazobs. is amtkicebs, rom civi omis ideologiur<br />

dapiris pirebebs `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ Secvlis:<br />

konfliqtebis fundamenturi wyaro am axal msoflioSi ukve arc ideologia<br />

da arc ekonomika ar iqneba. kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

sazRvrebi da konfliqtis upiratesi wyaroebi kulturiT ganisaz­<br />

Rvreba. eri­saxelmwifo mTavar moqmed pirad darCeba saerTaSoriso<br />

asparezze, magram globaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani konfliqtebi<br />

gaiSleba erebsa da jgufebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />

civilizacias ekuTvnian. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba msoflio politikis<br />

dominirebadi faqtori gaxdeba. momavalSi, civilizaciaTa gamyofi<br />

sazRvari iqneba axali frontis xazi. 36<br />

hantingtonis ganmartebiT civilizacia aris `adamianTa umaRlesi kulturuli<br />

dajgufeba da maTi kulturuli identobis umaRlesi done, romelic<br />

adamianebs sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ganasxvavebs~. 37 amas garda, didi Tu

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

625<br />

patara, bevrisa Tu mxolod erTis momcveli civilizacia, ori ZiriTadi<br />

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. pirvelSi Sedis obieqtur faqtorebi, rogoricaa<br />

ena, istoria, Cveulebebi, institutebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,<br />

religia. 38 ideebi miekuTvneba meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas. ase rom,<br />

maSin, roca ideebi individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstitucionalizmis,<br />

adamianis uflebebis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis,<br />

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisa da eklesiis saxelmwifosagan<br />

damoukideblobis Taobaze dasavluri kulturis fundamenturi aspeqtebia,<br />

hantingtoni Tvlis, rom `es Rirebulebebi mcired Tu aisaxeba islamur, konfuciur,<br />

iaponur, induistur, budistur an marTlmadideblur kultureb­<br />

Si.~ 39 hantingtons miaCnia, rom momavali konfliqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakav­<br />

Sirebuli kulturul identobebTan da adamianebis survilTan, ibrZolon da<br />

mokvdnen im tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis dacvisaTvis, romelTac safrTxes<br />

amerikanizacia, vesternizacia da globa lizacia uqmnis (rac ganviTarebad<br />

samyaroSi bevri adamianis gonebaSi erTma neTisagan ganuyofeli cnebebia).<br />

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, civi omis Semdgomi msoflios ganmsazRvrel<br />

Taviseburebas eTnikuri daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi Seadgens. hantingtonma<br />

Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis buneba da geografia Seiswavla.<br />

magaliTad, maT Soris, dapirispireba qristianobaze dafuZnebul dasavlur<br />

evropasa da islamur civilizaciaze dafuZnebul arabul axlo aRmosavleTsa<br />

da CrdiloeT afrikas Soris. aq eTnikurma daZabulobam Zaladobrivi forma<br />

miiRo, magaliTad, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier wamowyebuli samxedro intervenciebi<br />

(rogoric iyo sparseTis yuris omi 1991 wels) da teroriristebis<br />

antidasavluri aqtebi islamur da arabul saxelmwifoebSi (gansakuTrebiT,<br />

iranSi, eraySi, libiaSi, egviptesa da siriaSi). kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa<br />

Sejaxebis sxva magaliTebi arsebobs balkaneTSi, sadac marTlmadidebeli<br />

qristianebi da muslimebi mtroben erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Zveli ruseTis<br />

imperiis periferiebSi. dapirispire b am erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyo osebi<br />

da inguSebi ruseTSi, somxebi da azerba ijanelebi _ kavkasiaSi.<br />

hantingtonis xedviT, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba moicavs ara mxolod msoflios<br />

regionebs Soris konfliqtebs, aramed aseve kulturul konfliqtebs<br />

im arealSi, sadac ori civilizacia Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, aziaSi Cinuri<br />

da iaponuri civilizaciebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc<br />

Cinelebi da tibetelebi (budistebi), Cinelebi da indoelebi (indusebi) da<br />

Cinelebi da muslimebi (centralur da samxreT aziaSi). indoeTis subkontinentze,<br />

induisturi umravlesoba indoeTSi ebrZvis sakuTar mravalricxovan<br />

muslimur umciresobas, iseve, rogorc mezobel pakistans.<br />

evropaSi kulturuli dayofa dasavlur, anu im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic<br />

iziareben kaTolikur, aRorZinebis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa<br />

da industriuli revoluciis ideebs da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs Soris,<br />

romlebic ZiriTadad slavuri da marTlmadidebluria da dasavleTis<br />

umTavresi religiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebisagan ganze rCebian,<br />

Caenacvla did dapirispirebas rkinis fardis Camoxsnis Semdeg. dRes mas<br />

`xaverdis fardas~ uwodeben. Dda bolos, dasavleTi naxevarsfero ori gansxvavebuli<br />

kulturuli memkvidreobis samSobloa. CrdiloeTi amerika

626 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

(amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada) anglofonuria da mkveTrad ganicdis<br />

britanuli da CrdiloeT­evropuli kulturis, maT Soris protestantizmis,<br />

gavlenas. meqsika, centraluri da samxreTi amerika ZiriTadad<br />

espanurenovani da kaTolikuria da adgilobrivi da iberiuli kulturebis<br />

sinTezs warmoadgens.<br />

hantingtoni aqcents akeTebs, rom naTesavi qveynis sindromi, romlis<br />

Sesabamisadac sxvadasxva qveynis adamianebi da liderebi kulturulad arian<br />

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi<br />

aSkarad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omSi, arabi<br />

elitac da mosaxleobac erays farglebs gareT dasavleTis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

ganewyo. arabTa mxardaWera sxva arabul­islamuri qveynis mimarT, romelsac<br />

Tundac iseTi sastiki diqtatori marTavda, rogoric sadam huseini iyo, na­<br />

Tesauri sindromis gamomJRavnebis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva magaliTebia<br />

Turqebis mier azerbaijanis (muslimuri) mxardaWera somxeTis winaaRmdeg<br />

(qristianuli) an dasavleTis mier marTlmadidebeli serbebis dasja,<br />

aseve bosnieli muslimebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sisastike.<br />

ufro metic, hantingtoni axdens `gaxleCili qveynebis~ identificirebas,<br />

romlebic sxvadasxva civilizaciasa da kulturas mikuTvnebuli xalxebisagan<br />

Sedgeba da dezintegraciis pirveli kandidatebi arian. amis naTeli magaliTebia<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da meqsika. konfliqtebi gaxleCil<br />

qveynebSi advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos sxvadasxva civilizacias mikuTvnebul<br />

saxelmwifoebs an jgufebs Soris omSi.<br />

yvelaze ufro avismomaswavebeli elementi hantingtonis civilizaciaTa<br />

Sejaxebis TeoriaSi aris globaluri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba dasavlur<br />

da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris (hantingtonis sityvebiT `dasavleTi<br />

_ danarCenis winaaRmdeg~). arabul saxelmwifoebsa da CineTs Soris <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

kavSirebis ganviTareba islamur­konfuciuri aliansis Seqmnas moaswavebs.<br />

osama bin ladenis al qaidas moZraobis warmoSoba antidasavluri, antiiudeur­qristianuli<br />

ganwyobebiT amagrebs hantingtonis mTavar Teziss,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mas (hantingtons) ar uwinaswarmetyvelebia, ra formas<br />

miiRebda civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba axal saukuneSi. TviT faqti, rom osama bin<br />

ladenma formalurad gamoacxada jihadi `dampyroblebis~ winaaRmdeg da muslimebis<br />

movaleobad aqcia `amerikelebis ganadgureba yvelgan ~ 40 miuTiTebs,<br />

rom amerikelebis mier marTuli kampania saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />

bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod konfrontacia urC arasaxelmwifoebriv<br />

aqtorsa da msoflios yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifos Soris. ras niSnavs es<br />

zustad, jer kidev dasadgenia. dagmoben ki arabuli qveynebi ara mxolod bin<br />

ladens, aramed terorizmsac? SeZlebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, gamonaxos<br />

gza arabTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad (gansakuTrebiT palestinelTa<br />

miswrafebebis) ise, rom aman israelTan misi gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis<br />

gawyveta ar gamoiwvios?<br />

hantingtonis Tezisi gamoCenisTanave farTod iqna ganxiluli da azrTa<br />

didi sxva dasxvaoba gamoiwvia. rogorc yvela idea msoflioSi, isic maleve<br />

mieca daviwyebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde mainc. 11 seqtembris<br />

teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma Sokma da SiSma ganapiroba, rom

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

627<br />

amerikelebs eZebnaT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ratom vZulvarT<br />

maT ase Zalian? pasuxis Ziebam kvlav gamoiwvia daintereseba am Temaze<br />

dawerili naSromebiT, maT Soris hantingtonis, Calmers jonsonisa da Jurnalist<br />

robert kaplanis naSromebiT, romelmac 1994 wels _ im wels, rodesac<br />

pirvelad daibomba msoflio savaWro centri, Jurnal Atlantic Monthly-Si<br />

dabeWda statia `momavali anarqia~. 41<br />

kaplani amtkicebs, rom `msoflio rukis danawevreba da gadakeTeba mxolod<br />

axla iwyeba.~ eri­saxelmwifo im formiT, ra formiTac igi CvenTvis<br />

aris cnobili, ukve moZvelebulia da misi Canacvleba moxdeba ara ufro<br />

didi regionuli dajgufebebiT an msoflio saxelmwifoTi (ise, rogorc amas<br />

idealistebi sulelurad winaswarmetyvelebdnen II msoflio omis Semdeg)<br />

aramed, kaplanis SexedulebiT, <strong>politikuri</strong> qarborbalebis uformo ZaliT,<br />

romelic isazrdoebs uzarmazari da sakmaod arastabiluri urbanuli koncentraciiT,<br />

rogoric aris momavlis gadatvirTuli, qaosuri, kriminaluri<br />

qalaqebi. suraTi, romelsac kap lani gvixatavs, SemaSfoTebelia:<br />

warmoidgineT hologramis msgavsi kartografia sam ganzomilebaSi.<br />

am hologramaSi iqneba jgufebisa da sxva erTeulebis urTeirTgadamkveTi<br />

dakiduli Sreebi, qalaqi­saxelmwifoebisa da sxva erebis organzomilebiani<br />

feradi niSnulebis zemoT, romelic aRniSnavs narkokartelebis,<br />

mafiebis da usafrTxoebis kerZo saagentoTa Zalauflebas.<br />

sazRvrebis magivrad iqneba Zalauflebis moZravi centrebi, Sua saukuneebis<br />

msgavsad. am SreTagan bevri iqneba moZravi. swor adgilze<br />

fiqsirebuli da uxeSad gavlebuli xazebis magivrad iqneba buferuli<br />

erTeulebis cvalebadi naxazi, qurTuli da azerbaijanuli buferuli<br />

erTeulebis msgavsad TurqeTsa da irans Soris. am proteanul<br />

kartografiul hologramas aseve unda davumatoT sxva faqtorebic,<br />

rogoricaa, mosaxleobis migracia, daavadebebis gavrceleba. ase, rom<br />

amgvari msoflios ruka arasodes iqneba statikuri. es momavali ruka,<br />

savaraudod bolo rukac ki, qaosis mutaciis anarekli iqneba. 42<br />

dasavleTi afrika amgvari ulmobeli momavlis magaliTia, sadac sazRvrebi<br />

realurad qreba, sazogadoeba xdeba eTnikuri konfliqtis wyaro, policia<br />

da <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba TandaTanobiT qreba am suraTidan, kriminalebi,<br />

yaCaRebi da korumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi akontroleben vaWrobas,<br />

Zaladoba gaxSirebulia, avadmyofoba isea modebuli qalaqgareT, rogorc<br />

mkvleli, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs, daxocos yvela cocxlad darCenili.<br />

ra formas miiRebs momavali konfliqtebi, iqneba es eri­saxelmwifoebis<br />

dezintegracia Tu civilizaciaTa globaluri masStabis Sejaxeba, jerac<br />

gaurkveveli rCeba. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom omis Rrublebi gaagrZelebs<br />

politikis saTamaSo moednebis wyvdiadSi moqcevas yvela doneze _ lokalurze,<br />

regionulze da saerTaSorisoze. isic eWvgareSea, rom lokaluri konfliqtebi<br />

zogierTi saxelmwifos arsebobasa da xelisuflebis stabilurobas<br />

safrTxes Seuqmnis da isic, rom erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabilurobis<br />

mezobel saxel mwifoebSi gadadinebac moxdeba. konfliqtis SeCerebisa da<br />

omis Semcirebis warmateba nawilobriv damokidebuli iqneba amave miznebi­

628 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

saTvis II msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso institutebis efeqtianobaze.<br />

es institutebi, maT Soris, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia,<br />

Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am wignis daskvniT TavSi moeqceva.<br />

anarqia afrikaSi<br />

siera­leonesa Tu dasavleT afrikis danarCen nawilSi tirania ucxo xili<br />

namdvilad ar aris. is ukve gazrdili ukanonobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac,<br />

sakuTari mniSvnelobiT, bevrad ufro seriozulia, vidre nebismieri saxis<br />

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, amboxeba Tu demokratiis damkvidrebis epizoduri<br />

eqsperimentebi. danaSauli iyo is Tema, razedac Cems megobars, maRali<br />

Tanamdebobis afrikel saxelmwifo moxeles (romlis sicocxles safrTxe<br />

daemuqreba, Tu davasaxeleb), namdvilad surda saubari. danaSaulis Tema<br />

aqcevs dasavleT afrikas Cemi mosazrebebis amosaval wertilad imis Taobaze,<br />

Tu rogori <strong>politikuri</strong> xasiaTi eqneba Cvens planetas XXI saukuneSi.<br />

dasavleT afrikis qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, yvelaze saSiSi adgilebia<br />

dRevandel msoflioSi: Cabnelebuli quCebi; policias xSirad ara aqvs<br />

sawvavi satransporto saSualebebisaTvis; SeiaraRebuli Ramis qurdebi da<br />

manqanebis mZarcvelebi mravlad arian. ` mTavroba siera­leoneSi daRamebis<br />

Semdeg yovelgvari gavlenis gareSe rCeba,~ ambobs erT­erTi ucxoeli. 2000<br />

wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac dedaqalaqSi, friTaunSi viyavi, kalaSnikovis avtomatiT<br />

SeiaraRebuli 8 piri SeiWra erTi amerikelis sacxovrebel saxlSi.<br />

maT is SeboWes da gaZarcves. daiviwyeT maiami: usafrTxoebis adekvaturi<br />

zomebis ararsebobis gamo aSS­s transportis mdivnis gadawyvetilebiT<br />

Sewyda pirdapiri frenebi amerikasa da muhamed murtalas saxelobis aeroports<br />

Soris, romelic mezo bel nigeriul qalaq lagosSi mdebareobs. es<br />

erT­erTia, im arcTu mravalricxovan SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam ucxo qveynis aeroports danaSaulebrivi<br />

kavSirebis gamo embargo daado. abijanSi, spilos Zvlis sanapiros dedaqalaqSi,<br />

restornebSi Sens manqanasa da Sesasvlels Soris, TxuTmetiode<br />

nabijis moSorebiT moZraoben SeiaraRebuli dacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi<br />

da geqmneba Semzaravi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZleba<br />

iyos amerikis qalaqebi momavalSi. italieli elCi daiRupa maSin, roca<br />

mZarcvelebi Tavs daesxnen abijanis erT­erT restorans. nigerieli elCis<br />

ojaxis wevrebi Tavis sacxovrebelSive SeboWes da gaZarcves. universitetis<br />

studentebma spilos Zvlis sanapiroSi daiWires yaCaRebi, romlebic maT<br />

sacxovreblebs Zarcvavdnen, yelze yulfi moabes da dawves. yvelafers spilos<br />

Zvlis sanapiros erT­erTi policieli uyurebda, magram SiSiT Carevas<br />

ver bedavda. roca abijanis avtobusis sadgurze mivdiodi, axalgazrda adamianebis<br />

jgufi mousvenari TvalebiT uyurebda Cems taqss, xels urtyamdnen<br />

manqanis minebs da moiTxovdnen qiras Cemi bargis waRebisaTvis, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom mxolod erTi patara xelCanTa mqonda. dasavleT afrikuli eqvsi<br />

qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqSi yvelgan vxedavdi axalgazrda adamianebis aseT­

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

629<br />

save brboebs. isini hgavdnen gaTavisuflebul molekulebs Zalian arastabilur<br />

sazogadoebriv garemoSi, romelic aalebis piras iyo misuli. `rogorc<br />

xedav, afrikis soflebSi bunebriv movlenad aris miCneuli, ikvebo nebismier<br />

magidaze da Tavi Seafaro nebismier qoxs,M magram qalaqebSi amgvari Temuri<br />

pirobebi ukve aRar arsebobs _ Ramis gasaTevad unda gadaixado da saWmelad<br />

unda migiwvion. rodesac axalgazrda adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom naTesavebi<br />

veRar Seifareben, isini gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, uerTdebian<br />

sxva emigrantebs da TandaTanobiT kriminalur saqmianobaSic erTvebian~, _<br />

miTxra Cemma megobarma ministrma.<br />

`arabuli CrdiloeT afrikis gaRaribebul nawilebSi,~ _ gaagrZela man,<br />

_ `naklebi danaSaulia, imitom, rom islami uzrunvelyofs socialur simtkices:<br />

ganaTlebisa da indoq trinaciis gziT. aq, dasavleT afrikaSi, zedapirulad<br />

islamic da qristianobacaa warmodgenili. dasavluri religia<br />

ZirgamoTxrilia animisturi rwmenebiT, romelic SeuTavsebelia moralur<br />

sazogadoebasTan, radganac is dafuZnebulia iracionalur sulis Zalauflebaze.<br />

aq suli gamoyenebulia, raTa nebaze miuSvan erTi pirovnebis SurisZieba<br />

meoris sawinaaRmdegod an erTi jgufisa meoris winaaRmdeg.~ liberiis<br />

samoqalaqo omis dros Cadenili bevri Zaladoba jujus sulis rwmenas<br />

ukavSirdeboda. BBC­im Tavis Jurnal Focus on Africa-Si aRwera, rom sieraleones<br />

samoqalaqo omSi amboxebulebs `win miuZRoda axalgazrda sruliad<br />

SiSveli qali ukusvliT, romelic gzas sarkeSi xedavda. siSiSvle mas armiis<br />

poziciebis gadakveTas uadvilebda da iq marxavda Tavis silamazes... raTa<br />

ajanyebulTa warmatebis Sansi gaezarda.~<br />

nawyveti Robert D. Kaplan-is wignidan The Coming Anarchy, New York: Vintage Books,<br />

2001, 4-6.<br />

daskvna<br />

centraluri xelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo saerTaSoriso politikis<br />

moq medeba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo Tu Sida politikasagan.<br />

qalaq melosis bediswera saerTaSoriso arenaze samxedro Zlierebis upiratesi<br />

mniSvnelobis ilustrirebas axdens. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola saer­<br />

TaSoriso sistemis bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia. yoveli suverenuli saxelmwifo<br />

status kvos Secvlis msurvel sxva saxelmwifosTan konkurenciis<br />

pirobebSi sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvas cdilobs. erovnuli interesis<br />

koncefcia orazrovania, Tumca, moicavs yvelafers, rasac saxelmwifo<br />

liderebi sakuTari qveynis grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa Tu keTildReobis<br />

xelSemwyobad miiCneven.<br />

saerTaSoriso politikis mkvlevarebma unda ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan<br />

sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong> miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi. saxelmwifoebi<br />

sxvadasxva saSualebebs irCeven, Tumca, es arCevani yovelTvis

630 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

erTi umTavresi mizniT _ saxelmwifoebis Zlierebis zrdis surviliTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli. zogierTi saxelmwifo kmayofilia Zalis arsebuli gadanawilebiT<br />

da mxolod arsebuli status kvos SenarCunebas cdilobs, sxvebi<br />

ukmayofiloni arian da Sesabamisad, misi Secvlisaken iswrafvian. yvela saxelmwifo,<br />

romelsac surs konkurentunariani iyos saerTaSoriso arenaze,<br />

mudmivadaa CarTuli sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdis procesSi. mxolod ramdenime<br />

saxelmwifo Tu axerxebs, Tavi aaridos Zlierebis SenarCunebasa da<br />

Zlierebis gazrdas Soris arCevanis gakeTebas; isini, zogadad, Zalis politikis<br />

uaryofas cdiloben.<br />

monros doqtrina miznad isaxavda gaexangrZlivebina regionuli status<br />

kvo dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; aseve, sabWoTa kavSiridan momavali safrTxis<br />

Sekaveba SesaZlebeli iyo globaluri status kvos strategiiT, romelic<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma SeimuSava II msoflio omis Semdeg. civi omis<br />

Semdeg periodSi, zogierTma politologma <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmis Teoriaze<br />

daydnobiT daiwyo mtkiceba, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs unda<br />

miemarTa izolacionizmis strategiisaTvis. sxvebis azriT ki saerTaSoriso<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovani meqanizmi<br />

iyo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis gasagebad da amerikis sagareo<br />

politikis gansasazRvrad. marTalia, <strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi warsulSi<br />

saerTaSoriso politikis axsnas gvTavazobda, dRes mas akritikeben zneobis<br />

sakiTxis mimarT misi indiferentuli damokidebulebisa da erovnuli<br />

interesis koncefciaze aqcentirebis gamo, globaluri problemebis arsebobis<br />

fonze.<br />

tradiciuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema, romelic formalurad 1648<br />

wli dan arsebobda, SezRuduli iyo masStabiT. evropuli sistemis erTi upiratesoba<br />

is iyo, rom misi yvela wevri iziarebda saerTo Rirebulebebsa da<br />

rwmenebs. didi britaneTi moqmedebda, rogorc wonasworobis damcveli. evropuli<br />

sistema mu Saobda, radgan miznebi da saSualebebi SezRuduli, xolo<br />

aliansebi moqnili iyo. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi am pirobebis Secvlam Zal­<br />

Ta wonasworobis sistemis daSlas daudo saTave.<br />

II msoflio omis Semdeg, Zveli evropuli multipolaruli sistemis adgilze<br />

bipolaruli sistema Camoyalibda. geografiulad ufro farTe, vidre<br />

misi winamorbedi, am bipolaruli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sastiki<br />

dapirispireba or supersaxelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da<br />

sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. siRrmiseuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da birTvuli<br />

holokostis safrTxe am metoqeobis Tavisebureba iyo. 1960­iani wlebis<br />

bolosTvis, strategiuli Cixis viTarebam, romelic efuZneboda urTierT<br />

Sekavebas, am or titans Soris omi iracionaluri gaxada.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da civi omis damTavrebasTan erTad, axali<br />

saerTaSoriso wesrigi iwyebs aRmocenebas. sayuradReboa, rom es ZalTa<br />

wonasworobis sistema ki ar aris, aramed igi sxvadasxva saxis tendenciebs<br />

amJRavnebs. ufro metic, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, raTa virwmunoT,<br />

rom es sistema droebiTi da gardamavali iqneba.<br />

aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi unipolarulia, romlis saTaveSi<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. TanamSromloba da konkurencia ekonomikuri

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

631<br />

sakiTxebis garSemo gaizarda. ufro metic, ekonomikuri Zliereba koncentrirebuli<br />

xdeba sam regionSi: dasavleT evropaSi, amerikasa da iaponiaSi.<br />

damafiqrebelia msoflio masStabiT eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenobis<br />

zrda. gaumjobesebuli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sedegad globaluri<br />

garemosdacviTi problemebi ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs. Tumca, ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba msoflio stabilurobas<br />

sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnis. da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

momavali konfliqtebis wyaro ucnobia, erTi gavleniani mecnieris mtkicebiT,<br />

is kulturuli gansxvavebulobidan amoizrdeba da mas civilizaciaTa<br />

Sejaxebis forma eqneba.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi<br />

ZalTa wonasworobis sistema<br />

wonasworobis damcveli<br />

bipolaruli sistema<br />

marSalis gegma<br />

CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis<br />

organizacia (nato)<br />

varSavis xelSekruleba<br />

erovnuli interesi<br />

status kvos strategia<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

eqspansionizmi<br />

neitraliteti<br />

miumxrobloba<br />

monros doqtrina<br />

Sekaveba<br />

trumenis doqtrina<br />

idealizmi<br />

globalizacia<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi<br />

naTesavi qveynis sindromi<br />

1. ras gveubneba aTenelTa da meloselTa dapirispirebis Tukidideseuli<br />

aRwera saerTaSoriso politikis bunebis Taobaze?<br />

2. ra moiazreba politikisadmi makiavelistur damokidebulebaSi? ra saxis<br />

msoflmxedvelobas gulisxmobs amgvari midgoma?<br />

3. ras gulisxmobs cneba `erovnuli interesi~? rogor iyeneben <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

realistebi am termins?<br />

4. romeli ori ZiriTadi sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong> strategia aris xelmisawvdomi<br />

saxelmwifoebisaTvis?<br />

5. ra igulisxmeba ZalTa wonasworobaSi? rogor muSaobda tradiciuli evropuli<br />

ZalTa wonasworobis sistema? ra iyo misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi?<br />

ratom SeZlo man met­naklebad warmatebulad funqcionireba 260 wlis ganmavlobaSi?<br />

6. ram gamoiwvia klasikuri evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis rRveva?

632 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

7. riTi gansxvavdeboda II msoflio omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso sistema misi<br />

winamorbedebisagan?<br />

8. aris Tu ara dRes ZalTa wonasworoba?<br />

9. ra qmnis mSvidobis mTavar safrTxes dRevandel msoflioSi?<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. citirebebi am diskusiidan ekuTvnis Tukidides ‘The Melian Conference,’ in<br />

Readings in World Politics, me­2 gamoc., red., Robert Goldwin and Tony Pearce<br />

(new York: Oxford University Press, 1970),472-478.<br />

2. Niccolo Machiaveli, The Prince, in The Prince and Discourses (New York: Modern<br />

Library, 1952), 56.<br />

3. iqve, 64<br />

4. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,<br />

me­5 gamoc., (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 11.<br />

5. iqve, 22­23.<br />

6. iqve, 11.<br />

7. iqve, 11.<br />

8. iqve, 221­223.<br />

9. iqve, 27.<br />

10. citirebulia, Alexander De Conde, A History of American Foreign Policy:<br />

Growth to World Power, tomi 1, me­3 gamoc., (New York: Scribner’s, 1978), 130.<br />

11. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 1 (New York: Schocken Books,<br />

1961), 522.<br />

12. George F. Kennan, ``Sources of Soviet Conduct,`` in Caging the Bear: Containment<br />

and the Cold War, red. Charles Gati (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 18.<br />

13. Congressional Record, 80 Cong., 1st sess. (March 1947), 1981.<br />

14. ix. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire<br />

(New York: Holt, 2000).<br />

15. iqve, 8.<br />

16. iqve.<br />

17. iqve, 9.<br />

18. iqve.<br />

19. iqve, 11.<br />

20. magaliTisaTvis ix. Alan Tonelson, ``What is the National Interest?`` in America’s<br />

National Interest in a Post Cold War World, red. Alvin Z. Rubinstein (New York:<br />

McGraw-Hill, 1994), 56. aseve, Barbara Conry, U.S. ``Global Leadership``: A Euphemism<br />

for World Policeman, Policy Analysis No. 267 (CATO Institute, February 8,<br />

1997).<br />

21 Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of<br />

Turmoil (Chatham House, 1996), 5-6.<br />

22. iqve, 199.<br />

23. iqve, 5.<br />

24. Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (New York: New American Library,<br />

1996).

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />

633<br />

25. miuxedavad ramdenime eqspertis gancxadebisa, rom prezident klintonma<br />

amgvari politikis gatarebiT ganimtkica <strong>politikuri</strong> kavSirebi afroamerikel<br />

kongresmenebTan, mainc unda davuSvaT, rom es mis mTavar mizans<br />

ar warmoadgenda. altruizmis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1920­1921<br />

wlebSi, rodesac sazareli SimSili sufevda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze.<br />

miuxedavad sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier antikapitalisturi revoluciebis<br />

aqtiuri mxardaWerisa, amerikis mTavrobam daxmarebis organizacia<br />

(huveris komisia) Seqmna. am organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT milionobiT<br />

dolaris Rirebulebis sakvebi iqna gagzavnili da milionobiT adamiani gadarCa<br />

volgis regionSi. im periodis oficialurma sabWoTa gazeTma aRniSna<br />

kidevac, rom `yvela kapitalistur saxelmwifos Soris, mxolod amerikis<br />

SeerTebulma Statebma aRmogviCina drouli da realuri daxmareba.~<br />

cit. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973,<br />

me­2 gamoc., (New York: Praeger, 1974) 148.<br />

26. cit. Marvin Jones, The Fifteen Weeks ( New York: Harbinger, 1955 ), 256.<br />

27. Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper&Row,<br />

1961), 358-359.<br />

28. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore:<br />

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 93.<br />

29. mosazreba, rom idealizmsa da realizms Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac gansxvaveba<br />

principsa da gonivrulobas Soris naTan tarkovs ekuTvnis. Nathan<br />

Tarcov, Principle and Prudence in Foreign Policy: The Founders Perspective,<br />

The Puiblic Interest 76 (Summer 1984) 45-60.<br />

30. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, ``The Environment and International Security,`` in<br />

World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me­2 gamoc., red. Michael Klare<br />

and Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin Press, 1994), 286.<br />

31. gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia Charles Krauthammer, ``The Lonely Superpower,``<br />

New Republic, July 29, 1991. 23-27. Cveni msjeloba ramdenime mniSvnelovan<br />

aspeqtSi Krauthammer­isas emTxveva.<br />

32. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations, me­4 gamoc.,<br />

(New York:St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 229.<br />

33. Donald Horowitz, ‘Ethical and National Conflict’, in World Security Challenges for<br />

a New Century, red. Klare and Thomas, 175.<br />

34. iqve, 176.<br />

35. Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, World Poitics: Trend and Transformation,<br />

me­6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 395-396.<br />

36. Samuel Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993):<br />

22-43; and Samuel Huntington, ‘If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the Post-<br />

Cold War Era’, Foreign Affairs 72 (December 1993): 24-39; amis Semdeg, hantingtonma<br />

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari TvalTaxedva gamoaqveyna wignSi The Clash<br />

of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster,<br />

1996).<br />

37. Huntington, ‘Clash of Civilizations’, 24.<br />

38. iqve, 25, 26.<br />

39. iqve, 40.

634 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

40. Judith Miller, ‘A Child of Privilege Who Champions Terror’, New York Times, September<br />

14, 2001, veb-gverdi.<br />

41. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). es bestseleri<br />

arsebiTad gamoqveynebul naSromTa krebulia.<br />

42. iqve, 50­51.

Tavi XVIII<br />

saerTaSoiso<br />

orgnizaciebi<br />

brZola<br />

wesrgisTvis<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi mso flio<br />

asparezze<br />

multinacionaluri korporaciebi<br />

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da<br />

samTavrobo oranizaciebi<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia<br />

(gaero)<br />

istoriuli foni: erTa liga<br />

gaeros daarseba gaero civi<br />

omis dros gaero civi omis Sem­<br />

deg didi sa erTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />

problemebi<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />

sargeblianoba Sesruleba da<br />

iZuleba saerTaSoriso samarTa­<br />

li Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTa­<br />

Soriso samarTlis SezRuduloba<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Se faseba<br />

mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken<br />

635

636 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

Tu gsurs mSvidoba, emzade omisaTvis _ uxsovari droidan es gamonaTqvami<br />

politikur realistTa kredo iyo. istoria gvaswavlis, rom konfliqti<br />

adamianuri realobis nawilia da omis Tavidan acileba an mere SeCereba,<br />

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sifxizliTa da samxedro mzadyofnis politiki­<br />

Taa SesaZlebeli. Tumca am Sexedulebas yovelTvis hyavda oponentebi. Cven<br />

vcxovrobT samyaroSi, sadac<br />

sawvavis fasi amerikis benzogasamarT sadgurebze ucxo qveynebis<br />

dedaqalaqebSi dgindeba... amerikeli momxmareblisaTvis feradi televizorebis<br />

xelmisawvdomobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod Sida bazris<br />

Zalebi, aramed SeTanxmebebi, erTi mxriv, vaSingtonsa da meore mxriv,<br />

tokios, taipeisa da seuls Soris... kremlSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi<br />

gavlenas axdens amerikul gadasaxadebze da aseve imaze, Tu raSi<br />

daixarjeba amoRebuli Tanxebi... miwodeba gansazRvravs keTildReobas<br />

yvelgan, xolo iq, sadac yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli,<br />

saWiroa axleburi azrovneba da axali konceptualuri midgomebi. 1<br />

saxelmwifoTa erovnuli meurneobebi sul ufro erwymis msoflio ekonomikas.<br />

amgvar ganviTarebas bevri winaswarmetyvelebda da miesalmeboda<br />

didi xniT adre, vidre es realobad iqceoda. egreT wodebuli funqcionalistebi<br />

amtkicebdnen, rom efeqtiani saerTaSoriso organizaciebi xels<br />

Seuwyobda TanamSromlobas msoflio masStabiT da es TanamSromloba, Tavis<br />

mxriv, warmoSobda saerTo ekonomikur interesebs, xels Seuwyobda saerTa­<br />

Soriso urTierTgagebas da Seamcirebda msoflio daZabulobasa da saomar<br />

moqmedebebs. azrovnebis am skolam, romelsac funqcionalizmi ewodeba,<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiqcia.<br />

mis momxreebs swamdaT, rom erovnul sazRvrebs gacilebuli mSvidobis,<br />

vaWrobisa da TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi sazogadoebas sabolood viwro<br />

erovnuli interesebis uaryofamde miiyvanda.<br />

is, rasac guSin funqcionalizmi ewodeboda, dRes urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />

saxeliTaa cnobili. es termini aRniSnavs erebs Soris arsebuli axlo<br />

kavSirebis rTul qsels, romelic, zogierTis TqmiT, TviT saerTaSoriso<br />

wesrigis safuZvels cvlis. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis mudmivma ganviTarebam<br />

da zrdam gamoiwvia zeerovnuli (supranacionaluri) struqturebis<br />

warmoqmna, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi regulaciebi da moixsnas<br />

xelovnuri dabrkolebebi (rogoricaa tarifebi da savaWro kvotebi).<br />

regionuli savaWro kavSirebis zrda da ekonomikuri integraciisken svla<br />

naTlad aisaxa evrokavSiris 1992 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi, Seeqmna erTiani<br />

ekonomikuri zona. iseTi zeerovnuli struqturebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa<br />

amerikis erTiani bazari karibis zRvis auzSi, merkosuri _ samxreT amerikis<br />

samxreTSi, aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis forumi<br />

da samxreT aziis regionuli TanamSromlobis asociacia (SAARS), asaxavs<br />

regionuli integraciis mimarT im did interess, romelic evropis farglebs<br />

gareTac arsebobs. am ganviTarebis saboloo Sedegi, savaraudod, iqneba<br />

gazrdili TanamSromloba da erTa Soris arsebuli samxedro konfliqtebis

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

637<br />

ekonomikuri konkurenciiT Canacvleba. sabolood, racionaluri interesi<br />

ubiZgebs yvela saxelmwifos aRiaros, rom Tavisufali vaWroba da investiciebi<br />

sargeblis momtania yvela erisaTvis.<br />

gamoiwvia Tu ara amgvari ekonomikuri gaerTianebebis zrdam keTildReobis<br />

garda mSvidobis sakiTxis win wamowevac? da namdvilad Seuwyo Tu ara<br />

xeli aseT TanamSromlobas globaluri da regionuli organizaciebis, maT<br />

Soris, ramdenime universaluri organizaciis (rogoricaa gaero) Seqmnam an<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SemuSavebam da cxovrebaSi gatarebam?<br />

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad jer msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis<br />

zeerovnuli struqturis ganxilvaa saWiro.<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze<br />

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, saxelmwifoebis garda, xels uwyoben<br />

arasaxelmwifo subieqtebic. aseT organizaciebs, Cveulebriv, arasaxelmwifo<br />

aqtorebs uwodeben. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arasaxelmwifo<br />

institutebis sami ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formaa, romlebic<br />

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs msoflio politikaSi.<br />

multinacionaluri korporaciebi<br />

kompaniebs, `ucxouri filialebiT, romlebsac firmis produqcia da marketingi<br />

qveynis farglebs gareT gaaqvT,~ Cveulebriv, multinacionalur<br />

(mravalerovnul) korporaciebs (MNC) uwodeben. `Tanamedrove multinacionaluri<br />

korporacia aris Svi lobil kompaniaTa globaluri qseli.~ 2 Zlier,<br />

aSS­Si dafuZnebul multinacionalur korporaciaTa magaliTs warmoadgens<br />

jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, eqsoni, koka­kola, makdonaldsi da<br />

inteli. gasaocari iyo meore msoflio omis bolodan multinacionalur korporaciaTa<br />

aRmavloba. 1990­iani wlebSi amgvar korporaciebSi dasaqmebuli<br />

iyo 73 milioni adamiani, rac msoflios anazRaurebadi arasasoflosameurneo<br />

samuSao adgilebis 10% da samrewvelo qveynebSi dasaqmebulTa daaxloebiT<br />

20%­s Seadgenda. pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT dasaqmebulTa<br />

ricxvi, sul mcire, 150 milioni adamiani iyo, rac mTlianad anazRaurebadi,<br />

arasasoflo­sameurneo samuSao adgilebis 20%­s Seadgenda. 3 amasTan,<br />

1990­ian wlebSi msoflios 350 umsxvilesi multinacionaluri korporacia<br />

msoflio saqonelbrunvis TiTqmis 40%­s moicavda. amJamad, zogi umdidresi<br />

mravalerovnuli kompaniis wliuri gayidvebi bevri suverenuli qveynis<br />

mTlian Sida produqts aWarbebs. 4 msoflio masStabiT korporaciebis gayidvebi<br />

yovelwliurad mraval trilion dolars Seadgens. 5 ukve gasagebi xdeba,<br />

ratom miaCnia zogierTs, rom axali msoflio wesrigi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba<br />

winamorbedisagan:

638 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

axla Zalis balansze fiqris dro ar aris. iseTma zesaxelmwifomac ki,<br />

rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sakuTar Tavze gamoscada, rom mcdeloba,<br />

Seaferxo vaWrobisa da investirebis nakadi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa<br />

irani da kuba, ara marto araefeqtiani, aramed finansurad<br />

wamgebianicaa. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, romelTac erT dros<br />

qonebas arTmevdnen an angariSebs uyadaRebdnen, ukrZalavdnen vaWrobas<br />

mtrul qveynebTan da uaxlesi maRali teqnologiebisa da deficituri<br />

saqonlis Tavisufal yidva­gayidvas, axla Tavad gansazRvraven<br />

sagareo politikas. 6<br />

gaumjobesebulma teqnologiam da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlam<br />

xeli Seuwyo multinacionaluri korporaciebis zrdas. Tanamedrove kompiuterebma,<br />

komunikaciebma da satransporto teqnologiebma Seqmnes korporatiuli<br />

gafarToebis, integraciisa da pirovnuli mobilobis saSualeba.<br />

globaluri ekonomikis zrdam xeli Seuwyo am process (1950 wlidan moyolebuli<br />

msoflio vaWroba 10­jer da metad gaizarda), sul ufro metma korporaciam<br />

gaxsna filiali sazRvargareT, raTa moepovebina upiratesoba axali<br />

bazrebisa da muSaxelis Semcirebuli Rirebulebis kuTxiT. 7<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da (bolo dromde) iaponiis<br />

ZiriTadi bankebi warmoadgendnen fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad wyaros multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebis msoflio gafarToebisaTvis. Tavad es giganturi<br />

bankebic mravalerovnulia da trilionobiT dolaris aqciebs floben.<br />

1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi (iaponiis ekonomikis daRmasvlamde da safinanso<br />

sistemis TiTqmis srul ganadgurebamde) udidesi multinacionaluri<br />

bankebis naxevarze meti iaponuri iyo, danarCenebi ki umetesad SeerTebul<br />

Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSia ganlagebuli. msoflio bankTan da saer­<br />

TaSoriso savaluto fondTan erTad, romlebic gaeros specializebuli<br />

saagentoebia, multinacionaluri bankebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben investirebisa<br />

da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobaSi.<br />

arastabilur wlebSi komerciuli bankebic cdilobdnen msoflios finansuri<br />

sistemis dabalansebas. 1973­74 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac navTobis<br />

fasi gaoTxmagda da 1979­80 wlebSi kvlav orjer da metad gaizarda, erovnul<br />

simdidreebs Soris uceb didi uTanasworoba gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi. am wlebSi saerTaSoriso sabanko sistema uzrunvelyofda<br />

stabilurobas navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan amoRebuli fulis gasesxebiT<br />

im qveynebze, romlebic naRdi fulis naklebobas ganicdidnen an navTobze<br />

maRali fasebis gamo xeli ar miuwvdebodaT kvebis produqtebze.<br />

multinacionaluri korporaciebi momavalSic iarsebebs. zogierTi<br />

miesalmeba maT arsebobas da amtkicebs, rom isini zrdian msoflio konkurencias,<br />

aumjobeseben ekonomikur efeqtianobas da xels uwyoben teqnologiur<br />

ganviTarebas. da mainc, multinacionaluri korporaciebis warmoqmnam SeSfoTeba<br />

gamoiwvia mraval qveyanaSi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi korporaciebi<br />

Zalze xSirad orientirebulni arian mogebaze da yuradRebas<br />

ar aqceven im zians, rasac am procesSi maspinZel qveynebs ayeneben da isini<br />

ukanonod erevian maspinZeli qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi (magaliTad, CileSi

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

639<br />

1970­ian wlebSi). am mxriv, vinaidan isini erTi romelime saxelmwifos samar­<br />

Tlebrivi kontrolis farglebs gareT moqmedeben, seriozul problemas<br />

uqmnian tradiciuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da saerTa­<br />

Soriso sistemis erTianobas.<br />

rogori safuZvlianic ar unda iyos es kritika, udavoa, rom multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi koleqtiurad Tu individualurad mZlavri<br />

Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio politikaSi. erTi cnobili politikosis<br />

sityvebiT: mravalerovnuli firmebi, romlebic koordinirebas<br />

uweven warmoebas globaluri masStabiT da sakuTar nawarms mTels<br />

msoflioSi anawileben, globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze<br />

STambeWdavi manifestaciaa. isini kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben msoflio<br />

politikis models, romelic erovnuli TviTkmarobis ideas efuZneba<br />

da sazRvrebs miRma urTierTobebs gamonaklis SemTxvevad ganixilavs.…<br />

erT­erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, isini XIX saukunis industriuli revoluciis<br />

saerTaSoriso ekvivalentia; meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, SesaZloa<br />

isini momavalSi msoflio ekonomikis safuZvlad iqces. 8<br />

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo organizaciebi<br />

arsebobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ori ZiriTadi tipi: organizacias,<br />

romelic Sedgeba kerZo pirebisa da maTi gaerTianebebisagan, ewodeba saer-<br />

TaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO), xolo saerTaSoriso organizacias,<br />

romlis wevrebsac mTavrobebi warmoadgenen, saerTaSoriso sam-<br />

Tavrobo (sa xelmwifoTaSorisi) organizacia (IGO) ewodeba. orive maTgani<br />

sxvadasxva saxis gaerTianebas moicavs (ix. cxrili 18­1 da 18­2). am TavSi yuradRebas<br />

gavamaxvilebT saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebze, radgan<br />

isini ufro pirdapiri gziT axdenen gavlenas msoflio politikasa da saer­<br />

TaSoriso mSvidobis gzebis Ziebaze.<br />

Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli TvalsaCino samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

iyo saRvTo kavSiri. igi 1815 wels Seiqmna ruseTis, avstriisa da<br />

prusiis mier evropaSi revoluciuri demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad.<br />

saerTod, samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mniSvnelovani gaxda<br />

or msoflio oms Soris periodSi (1919­1939 wlebSi). istoriaSi pirveli<br />

universaluri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia iyo erTa liga da<br />

masTan dakavSirebuli institutebi. 1940 wlisaTvis ukve 80­ze meti saerTa­<br />

Soriso samTavrobo organizacia da 500­mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo<br />

organizacia iyo; meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi orive tipis organizaciaTa<br />

ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeboda (ix. cxrili 18­1).<br />

brZola, Riaa yvelasaTvis. meore mxriv, afrikis erTobis organizaciis<br />

wevroba SezRudulia regionuli CarCoebiT, magram emsaxureba ramdenime<br />

saerTo mizans ekonomikuri, socialuri da <strong>politikuri</strong> xaziT. gaero<br />

msoflios gamorCeul saerTaSoriso organizaciad iTvleba im mizezebis<br />

gamo, romlebic momdevno TavSia axsnili.

640 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

cxrili 18.1<br />

zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO)<br />

afro­aziel xalxTa solidarobis organizacia<br />

saerTaSoriso amnistia<br />

arab iuristTa kavSiri<br />

evropel mauwyebelTa kavSiri<br />

aziel qalTa asociaciebis federacia<br />

sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso federacia<br />

qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi<br />

saerTaSoriso savaWro palata<br />

wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti<br />

akordionistTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia<br />

arabul profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia<br />

Tavisufal profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia<br />

koridis mowinaaRmdegeTa saerTaSoriso sabWo<br />

samecniero kavSirTa saerTaSoriso sabWo<br />

kriminaluro policiis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

aviakompaniebis pilotTa asociaciebis saerTaSoriso federacia<br />

xelburTis saerTaSoriso federacia<br />

saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mecnierebis saerTaSoriso asociacia<br />

venerul daavadebebTan da treponematozTan brZolis saerTaSoriso<br />

kavSiri<br />

adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaTA saerTaSoriso kavSiri<br />

laTinoamerikel gemTmflobelTa asociacia<br />

sareklamo saagentoTa skandinaviuri asociacia<br />

rotari saerTaSoriso fondi<br />

xsnis armia<br />

gadavarCinoT bavSvebi<br />

eklesiaTa msoflio kavSiri<br />

ebrael JurnalistTa msoflio federacia<br />

ostat mkeravTa msoflio federacia<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis asociaciaTa msoflio federacia<br />

zeerovnul, transnacionalur da saerTaSoriso struqturaTa mravalferovneba<br />

qmnis imas, rasac erTi avtori `urTierT damokidebulebis qsels~<br />

uwodebs. 10 Cven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciaTa or gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovan tips mimovixilavT: ekonomikur TanamSromlobas (kerZod,<br />

evro kavSirs) da samxedro aliansebs (kerZod, natos, romelic amJamad cvlilebebs<br />

ganicdis civi omis dasrulebis gamo).

cxrili 18.2<br />

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia (IGO)<br />

641<br />

afrikis ganviTarebis fondi<br />

afrikis miwis Txilis sabWo<br />

arabuli safosto kavSiri<br />

aziis ganviTarebis banki<br />

aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis qveynebis ekonomikuri sabWo<br />

samxreT­aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia<br />

centraluri amerikis erTiani bazari<br />

evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia<br />

sayovelTao ekonomikuri daxmarebis sabWo<br />

evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba<br />

evropis kosmosuri saagento<br />

sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia<br />

yureTa TanamSromlobis sabWo<br />

tropikuli Tinusis interamerikuli komisia<br />

ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis saerTaSoriso banki<br />

samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

yavis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

zeiTunis zeTis saerTaSoriso sabWo<br />

wiTeli kaliebis (akaciis) kontrolis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

centraluri da<br />

samxreT afrikisaTvis<br />

telekomunikaciebis satelitis saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

veSapTWeris saerTaSoriso komisia<br />

laTinuri amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia<br />

CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia (NATO)<br />

afrikis erTobis organizacia<br />

amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia<br />

navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC)<br />

bananis eqsportior qveyanaTa kavSiri<br />

gaeros saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da kulturis organizacia<br />

(UNESCO)<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)<br />

universaluri (sayovelTao) safosto kavSiri<br />

jandacvis msoflio organizacia<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. meore msoflio omis Sem dgomi periodis<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis did nawils Seadgens<br />

savaWro SeTanxmebebi. maTi did umravlesoba mxolod ormxrivi iyo (moicav­

642 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

da mxolod or qveyanas). arsebobs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebis<br />

sul mcire, 5 gamorCeuli forma, maT Soris:<br />

• preferenciuli (upiratesobis) savaWro SeTanxmebebi. amgvari SeTanxmebebiT<br />

ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba mianiWos erTmaneTs eqskluziuri<br />

savaWro uflebebi, sabaJo tarifebis urTierTSemcirebis CaTvliT. erTerTi<br />

TvalsaCino magaliTia britaneTis Tanamegobroba, romelic didi<br />

britaneTisa da misi yofili mravali koloniisagan Sedgeba.<br />

• aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizaciebi. misi ideaa, xeli Seuwyos<br />

ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebas globaluri an regionuli<br />

masStabiT. amgvari SeTanxmebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove<br />

magaliTia msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), romelsac adre erqva<br />

sayovelTao SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifze (GATT); kidev erTi aseTi organizaciaa<br />

evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asocoacia (EFTA), romlis moculoba<br />

da gavlena evrokavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg Semcirda (ix. CanarTi `evrokavSiri:<br />

Camoyalibebis istoria~).<br />

• Tavisufali savaWro zonebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi scildeba<br />

preferenciul sistemebs imiT, rom masSi srulad aris aRmofxvrili<br />

savaWro barierebi wevr qveynebs Soris. wevr saxelmwifoTa<br />

mTavrobebi Tmoben savaWro politikis gansazRvris suverenul<br />

uflebas sxva wevr qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca inarCuneben srul<br />

Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron sakuTari saxelmwifo savaWro politika<br />

arawevr qveynebTan. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CrdiloeT amerikis<br />

Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA), romelic warmatebiT<br />

Sedga 1993 wels aSS­s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris da momdevno wlebSi<br />

igegmeba misi gafarToeba centralur da samxreT amerikaSic.<br />

• sabaJo kavSiri. aseTi ekonomikuri TanamSromloba Tavisufal<br />

savaWro zonebze erTi safexuriT maRla dgas da efuZneba rogorc<br />

Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris, ise erTian sagareo<br />

tarifs arawevr qveynebTan nebismieri saxis vaWrobaze. magaliTad,<br />

merkosuris savaWro SeTanxmeba, romelic moicavs 4 sruluflebian<br />

wevrs (argentina, paragvai, brazilia da urugvai) da or asocirebul<br />

wevrs (Cile da bolivia), xels uwyobs Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr<br />

qveynebs Soris, Tumca 14%­ian saerTo gare tarifs awesebs warmoebis<br />

saSualebebze.<br />

• ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi uzrunvelyofs erTa Soris<br />

ekonomikuri integraciis mniSvnelovan dones, aseve gulisxmobs<br />

su ve renitetis nawilobriv daTmobas. aseTi zesaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

organizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia evrokavSiri (EU),<br />

romelsac CanarTSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.<br />

samxedro aliansebi. samxedro alianss iSviaTad ganixilaven saerTaSori so<br />

samTavrobo organizaciad, Tumca, faqtobrivad, isini warmoadgenen mTavrobaTSorisi<br />

urTierTobis pirvel formas, romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifo<br />

sistemaSi warmoiqmna. me­17 saukuneSi am sistemis Camoyalibebidan

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

643<br />

dawyebuli, aseTi aliansebi saerTaSoriso politikis ZiriTadi atributia.<br />

samxedro aliansis mizani potenciur Tu ukve arsebul mterTan brZola an<br />

misi Sekavebaa. gasakviria araa, rom aliansi, Tavis mxriv, sxva alianss warmoqmnis.<br />

ase rom, samxedro aliansi xSirad SeiraRebaSi Sejibris nawilia,<br />

rasac, Cveulebriv, omebi mohyveboda. am faqtma zogierTi politologi da<br />

msoflio lideri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom samxedro aliansi iyo saerTa­<br />

Soriso TanamSromlobis iseTi forma, romelic, raoden paradoqsulic unda<br />

iyos, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda msoflio mSvidobasa da wesrigTan. magali­<br />

Tad, prezident vudro vilsons miaCnda, rom pirveli msoflio omis erT­erT<br />

mTavari mizezi samxedro aliansebi iyo; rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, man scada<br />

daearsebina `Ria garigebis~ principze dafuZnebuli axali saerTaSoriso<br />

organizacia (erTa liga). mas swamda, rom aseTi aliansi aRmofxvrida samxedro<br />

aliansebis saWiroebas (romlebic saukuneebis manZilze saidumlod<br />

iqmneboda da zogjer bolomde saidumlod rCeboda).<br />

aliansebi ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis Sedeg SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

Seecada, sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan dasavleT evropisadmi momdinare safrTxe<br />

CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT aecilebina.<br />

SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es iyo mSvidobianobis perodSi miRebuli<br />

pirveli samxedro kavSiri, mas Semdeg, rac jorj vaSingtonma Tavis cnobil<br />

`gamosamSvidobebel mimarTvaSi~ axalgazrda amerikeli eri gaafrTxila,<br />

arasodes Cabmuliyo `SemboWvel aliansSi~. sabWoTa kavSirma natos 1955<br />

wels varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (aseve cnobilia, rogorc varSavis<br />

xelSekruleba) SeqmniT upasuxa.<br />

varSavis xelSekruleba daiSala 1989 wels, rodesac aRmosavleT evropa­<br />

Si komunisturi reJimi daemxo (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre).<br />

ase rom, natom Seasrula Tavisi Tavdapirveli misia, magram imis magier, rom<br />

daSliliyo, SeerTebuli StatebiT saTaveSi axali mizezi moZebna arsebobis<br />

gasagrZeleblad da axali tipis aliansad iqca. vinaidan misi yuradReba aRar<br />

iyo mimarTuli mtris damarcxebisaken, nato Seecada evropaSi axali roli<br />

Seesrulebina rogorc mSvidobismyofels. natos axladCamoyalibebuli misiis<br />

pirveli gamocda iyo bosniis omi [aseve omi kosovoSi. dRes nato­s mTavar<br />

gamowvevad avRaneTSi mimdinare samSvidobo operacia miiCneva. red. Sen.].<br />

nato amJamadac gafarToebis procesSia. misi 26 wevridan oris garda (aSS da<br />

kanada) yvela evropuli saxelmwifoa. 2004 wels natos sruluflebian wevr­<br />

Ta ricxvi 26­mde gaizarda [2009 wlidan wevrTa ricxvi 28­mde gaizarda _<br />

red. Sen.]. natos gafarToebas xels uwyobs 2 mizezi: erTi is, rom natos arsebobis<br />

samxedro mizani <strong>politikuri</strong>T Seicvala, meore ki is, rom aRmosavleT<br />

evropis qveynebisTvis wevrobaze uaris Tqma iqneboda civi omis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis dayofis gagrZeleba.<br />

natos axali roli, iyos evropis `policieli~, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas<br />

iwvevs. zogierTi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs misi arsebobis saWiroebas civi<br />

omis dasrulebis Semdgom. amas garda, rusi nacionalistebi amtkiceben,<br />

rom aliansSi moskovis yofili aRmosavleT evropeli mokavSireebis miReba,<br />

aris agresiuli politika, romlis mizania ruseTis federaciis izolacia<br />

evropisgan da evropis xelaxali gadanawileba ruseTis sazianod. natos ga­

644 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

farToebis mowinaaRmdegeebi SeerTebul StatebSi amtkiceben, rom es kvlav<br />

gamoiwvevs evropis dayofas da ufro gaamwvavebs urTierTobas SeerTebul<br />

Statebsa da ruseTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis evropis stabilurobas.<br />

evrokavSiri: Gamoyalibeba istoria<br />

evrokavSirs adre evropis Tanamegobroba ewodeboda. misi istoria<br />

iwyeba 1952 wels, roca safrangeTma, dasavleT germaniam, italiam, belgiam,<br />

luqsemburgma da niderlandebma daaarses evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis<br />

gaerTaineba (ECSC). 1957 eqvsma saxelmwifom dado ori xelSekruleba romSi<br />

(romis xelSekrulebebi), ramac samarTlebrivi safuZveli Cauyara evropis<br />

ekonomikur Tanamegobrobas (EEC) da evropis atomuri energiis Tanamegobrobas<br />

(Euratom). 1987 wels xeli moaweres erTian evropul aqts, romelmac<br />

gaaerTiana aqamde arsebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebi. mniSvnelovani iyo<br />

1992 wels maastrixtis SeTanxmeba, ris Semdegac evropis gaerTianebas evrokavSiri<br />

ewoda.<br />

dReisaTvis evrokavSiri uzrunvelyofs xalxis, saqonlis, kapitalisa<br />

da momsaxurebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas wevr qveynebs Soris. 2002 wlidan<br />

mimoqcevaSia erTiani valuta evro. evrokavSirma Seqmna zesaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

funqciis mqone institutebi: evropuli sabWo, ministrTa sabWo, evrokomisia,<br />

evroparlamenti, sasamarTlo da a.S.<br />

evropis Tanamegobroba eqvsma qveyanam daafuZna. dRes evrokavSiris<br />

wevria 27 qveyana: dania, irlandia, didi britaneTi (1973), saberZneTi (1981),<br />

portugalia, espaneTi (1986), avstria, fineTi (1995), SvedeTi (1995), polone­<br />

Ti, ungreTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, litva, latvia, estoneTi, kviprosi,<br />

malta (2004), bulgareTi, rumineTi (2007).<br />

azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, nato kvlavac gaagrZelebs arsebobas.<br />

Tumca, kiTxvebi kvlav rCeba. gaamarTlebs Tu ara nato, rogorc<br />

samSvidobo aliansi? ra Sedegebs miaRwevs igi sabolood? da rac yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovania, namdvilad Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels evropaSi mSvidobisa da<br />

wesrigis damyarebas?<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris istoriaSi yvelaze ambiciuri<br />

mcde loba, Seiqmnas universaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelsac<br />

Seswevs Zala,A Seqmnas CarCoebi msoflio mSvidobisaTvis da Tundac samxedro<br />

zegavlenis gziT uzrunvelyos samarTlianobis dacva mTels msoflioSi.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros Seqmna ar iyo pirveli aseTi mcdeloba.

istoriuli foni: erTa liga<br />

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

645<br />

gaeros arsis gasagebad saWiroa misi ganxilva istoriul konteqstSi.<br />

mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli ramdenime saerTaSoriso samSvidobo<br />

gaerTianeba daarsda da Cveulebriv, es damangreveli omebis Semdgom xdeboda.<br />

saRvTo kavSiri, romelic 1815 wels, napoleonis omebis Semdeg Seiqmna,<br />

iyo evropis uZlieres saxelmwifoTa mcdeloba, Sexvedrebisa da konferenciebis<br />

gziT gaekontrolebinaT saerTaSoriso situacia. ufro daxvewili<br />

organizacia iyo erTa liga, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919<br />

wels Camoyalibda.<br />

1919 wels, rodesac erTa ligis SeTanxmeba oficialurad gaformda,<br />

mis daarsebas vilsonianelebi ise miesalmnen, rogorc msoflio istoriaSi<br />

axali epoqis dawyebas. erTa ligis meqanizmebi iyo asamblea, sabWo da mudmivi<br />

samdivno. asamblea iyo saTaTbiro organo, romelic Sedgeboda wevri<br />

qveynebis warmomadgenlebisagan. TiToeul wevrs hqonda Tanabari Zalis xma.<br />

raime gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWeris mopoveba,<br />

rac imas niSnavda, rom yvela saxelmwifo, raoden patarac unda yofiliyo<br />

igi, sargeblobda vetos uflebiT TiTqmis nebismier gadawyvetilebaze.<br />

ufro mcire sabWo oTxi mudmivi da oTxi aramudmivi wevrisagan Sedgeboda.<br />

sabWos movaleobaSi Sedioda safrTxis arsebobis gamoZieba da moxseneba<br />

asambleisaTvis, agreTve rekomendaciis micema saTanado zomebis misaRebad.<br />

am orive organos saqmianobas koordinacias uwevda mudmivi samdivno, erTa<br />

ligis administraciuli erTeuli.<br />

sxva miznebTan erTad, erTa ligis upirvelesi ambiciuri mizani iyo saer­<br />

TaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba da amave dros, agresori qveynebisaTvis samagieros<br />

gadaxda _ mSvidoba da sasjeli, es iyo `erTi medlis ori mxare~.<br />

omi (rogorc danaSauli) aRar iyo racionaluri, radgan Tavdasxma erT romelime<br />

wevrze niSnavda Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze. am kuTxiT ligam moaxdina<br />

prezident vudro vilsonis survilis institutionalizacia, Caenacvlebina<br />

ZalTa tradiciuli balansi `qveyanaTa erTiani, yovlismomcveli, Zlieri<br />

gundiT, romelic gaxdeboda msoflioSi mSvidobis garanti~. 11 mTavari<br />

iyo iseTi STambeWdavi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, rom arc<br />

erT saxelmwifos, visac arsebuli mdgomareobis darRveva moundeboda, ar<br />

hqonoda raime Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic saer­<br />

TaSoriso mSvidobas daarRvevda, daupiris pirdeboda kanonmorCili qveynebis<br />

gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi. erTa ligis damaarsebelTa azriT,<br />

aseTi Zalis mxolod arsebobac ki SeaCerebda potenciur agresorebs, isini<br />

ver gabedavdnen mis gamocdas.<br />

prezident vlsonis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidanve<br />

ganze gadga (radgan senatSi myofi respublikelebi am xelSekrulebis<br />

damtkicebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen). es nabiji erTa ligis momavali warumateblobebisa<br />

da saboloo daSlis momaswavebeli iyo. 1930­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

Tavi iCina mwvave metoqeobam da erovnuli interesebis konfliqtma.<br />

Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom erTa liga marcxisaTvis iyo<br />

ganwiruli. pirvel rigSi, igi msoflio organizaciad miiCneoda, magram ar

646 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

yofila sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (rogorc SeerTebuli Statebi, ise axalwarmoqmnili<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri ligis gareT rCebodnen, Tumca, sruliad<br />

sxvadasxva mizezis gamo). meore, mas hqonda proceduruli xarvezebi: nebismieri<br />

samxedro Tu sapolicio qmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo erTsulovani<br />

mxardaWera, rac faqtobrivad garantia iyo imisaTvis, rom krizisis SemTxvevaSi<br />

liga paralizebuli iqneboda, radgan yvelas, didsa Tu mcire saxelmwifos,<br />

vetos ufleba hqonda. mesame, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis zomebs<br />

qartiis mixedviT ganapirobebda agresia, Tumca, qartia ar ganmartavda, ra<br />

iTvleboda agresiad. wevri qveynebi mis gansazRvraze verc abstraqtulad<br />

SeTanxmdnen da verc Semdgom, krizisul situaciebSi, rodesac hitlerma<br />

germaniis rainis olqis remilitarizacia moaxdina, italia eTiopiaSi Sei­<br />

Wra, germania daemuqra (da sabolood SeiWra kidec) poloneTsa da Cexoslovakias,<br />

xolo iaponiam aziis dapyroba daiwyo.<br />

da bolos, erTa ligis warmateba yvelaze metad damokidebuli iyo<br />

SeerTebul Statebze, radgan pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ZalTa balansma<br />

dasavleT evropidan ufro globaluri saxelmwifos xelSi gadainacvla.<br />

am omma SeerTebuli Statebi win wamowia msoflio asarezze da ramdenime<br />

weliwadSi daimsxvra miTi evrocentruli msoflios Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

ZalTa gadanawileba ukve moicavda msoflios yvela saxelmwifosa<br />

da regions da manamde arsebuli udidesi saxelmwifoebi an saerTod gaqrnen<br />

(avstria­ungreTis imperia da mefis ruseTi), an daiCrdilnen iseTi saxelmwifoebis<br />

gverdiT, rogorebicaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sabWoTa kavSiri, iaponia<br />

da (sabolood) CineTi.<br />

gaeros organizaciis daarseba<br />

uzarmazarma ngrevam, gamaognebeli raodenobis msxverplma da meore<br />

msoflio omis saSinelma axalma iaraRma kvlav wamoWra Zlieri saerTaSoriso<br />

organizaciis daarsebis gziT msoflio mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba.<br />

gaeros damaarseblebi acnobierebdnen, rom organizaciis warmatebisaTvis<br />

is erTa ligaze maRla unda mdgariyo. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTa<br />

ligas sul mcire, ori fataluri nakli hqonda: pirveli, misi yvela wevri<br />

Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebuli Zlierebis<br />

miuxedavad. asambleaSi yvela wevr saxelmwifos erTi vetos ufleba hqonda;<br />

meore, sabWoSic ki, sadac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen, aramudmiv<br />

wevrebsac hqondaT vetos ufleba. amis Sedegad, sust saxelmwifoebs<br />

zedmeti gavlena gaaCndaT, xolo Zlierebs piriqiT _ mcire.L ligis kidev<br />

erTi didi sisuste misi arasruloba gaxldaT. SesaZloa, ligis samSvidobo<br />

miznebi msoflio masStabis iyo, magram misi wevroba SezRuduli iyo. ramdenime<br />

Zlieri saxelmwifos aryofna, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebisa,<br />

niSnavda, rom ligis mandati mxolod Teoriulad iyo sayovelTao, praqtikulad<br />

ki _ SezRuduli.<br />

1945 wels gaeros damaarseblebi miznad isaxavdnen erTa ligis koleqtiuri<br />

usafrTxoebis sistemis xarvezebis gamosworebas. didi Zalisxmeva

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

647<br />

daWirda imas, rom arc erTi potenciuri wevri ar darCeniliyo axali organizaciis<br />

miRma (ix. cxrili 18­2). generaluri asamblea Camoyalibda saTaTbiro<br />

organod, sadac yvela wevr qveyanas Tanabari warmomadgeneli hyavs da<br />

xmis ufleba aqvs. gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad Seiqmna uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis<br />

`ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis<br />

SenarCunebaa~. qartia azustebs, rom es organo Sedgeba xuTi mudmivi wevrisa<br />

(aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri [romelic ukve ruseTma Secvala], gaerTianebuli<br />

samefo, safrangeTi da CineTi) da aTi aramudmivi wevrisagan. erTa ligisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, mxolod, egreT wodebul did xuTeuls mieca vetos ufleba<br />

zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, magaliTad, rogoricaa generaluri mdivnis<br />

arCeva da aseve mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis zomebi. am gziT, gaeros qartia<br />

Seecada gamoesworebina legaluri Tanasworobis anomalia <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

uTanasworobis pirobebSi. gaeroSi TiToeul wevr qveyanas ekisreba pasuxismgeblobebi,<br />

romlebic Seesabameba TiToeuli maTganis SesaZ leblobebs.<br />

gaeros qartiis me­7 TavSi _ `qmedebani mSvidobisadmi muqaris, mSvidobis<br />

darrvevisa da agresiis aqciebis mimarT~ _ aRwerilia, Tu rogor unda<br />

moxdes am movaleobebis ganxorcieleba. 39­e muxlSi dazustebulia, rom<br />

uSiSroebis sabWo wyvets, arsebobs Tu ara muqara da dairRva Tu ara mSvidoba<br />

an ganxorcielda agresiis aqti. amis Sesabamisad igi gascems rekomendaciebs<br />

an wyvets, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli me­41 da 42­e muxlebis Sesabamisad<br />

saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. Sesabamis<br />

muxlebSi gawerilia, rogor unda aRasrulos uSiSroebis sabWom sakuTari<br />

movaleobebi. 41­e muxli exeba ekonomikur sanqciebs `ekonomikuri urTier­<br />

Tobebis, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio da<br />

komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis nawilobrivi an sruli Sewyvetis CaTvliT.~<br />

42­e muxli aregulirebs iseT situaciebs, sadac ekonomikuri sanqciebi arasakmarisia;<br />

aseT SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis sabWom, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielos<br />

sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo operaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia saerTa­<br />

Soriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. SesaZloa, es gulisxmobdes<br />

manevrebs, blokadas an sxva operaciebs wevri qveynebis sahaero, sazRvao<br />

an saxmeleTo Zalebis mier. me­7 Tavis danarCeni muxlebi eTmoba koleqtiuri<br />

usafrTxoebis sistemis samxedro komponentebis mowyobas, samxedrosaStato<br />

komitetis daarsebis CaTvliT (muxli 47).<br />

am muxlebiT gansazRvrulma saerTaSoriso samSvidobo meqanizmebma<br />

bevrad gadaaWarba erTa ligis Sesabamis meqanizmebs. ufro metic, rogorc<br />

gaeros egreT wodebuli specializebuli organizaciebis daarsebam<br />

cxadyo, gaero gascda mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis funqciebs. am<br />

organizaciebis wyalobiT, gaero did rols asrulebs mTels msoflioSi<br />

sxvadasxva saxis katastrofebTan brZolis, ltolvilTa gansaxlebis, sursaTisa<br />

da soflis meurneobis sferoSi teqnikuri daxmarebis, jandacvasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisa da mravali sxva TvalsazrisiT. igi<br />

aseve xels uwyobs cxovrebis donis amaRlebas iseTi samsaxurebis saSualebiT,<br />

rogoricaa ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC) da gaeros bavSvTa<br />

fondi (UNICEF). da bolos, msoflio bankis (WB), saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />

fondisa (IMF) da gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis (UNCTAD)

648 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

saSualebiT gaero exmareba ekonomiurad gaWirvebul saxelmwifoebs. specializebuli<br />

organizaciebis simravle cxadyofs, rom gaeros mizani Tavidanve<br />

ara mxolod msoflio omis Tavidan acileba, aramed msoflioSi keTildReobis<br />

xelSewyobac iyo.<br />

Tumca, gaeros qartia namdvilad ar iyo gamiznuli, rogorc msoflio<br />

mTavrobis modeli. qartiis meore abzacis meSvide muxlSi naTlad aris naTqvami,<br />

rom `nebismieri qveynis saSinao iurisdiqcia~ gaeros kompetencias<br />

scildeba. garda amisa, meore muxlSi calsaxad aris naTqvami, rom gaero<br />

`efuZneba mis wevrTa suverenuli Tanasworobis princips.~<br />

amis miuxedavad, gaeros wevrTa Tanasworobas zRudavs qartiis sxva muxlebi,<br />

romlebic organizaciis SigniT met Zalauflebas aniWebs yvelaze Zlier<br />

saxelmwifoebs. aseTi muxlebis miRebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo Zlieri saxelmwifoebis<br />

mizidva gaeroSi. magram arsebobda kidev erTi, ufro sapatio<br />

mizezi: gaeros Seqmnis Tavdapirvel momxreTa nawili am axal saerTaSoriso<br />

organizacias ganixilavda ara mxolod rogorc suverenul saxelmwifoTa<br />

asociacias, aramed rogorc msoflio mTavrobis winamorbeds. Tuki es<br />

odesme realobad iqceoda, Zlier saxelmwifoebs sust qveynebTan SedarebiT<br />

didi roli daekisrebodaT. ase rom, qartiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi im<br />

idealizmisa da realizmis anareklia, romelic gaeros Seqmnisas arsebobda;<br />

xolo im idealistTaTvis, romlebic `erTiani msoflios~ Seqmnaze ocnebobdnen,<br />

es gaxldaT garkveuli daTmoba warsulisadmi, rac, maTi azriT,<br />

aucilebeli iyo momavlisaTvis gzis gasakvalad.<br />

gaero civi omis dros<br />

samwuxarod, gaerom Tavi ver aarida zogierT im problemas, romelmac<br />

Tavis droze erTa liga daasamara. calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, ubralod, mzad<br />

ar iyvnen im doziT SeetanaT wvlili gaeroSi, rasac misi normaluri funqcionireba<br />

moiTxovda. maT arc sakuTari suverenitetis daTmoba surdaT.<br />

erTi mxriv, qartia ramdenime sakiTxSi avaldebulebs wevr qveynebs, imoqmedon<br />

kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT da uSiSroebis sabWos aniWebs uflebas,<br />

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasajos isini. meore mxriv, qartiaSi aris ramdenime<br />

punqti, romelic mis wevrebs saSualebas aZlevs gverdi auaron sakuTari<br />

movaleobebis Sesruleba. magaliTad, 51­e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom `arsebul<br />

qartiaSi veraferi SezRudavs saxelmwifoTa udavo uflebas individualuri<br />

da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~. vinaidan `Tavdacva~ Zalis gamoyenebis<br />

legaluri gamarTlebaa da calkeul saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT Tavdacvis<br />

motiviT, faqtobrivad, gaamarTlon yvelanairi qmedeba sakuTari saxelmwifo<br />

interesebidan gamomdinare, aseTi debuleba agresias mwvane Suqs<br />

aZlevs. dilema saxezea: iseTi punqtebis gareSe, rogoricaa 51­e muxli, qveynebi<br />

gaeros qartias ar miiRebdnen; aseTi muxlebiT ki misi misiis Sesruleba<br />

eWvqveS dgeba.<br />

kidev erTi problema, romelic gaeros bolo dromde sdevda Tan, iyo mudmivi<br />

daZabuloba SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, rac civi

sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema<br />

sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema<br />

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

649<br />

gaerTianebulma gaerTianebulma erebma erebma, msoflios msoflios umniSvnelovanesma umniSvnelovanesma saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso samTavrobo samTavrobo organizaciam organizaciam, mraval Svilobil, mraval SedarebiT<br />

mcire Svilobil, samTavrobo SedarebiT organizacias mcire Cauyara samTavrobo safuZveli. organizacias Cauyara safuZveli.<br />

wyaro: wyaro: adaptirebulia The World The Factbook World 1996, Factbook Central 1996, Intelligence Central Agency, Intelligence 1997, da ‘Current Agency, Peacekeeping 1997, da ‘Current Operations’, Peacekeeping<br />

UN Department of<br />

Public Operations’, Information, UN 1997. Department of Public Information, 1997.<br />

mTavari komiteti<br />

mudmivmoqmedi da<br />

saproceduro komiteti<br />

sxva daqvemdebarebuli<br />

organoebi<br />

IAEA _ atomuri energiis<br />

saerTaSoriso saagento<br />

sameurveo sabWo<br />

saerTaSoriso<br />

sasamarTlo<br />

UN<br />

gaeros specialuri<br />

fondi<br />

UNCTAD<br />

vaWrobisa da<br />

ganviTarebis<br />

gaeros konferencia<br />

UNDP<br />

gaeros ganviTarebis<br />

programa<br />

UNEP<br />

gaeros garemos dacvis<br />

programa<br />

UNFPA<br />

gaeros mosaxleobis<br />

fondi<br />

UNHCR<br />

gaeros ltolvilTa<br />

umaRlesi komisari<br />

UNICEF<br />

gaeros bavSvTa fondi<br />

UNITAR<br />

gaeros kvlevisa<br />

da treiningis<br />

instituti<br />

UNRISD<br />

gaeros socialuri<br />

ganviTarebis kvleviTi<br />

instituti<br />

UNU<br />

gaeros universiteti<br />

WFP<br />

msoflio<br />

sasursaTo programa<br />

UNRWA<br />

palestinel<br />

ltolvilTa daxmarebis<br />

da samuSaoTa organizebis<br />

gaeros axlo<br />

aRmosavleTis saagento<br />

generaluri asamblea<br />

regionuli<br />

komisiebi<br />

funqciuri<br />

komisiebi<br />

mudmivmoqmedi<br />

komiteti<br />

saeqsperto<br />

organoebi<br />

ekonomikuri da<br />

socialuri sabWo<br />

gaeros ZiriTadi organoebi<br />

• gaeros sxva organoebi<br />

specializebuli saagentoebi da sxva<br />

avtonomiuri organizaciebi sistemis SigniT<br />

UNSCOM _ gaeros<br />

specialuri komisia<br />

gaeros sakompensacio<br />

komisia<br />

gaeros eray-iranis<br />

sazRvris damdgeni komisia<br />

uSiSroebis sabWo<br />

samdivno<br />

FAO<br />

gaeros sursaTisa da soflis<br />

meurneobis organizacia<br />

ICAO<br />

samoqalaqo aviaciis<br />

saerTaSoriso organizacia<br />

IBRD<br />

rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis<br />

saerTaSoriso banki<br />

IDA<br />

ganviTarebis<br />

saerTaSoriso asociacia<br />

IFC<br />

saerTaSoriso safinanso<br />

korporacia<br />

IFAD<br />

soflis meurneobis<br />

ganviTarebis<br />

saerTaSoriso fondi<br />

ILO<br />

Sromis saerTaSoriso<br />

organizacia<br />

IMF<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi<br />

IMO<br />

saerTaSoriso<br />

sazRvao organizacia<br />

ITU<br />

telekomunikaciebis<br />

saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba<br />

UNESCO<br />

gaeros ganaTlebis,<br />

mecnierebisa da<br />

kulturis organizacia<br />

UNIDO<br />

gaeros samrewvelo<br />

ganviTarebis organizacia<br />

UPU<br />

sayovelTao safosto<br />

kavSiri<br />

WHO<br />

jandacvis msoflio organiz.<br />

WIPO<br />

inteleqturi<br />

sakuTrebis dacvis msoflio<br />

organizacia<br />

WMO<br />

msoflio meteorologiuri<br />

organizacia<br />

WTO<br />

msoflio savaWro organiz.<br />

samxedro Stabis komiteti<br />

MINURSO<br />

gaeros misia dasavleT saharaSi<br />

referendumisaTvis<br />

(1991 w. seqtembridan _ dRemde)<br />

MONUC<br />

gaeros misia kongos demokratiul<br />

respublikaSi (1999 w. dekemberi)<br />

UNDOF _ gaeros teritoriuli dayofis<br />

sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (golanis maRlobi)<br />

(1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)<br />

UNFICYP<br />

gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosSi<br />

(1974 w. martidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNIFIL<br />

gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi<br />

(1978 w. martidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNIKOM<br />

gaeros erayisa da quveiTis<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia<br />

(1991 w. seqtembridan - dRemde)<br />

UNMIBH<br />

gaeros misia bosniasa da hercegovinaSi<br />

(1995 w. dekembridan _ dRemde)<br />

UNIMOGIP<br />

gaeros samxedro sadamkvrveblo jgufi<br />

indoeTsa da pakistanSi<br />

(1949 w. ianvridan - dRemde)<br />

UNMOP<br />

gaeros damkvirvebelTa<br />

misia prevlakaSi (xorvatia)<br />

(1996 w. ianvridan _ dRemde)<br />

UNMIK<br />

gaeros droebiTi administraciuli misia<br />

kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNOMIG<br />

gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi<br />

(1993 w. agvistodan _ dRemde)<br />

UNMEE<br />

gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi<br />

(2000 w. ivlisidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNAMSIL<br />

gaeros misia siera leoneSi<br />

(1999 w. oqtombridan _ dRemde)<br />

UNMISET<br />

gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT<br />

timorSi (2002 w. maisidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNTSO<br />

gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia<br />

(axlo aRmosavleTi)<br />

(1948 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)

650 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

omis periodSi gaeros muSaobas aferxebda. vinaidan asambleaSi umravlesoba<br />

xan erT xan meore saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda, gaeros ganzraxvaTa umetesoba<br />

CixSi eqceoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeboda im konsensusis miRweva,<br />

rac saWiro iyo uSiSroebis sabWoSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis<br />

mi saRebad. Tu sabWoTa kavSiri ar gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas<br />

raime sadavo gadawyvetilebaze, maSin amas SeerTebuli Statebi akeTebda.<br />

amis miuxedavad, konfliqtis marTvaSi gaeros SezRuduli funqciebi<br />

yo velTvis uSedego ar iyo. sxvadasxva dros gaerom didi wvlili Seitana<br />

mSvidobis damyarebaSi specialuri Suamavlebis, zavebze zedamxedvelobis<br />

gaweviT, na xevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis gagzavniT msoflios mraval<br />

kuTxeSi, kviprosis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da kongos CaTvliT. marTalia, es<br />

mcdelobebi yovelTvis SezRuduli iyo masStabebisa da warmatebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

igi mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.<br />

gaero civi omis Semdeg<br />

1980­iani wlebis Sua da bolo periodi uprecedento iyo gaeros uSiSroebis<br />

sabWos xuTi mudmivi wevris, gansakuTrebiT ki SeerTebuli Statebisa da<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv katalizatoris<br />

roli Seasrula sabWoTa kavSiris axalma Semrigeblurma sagareo politikam<br />

mixeil gorbaCovis iniciativiT. 1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,<br />

SeerTe buli Statebi konkurentis gareSe darCa gaeroSi. pirvelad misi arsebobis<br />

istoriaSi, gaerosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda erTsulovneba miznis<br />

misaRwevad da ara mwvave konfliqti mis or uZlieres wevrs Soris. amas ori<br />

mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva: pirveli, gaeros midgoma saerTaSoriso mSvidobis<br />

dacvis mimarT ufro mkacri gaxda da zogjer mSvidobis dacvis farglebsac<br />

ki scildeboda (ix. cxrili 18­3). 12 meore, man gasca sanqcia koleqtiuri<br />

samxedro moqmedebis Sesaxeb erayis winaaRmdeg, rodesac es ukanaskneli<br />

quveiTSi SeiWra.<br />

samSvidobo misiebis gaZliereba. is faqti, rom axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi<br />

gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi mTels msoflioSi iyo ganlagebuli,<br />

miuTiTebda gaeros rolis zrdaze civi omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso asparezze.<br />

88 qveynis sul mcire 47 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli msaxurobda gaeros 15<br />

misiaSi. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg ufro meti samSvidobo misia ganxorcielda,<br />

vidre mTeli civi omis epoqaSi (romelic daaxloebiT ramdenime<br />

aTwleuls gagrZelda). mTlianad, 1948­2001 wlebSi sul ormocdaToTxmeti<br />

samSvidobo misia Sesrulda.<br />

gaeros bolodroindeli samSvidobo qmedebebi moicavda mravali saxis misias,<br />

romelTagan bevri am organizaciisaTvis uprecedento iyo. Tavis mxriv,<br />

es qmedebebi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeboda. mxolod ormocdaaTi damkvirvebeli<br />

uwyobda xels sabWoTa kavSiris gamosvlas avRaneTidan 1988 wels. 1989<br />

wels ki gaeros 109 qveynis samxedro personali dasWirda namibiaSi mSvidobisa<br />

da qveynis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs

DOMREP _ generaluri<br />

mdivnis warmomadgenlis<br />

misia dominikis<br />

respublikaSi (1965 w. maisi<br />

_ 1966 w. oqtomberi)<br />

UNMIH _ gaeros misia<br />

haitiSi (1983 w.seqtemberi _<br />

1996 w.ivnisi)<br />

UNSMIH _ gaeros<br />

mxardamWeri misia haitiSi<br />

(1996 w. ivlisi _ 1997 w.<br />

ivlisi)<br />

UNTMIH _ gaeros<br />

gardamavali misia haitiSi<br />

(1997 w. agvisto _ 1997 w.<br />

noemberi)<br />

MIPONUH _ gaeros<br />

samoqalaqo policiis misia<br />

haitiSi (1997 w. dekemberi _<br />

2000 w. marti)<br />

MINGUA _ gaeros<br />

adamianis uflebaTa<br />

kontrolis misia<br />

gvatemalaSi (1997 w.<br />

ianvridan - dRemde)<br />

ONUCA _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo jgufi<br />

centralur amerikaSi<br />

(1989 w. noemberi _ 1992<br />

w. ianvari)<br />

ONUSAL _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia<br />

el-salvadorSi (1991<br />

w. ivlisi _ 1995 w.<br />

aprili)<br />

UNAMSIL _ gaeros<br />

misia siera-leoneSi<br />

(1999 w. oqtomberi _<br />

dRemde)<br />

UNOMSIL _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia<br />

siera-leoneSi (1998<br />

w. ivlisi _ 1999 w.<br />

oqtomberi)<br />

MINURSO _ gaeros<br />

misia referendumisaTvis<br />

dasavleT saharaSi (1991 w.<br />

seqtembridan - dRemde)<br />

UNOMIL _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia<br />

liberiaSi (1997 w.<br />

seqtembridan _ dRemde)<br />

* 2009 wels Sewyvita arseboba<br />

UNMIK _ gaeros droebiTi<br />

misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan<br />

_ dRemde)<br />

UNIPROFOR _ gaeros<br />

TavdacviTi Zalebi (1995 w.<br />

marti _ 1996 w. ianvari) (yof.<br />

iugoslavia)<br />

UNCRO _ gaeros ndobis<br />

aRdgenis operacia xorvatiaSi<br />

(1995 w. marti _ 1996 w. ianvari)<br />

UNPSG _ gaeros samoqalaqo<br />

policiis damxmare jgufi (1998<br />

w. ianvari _ 1998 w. oqtomberi)<br />

(yof. iugoslavia)<br />

UNPREDEP _ gaeros<br />

prevenciuli Zalebi (1995 w.<br />

marti - 1999 w. Tebervali) (yof.<br />

iugoslavia)<br />

UNTAES _ gaeros gardamavali<br />

administracia aRmosavleT<br />

sloveniis, baranjis, da<br />

dasavleT sirmiumisaTvis (1996<br />

w. ianvari - 1998 w. ianvari)<br />

UNMOP _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa<br />

misia prevlakaSi (1996 w.<br />

ianvridan - dRemde)<br />

UNMIBH _ gaeros misia<br />

bosniasa da hercegovinaSi (1995<br />

w. dekembridan - dRemde)<br />

UNEF I _ gaeros<br />

pirveli sagangebo<br />

Zalebi (1956 w. noemberi<br />

_ 1967 w. ivnisi) (axlo<br />

aRmosavleTi)<br />

UNEF II _ gaeros<br />

meore sagangebo Zalebi<br />

(1973 w. oqtomberi _<br />

1979 w. ivlisi) (axlo<br />

aRmosavleTi)<br />

UNAVEM I _ gaeros angolis<br />

kontrolis misia I (1989 w.<br />

ianvari _ 1991 w. ivnisi)<br />

UNAVEM II _ gaeros angolis<br />

kontrolis misia II (1991 w.<br />

ivnisi _ 1995 w. Tebervali)<br />

UNAVEM III _ gaeros<br />

angolis kontrolis misia<br />

III (1997 w. ivnisi _ 1999 w.<br />

Tebervali)<br />

MONUA _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia<br />

angolaSi (1997 w. ivnisi _<br />

1999 w. Tebervali)<br />

UNTAG _ gaeros<br />

gardamavali periodis<br />

damxmare jgufi (1989 w.<br />

aprili _ 1990 w. marti)<br />

(namibia)<br />

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

UNTSO _ gaeros<br />

zavis sameTvalyureo<br />

organizacia (1948 w.<br />

ivnisidan _ dRemde) (axlo<br />

aRmosavleTi)<br />

UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi<br />

Zalebi libanSi (1978 w.<br />

martidan _ dRemde)<br />

651<br />

sqema 18-3 gaeros dasrulebuli da<br />

mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebi [2002<br />

wlis mdgomareobiT]<br />

wyaro: United Nations, ‘Peacekeeping,’<br />

www.un.org/peace, accessed May 22,<br />

2002. ibeWdeba gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

nebarTviT.<br />

UNOGIL _ gaeros UNIMOG _<br />

UNIKOM _<br />

UNIMOGIP _<br />

damkvirvebelTa gaeros iran- gaeros erayisa gaeros samxedro<br />

jgufi libanSi erayis samxedro da quveTis<br />

sadamkvirveblo<br />

(1958 w. ivnisi _ sadamkvirvebli sadamkvirveblo jgufi indoeTsa<br />

1958 w. dekemberi) jgufi (1988 w. misia (1991 w. da pakistanSi (1949<br />

agvisto _ 1991 w. seqtembridan _ w. ianvridan _<br />

UNDOF _ gaeros<br />

daSoriSorebis<br />

Tebervali)<br />

dRemde)<br />

dRemde)<br />

sadamkvirveblo UNMOT<br />

UNIPOM _<br />

UNGOMAP _<br />

Zalebi (1974<br />

_ gaeros<br />

gaeros indoeTi-<br />

gaeros saSuamavlo<br />

w. ivnisidan _<br />

damkvirvebelTa pakistanis<br />

misia avRaneTsa da<br />

dRemde) (axlo<br />

misia tajikeTSi sadamkvirveblo<br />

pakistanSi (1998 w.<br />

aRmosavleTi)<br />

(1994 w. dekemberi misia (1965 w.<br />

aprili _ 1990 w.<br />

_ 2000 w. maisi) seqtemberi _ 1966<br />

w. marti)<br />

marti)<br />

UNOMIG _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo<br />

misia saqarTveloSi<br />

(1993 w. agvistodan<br />

UNASOG _ gaeros aouzus<br />

_ dRemde)<br />

UNFICYP _ gaeros<br />

zolis sadamkvirveblo jgufi<br />

(1994 w. maisi _ 1994 w. ivnisi)<br />

(afrika)<br />

samSvidobo Zalebi<br />

kviprosze (1964 w.<br />

martidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNSF _ gaeros uSiSroebis<br />

Zalebi dasavleT axal<br />

gvineaSi (dasavleT irsanSi)<br />

(1962 w. oqtomberi _ 1963 w.<br />

aprili)<br />

UNOSOM I _ gaeros<br />

operacia somaliSi I (1992 w.<br />

aprili _ 1993 w. marti)<br />

UNOSOM II _ gaeros<br />

operacia somaliSi II (1993 w.<br />

marti _ 1995 w. marti)<br />

MONUC _ gaeros<br />

organizaciis misia<br />

kongos demokratiul<br />

respublikaSi (1999 w.<br />

dekembridan _ dRemde)<br />

ONUC _ gaeros<br />

operacia kongoSi (1960<br />

w. ivlisi - 1964 w. ivlisi)<br />

MINURCA _ gaeros<br />

misia centraluri<br />

afrikis respublikaSi<br />

(1998 w. aprili _ 2000 w.<br />

Tebervali)<br />

ONUMOZ _ gaeros<br />

operacia mozambikSi (1992<br />

w. dekemberi _ 1994 w.<br />

dekemberi)<br />

UNYOM _ gaeros iemenis<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia<br />

(1963 w. ivlisi _ 1964 w.<br />

seqtemberi)<br />

UNMISET _ gaeros daxmarebis<br />

misia aRmosavleT timor-<br />

Si (2002 w. maisidan _ dRemde)<br />

UNTAET _ gaeros gardamavali<br />

periodis administ racia<br />

aRmosavleT timorSi (1999 w.<br />

oqtomberi _ 2002 w. maisi)<br />

UNAMIC _ gaeros winsvlis<br />

misia kambojaSi (1991 w.<br />

oqtomberi _ 1992 w. marti)<br />

UNTAC _ gaeros gardamavali<br />

xelisufleba<br />

kambojaSi (1992 w. marti _<br />

1993 w. seqtemberi)<br />

UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa<br />

da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan<br />

_ dRemde)<br />

UNOMUR _ gaeros<br />

sadamkvirveblo misia ugandasa<br />

da ruandaSi (1993 w. ivnisi _ 1996<br />

w. marti)<br />

UNAMIR _ gaeros daxmarebis<br />

misia ruandaSi (1993 w. oqtomberi<br />

_ 1996 w. marti)

652 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

aseve mouwiaT iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra, rogoricaa arCevnebisaTvis saTanado<br />

pirobebis Seqmna, diskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis gauqmeba, patimarTa<br />

gaTavisufleba da samSoblodan gandevnilTa dabruneba.<br />

gaeros jariskacebi zogjer gadamwyvet rols asrulebdnen mSvidobis<br />

SenarCunebaSi mTel msoflioSi. am suraTze naCvenebia, rogor gahyavs<br />

gaeros jariskacs xorvati qali samSvidoboze snaiperis cecxlis safrTxis<br />

pirobebSi.<br />

1991 wlidan gaeros 400­mde mSvidobismyofelma ikisra axali rolis Sesruleba<br />

el­salvadorSi: samoqalaqo omis dasasruls maT Tvalyuri unda<br />

edevnebinaT da daefiqsirebinaT samoqalaqo uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi<br />

da gaewiaT rekomendaciebi maTi saboloo aRmofxvrisaTvis. aseve, 1991 wlis<br />

oqtombridan gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs daevalaT kambojaSi samSvidobo<br />

SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis monitoringi oTx mxares Soris, romlebic manamde<br />

omSi iyvnen CarTulebi. SeTanxmeba moicavda sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />

ganiaraRebas, 350 aTasi ltolvilis samSobloSi dabrunebas (repatriacias)<br />

da arCevnebis Catarebis uzrunvelyofas. erTi eqspertis TqmiT, aman<br />

gaeros daakisra `faqtobrivi pasuxismgebloba, emarTa qveyana 18­Tvian gardamaval<br />

periodSi~. 13 1993 wels 40 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli gaigzavna yofil<br />

iugoslaviaSi molaparakebebis xelSesawyobad, ramac qveyana sabolood 1995<br />

wlis noemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis mier lobirebul samSvidobo SeTanxmebamde<br />

miiyvana. am Zalebma, natos samxedro mxar daWerasa da gaeros mier<br />

dawesebul sanqciebTan erTad, aiZula serbi diqtatori, slobodan miloSeviCi,<br />

keTilsindisierad ewarmoebina molaparakebebi. mogvianebiT, rodesac<br />

arCevnebSi damarcxebis Semdeg miloSeviCs saxelmwifo sadaveebi waarTves<br />

(da saxalxo mRelvarebis Semdeg, rodesac man scada arCevnebis Sedegebis

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

653<br />

gauqmeba), gaerom didi roli Seasrula yofili diqtatori prezidentisa da<br />

samxedro danaSaulSi braldebuli sxva pirebis gasamarTlebis saqmeSi.<br />

civi omis Semdeg gaeros samSvidobo misia ufro xSiri da ambiciuri gaxda,<br />

vidre odesme yofila. mxolod erTi wlis manZilze (1999 wlis ivnisi­2000<br />

wlis ivlisi) gaerom ganaxorciela samSvidobo misia kosovoSi (iugoslavia),<br />

siera­leoneSi (dasavleTi afrika), aRmosavleT timorSi (indoneziis yofili<br />

nawili), kongosa (centraluri afrika) da afrikis koncxze (eTiopia<br />

da eritrea). magram es wamowyebebi, risks Seicavs da warmateba garantirebuli<br />

ar aris. magaliTad, 1992 wels gaerom mSvidobismyofelebi gagzavna<br />

somaliSi, raTa xeli Seewyo SimSilis zRvarze myof mosaxleobaSi sursaTis<br />

usafrTxo darigebisaTvis, mag ram maT Tavs daesxnen amboxebulebi, romlebic<br />

gaeros dasavleTis (kerZod ki SeerTebuli Statebis) marionetad moiazrebdnen.<br />

gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben Tavi aaridon<br />

Zalis gamoyenebas da msxverpls, Tumca es yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra cxel wertilebSi uwevT maT moqmedeba.<br />

1948 wlidan dRemde gaeros samSvidobo Zalebma didi danaklisi ganicada<br />

daRupuli 1600 adamianis CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia libansa (244 msxverpli)<br />

da kviprosSi (170 msxverpli) gansakuTrebiT sarisko iyo. am oridan arc erT<br />

SemTxvevaSi konfliqti ar dasrulebula (meomari mxareebisaTvis misaRebi<br />

gadawyvetileba ar moiZebna) da amitom gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi iq isev<br />

imyofebian. 1990­ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli 10 samSvidobo operaciidan<br />

umetesoba 15 adamianze naklebi msxverpliT dasrulda, rasac ver vityviT<br />

siera­leoneze _ aq misiis 46 wevri daiRupa.<br />

gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi yovelTvis verc saWiro <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebis<br />

gatarebas axerxeben. kambojaSi mSvidobianoba gaeros jarebis<br />

gasvlis Semdeg didxans ar gagrZelebula: 1997 wlis ivnisSi saxelmwifo<br />

gadatrialebis Sedegad gaeros ambiciurma mcdelobam, xeli Seewyo qveyanaSi<br />

demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, marcxi ganicada. yofil iugoslaviaSi<br />

gaeros mSvidobismyofelTa mcdelobam, mieRwiaT cecxlis SewyvetisaTvis,<br />

Sedegi mxolod mas Semdeg gamoiRo, rac natos jarebma sahaero da saxmeleTo<br />

mxardaWera aRmouCina samSvidobo operacias. sabolood, serbeTis armia damarcxda<br />

da prezidenti milo SeviCi iZulebuli gaxda, molaparakebebi daewyo.<br />

erT­erTi daskvna, rac gaerom bosniisa da kosovos omebidan gaakeTa, aris is,<br />

rom samSvidobo misia regionul konfliqtebs ver SeaCerebs wevr qveyanaTa<br />

samxedro daxmarebisa da regionuli samxedro aliansis (magaliTad, natos)<br />

mxardaWeris gareSe. faqtobrivad, iugoslaviasa da sxvagan miRebuli gamocdileba<br />

mtkice argumentia axali regionuli samxedro jgufebis SeqmnisaTvis,<br />

romlebic imoqmedeben rogorc gaeros samarTaldamcavi organoebi.<br />

gaeros samSvidobo misia zog regionSi mudmiv realobad iqca konfliqtis<br />

saboloo mowesrigebis gareSe (qaSmiri, kviprosi, libani da zemoT dasaxelebuli<br />

magaliTebi). aseTi misiebi gaeros biujetis xarjebis zrdis mudmivi<br />

mizezi gaxda. 1990­iani wlebis Sua xanebSi gaeros samSvidobo misiebze<br />

weliwadSi 3.2 miliardi aSS dolari ixarjeboda da am Tanxis erTi mesamedi<br />

deficituri iyo. 2001 wlis ivlisidan 2002 wlis ivnisamde gegmis mixedviT<br />

gawerili iyo 3­3,5 miliardi aSS dolaris xarji. mTlianobaSi, 1948 wlidan

654 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

2001 wlamde samSvidobo operaciebis saerTo danaxarjma daaxloebiT 23 miliardi<br />

aSS dolari Seadgina.<br />

amasTan, saWiroa am cifrebis dinamikaSi ganxilva, rasac gaeros mowinaaRmdegeebi<br />

iSviaTad akeTeben. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebis Tavdacvis<br />

biujeti mxolod 2001 wels 300 miliardi aSS dolari iyo [2009 wels<br />

aSS­s Tavdacvis xarjebi 700 mlrd aSS dolars aWarbebs ­ mTargmn. Sen]. pentagonisTvis<br />

imave priodSi gamoyofili iyo 48 miliardi aSS dolari axali<br />

vertmfrenebis, 67 miliardi aSS dolari TviTmfrinavebis (F­22) SesaZenad<br />

da 223 miliardi aSS dolari axali erToblivi sabrZolo qvedanayofebis<br />

Sesaqmnelad (JSF). am cifrebTan SedarebiT yvela samSvidobo misiis saerTo<br />

xarji Zalian cotaa. rac unda mokrZalebuli iyos am misiebis warmateba,<br />

mainc warmoudgenelia ukeTesi kapitaldabandeba msoflios gadasaxadebis<br />

gadamxdelTaTvis.<br />

gaero da amerikis sazogadoebrivi azri<br />

sazogadoeba gaeros undoblobas ucxadebs. bevrisaTvis gaugebaria,<br />

sinamdvileSi ra funqciebs asrulebs igi. paradoqsia, magram gaeros imijis<br />

problema yovelTvis gansakuTrebulad mwvaved idga SeerTebul StatebSi,<br />

qveyanaSi, sadac mdebareobs gaeros Stab­bina da romelmac yvelaze didi<br />

roli Seasrula mis CamoyalibebaSi. sazogadoebis undobloba gaeros mimarT<br />

metwilad arainformirebulobiTaa gamowveuli. gaeros miCneva Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi myof msoflio mTavrobad, igivea, rac zRapris dajereba.<br />

gaero, msoflio organizaciidan, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani omis Tavidan<br />

acileba iyo, gadaiqca organizaciad ufro nakleb ambiciuri mizniT,<br />

rogoricaa mSvidobis xelSewyoba (magaliTad, droebiTi zavis (cecxlis Sewyvetis)<br />

monitoringi, samSvidobo procesze dakvirveba da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli<br />

Zalebis ganlageba). is aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli adgilia wevri<br />

qveynebisaTvis dialogisa da umTavres globalur sakiTxebze molaparakebebisTvis.<br />

gaero aseve arapirdapir uwyobs xels mSvidobis SenarCunebas,<br />

roca ekonomikur da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs uRaribes qveynebs.<br />

arc is Seesabameba simarTles, rom gaero mxolod da mxolod SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis nebis Semsrulebelia. piriqiT, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTma<br />

wevrma qveyanam, maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebmac, uari Tqves sawevros gadaxdaze,<br />

rodesac ukmayofilo darCnen ama Tu im gadawyvetilebiT (1998 wlis<br />

martSi SeerTebul Statebs 1.3 miliardi dolari davalianeba hqonda gaeros<br />

mimarT). mTlianobaSi, gaerosadmi sxvadasxva qveynis davalianebam 2.5 miliardi<br />

aSS dolari Seadgina, rac TiTqmis orjer metia mis wliur biujetze.<br />

amerikis sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amerikam sakuTar Tavze didi<br />

tvirTi aiRo. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros daaxloebiT 1300 mSvidobismyofelidan,<br />

romlebic 1945 wlidan sxvadasxva misiisas daiRupnen, mxolod<br />

3 procenti iyo amerikeli. kidev erTi, naklebad cnobili faqtia gaeros<br />

mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri wvlili SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi. niu

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

655<br />

iorkis yofili meris, rudolf julianis gancxadebiT, gaeros wyalobiT niu<br />

iork siTis ekonomika 1990­iani wlebis bolos yovelwliurad 3.2 miliardi<br />

aSS dolaris mogebas naxulobda; niu­iorkSi gaeros Stabbinis arsebobam<br />

30600 samuSao adgili Seqmna, rac 1.2 miliardi dolaris wliur gamomuSavebas<br />

niSnavs.<br />

koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedeba. 1990 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac erayi<br />

quveiTSi SeiWra, gaerom samxedro operaciiT upasuxa. amgvari koleqtiuri<br />

saomari moqmedeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis mizniT, romelsac aSS xelmZ­<br />

Rvanelobda, vudro vilsonis auxdeneli ocneba iyo. misi xedviT erTa ligas<br />

samxedro Zala msoflioSi mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis dasacavad unda<br />

gamoeyenebina. gaeros moqmedeba eraySi analogiuri iyo 1950 wels CrdiloeT<br />

koreis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba. maSinac, koalicias aSS meTaurobda.<br />

amgvarma moqmedebam maSinac problemebi warmoSva. sabWoTa kavSiri ar monawileobda<br />

am operaciaSi. moskovi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis<br />

mier gaeros gamoyenebas Tavisi sateliti (damokidebuli) saxelmwifos,<br />

samxreT koreis dasacavad. marTalia, samxedro misia gaeros droSis qveS mimdinareobda,<br />

es, egreT wodebuli koreis konfliqti, sinamdvileSi iyo omi,<br />

romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi awarmoebda jer CrdiloeT koreis da Semdeg<br />

CineTis winaaRmdeg. samSvidobo operaciis meTauri, generali duglas makarturi<br />

angariSvaldebuli iyo aSS­s prezidentis da ara gaeros g eneraluri<br />

mdivnis mimarT.<br />

kidev oTxi aTwleuli gavida, vidre gaero isev CaerTveboda saerTaSoriso<br />

koaliciaSi agresoris winaaRmdeg. civi omis dros yvela aseTi mcdeloba<br />

uSedegod sruldeboda, radgan TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo vetos uflebas<br />

iyenebda meoris mier SemoTavazebuli Zalismieri gamoyenebis SesazRudad.<br />

1990­91 wlebSi, rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma (britaneTis mxardaWeriT)<br />

eraySi wamoiwyo samxedro operacia `udabnos qariSxali~, gaeros uSiSroebis<br />

sabWoSi Seikribnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, raTa gadaewyvitaT,<br />

rogor epasuxaT erayis agresiisaTvis. es iyo pirveli didi gamocda<br />

gaerosaTvis civi omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebulma Statebma moipova<br />

uSiSroebis sabWos mxardaWera erayis winaaRmdeg rezoluciis misaRebad,<br />

mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebis dasaweseblad da sabolood miiRo Tanxmoba<br />

Zalis gamoyenebaze quveiTidan erayis armiis gansadevnad.<br />

erayis winaaRmdeg omi amerikis moqmedebis Sedegi iyo. gaeros sakuTari<br />

Zalebi eraySi ar gaugzavnia. generaluri mdivani ver akontrolebda verc<br />

koaliciuri Zalebis ganlagebas da verc maT moqmedebas. iq ar imyofeboda<br />

gaeros generaluri Stabi da Sesabamisad ver xelmZRvanelobda koaliciis<br />

wevrTa (ZiriTadad SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis) mier ganxorcielebul<br />

sam xedro Tu diplomatiur operaciebs. igi arc operaciis dafinansebaSi<br />

monawileobda. saomar moqmedebebs umTavresad amerikis mokavSireebi:<br />

iaponia, germania, quveiTi da saudis arabeTi afinansebda. amitom, ar Sei­<br />

Zleba erayis winaaRmdeg oms gaeros operacia vuwodoT. igi arc koleqtiur<br />

qmedebad SieZleba CaiTvalos. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, es iyo SeerTebuli

656 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

Statebis mier Seqmnili da gaeros mier sanqcirebuli farTomasStabiani koalicia.<br />

[sparseTis yuris meore omis dros, aSS­m erayis winaaRmdeg samxedro<br />

operacia uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe daiwyo ­ red. Sen.]<br />

didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi<br />

warmatebebis miuxedavad, gaerom ver gaamarTla mis SemqmnelTa yvela<br />

imedi. misi damaarseblebi Seecadnen gadaeWraT is proceduruli problemebi,<br />

romlis winaSec idga erTa liga, magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad<br />

saWiro konsensusi, romelic ligas xSirad xels uSlida adekvaturi zomebis<br />

miRebaSi. amis miuxedavad, gaeroc araerTxel aRmoCnda imave problemebis<br />

winaSe. proceduruli problemebi xSirad <strong>politikuri</strong> azrTa sxvadasxvaobis<br />

Sedegia.<br />

universalurobis problema. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa yvela, metnaklebad mniSvnelovani<br />

sididisa da gavlenis mqone qveynis darwmuneba, raTa SeuerTdnen<br />

did saerTaSoriso organizaciebs da darCnen mis nawilad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />

adre Tu gvian, krizisul situaciaSi gamomJRavndeba aseTi organizaciis<br />

araadekvaturoba da igi daiSleba. erTa ligis magaliTiT TvalsaCino<br />

gaxda, rom saWiroa aseT organizacias SeuerTdes yvela Zlieri saxelmwifo<br />

anu yvela, visac Seswevs Zala, daarRvios sayovelTao mSvidoba. gaeros SemTxvevaSi<br />

amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTis saxalxo respublikas, romelic ori<br />

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gaeros miRma rCeboda. dRes gaero universalur<br />

organizaciaa 192 wevri qveyniT, im juja saxelmwifoebis CaTvliT, romlebic<br />

rukaze wertilebad Canan.<br />

uTanasworobis problema. patara saxelmwifoebi did saxelmwifoebTan<br />

Tanasworobas moiTxoven saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. sxvagvari<br />

damokidebu leba Seuracxmyofeli iqneba da SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifos<br />

suverenuli qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba misces. imave principiT,<br />

Zlieri saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven, rom maTi upiratesoba gamoCndes<br />

specialur procedurul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa vetos ufleba, romliTac<br />

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi,<br />

isini amas sakuTari mniSvnelobis damcirebad miiCneven. ufro metic, vinaidan<br />

wevr saxelmwifoTa SefardebiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba,<br />

Tavdapirveli formula, romelic aseT sakiTxebs agvarebs, droda d r o<br />

gadaxedvas saWiroebs. zogierT qveyanas, romelsac adre didi Zala hqonda,<br />

un da CamoerTvas uwindeli uflebebi, raTa adgili gaTavisufldes aRmavlobis<br />

fazaSi myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. es bevrad metia, vidre ubralod<br />

`teqnikuri~ problema. verc erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia ver SeinarCunebs<br />

sicocxlis unarianobas, Tuki ar gadaWris uTanasworobis problemas da<br />

amave dros ar iq ne ba imdenad moqnili, rom Seicvalos mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan<br />

erTad.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

657<br />

kompetenciis problema. xSirad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Zala ar SeswevT,<br />

gadadgan esa Tu is nabiji, radgan mas esa Tu is saxelmwifo ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />

arada, calkeul aseT saxelmwifoebs vetos ufleba SeiZleba arc hqondeT.<br />

magaliTad, Tuki ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaerTiandebian, maT SeuZliaT<br />

dablokon generaluri asambleis funqcionireba, SesaZloa uSiSroebis sab­<br />

Wos romelime mudmivi wevri daiyolion, veto daados ama Tu im sakiTxs (an,<br />

Teoriulad, maT SeuZliaT umravlesobis mopovebiT dablokon esa Tu is<br />

sakiTxi uSiSroebis sabWoSi). Sedegad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akliaT<br />

im saxis Zalaufleba sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, rac sabolood<br />

calkeuli mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis. erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac<br />

maT SeuZliaT, aris sayovelTao interesis sferoSi arsebuli konkretuli<br />

sakiTxebis gadaWra (magaliTad, samSvidobo operaciebi).<br />

erTianobis problema. warsulSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

iyo aliansebi, romlebic saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg iqmneboda.<br />

amis magaliTia saRvTo kavSiri, romelic safrangeTis aRorZinebis SiSiT<br />

Seiqmna. kidev erTi magaliTia Tanamedrove arabuli liga: rom ara saerTo<br />

mtris (israelis) winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis aucilebloba, arabuli qveynebi,<br />

albaT, am bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi CaerTvebodnen<br />

erTmaneTTan. aseve, rom ara komunisturi eqspansiis safrTxe, 1940iani<br />

wlebis bolosa da 1950­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT atlantikis<br />

xelSekrulebis organizacia arasodes daarsdeboda. gaerom erTianobis<br />

piks 1990­91 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac mas msoflios saxelmwifoTa umetesoba<br />

SeuerTda saerTo metoqis _ erayis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tumca, rogorc<br />

ki realuri safrTxe qreba, aliansic sustdeba.<br />

suverenitetis problema. suvereniteti, anu saxelmwifos uzenaesoba teritoriul<br />

farglebs SigniT, safuZvlad udevs oTxive zemoxsene bul problemas.<br />

qveyanas suvereniteti an aqvs, an ara, an Tavad wyvets sakuTar Sida saqmeebs,<br />

an ara. rogorc mecxramete saukunis amerikelma politikosma jon<br />

kalhunma erTxel aRniSna, qveyana iseve ar SeiZleba nawilobriv suverenuli<br />

iyos, rogorc qali nawilobriv fexmZime. ase rom, efeqtiani msoflio mTavrobis<br />

Seq mna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebuli mTavrobebi<br />

daTanxmdebian daTmon suvereniteti ufro zemdgomi xelisuflebis sasargeblod.<br />

am perspeqtivas ki saxelmwifoTa (da politikosTa) umetesoba<br />

Zalze sariskod miiCnevs SiSiT, crurwmenebiTa da undoblobiT gamsWvaluli<br />

msoflios pirobebSi.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />

mSvidobisa da harmoniulobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dRevandeli<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebis sistemis pirobebSi. am konteqstSi saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTals SeuZlia gaaZlieros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, raTa maT<br />

ufro mSvidobiani da usafrTxo msoflios ganviTarebas Seuwyon xeli.

658 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

350 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso sistema regulirdeba saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTliT. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa uflebebsa da<br />

movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT. `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic suverenulma<br />

saxelmwifoebma aRiares, ZiriTadad xelSekrulebebiT gamoixateba. saerTa­<br />

Soriso samarTlis sxva, aseve farTod aRiarebuli wyaroebia Cveuleba da<br />

konvencia; samarTlianobasa da moralze dafuZnebuli zogadi principebi;<br />

agreTve, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da avtoritetuli iuristebis swavlebani.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze cnobil kodifikaciad rCeba hugo grociusis<br />

(omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb naSromi), romelic gamoqveynda 1625 wels,<br />

ocdasami wliT adre, sanam 1648 wels vestfaliis zaviT eri­saxelmwifoTa<br />

sistemis dabadeba oficialurad gamocxaddeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom<br />

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis warmoSoba daemTxva TamaSis wesebis<br />

Camoyalibebas, romliTac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowesrigeba xdeba.<br />

vestfaliis zavis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso samarTali yoveldRiuri msoflio<br />

politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.<br />

sargeblianoba<br />

erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT uamravi praqtikuli SekiTxva, romlebzec sarwmuno<br />

pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso normebisa da konvenciebis<br />

gareSe. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros sazRvrebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze? davuSvaT,<br />

or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvarze mdinarea, vin gadawyvetda: (1) sad<br />

unda gaevlo sazRvars: mdinaris napirebs Soris, mis kalapotze, Tu mdinaris<br />

zustad centrSi; (2) mdinare unda yofiliyo Tu ara naosnobisTvis Ria erTi<br />

saxelmwifosaTvis, orive saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu arc erTisaTvis; (3) aqvT Tu<br />

ara mdinaris saTaveSi mdebare saxelmwifoebs dambebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebisa<br />

da rezervuarebis aSenebis ufleba mdinareebze, romlebic dinebis<br />

boloSi sxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriazec miedineba? am saxis kiTxvebi<br />

Tavs iCendnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bevr sxva SemTxvevasa da sferoSi.<br />

ras SeuZlia ama Tu im ucxo qveyanaSi akreditebuli diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis<br />

usafrTxoebis garantireba? rogor mowesrigdeba moZraoba Ria<br />

zRvaSi? vin wyvets, unda hqondes Tu ara neitralur saxelmwifos ufleba,<br />

gaagrZelos normaluri savaWro urTierToba omSi CarTul orive dapirispirebul<br />

mxaresTan? esaa ramdenime im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxTagan,<br />

romelTa gadawyvetac uaRresad rTuli iqneboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />

arsebobis gareSe.<br />

Sesruleba da iZuleba<br />

gasaocaria, magram saerTaSoriso samarTals adgenen da axorcieleben is<br />

saxelmwifoebi, romelTa SesazRudadac iqmneba igi. rogorc erTi avtori<br />

aRniSnavs:

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis manZilze, saerTaSoriso samarTalis<br />

zedmiwevniT akvirdebodnen. roca misi erT­erTi kanoni irRveoda,<br />

amas yovelTvis ar mohyveboda saTanado reagireba. xolo roca sadamsjelo<br />

qmedebas mimarTavdnen, is ar iyo yovelTvis efeqtiani. da mainc,<br />

ar iqneba swori uarvyoT saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc savaldebulo<br />

wesebis sistemis arseboba. 14<br />

659<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis did siZneleebs ukav­<br />

Sirdeboda. damnaSaves saxelmwifo sjis kanonis ZaliT, magram saerTaSoriso<br />

sferoSi arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris mmarTveli (cxadia, arc gaero).<br />

cxadia isic, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoTa dapatimreba, gasamarTleba da<br />

cixeSi Casma. Tumca, maTi dasja mainc SesaZlebelia. mTavrobaTa funqciuri<br />

ekvivalenti saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ZalTa balansia. sxva sityvebiT, `kanondamrRvevebad<br />

miCneuli~ saxelmwifoebi, sxva saxelmwifoebisgan diplomatiuri<br />

SezRudvebis, ekonomikuri embargos an blokadis msxverplni xdebian.<br />

eqstremalur situaciaSi SesaZlebelia maT sazRvrebSi SeWra da dapyroba.<br />

aseve, ar aris marTali mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals aranairi<br />

Zala ar aqvs da did eri­saxelmwifoebs arasdros mouwevT daemorCilon mis<br />

diqtats. sinamdvileSi saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifos samarTals Soris gansxvaveba<br />

intensivobazea damokidebuli: im dros, roca rigiTi moqalaqeebi,<br />

rog orc wesi, umal elian sasjels kanonis darRvevisas, mTavrobebs ufro<br />

xSirad Se uZliaT daarRvion kanoni da darCnen dausjelni. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> zewola saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad<br />

realuri da azriania. amis Tanamedrove magaliTi iyo serbeTis<br />

xelisuflebis mier iZulebis gziT miRebuli gadawyvetileba eqs­prezident<br />

miloSeviCis gaeros tribunalisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.<br />

sapasuxo <strong>politikuri</strong> reaqciis SiSi ar aris imis erTaderTi mizezi, rom<br />

mTavrobaTa umravlesoba umeteswilad mihyveba saerTaSoriso TamaSis wesebs.<br />

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yvela qveyanas SeuZlia saerTaSoriso wesebisa<br />

da regulaciebis unificirebuli sistemidan sargeblis miReba. am wesebis<br />

gareSe saerTaSoriso vaWroba, mogzauroba da turizmi Zalian garTuldeboda,<br />

xolo saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebi, ucxouri investiciebi,<br />

teqnologiuri transferi, safosto da telekomunikaciebi lamis SeuZlebeli<br />

iqneboda. diplomatiuri imunitetis saguldagulod damuSavebuli da<br />

farTod aRiarebuli wesebis gareSe Zalian cota mTavroba gagzavnida Tavis<br />

warmomadgenels ucxo qveynis dedaqalaqSi. arsebul garemoebebSi saeWvoa,<br />

SeuZlia Tu ara nebis mier mTavrobas, qedmaRlurad Sexedos saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTals. diplomatiuri izolaciis, ekonomikuri ngrevisa da samxedro<br />

SurisZiebis safrTxis winaSe mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, xelSkrulebebs, konvenciebsa<br />

da zogad wesebs mxolod yvelaze eqstremalur, gamonaklis situaciebSi<br />

arRveven.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis SemTxvevaSic Zala yvela saxis politikis<br />

safuZvlad rCeba. uzrunvelmyofi Zalis gareSe kanoni farsia. saerTaSoriso<br />

scenaze policiis rols saerTaSoriso aqtorebi individualurad an

660 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

koleqtiurad TamaSoben. amrigad, ZalTa balansi `aucilebeli mdgomareobaa<br />

TviT saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobisaTvis.~ 15<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi<br />

meore msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili gaxldaT Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, riTac Camoayalibes omis wesebi.<br />

1945 wlidan saerTaSoriso samarTali gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda ramdenime<br />

mniSvnelovan sferoSi, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis kontrolis sakiTxebSi.<br />

samomavlod, mosalodnelia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali dainteresdeba<br />

ekologiuri problemebiT.<br />

Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi. mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebamde omis<br />

wesebi gansazRvruli ar iyo. 1856 wels ramdenime Zlierma saxelmwifom mxari<br />

dauWira mravalmxriv saerTaSoriso konferenciaTa seriebs, romelic dagvirgvinda<br />

parizis deklaraciiT, romelic zRudavda oms zRvaSi, ukanonod<br />

acxadebda mekobreobasa da akanonebda sazRvao blokadis formebs. ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo 1864 wlis Jenevis konvencia (gadaxedil iqna 1906 wels),<br />

romelic exeboda brZolis velze daWrilTa mopyrobas. kidev ufro didi mniSvnelobis<br />

iyo 1899 wlis haagis konvencia, romelmac gaamaxvila yuradReba<br />

saxmeleTo omis wesebze. 1907 wels haagis meore konferenciaze gadaixeda 1899<br />

wlis normebi meomar da neitralur saxelmwifoTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis<br />

SEesaxeb. aseve, wamoWril iqna sakiTxebi axali saxis iaraRis gamoyenebis<br />

Sesaxeb, rogoricaa e. w. `centrdakarguli~ tyviebi [tyvia, romelic mizanSi<br />

moxvedris Semdeg iSleba da mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs msxverpls, amJamaDd<br />

akrZalulia ­ mTargmn. Sen.] momwamvleli gazi da gaziT savse naRmebi.<br />

SeiaraRebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. arc erTi sakiTxi ar Canda<br />

imdenad mniSvnelovani, rogorc SeiaraRebaze ormxrivi kontrolis Sesaxeb<br />

molaparakebebi aSS­sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis dros (ix. cxrili<br />

18­3). imis miuxedavad, rom es molaparakebebi mravalricxovani da sapirispiro<br />

iyo, maT birTvul Sekavebaze gavlena mainc moaxdines.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, gaumjobesebulma urTierTobam aSS­sa da ruseTs<br />

Soris, ubiZga aSS­sa da ruseTs SeiaraRebis SezRudvis sakiTxebze molaparakeba<br />

gaemarTaT. yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1993 wlis strategiuli SeiaraRebis<br />

Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II), romlis safuZvelzec birTvuli qobinebis<br />

raodenoba, pirveli msgavsi xelSekrulebis mixedviT Semcirebul<br />

donesTan SedarebiT, kidev 60 procentiT Semcirda. metic, START II­ma akrZala<br />

mravalqobiniani saxmeleTo raketebi da Seamcira wyalqveSa gemebis atomuri<br />

qobinebic. aSS­sa da ruseTs imedi hqondaT, rom `SeZlebdnen gamanadgurebeli<br />

omis safrTxis Semcirebas iseTi saxis birTvuli iaraRis akrZalviT,<br />

romelsac orive zesaxelmwifo gamoiyenebda prevenciuli dartymisas.~ 16<br />

bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiaraRebis kontrolis mizniT miRebuli<br />

xelSekrulebebi mravalmxrivi gaxda da mas miuerTda msoflios bevri<br />

qveyana. molaparakebaTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

661<br />

• 1959 wlis antarqtidis SeTanxmebam akrZala yvela saxis samxedro saqmianoba<br />

antarqtidis kontinentze da yovel xelmomwer mxares misca sahaero<br />

meTval yureobis ufleba. aseve, akrZala birTvuli mrewvelobis narCenebiT<br />

garemos dabinZureba da waaxalisa TanamSromloba samecniero gamokvlevebisas.<br />

• 1967 wlis kosmosis SeTanxmebam akrZala kosmosSi birTvuli iaraRis,<br />

mTvaresa da planetebze samxedro bazebis ganlageba da akrZala kosmosur<br />

sivrceze romelime saxelmwifos pretenziebi.<br />

• 1968 wlis birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebam SezRuda<br />

xelmomweri qveynebi birTvuli iaraRisa da masalebis gacemasa da miRebaSi.<br />

im dros, roca qveyanaTa umravlesobam xeli moawera am molaparakebas, ramdenime<br />

xelmomweri ar emorCileboda am wess. irans, erays, libias, pakistansa<br />

da indoeTs xeli ar mouweriaT am SeTanxmebaze.<br />

• 1971 wlis zRvis fskeris SeTanxmebam akrZala birTvuli iaraRis gamocda<br />

wyalqveS TiToeuli qveynis 12­miliani sasazRvro radiusis gareT.<br />

• 1972 wlis biologiur iaraRis konvenciam savaldebulo gaxada biologiuri<br />

rezervebis ganadgureba da ukanonod gamoacxada am saxis iaraRis<br />

Senaxva da warmoeba.<br />

• 1993 wlis qimiuri iaraRis konvencia miznad isaxavs aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebas. aSS­is senatma SeTanxmebis ratifikacia<br />

1997 wels moaxdina.<br />

amgvari SeTanxmebebis molodini usasrulo araa. mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

xels ar aweren xelSekrulebebs, romlebic arasasurvel valdebulebebs uwesebs<br />

mas. magaliTad, aSS­m gamoacxada, rom mas isedac ar ganuzraxavs qimiuri<br />

iaraRis ganviTareba (erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ar eyrdnoboda<br />

am saxis iaraRs) im dros, roca man xeli moawera qimiuri iaraRis konvencias.<br />

iq, sadac qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb molaparake ba qveynebisagan moiTxovs<br />

maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze uaris Tqmas, saer TaSoriso samarTali ar<br />

aris sakmarisad efeqturi.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemos dacva. mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis is nawili, romelic garemosa da ekologias<br />

Seexeba, sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba da gafarTovdeba. zog mecniers miaCnia,<br />

rom iaraRis SezRudvis molaparakebebis gamocdileba safuZvlad daedeba<br />

transnaciona luri ekologiuri molaparakebebis axal epoqas.<br />

ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa monrealis protokoli, romelic<br />

krZalavs ozonis garsisaTvis saSiS nivTierebaTa gamoyenebas (ix. CanarTi<br />

`saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli~), saerTa­<br />

Soriso ekologiur molaparakebaTa raodenoba da farglebi SezRudulia.<br />

SeiaraRebis msgavsad, ekologiuri sakiTxebic, rogorc wesi, erovnuli suverenitetis<br />

sferoSi eqceva. Tumca resursebis amowurva, gadaSenebis zRvarze<br />

myofi saxeobebi da adamianis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebi biosferoSi<br />

is sakiTxebia, romlebic, birTvuli omis SesaZleblobis msgavsad, yvela<br />

qveyanaze axdens gavlenas.

662 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

cxrili 18.3<br />

SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi<br />

SeerTebul Statebsa dayofil sabWoTa kavSirs/ruseTs Soris<br />

TariRi SeTanxmeba ZiriTadi miznebi<br />

1963<br />

1971<br />

1971<br />

1972<br />

1972<br />

1972<br />

1972<br />

1973<br />

1974<br />

1974<br />

1976<br />

1977<br />

1979<br />

1987<br />

cxeli xazis Sesaxeb<br />

cxeli xazis modernizaciis Sesaxeb<br />

birTvuli avariebis Sesaxeb<br />

antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb<br />

(SALT 1)<br />

SALT 1­is droebiTi xelSekruleba Tav­<br />

dasxmis strategiuli iaraRis Sesaxeb<br />

droebiTi SeTanxmebis protokoli<br />

Ria zRvis Sesaxeb<br />

birTvuli omis Tavidan acilebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamoc­<br />

dilebis SezRudvis Seesaxeb<br />

antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb<br />

SeTanxmebis protokoli<br />

birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis<br />

SezRudvis Sesaxeb samSvidobo miznebiT<br />

konvencia samxedro an nebismieri sxva<br />

mtruli miznebiT garemos Semcvleli te­<br />

qnikis gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb<br />

Salt II (araratificirebuli)<br />

birTvuli riskis Semcirebis centrebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

amyarebs mTavrobebs Soris pirdapir radio da satele­<br />

grafo sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />

krizisis periodebSi.<br />

safuZvels uyris cxeli xazis satelituri sakomunika­<br />

cio sistemis amoqmedebas.<br />

qmnis birTvuli iaraRis SemTxveviTi an arasanqcire­<br />

buli afeTqebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis process; qmnis<br />

SemTxveviTobis Tavidan acilebis garantiebs.<br />

zRudavs antibalistikuri raketebisagan dacvis sis­<br />

temebis gafarToebas erT teritoriaze da krZalavs<br />

kosmosuri raketsawinaaRmdego dacvis sistemebis Se­<br />

qmnas.<br />

xuTwliani periodiT yinavs supersaxelmwifoTa xelT<br />

arsebuli balistikuri raketis gamSvebis mowyobilo­<br />

bebis mTlian raodenobas.<br />

ganmartavs da aZlierebs strategiul iaraRze Tavda­<br />

pirvel SezRudvas.<br />

ayalibebs okeaniaze krizisis gamomwvevi incidentebis<br />

Tavidan acilebis procedu rebs.<br />

supersaxelmwifoTagan moiTxovs konsultaciebs<br />

birTvuli omis safrTxis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

zRudavs 150 kilotonaze meti wonis birTvuli iaraRis<br />

araregalur gamocdas.<br />

amcirebs antibalistikuri raketebis da saSveb raode­<br />

nobas erT teriroriaze.<br />

afarToebs 1974 wlis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul<br />

akrZalvas birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis Tao­<br />

baze; moiTxovs damkvirveblebis daswrebas 150 kilo­<br />

tonaze meti wonis iaraRis gamocdisas.<br />

krZalavs iaraRs, romelic planetis eko logiis modi­<br />

ficirebis safrTxes qmnis.<br />

awesebs strategiuli matareblebis, MIRV­ed raketebis,<br />

grZeldistanciuri bombdamSenis, frTiani raketebis,<br />

kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis da sxva iara­<br />

Ris zRvars; zRudavs iaraRis gamocdas.<br />

orive qveynis dedaqalaqSi qmnis birTvul kri zisis<br />

marTvis berketebs.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

TariRi SeTanxmeba ZiriTadi miznebi<br />

1987<br />

1990<br />

1990<br />

1991<br />

1992<br />

1992<br />

1992<br />

1993<br />

1995<br />

1997<br />

1997<br />

1997<br />

saSualo radiusis birTvuli<br />

Zalebis SeTanxmeba<br />

qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

molaparakebebi birTvuli gamoc­<br />

dis Sesaxeb<br />

START (SeTanxmeba strategiuli<br />

iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb)<br />

START I protokoli<br />

Ria cis SeTanxmeba<br />

erToblivi safrTxis Semcirebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

START II<br />

Zalze gamdidrebuli uranis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

birTvuli sawvavis Semcirebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

konversiis Sesaxeb<br />

START III<br />

663<br />

anadgurebs SeerTebul Statebisa da ssrk­s saxmeleTo, sa­<br />

Sualo da mokle radiusis birTvul iaraRs evropaSi da rTavs<br />

adgilze inspeqtirebis uflebas<br />

bolos uRebs qimiuri iaraRis warmoebas; anaxevrebs qimiuri<br />

iaraRis inventaris raodenobas 1999 wlisaTvis, xolo 2002<br />

wlis bolosaTvis 5 aTas metrul tonamde amcirebs.<br />

axali protokoli aumjobesebs verifikaciis procedurebs.<br />

30%­iT amcirebs strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis arsenals.<br />

ruseTis, belorusiis, ukrainisa da yazaxeTisagan moiTxovs<br />

strategiuli iaraRis Semcirebas yofili ssrk­s mier START­<br />

iT SeTanxmebuli pirobebis mixedviT.<br />

nebas rTavs SeuiaraRebel TviTmfrinavebs dakvirvebis<br />

mizniT ifrinon SeerTebuli Statebis, ruseTisa da maTi mo­<br />

kavSireebis Tavze.<br />

uzrunvelyofs ruseTs mravalgvari mowyobilobebiTa da<br />

daxmarebiT strategiuli matareblebis sistemis usafrTxo<br />

ganadgurebis, bir T vuli sabrZolo muxtis transpor­<br />

tirebis, bi rT vuli iaraRis radiaqtiuli narCenebis damarx­<br />

visas fizikuri dacvis, sabrZolo muxtis balansirebis da<br />

qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRis ganadgurebisa da mowyobi­<br />

lobaTa demontaJisaTvis.<br />

2003 wlisaTvis amcirebs SeerTebul Statebsa da ruseTSi<br />

strategiuli birTvuli qobinebis raodenobas 3000­dan<br />

3500­mde; krZalavs mravaljeradi gamoyenebis saxmeleTo<br />

sistemebs.<br />

amcirebs birTvuli sabrZolo daSlis Sedegad miRebuli<br />

birTvuli sawvavis diversiisa da moparvis risks samTavrobo<br />

Sesyidvebisa da samoqalaqo daniSnulebis reaqtorSi sawva­<br />

vad gamoyenebis gziT.<br />

krZalavs birTvuli sawvavis warmoebas birTvuli iaraRis an<br />

sxva birTvuli afeTqebis mowyobilobebisaTvis.<br />

avaldebulebs SeerTebul Statebs xeli Seuwyos ruseTSi<br />

plutonis mwarmoebeli darCenili sami reaqtoris gadakeTe­<br />

bas ise, rom veRar awarmoos iaraRis klasis plutoni; pro­<br />

eqtis dasruleba 2000 wlis bolosaTvis iyo navaraudevi,<br />

magram savaraudoa, rom 2002 wlisTvis dasruldeba.<br />

1998 wels moskovis samitze ganaxlebuli xelSekruleba, rom<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi aRar ganadgebs 2000­2500­ze<br />

met strategiul birTvul sabrZolo qobins kontinentTa­<br />

Soris balistikur raketebze, wya l qveSa navis balistikur<br />

raketebze da strategiul bombdamSenebze 2007 wlis 31<br />

dekembrisaTvis, START II­is xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis<br />

molodinSi.

664 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli<br />

monrealis protokoli, formalurad cnobili, rogorc protokoli<br />

nivTierebebze, romlebic cveTen ozonis safars, aRiarebulia yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />

ekologiur SeTanxmebad istoriaSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />

axali epoqis momaswavebel modelad. kibos gamomwvevi ultraiisferi radiaciisgan<br />

planetis damcavi ozonis sferos eroziam SeaSfoTa msoflio<br />

sazogadoeba. 1986 wels ocdasamma saxelmwifom SeimuSava 1999 wlisaTvis<br />

florofluorokarbonebis (cnobilia CFC saxeliT da farTod gamoiyeneba<br />

avtomobilebis kondicionerebSi) 50 procentiT Semcirebis gegma. 1990 wels<br />

londonSi ganaxlda molaparakeba, romlis mixedviTac 2000 wlisaTvis CFC<br />

srulad unda aRmofxvriliyo. ori wlis Semdeg kopenhagenSi 80­ze meti<br />

qveynis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen, es vada 1996 wlamde gadmoewiaT da<br />

aekrZalaT ramdenime saziano nivTiereba. 1992 wels aSS­m erTpirovnulad<br />

gamoacxada Tanxmoba monrealis protokolis modifikaciaze.<br />

monrealis protokolis modifikaciis uprecedento masStabebma daamSvida<br />

garemos cvilebiT SeSinebuli bevri adamiani. da mainc, molaparakebis<br />

Sedegebis ganxorcieleba rTuli aRmoCnda. Zalian neli tempebiT mimdinareobda<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebisa saerTaSoriso subsidireba, raTa maT SeeZinaT<br />

iseTi teqnologiebi, romelic ar daazianebda ozons. xelSekrulebis<br />

kritika sxvadasxva mxridan gaismoda. zogs xelSekruleba usargeblod miaCnda,<br />

sxvebs sjerodaT, rom is Zalian cotas cvlida.<br />

da mainc, arsebobda faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi, rom es mniSvnelovani<br />

saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba efeqtianad moqmedebdes. 1997 wels<br />

gamoqveynebuli holandiuri kvlevisas erTmaneTs Seadares sam mosalodnel<br />

scenari: pirveli, ar arsebobda araviTari SezRudvebi ozonis fenis<br />

gamanadgurebel qimiur nivTierebebze; meore, xorcieldeboda monrealis 1987<br />

wlis protokolis SeTanxmebebi da mesame, xorcieldeboda ufro mkacri kopenhagenis<br />

SeTanxmebebi. Sedegebi STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. `Tu SeadarebT imas,<br />

ra SeiZleba momxdariyo sxva SemTxvevaSi, dainaxavT saocar warmatebas.~<br />

globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba (ganxiluli msoflio liderebis<br />

mier kiotoSi, iaponia, 1997 wlis dekemberSi) kargi magaliTia imisa,<br />

raoden Znelia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba. bevri<br />

mecnieri, maT Soris geofizikosebi da meteorologebi, winaswarmetyveleben<br />

dedamiwaze globalur daTbobas momaval saukuneSi. msoflio masStabis<br />

globaluri daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba damRupveli iyos, uaryofiTad imoqmedos<br />

msoflio klimatze, gamofitos niadagi da gamoiwvios zRvis donis<br />

mateba, rac daemuqreba bevr sanapiro qveyanas.<br />

globaluri daTbobis umTavresi mizezia naxSirorJangi, romelic warmoiqmneba<br />

navTobis, naxSirisa da sxvaTa Sida wvis ZravaSi wvis Sedegad. magram<br />

aSS­Si arsebobs <strong>politikuri</strong> opozicia nebismier molaparakebaze, romelic

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

665<br />

xels SeuSlida, SeaCerebda an SezRudavda sawvavis moxmarebas. profkavSirebs<br />

afiqrebs samuSao adgilebis dakargva. mrewvelobis umsxvilesi dargebis<br />

warmomadgenlebi damatebiTi samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTxoven.<br />

skeptikosebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kompiuteruli modelirebis gziT<br />

miRebul Sedegebs da eeWvebaT, rom globaluri daTboba saerTod moxdeba.<br />

fiqroben, rom SesaZlebelia misi Sedegebis advilad gadatana.<br />

am sakiTxze msoflioSi mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs. evropis<br />

qveynebi ekologiuri standartebis momxreni arian, rac mxardaWeras<br />

ver poulobs aSS kongresSi. karibis zRvisa da wynari okeanis samxreTiT<br />

mdebare qveynebis mcire raodenoba sakuTar Tavs globaluri daTbobisas<br />

yvelaze maRali riskis qveS miiCnevs (magaliTad, zRvis donis mxolod ori<br />

futiT matebasac ki SeuZlia safrTxeSi Caagdos maTi sanapiro biznesi da<br />

daabinZuros wyali). es qveynebi kidev ufro mkacr standartebs lobireben,<br />

vidre evropa. am dros, ganviTarebadma qveynebma, maT Soris CineTma, indoeTma<br />

da braziliam, uari Tqves nebismieri saxis molaparakebaze. navTobmompovebeli<br />

qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi, nebismieri saxis momaval<br />

molaparakebas miiCneven ekonomikurad sazianod da agrZeleben maT kategoriul<br />

oponirebas.<br />

erT­erTi pirveli umniSvnelovanesi sagareo <strong>politikuri</strong> gadawyvetileba,<br />

romelic jorj buSma miiRo, iyo is, rom xels ar moawerda kiotos xelSekrulebas.<br />

am gadawyvetilebam farTo kritika daimsaxura sazRvargareT, qveynis<br />

SigniT ki sapirispiro reaqcia gamoiwvia. globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb<br />

xelSekrulebis gaurkveveli Sinaarsi kidev erTi mxarea, raSic is Seiara­<br />

Rebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebebs waagavs: maTze mosalaparakeblad mravali<br />

welia saWiro, kidev ufro meti _ maT gansaxorcieleblad da es procesi<br />

yovelTvis politikosebisa da politikis gavlenis qveS aris.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba<br />

xelSekrulebebi, romelTa mizania omis ukanonod cnoba (magaliTad 1928<br />

wlis brian­kelogis paqti, romlis ratifikaciac sabolood samocdaoTxma<br />

qve ya nam moaxdina) da molaparakebebi, romlebic mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso<br />

ur TierTgagebis ganviTarebisaTvis imarTeba (magaliTad gaeros qartia),<br />

iSviaTad uZleben drois gamocdas an saxelmwifoTa ambiciebs. mezobeli<br />

qveynebis mier xelmowerili yvelaze Tavmdabali `megobrobis~ paqtebic<br />

ki saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi irRveoda.<br />

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemas aklia sami praqtikuli winapiroba<br />

msoflio samarTlebrivi normebis misaRebad. pirveli, dResdReobiT ar arsebobs<br />

saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo organo, generaluri asambleis garda,<br />

romlis Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. meore, arc erT saerTaSoriso aRmasrulebel<br />

organos ar aqvs ufleba, inicireba moaxdinos da ganaxorcielos<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali (simbolurad, gaeros generalur mdivans akisria<br />

es movaleoba, mag ram, am SemTxvevaSic, am organos brZanebebs ar aqvs realuri<br />

Zala). mesame, ar arsebobs saSualeba, aiZulo suverenuli mTavrobebi,

666 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

uTanxmoebebi gansaxilvelad warudginon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos an<br />

daemorCilon mis verdiqts.<br />

gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba aris im eri­saxelmwifoebis prerogativa,<br />

romlebic xSirad am gadawyvetilebebs naxevrad an saerTod ar axorcieleben.<br />

manam, sanam saerTaSoriso samarTals aklia ganWvretadoba da Tanmimdevruloba,<br />

kanonis uzenaesobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, is mTavrobebis<br />

mxolod darwmunebas Tu SeZlebs, magram ara iZulebisas.<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmedebis araefeqtianoba<br />

naTlad Cans saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos muSaobaSi. saerTaSo riso<br />

sasamarTlo gaurkveveli institutia, romelic ikribeba haagaSi (holandiis<br />

Zvel dedaqalaqSi). igi gaeros qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli eqvsi umTavresi<br />

organodan erT­erTia. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo aris sruliad kanonierad<br />

dafuZnebuli sasamarTlo organo mosamarTleebiT, proceduruli kanonebi­<br />

Ta da tribunaliT, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom mas aklia cxadad<br />

dadgenili iurisdiqcia.<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo erT­erTia dasavleTis samyaros im sasamarTlo­<br />

Tagan, romelsac gansaxilveli saqme iSviaTad aqvs. samuSaos nakleboba warmo­<br />

Sobilia ara saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebaTa ararsebobiT, aramed uTanxmoebaTa<br />

mimarTebaSi sasamarTlos gaurkveveli iurisdiqciiT. monawile saxelmwifoebma<br />

unda imoqmedon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 36­e muxlis mixedviT, romelic<br />

ambobs:<br />

mocemuli wesdebis xelmomwer qveynebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT gamoacxadon,<br />

rom im qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aseve aRiarebs<br />

am valdebulebas, isinic aRiareben savaldebulod sasamarTlos<br />

iurisdiqcias yvela samarTlebriv uTanxmoebaSi, romelic exeba: (1)<br />

xelSekrulebis interpretacias, (2) nebismier kiTxvas saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, (3) nebismieri faqtis arsebobas, romelic<br />

dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi arRvevs saerTaSoriso movaleobas.<br />

sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobebi kanoniT movaleni arian daemorCilon sasamarTlos<br />

gadawyvetilebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT micemuli aqvT<br />

Tanxmoba sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvaze. maT SeuZliaT winaswar gaakeTon<br />

deklaracia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc<br />

maT 36­e muxli mouwodebs an daemorCilon mas garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

42­ma mTavrobam gamoTqva survili, damorCileboda sasamarTlos savaldebulo<br />

iurisdiqcias. es kanonze dafuZnebuli msoflio wesrigis mimarTulebiT<br />

win gadadgmul nabijad iyo aRqmuli. Tumca, saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi, iseve,<br />

rogorc zogadad cxovrebaSi, yvelaferi ise araa, rogorc Cans. am mxriv<br />

sainteresoa amerikis damokidebuleba 36­e muxlis mimarT. aSS­sgan, moelodnen,<br />

rom is ufro medgrad ibrZolebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscemaze<br />

dafuZnebuli stabiluri da mowesrigebuli samyarosaTvis, magram

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

667<br />

aSS­s 1946 wlis 14 agvistos deklaracia, rom amerika Tanxmobas acxadebda<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze, sinamdvileSi<br />

diplomatiuri xriki iyo. is acxadebda:<br />

deklaracia ar gamoiyeneba, roca saqme exeba: a) uTanxmoebebs, romlTa<br />

gadaWrasac mxareebi andoben sxva tribunals ukve arsebuli molaparakebebis<br />

safuZvelze an romelTa gadaWrac SesaZlebelia momavalSi; b)<br />

im uTanxmoebebs, romlebic exeba arsebiTad aSS­is saSinao iurisdiqciaSi<br />

arsebul sakiTxebs, radgan mas Tavad amerika gadawyvets; g) uTanxmoebebs,<br />

romlebic Tavs iCens mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebidan garda<br />

im SemTxvevebisa, Tu (1) SeTanxmebis yvela monawile mxare, romlebzec<br />

gavlenas axdens gadawyvetileba, aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi<br />

ganxilvis mxare an (2) aSS­i eTanxmeba iurisdiqcias.<br />

es niSnavs, rom aSS daTanxmdeba sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqcias<br />

mxolod misTvis sasurvel SemTxvevaSi da ara avtomaturad. aSS­is Tanxmoba<br />

savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze ar iyo unikaluri. Tanamedrove samyaros arc<br />

erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmebula upirobod damorCileboda saerTaSoriso<br />

sasamarTlos.<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. vinmem SeiZleba<br />

ifiqros, rom Tu aSS an sxva romelime saxelmwifo itvirTavda <strong>lideroba</strong>s<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTan gonieri urTierTobis damyarebis saqme­<br />

Si, SesaZ loa, sxva qveynebic mihyolodnen maT kvals. ram unda SeuSalos xeli<br />

aSS­s da, vTqvaT, did britaneTs, raTa maT dadon piroba, rom momavalSi maT<br />

Sor is uTanxmoebaTa gadawyvetas msoflio sasamarTlos andobdnen? yovel<br />

SemT xvevaSi, garegnulad mainc arafers SeeZlo daebrkolebina qveynebs Soris<br />

aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba. Tumca, es SesaZlebelic rom yofiliyo,<br />

ratom iqneboda saWiro? erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi aSS­sa da britaneTs<br />

Zalian mcire uTanxmoeba Tu hqoniaT, romelic xangrZliv molaparakebas<br />

saWiroebda; nebismieri uTanxmoeba momavalSic mcire da umniSvnelo iqneba,<br />

axlo mokavSireebSi iSviaTia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romelsac sasamarTlo<br />

garCeva dasWirdeba. cxadia, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis efeqtianoba ver<br />

gaizomeba, roca or mTavrobas esoden megobrul urTierToba aqvs erTmaneT­<br />

Tan. nebismieri uTanxmoeba, romlis gamosworebac SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi<br />

diplomatiis gziT, isedac gadaecema gasarCevad saerTaSoriso tribunals.<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos sargebloanoba gamoicada 1980­ian wlebSi,<br />

nikaraguis yofil marqsistul reJimsa da reiganis administracias Soris<br />

warmoSobili dapirispirebisas. 1985 wels aRiZra saqme saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi<br />

aSS­is winaaRmdeg. is daadanaSaules sazRvris danaRmvasa da<br />

ajanyebulTa mxardaWeraSi. saxelmwifo departamentma gamoacxada, rom aSSis<br />

mTavroba process boikots ucxadebda da uars ambobda nikaraguis mTavrobasTan<br />

molaparakebebze. prezidentma reiganma es qmedeba imiT gaamarTla,<br />

rom nikaragua sasamarTlos <strong>politikuri</strong> da propagandistuli miznebisaTvis<br />

iyenebda. 1986 wlis ivnisSi sasamarTlom aSS­is gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni

668 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

gamoitana. nikaraguis iniciativiT gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom kenWi uyara<br />

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mxardaWeris sakiTxs. kenWisyra aSS­is sawinaaRmdegod<br />

dasrulda: 11 xma 1­is winaaRmdeg (didma britaneTma, safrangeTma<br />

da tailandma Tavi Seikaves, aSS­m vetos ufleba gamoiyena). samwuxarod,<br />

rogorc es winaaRmdegobebiT savse saqme gviCvenebs, savaldebulo iuirisdiqciasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli problema, iseve, rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTali, yvelaze naklebefeqtiani iq, sadac yvelaze metad saWiroa.<br />

1998 wlis TebervalSi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom mniSvnelovan saqmeSi<br />

kidev erTxel gamoitana ganaCeni aSS­is winaaRmdeg. amjerad saqme exeboda<br />

uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina 1988 wels loqerbi (Sotlandia) Tavze `pan<br />

amerikis~ aviaxazebis 103­e reisis TviTmfrinavis teroristul afeTqebas­<br />

Tan dakavSirebiT. am dros 259 adamiani daiRupa (plus 11 adamiani miwaze). aSS<br />

da didi britaneTi intensiurad ibrZodnen libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis<br />

dasaweseblad, mas mere, rac libiis mTavrobam uari Tqva teroristul aqtSi<br />

eWvmitanili ori libieli nacionalistis eqstradiciaze. sanqciebi dawesda<br />

1992 wels da agrZelebda moqmedebas. libiis mTavrobam saqme gansaxilvelad<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos warudgina, magram aSS irwmuneboda, rom<br />

sasamarTlos ar hqonda am saqmeSi iurisdiqcia. es proceduruli sakiTxi<br />

mosamarTleebma sabolood gadawyvites 1998 wels.<br />

am saqmeSi <strong>politikuri</strong> da samarTlebrivi manevrireba erTadroulad mimdinareobda.<br />

aSS zewolas axdenda libiaze, raTa mas gadaeca eWvmitanilebi<br />

haagisaTvis, oRond ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos, aramed Sotlandiuri<br />

sasamrTlos iurisdiqciaSi. 1998 wlis bolos libia daTanxmda aSS­is SeTavazebas<br />

da 1999 wels gadasca eWvmitanilebi gaeros. sajaro sasamarTlo procesi<br />

gaimarTa 2000 wels, xolo 2001 wlis ianvarSi erT­erTi libieli (libiis<br />

dazvervis yofili agenti), romelsac brali edeboda loqerbis masobriv<br />

mkvlelobebSi, damnaSaved cnes Sotlandielma mosamarTleebma da 20 wliani<br />

patimroba miusajes. meore eWvmitanili gaamarTles da libiaSi dabrunebis<br />

ufleba misces.<br />

am ganaCeniT saqme ar daxurula da arc aSS daTanxmebula libiisaTvis<br />

gaeros sanqciebis Sewyvetas. Tumca, am SemTxveviT Semzadda niadagi libiisa<br />

da dasavleTis (kerZod, aSS­is) xelaxali daaxloebisaTvis.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba<br />

suverenuli saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis uyoymanod aRiarebaze<br />

maRla saxelmwifo interesebs ayeneben. ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT<br />

erebi gansxvavdebian _ zogi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebs iSviaTad ar­<br />

Rvevs, sxvebs, SeiZleba, saerTod ar anaRvlebdeT es wesebi da maT mxolod<br />

mizanSewonilobis, mogebis TvalsazrisiT emorCilebodnen. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,<br />

faqti, rom qveynebi arian samarTlis ZaliT SeboWilni, niSnavs, rom<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTals isini daemorCilebian mxolod maSin, roca amgvari<br />

qceva qveynis interesebSi Sedis. sxva sityvebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mor­<br />

Cileba da pativiscema, sabolood, saxelmwifo intereszea damokidebuli.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

669<br />

aris Tu ara aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlis principebi, umniSvnelo saer­<br />

TaSoriso politikaSi? saqme ase calsaxad araa; saerTaSoriso samarTals<br />

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTavrobebisa da mmarTvelebis qmedebaTa gagebisa<br />

da SefasebisaTvis. xandaxan SesaZlebelia mTavrobaTa dasja (magaliTad,<br />

sanqciebis gziT, rogorc erayis, iranis, CrdiloeT koreisa da bevri sxva<br />

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi). mmarTvelebi aseve SesaZlebelia<br />

daisajon, magaliTad, yofili iugoslaviis prezidenti slobodan miloSeviCi<br />

saerTaSoriso tribunalis winaSe warsdga 2002 wels.<br />

saerTaSoriso <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis pirveli principia erovnuli<br />

TviTgadarCena. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmatebulia maSin, roca is emsaxureba<br />

gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis erovnul interesebs.<br />

aseT dros saerTaSoriso samarTlis meqanizmi (rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso<br />

sasamarTlo) iwyebs moqmedebas. Tumca, wamyvan Zalebs mainc urCevniaT gamosavlis<br />

miRwevis tradiciuli da samxedro saSualebebi (sadac Sedegs ufro<br />

kargad akontroleben), vidre sasamarTlo saSualebebi (sadac Sedegze kontrols<br />

gadascemen im mosamarTleebs, romelTa erTguleba garantirebuli<br />

araa). albaT, movida imis dro, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis roli da saer­<br />

TaSoriso sasamarTlos prestiJi gaizardos.<br />

mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisken<br />

2001 wels gaerom da misma generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma miiRes nobelis<br />

mSvidobis premia, radgan isini iRvwodnen mSvidobiani msoflios Sesaqmnelad.<br />

es iyo msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso<br />

organizaciis aRiareba. SesaZlebelia, gaeros amgvari sityvebiT daxasiaTeba<br />

bevris mTqmelia Tavad samyaroze (da msoflios istoriaze). sinamdvileSi,<br />

gaeros miRwevebi iyo mcire, magram arc sul mTlad umniSvnelo.<br />

1945 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT stabiluri wesrigs ZalTa balansis politika<br />

da birTvuli Sekaveba amyarebda, xolo civi omis dasasrulma warmoSva<br />

ara mxolod wesrigis damyarebis axali gzebi, aramed axali safrTxeebi da<br />

arastabilurobis wyaroebic. jer kidev ucnobia, SeZlebs Tu ara qaosis<br />

mudmivi Zalebis dabalansebas axali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gaCena<br />

da Zvelebis ganviTareba.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver Secvlis<br />

diplomatiasa da oms (an mis safrTxes), rogorc saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />

eri­saxelmwiofoebi agvareben uTanxmoebaTa umravlesobas. ar<br />

unda velodeT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema an xelSekrulebaTa<br />

xelSeuxebloba moimatebs imdenad, rom Zala aRar iyos omis SeCerebis<br />

an SezRudvis mTavari saSualeba.<br />

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron konfliqtebis mar­<br />

Tvis uzarmazari davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tumca, isini ver gadaWrian yvela<br />

konfliqts yvelgan. mowesrigebuli msoflio naklebad iqneboda ganwyobili<br />

omisaTvis. SesaZloa, is yvela gagebiT ukeTesi samyaro yofiliyo. asec rom<br />

iyos, logikuri Secdoma iqneboda imis Tqma, rom vinaidan omi wesrigis ararse­

670 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

bobaa, amitom wesrigis arseboba avtomaturad niSnavs omis ararsebobas.<br />

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs swrafi warmateba. arc erT calkeul faqts an<br />

movlenas, misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar SeuZlia gaxdes iseTi msoflios<br />

winapiroba, sadac aRar iqneba omi. ideologiuri mtrobis dasruleba<br />

msoflios umsxviles da uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mniSvnelovani win<br />

gadadgmuli nabijia ufro usafrTxo da janmrTeli msofliosaken. magram<br />

es, samwuxarod, ar aris maradiuli mSvidobis garantia.<br />

amrigad, Zieba grZeldeba. imis miuxedavad, rom mSvidoba rCeba miuRweveli,<br />

omis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba, gansakuTrebiT umsxvilesi omebisa<br />

masob rivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT, imdenad aucilebelia, rom<br />

adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebs. aris Tu ara<br />

konfliqtis marTva sakmarisi? unda vecadoT Tu ara konfliqtis srul aRmofxvras?<br />

naTqvamia, rom politika aris SesaZleblobebis xelovneba. Tumca,<br />

konfliqtebTan ufro warmatebiT gamklavebis gzebis monaxva dRes msoflios<br />

Zalian sWirdeba.<br />

daskvna<br />

ra wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTals mSvidobiani samyaros SenebaSi? vaWrobaze, mogzaurobasa da yvela<br />

saxis mimosvlaze saxelmwifo barierebis Semcireba aisaxa Tanamedrove<br />

msoflioSi arasamTavrobo aqtorebis zrdaSi, maT Sorisaa multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi da saer­<br />

TaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. mravalerovnulma ekonomikurma<br />

SeTanxmebebma da samxedro kavSirebma aseve gaaZlieres regionuli da saer­<br />

TaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso Se­<br />

Tanxmebebis es STambeWdavi qseli Tavisufali ar aris saxelmwifo SuRlisagan.<br />

mravalmxrivma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma daamtkices TavianTi<br />

dadebiTi roli saerTaSoriso arenaze xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis<br />

uzrunvelyofaSi. meoce saukuneSi erTa liga daiSala dapirispirebuli<br />

erovnuli interesebis gamo. civi omis ganmavlobaSi gaero mraval<br />

dabrkolebas gadaawyda, Tumca warmatebasac miaRwia, rogorc mSvidobis<br />

SenarCunebis institutma. muSaoba mSvi dobis SenarCunebis sferoSi gaizarda<br />

civi omisSemdgom samyaroSi. am periodSi Sedga gaeros egidiT koleqtiuri<br />

samxedro aqcia erayis winaaRmdeg.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs da aiolebs urTierTobebs damoukidebel<br />

saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTa urTierToba sxva mxriv Sei­<br />

Zleba qaosuri iyos. rogorc gaeros, saerTaSoriso samarTalsac, zogadad,<br />

araTanmimdevruli istoria aqvs. saerTaSorso samarTlis Tanamedrove magaliTebia<br />

Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, romlebmac gansazRvres omis wesebi<br />

da daadgines SeiaraRebis SemzRudveli mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi.<br />

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sul<br />

ufro metad mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRud­

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

671<br />

vebi aSkara xdeba im siZneleebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo<br />

awydeba. gaerosa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sisustes ganapirobebs<br />

is, rom maT ar SeswevT unari gadawonon erovnuli interesebi.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

funqcionalizm funqcionalistebi<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi<br />

multinacionaluri korporaciea<br />

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />

(INGO)<br />

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi<br />

(IGO)<br />

britaneTis Tanamegobroba<br />

msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO)<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)<br />

evrokavSiri (EU)<br />

erTa liga<br />

koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba<br />

saSinao iurisdiqcia<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

Jenevis konvencia<br />

haagis konvencia<br />

strategiuli SeiaraRebis<br />

Semcirebis xelSekruleba II<br />

(START II)<br />

antarqtidis SeTanxmeba<br />

kosmosis SeTanxmeba<br />

birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis<br />

SeTanxmeba<br />

zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba<br />

konvencia biologiuri iara­<br />

Ris Se saxeb<br />

konvencia qimiuri iaraRis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo<br />

savaldebulo iurisdiqcia<br />

1. gansazRvreT arasamTavrobo faqtorebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ra<br />

gavlena aqvs mas saerTaSoriso sistemaze?<br />

2. ram ganapiroba gaeros daarseba? riT gansxvavdeba igi erTa ligisagan?<br />

3. ras akeTebs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo da rogor iRebs is gadawyvetilebebs?<br />

4. sad gamoiyenes gaeros samSvidobo operaciebi yvelaze metad 1990­ian wlebamde?<br />

rogor Seicvala saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis konteqsti<br />

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg? CamoTvaleT adgilmdebareoba sami an oTxi<br />

yvelaze ambiciuri samSvidobo misiisa bolo wlebSi.<br />

5. asrulebs Tu ara saerTaSoriso samarTali pozitiur rols Tanamedrove<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />

6. ra SezRudvebi aqvs saerTaSoriso samarTals?<br />

7. ramdenad efeqtianad funqcionirebs saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo?<br />

8. risi gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli msoflio politikaSi saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlis rolis gazrdisaTvis?<br />

9. aniWebs Tu ara msoflio politikis tendenciebi upiratesobas saerTa­<br />

Soriso sasamarTlos? ufro farTo rols aniWebs mas, Tu ufro mcires?

672 politika mTavrobis gareSe<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and<br />

Process, me-2 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 149-150.<br />

2. pirveli citata aris Joan Edelman Spero­s naSromSi The Politics of Economic<br />

Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 104. meore ki Bruce<br />

Kogut­is Foreign Policy (Spring 1998): 7; online at www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/<br />

m1181/n110/20492572/.<br />

3. rogorc gaeros World Investment Report-Si aris naTqvami. reziumesaTvis ix.<br />

Francis Williams, `Global Business: A Fact of Life _ UNCTAD’s World Investment<br />

Report Assesses the Role of Multinationals,’ Financial Times, August 31, 1994, 4.<br />

4. Lester Brown, et al., Vital Signs: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (New<br />

York: Norton, 1993), 74.<br />

5. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkoph, World Politics: Trend and Transformation,<br />

me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 129.<br />

6. Kogut, Foreign Policy, 1; online reprint at findarticles.com<br />

7. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of Economic Relations, 112-113.<br />

8. George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order (New York:<br />

Freeman, 1979),3.<br />

9. Kegley and Wittkopf axdenen IGO-ebis klasifikacias wevrobis moculobisa<br />

da miznebis raodenobis mixedviT. aq mocemulia maTze miTiTeba. ix. Kegley<br />

and Wittkopf, World Politics, 144-148.<br />

10. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and<br />

the Global Political System (New York: Knopf, 1979).<br />

11. citirebuli Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations-Si (New York:<br />

Random House, 1962), 97.<br />

12. Margaret Karns, `Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping<br />

and Peacemaking,’ in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-4 gamoc.,<br />

red. Michael Klare da Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 199.<br />

Cveni msjeloba gaeros rolis Sesaxeb civi omis Semdeg eTanxmeba karnesas<br />

da Cven valSi varT misi naSromis winaSe.<br />

13. Karns, Maintaining International Peace, 206.<br />

14. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,<br />

me-5 gamoc., (New York, Knopf, 1978), 281.<br />

15. Lassa Francis Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, nawili 1, me-2 gamoc.,<br />

(London: Longman, 1912), 281.<br />

16. Kegley, Jr., and Wittkopf, World Politics, 472.<br />

17. es citata gadmotanilia Associated Press­dan, Semdegi statiis mixedviT<br />

Henry Slapper, Guus J. M. Velders, John S. Daniel, Frank R. de Gruijl, and Jan C.<br />

van der Leun, `Estimates of Ozone Deplation and Skin Cancer Incidence to Examine<br />

the Vienna Convention Achievements,’ Nature 384 (November 1996): 256-258.

sityvari:<br />

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

673<br />

adamianis buneba – adamianTa saerTo niSnebi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT<br />

reaqciebs garemosa da sxva adamianebis mimarT.<br />

adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia – 1789 wlis agvistoSi safrangeTis erovnuli<br />

asambleis mier miRebuli es mokle manifesti Seiqmna rogorc<br />

preambula mogvianebiT dasaweri liberalur­demokratiuli<br />

konstituciisa; man suverenuli Zalaufleba ers mianiWa,<br />

magram SezRuda igi sicocxlis, sakuTrebis da usafrTxoebis<br />

individualuri uflebebiT.<br />

administraciuli decentralizacia – marTvis kompetenciebis gadacema<br />

centraluri xelisuflebisgan adgilobrivi biurokratiisTvis.<br />

avtokratia – erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufleba.<br />

avtoritarizmi – am terminiT xasiaTdeba saxelmwifoebi, sadac mTeli<br />

legitimuri Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia erTi<br />

pirovnebis (diqtatoris) an mcire jgufis (oligarqiis)<br />

xelSi, individualuri uflebebi saxelmwifos nebasurvils<br />

eqvemdebareba, xolo <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis<br />

SesanarCuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba.<br />

avtoriteti – xelisuflebis unari, sazogadoebis wevrTa morCileba<br />

daimsaxuros.<br />

aziuri gripi – termini, romliTac aRniSnaven 1997 wlis areulobas aziis<br />

safondo birjebze, finansur institutebsa da ekonomikebSi.<br />

amerikis revolucia (1775­83) – am epoqalurma movlenam, romelsac agreTve<br />

`damoukideblobisTvis oms~ an `revoluciur oms~ uwodeben,<br />

bolo mouRo amerikis camet koloniaze didi britaneTis<br />

batonobas da 1787­89 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

Seqmnas daudo safuZveli; mas Cveulebriv 1776 wels<br />

damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT aTariReben.<br />

amerikuli konservatizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> midgoma aSS­Si, romelic sxva<br />

RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas ekonomikur<br />

keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas da tradicias aniWebs.<br />

amerikuli liberalizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> midgoma aSS­Si, romelic sxva<br />

RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas individualizms,<br />

Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs aniWebs.<br />

anarqizmi – doqtrina, romelic principulad ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri saxis<br />

xelisuflebis arsebobas da xSirad ukanono da Zaladobrivi<br />

meTodebiT ebrZvis mas.<br />

angariSsworeba (retribution) – damnaSaveTa dasja imis safuZelze, rom maT<br />

boroteba Caidines da tanjvas imsaxureben.<br />

antarqtidis SeTanxmeba – saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic karZalavs<br />

yovelgvar samxedro saqmianobas antarqtidis kontinentze<br />

da uSvebs iq nebismieri qveynis mier ganxorcielebul

674<br />

RonisZiebaTa inspeqtirebas. is agreTve auqmebs nebismieri<br />

qveynis teritoriul pretenziebs antarqtidis mimarT da<br />

xelmomwer mxareebs avaldebulebs mSvidobian TanamSromlobas<br />

kvlevebis sferoSi.<br />

antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi – terorizmi, mimarTuli xelisuflebis da<br />

saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg.<br />

arakonvenciuri monawileoba – <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis formebi, romlebic<br />

kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram moqalaqeTa umravlesobis<br />

mxridan gakicxvas imsaxurebs.<br />

arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba – <strong>politikuri</strong> saqmianoba, romelic<br />

winaaRmdegobaSi modis saxelmwifos kanonebTan.<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi – eri­saxelmwifoebisgan gansxavebuli moqmedi pirebi,<br />

rogoricaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi, saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />

romlebic garkveul rols TamaSoben saerTaSoriso<br />

politikaSi.<br />

araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba – konfrontaciisa da protestis araZaladobrivi<br />

forma; mas xandaxan `samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasac~<br />

uwodeben.<br />

asi yvavilis kampania – mokle periodi CineTis istoriaSi (1956 w.), rodesac<br />

mao Ze­dunma gasaqani misca gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da<br />

individualizms. es politika Seicvala reJimis mimarT<br />

gaxSirebuli kritikis pasuxad.<br />

askriptiuli sazogadoeba – sazogadoeba, romelSic individs statusi da<br />

mdgomareoba ganesazRvreba misi religiiT, sqesiT, asakiT an<br />

sxva msgavsi niSniT.<br />

axali industriuli qveynebi – qveynebi, romlebmac bolo aTwleulebSi miaRwies<br />

ekonomikis ayvavebas, industriis saeqsporto dargebis<br />

ganviTarebas da saSualo klasis swraf zrdas: magaliTad,<br />

samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri, tailandi.<br />

balfuris deklaracia – ase ewoda britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris<br />

pativsacemad, romelmac 1947 wels gamoacxada, rom `britaneTi<br />

mxars uWers palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisTvis erovnuli saxlis<br />

dafuZnebas~ da ikisra valdebuleba, rom `xels Seuwyobs am<br />

miznis miRwevas im pirobiT, rom araferi unda gakeTdes iseTi,<br />

rac Selaxavs palestinis arsebuli ara­ebrauli Temebis<br />

samoqalaqo da religiur uflebebs an romelime sxva qveyanaSi<br />

mcxovreb ebraelTa uflebebs da politikur statuss~.<br />

bastilia – safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789) es iyo parizis avadsaxsenebeli<br />

samefo sapyrobile; 1789 wlis 14 ivliss bastiliaze xalxis<br />

ieriSma da tusaRTa gaTavisuflebam mZime dartyma miayena<br />

monarqias da safrangeTis istoriaSi mTeli epoqis aRsasrulis<br />

simbolod iqca. mogvianebiT revolucionerebi giliotiniT<br />

gauswordnen TviT burbonTa samefo dinastias, kerZod mefe<br />

lui XVI­s da mis eqstravagantul meuRles, dedofal maria<br />

antuanetas.

675<br />

bikameralizmi – ix. orpalatiani sistema.<br />

bipolaruli sistema – ix. orpolusiani sistema.<br />

birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmeba – 1968 wels Seqmnili<br />

saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romlis mizania Seaferxos<br />

birTvuli iaraRis armqone erebis mier aseTi iaraRis mopoveba.<br />

mas ar SeuerTdnen safrangeTi, CineTi da sxva qveynebi,<br />

romlebic aqtiurad cdilobdnen birTvuli iaraRis xelSi<br />

Cagdebas.<br />

birTvuli monopolia – mas adgili aqvs, roca dapirispirebaSi myofi ori<br />

qveynidan erTs birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis realuri<br />

SesaZlebloba aqvs; meore msoflio omis Semdeg SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi daaxloebiT aTi wlis manZlze inarCunebdnen birTvul<br />

monopolias.<br />

biujetis deficiti – centraluri xelisuflebis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

imaze metis daxarjva, vidre is Semosavlebis saxiT iRebs.<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi es deficiti saxelmwifo valad iqceva<br />

da mniSvnelovani xangrZlivvadiani gavlena aqvT qveynis<br />

ekonomikis sijansaResa da keTildReobaze (ix. agreTve<br />

erovnuli vali).<br />

bihevioralistebi – am mimdinareobis momxreebi politikis Seswavlisas qcevas<br />

ZiriTadad faqtebze dayrdnobiT afaseben.<br />

bihevioristuli fsiqologia – fsiqologiis skola, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

adamianTa da cxovelTa qcevas garemodan an sxva adamianebisgan<br />

miRebuli stimulebi (gamRizianeblebi) gansazRvravs;<br />

Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia adamianTa da cxovelTa qceviT<br />

manipulireba, Tu sasurvel qcevas pozitiur stimulebs<br />

SevuTanadebT, xolo arasasurvels – negatiurs.<br />

bihevioraluri inJineria – waxalisebisa da sasjelis kargad daprogramebuli<br />

gamoyeneba individsa Tu cxovelSi qcevis sasurveli wesebis<br />

dasamkvidreblad.<br />

breidis kanoni – prezident ronal reiganis pirveli pres­mdivnis jeims<br />

breidis saxeliT cnobili kanoni (ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wels),<br />

romelic iaraRis yidvisas xuTdRian mosacdel vadas awesebs;<br />

misi mizania, dro misces samarTaldacvis organoebs, gaarkvion,<br />

myidveli nasamarTlevi xom ar aris. (breidi mZimed daiWra<br />

1981 wels prezident reiganze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis<br />

dros).<br />

britaneTis Tanamegobroba – TvalsaCino magaliTi preferenciuli savaWro<br />

SeTanxmebisa, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba,<br />

erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro upiratesobebi mianiWos.<br />

moicavs did britaneTs da misi yofili koloniebis<br />

umravlesobas.<br />

britaneTis raji – britaneTis koloniuri mmarTveloba aziis subkontinentze<br />

me­18 saukunidan 1947 wlamde, rodesac indoeTma da pakistanma<br />

damoukidebloba moipoves.

676<br />

bundesrati – zeda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi. mis wevrebs,<br />

romelTac uSualod niSnaven qveynis miwebi (Länder), ZiriTadad<br />

araformaluri gavlena aqvT sakanonmdeblo procesze.<br />

bundestagi – qveda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi, romelsac wamyvani<br />

roli aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi.<br />

bunebiTi mdgomareoba – adamianTa cxovrebis wesi manamde, sanam Seiqmneboda<br />

qcevis socialuri kodeqsebi da normaluri adamianuri qcevis<br />

kontrolis koleqtiuri teqnikebi.<br />

burJuazia – marqsistul ideologiaSi, kapitalistTa klasi.<br />

`gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs~ (winner-takes-all) – saarCevno sistema,<br />

romelSic imarjvebs kandidati, vinc yvelaze met xmas iRebs.<br />

gamoCenili liderebi – individebi, visac gansakuTrebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sibrZnisa<br />

da unarebis meSveobiT Tavisi qveynebi gansakuTrebuli<br />

gansacdelidan gamoyavs.<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi – qveynebi, sadac ar aris uzrunvelyofili <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

Zalauflebis gadacemis meqanizmebi, saxelmwifos mxridan<br />

servisebi da piradi usafrTxoeba.<br />

ganmeorebadi gamokiTxvebi (tracking polls)– amomrCevelTa erTsa da imave<br />

SerCevasTan ramdenjerme Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi, romelTa<br />

mizania droSi cvalebadi ganwyobebis dinamikis Seswavla.<br />

gancalkevebuli kunZulebi – ojaxi, eklesia Tu sxva socialuri organizacia,<br />

romlis SigniTac SeiZleba SenarCundes Sida winaaRmdegoba<br />

gabatonebuli totalitaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg.<br />

garantirebuli urTierTgandgureba – CixSi Sesuli dapirispireba birTvuli<br />

SeiaraRebis sferoSi, rodesac orive mowinaaRmdege<br />

saxelmwifom icis, rom Tu erT­erTi oms wamoiwyebs, Tavdasxmis<br />

obieqts gancdili moulodneli birTvuli Setevis miuxedavad<br />

mainc darCeba sapasuxo, `meore dartymis~ sakmarisi unari, rom<br />

agresors miuReblad mZime ziani miayenos. civi omis dros amas<br />

eyrdnoboda or zesaxelmwifos Soris stabiluri strategiuli<br />

urTierToba.<br />

gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (dual executive)– saparlamento<br />

sistemebSi miRebuli funqciebis ganawileba or pirovnebas –<br />

saxelmwifos meTaursa da umaRles aRmasrulebel Tanamdebobis<br />

pirs Soris. ukanasknelis rols premier­ministri asrulebs,<br />

xolo saxelmwifos ceremoniul meTaurad romelime sxva<br />

arCeuli piri (prezidenti) an monarqi gvevlineba.<br />

gaucxoeba – ubralo moqalaqeebis ganwyoba, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis<br />

normalur formebs Sedegi ar moaqvs an rom maT ar eZlevaT<br />

politikur procesebSi qmediTi monawileobis SesaZlebloba.<br />

gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (divided executive)– viTareba<br />

safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, rodesac prezidenti da premier­ministri<br />

xSirad sxvadasxva partiebsa Tu politikur<br />

msoflmxedvelobebs warmoadgenen.<br />

gawveva – pirdapiri kenWisyra arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad.

677<br />

genderuli gansvla – es termini gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi qalebisa<br />

da mamakacebis saarCevno qcevebs Soris gansxvavebaTa<br />

dasaxasiaTeblad. gansxvaveba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa<br />

im politikur problemebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic<br />

xelisuflebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis marTebulobas exeba.<br />

generaluri Statebi (Estates-General) – safrangeTis sakanonmdeblo organo<br />

1789 wlamde, romelSic warmodgenili iyo sami wodeba –<br />

samRvdeloeba, Tavadaznauroba da ubralo xalxi.<br />

gestapo – nacistur germaniaSi ase erqva saidumlo saxelmwifo policias –<br />

hitleris instruments, romelsac is ebraelTa da politikur<br />

oponentTa masobrivi teroris gasatareblad iyenebda.<br />

glastnosti – sityva­sityvtiT niSnavs `Riaobas~; es termini aRniSnavs sabWoTa<br />

kavSirSi mixeil gorbaCovis mier cenzuris Sekvecas da<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> debatebisa da gansxvavebuli azrisTvis asparezis<br />

Seqmnas.<br />

glastnostis pirveladobis modeli – ganviTarebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

liberaluri <strong>politikuri</strong> reformebi win unda uswrebdes<br />

ekonomikur reformebs.<br />

globalizacia – procesi, ris Sedegadac teqnologiurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli<br />

demokratiebis Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi, damokidebulebebi<br />

da produqtebi mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba<br />

mas­mediisa da vaWrobis meSveobiT.<br />

gomindani – CineTis nacionalisturi partia Can kai­Sis liderobiT. 1949 wels<br />

daamarcxa mao Ze­dunma.<br />

gradualizmi – rwmena, rom mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi unda<br />

ganxorcieldes TandaTanobiT, reformebis gziT, da ara<br />

erTbaSad, revoluciuri wesiT.<br />

gulagis arqipelagi – metaforuli saxeli, riTac cnobilia yofil sabWoTa<br />

kavSirSi ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili da saidumlo policiis<br />

mier marTuli monuri Sromis banakebi, sadac gansxvavebulad<br />

moazrovne da politikurad arasasurvel pirebs agzavnidnen.<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) – sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis<br />

Semdeg Semqnili axlad suverenuli qveynebis susti federacia.<br />

masSi Sevida TiTqmis yvela respublika, manamde ssrk nawili<br />

rom iyo.<br />

danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg – danaSaulis kategoria, romelic pirve ­<br />

lad niurgbergSi nacisti samxedro damnaSaveebis gasamarTlebi<br />

sas gamoiyenes; mieyeneba milionobiT udanaSaulo moqala ­<br />

qis ganurCevlad ganadgurebis SemTxvevebs.<br />

danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg – samxedro damnaSaveTa niurbergis<br />

sasamarTloze gamoyenebuli kategoria, romelic mieyeneba<br />

saerTaSoriso mSvidobis darRvevas gaumarTlebeli, agresiuli<br />

omiT.<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria – mis mixedviT ganviTarebadi qveynebi Raribi da<br />

mdidar erebze damokidebuli rCebian didi xnis manZilze

678<br />

kolonializmis formaluri dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan<br />

industriuli erebi (dasavleTi) yvela Rones (politikurs,<br />

ekonomikurs, samxedrosa da kulturuls) xmaroben nakleb<br />

ganviTarebuli da Warbi iafi muSa xelis mqone qveynebis<br />

mxridan konkurenciis aRsakveTad. amiT narCundeba msoflio<br />

ekonomikuri sistema, sadac dabalia fasebi nedleulsa da<br />

soflis meurneobis produqtebze.<br />

devolucia – aSS federalizmis konteqstSi es aris Statebisa da adgilobrivi<br />

xelisuflebisTvis meti uflebebis miniWeba, raTa maT<br />

vaSingtonis Carevis gareSe SemoiRon kanonebi, gaataron<br />

politika da miiRon gadawyvetilebebi.<br />

deitonis SeTanxmebebi – 1995 wels parizSi (safrangeTi) xelmowerili<br />

samSvidobo SeTanxmeba bosniis omis dasrulebis Taobaze; man<br />

qveynis teritoriis 49 procenti serbebs gadasca, xolo 51<br />

procenti – muslimebsa da xorvatebs, saraevos dedaqalaqis<br />

statusi SeunarCuna da Seqmna centraluri xelisufleba<br />

koleqtiuri saprezidento mmarTvelobiTa da parlamentiT.<br />

demagogi – adamiani, romelic saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis mopovebas cdilobs<br />

popularuli SiSebisa da crurwmenebis manipulirebiT, Semdeg<br />

ki Tanamdebobas piradi gamorCenisTvis iyenebs.<br />

`demokratizacia~ – mixeil gorbaCovis SemoRebuli politika yofil sabWoTa<br />

kavSirSi demokratiul reformaTa wasaxaliseblad, rac<br />

agreTve gulisxmobda met konkurencias komunisturi partiis<br />

SigniT.<br />

demokratiis kedeli – kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzec 1978 wlidan dauSves<br />

reJimis sajaro kritika.<br />

demokratiis korelatebi – pirobebi da garemoebebi, romlebic erSi demokratiis<br />

Seqmnasa da SenarCunebasTan pozitiur korelaciaSi myofad<br />

miiCneva.<br />

demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi – demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi<br />

xSirad arian samxedro TavlsazrisiT Zlieri, eomebian sxva<br />

saxelmwifoebs, axdenen samxedro intervencias, xandaxan<br />

agresiis aqtebs Cadian, magram erTmaneTs ar eomebian.<br />

demokratiuli socializmi – mmarTvelobis forma, romelic emyareba saerTosaxalxo<br />

arCevnebs, ekonomikis ZiriTad seqtorebze saxelmwifo<br />

sakuTrebasa da kontrols da moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze<br />

mimarTul farTo socialur programebs jandacvisa da<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi.<br />

diadi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia – 1966 wels dawyebuli qaoturi<br />

periodi, rodesac mao Ze­dunis miTiTebiT CineTis axalgazrdebi<br />

(`wiTeli gvardia~) Tavs esxmodnen biurokratiul da samxedro<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebs kapitalisturi da materialisturi<br />

tendenciebis aRmofxvris sababiT. eWvmitanil Tanamdebobis<br />

pirebs iZulebiT agzavnidnen SromiT koloniebSi<br />

`gamosasworeblad~.

679<br />

dialeqtikuri materializmi – karl marqsis Teoria istoriuli progresis<br />

Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac ekonomikuri klasebi erTmaneTTan<br />

brZoliT safuZvels uqmnian ekonomikur sistemaTa<br />

ganviTarebad Tanmimdevrobas, romelic sabolood uklaso<br />

sazogadoebis SeqmniT dasruldeba.<br />

didi naxtomi – CineTis ekonomikuri struqturis gardaqmnisa da modernizaciis<br />

mcdeloba mao Ze­dunis mier 1950­iani wlebis bolos da 1960­iani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi; am dros mTeli mosaxleoba mobilizebuli<br />

iyo TviTkmar komunebad, romelTa SigniT yovelgvari<br />

saqmianoba jgufuri wesiT mimdinareobda.<br />

distopia – sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebs srulyofili <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

wesrigis Camoyalibeba swaddaT, magram aRmoaCines, rom<br />

Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod ZaladobiT da komunikaciis<br />

saSualebebze uxeSi monopoliiT SeeZloT.<br />

disciplinebuli partiebi – saparlamento demokratiebSi es niSnavs imas, rom<br />

kanonmdeblebi rogorc wesi erTiani partiuli jgufebis saxiT<br />

aZleven xmas partiuli platformis mxadasaWerad.<br />

doqtor bonebis saqme – precedenti inglisis sasamarTloSi (1610 w.), rodesac<br />

iuristma edvard qouqma Camoyaliba principi, riTac kanonis<br />

uzenaesobasTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosuli sakanonmdeblo<br />

aqtebi Zaladakargulad cxaddeba.<br />

duma – sruli oficialuri saxelia `saxelmwifo duma~ an `saTaTbiro~; ase qvia<br />

ruseTis erovnuli sakananmdeblo organos – federaluri<br />

sakrebulos qveda palatas. is 1993 wlis konstituciiT aRdga<br />

mas Semdeg, rac 1917 wels gaauqmes. masSi Sedis 450 deputati,<br />

romelTagan naxevars saerTo­erovnuli partiuli siebiT<br />

irCeven, meore naxevars ki – erTmandatiani olqebidan.<br />

evgenika – saxeobaTa memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis kontrolze mimarTuli<br />

moZRvreba; Cveulebriv, is mimarTavs SerCeviT Sejvarebas<br />

saxeobis gaumjobesebis mizniT.<br />

evrokavSiri – evropeli erebis ekonomikuri asociacia; adre cnobili iyo<br />

rogorc saerTo bazari an evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba.<br />

evrokomunizmi – tradiciuli sabWoTa komunisturi Teoriis saxecvlileba<br />

dasavleT evropaSi, romelmac uari Tqva Zaladobriv<br />

revoluciasa da diqtaturaze da arsebuli saxelisuflebo<br />

struqturebis arCevnebis gziT gakontrolebas mianiWa<br />

upiratesoba.<br />

eTnikuri wmenda – bosniaSi gavrcelebuli praqtika, rodesac muslimanebs<br />

ZaladobiT aZevebdnen qalaqebidan da soflebidan.<br />

eTnocentrizmi – erebis uunaroba, met­naklebad obieqturad Seafason sakuTari<br />

qmedeba nacionalizmis ideologiis gamo.<br />

ekonomikuri SeRweva – gavlena, romelsac erTi an ramdenime qveyana<br />

axorcielebs winarevoluciur periodSi myofi qveynis<br />

ekonomikur cxovrebaze.<br />

erTguli (loialuri) opozicia – inglisSi Camoyalibebuli rwmena, rom

680<br />

ZalauflebaSi armyof partias ekisreba pasuxismgebloba,<br />

alternatuli <strong>politikuri</strong> strategiebi da programebi<br />

Camoayalibos. aseT partias xandaxan `erTgul (loialur)<br />

opozicias~ uwodeben.<br />

erToba – ix. Temi.<br />

eri (nacia) – Tumca es termini xSirad saxelmwifos da qveynis sinonimad<br />

ixmareba, is aRniSnavs gamorCeuli enisa da kulturis mqone<br />

specifikur xalxs an did erTnikur jgufs. magaliTad,<br />

frangebi, holandielebi, Cinelebi da iaponelebi qmnian<br />

rogorc ers, aseve saxelmwifos (swored aqedan warmodgeba<br />

termini `eri­saxelmwifo~). magram yvela ers ara aqvs imis<br />

iRbali, rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes – amis Tanamedrove<br />

magliTebia qurTebi (cxovroben TurqeTSi, iransa da eraySi),<br />

palestinelebi (dasavleT sanapiro da Raza, libani, iordania),<br />

puStunebi (avRaneTi), uigurebi da tibetelebi (CineTi).<br />

eri­saxelmwifo – geografiulad gansazRvruli erToba, romelsac erTi<br />

xelisufleba aqvs.<br />

eris mSenebloba – procesi, ris Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis<br />

macxovreblebma, maTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi<br />

maxasiTeblebis miuxedavad, Tavi unda gaaigivon Sesabamisi<br />

eri­saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan.<br />

erovnuli asamblea – safrangeTis orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo organos qveda<br />

da politikurad wamyvani palata, romelic yvela kanons iRebs.<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkveva – eris ufleba, sakuTari xelisufleba Tavad<br />

airCios.<br />

erovnuli vali – yovelwliuri sabiujeto deficitebis TandaTanobiTi<br />

akumulacia, rac iqmneba imis Sedegad, rom mTavroba xarjavs<br />

mets, vidre Semosavali aqvs. es aiZulebs xelisuflebas, fuli<br />

isesxos xarjebis gasastumreblad, ris Sedegadac msxvili<br />

Tanxebis gadaxda uxdeba sabanko procentis dasafarad, rac<br />

TiToeuli wlis saxelmwifo biujets akldeba.<br />

erovnuli interesi – politikis mizani, mimarTuli eris gavlenisa da prestiJis<br />

SenarCunebasa Tu gazrdaze.<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoeba – qveynis dacva sagareo Tu saSinao mtrisgan.<br />

eqspansionizmi – qveynis strategia, mimarTuli misi teritoriis an gavlenis<br />

gasafarToeblad.<br />

vaimaris respublika – ase erqva germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,<br />

1919 wels q. vaimarSi gamarTuli sakonstitucio konvenciis<br />

gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebul konstituciur demokratias. mas<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> da ekonomikuri arastabilobis periodSi mouwia<br />

arseboba da 1933 wels hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvliT<br />

dasrulda.<br />

`varskvlavTa palata~ (Star Chamber) – istoriulad ase uwodebdnen sasamarTlos<br />

inglisSi, romlis iurisdiqciac gafarTovda saimisod, rom<br />

mefes SeuzRudvelad SeZleboda daesaja nebismieri qve­<br />

Semrdomi misi brZanebis SeusruleblobisTvis.

681<br />

varSavis xelSekruleba – 1955 wels sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi satelitebis mier<br />

Seqmnili samxedro bloki, riTac Seiqmna erTiani samxedro<br />

sardloba da sabWoTa kavSirs mieca SesaZlebloba, sateliti<br />

saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze didi samxedro kontingenti<br />

hqonoda am qveynebis gare agresiisgan dacvis gamocxadebuli<br />

mizniT.<br />

vaWrobis pirobebi – saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi ase qvia qveynis mier<br />

msoflio bazarze SeZenili produqtebis (saqonlis, nawarmis,<br />

momsaxurebis) fass mis mier gayiduli produqtebis fasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />

fasebis struqtura saerTaSoriso bazarze ar aris<br />

xelsayreli sasoflo­sameurneo produqciisa da nedleulis<br />

mwarmoeblebisaTvis, radgan samrewvelo nawarmi maTTan<br />

SedarebiT Cveulebiv ufro Zviria.<br />

zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba – saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic krZalavs<br />

birTvuli iaraRis ganTavsebas zRvis fskerze 29­miliani<br />

teritoriuli sazRvris miRma.<br />

Tavisufali (laisser-faire) kapitalizmi – ekomomikuri wyoba, damyarebuli im<br />

ideaze, rom centralizebuli saxelmwifos regulirebisagan<br />

Tavisufali bazari ekonomikuri sistemis saukeTeso<br />

regulatoria.<br />

Tavisufali mewarmeoba – sxva saxeli kerZo mewarmeobisTvis, romelsac<br />

saxelmwifo zedmetad ar aferxebs Tavisi regulaciebiT<br />

da SezRudvebiT; misi sawinaaRmdegoa saxelmwifos mier<br />

kontrolirebadi ekonomika an biznesebisa da mrewvelobis<br />

saxelmwifo sakuTreba.<br />

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika – decentralizebuli ekonomika, romelSic<br />

fasebi, xelfasebi da sabanko procenti, iseve rogorc<br />

warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erTobliobas<br />

miwodebisa da moTxovnis Zalebi gansazRvravs da ara<br />

saxelmwifo.<br />

Tanaarseboba – ix. kohabitacia.<br />

TanatolTa jgufi – asakiTa da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs adamianTa jgufi.<br />

Temi – individTa nebismieri asociacia, romelic emyareba geografiul,<br />

eTikur, religiur Tu eTnikur niSnebze dafuZnebul saerTo<br />

identobas.<br />

Teokratia – xelisufleba, romelic eyrdnoba religias da romelSic<br />

samRvdeloeba dominirebs.<br />

idealizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis gasagebad<br />

da, SesaZloa, Sesacvlelad sakvanZo mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />

Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da moralur principebs.<br />

ideologia – myari, winaswar gansazRvruli warmodgenebis erToblioba<br />

sazogado sikeTis miRwevis saukeTeso gzebze, gaziarebuli<br />

politikosebisa Tu moqalaqeebis mier.<br />

ideologiuri terorizmi – teroris forma, Cveulebriv marqsistuli mi­

682<br />

marTulebisa, romelic miznad isaxavs saxelmwifos damxobas.<br />

imperializmi – teritoriuli gafarToebis (imperiis mSeneblobis) politika,<br />

xSirad samxedro dapyrobis gziT. warmoiSoba sityvidan<br />

`imperia~.<br />

individualizmi – aleqsis de tokvilis mixedviT, ase qvia adamianis grZnobebis<br />

sakuTar Tavze problemebze mimarTvas, mTliani sazogadoebis<br />

zogadi wuxilebisgan Tavis gamoyofas. jon stuart milis<br />

mixedviT, es adamianis is Tvisebaa, rac mas cxovelebisagan<br />

ganasxvavebs da mis gansakuTrebulobasa da Rirsebas<br />

gansazRvravs.<br />

instituciuri revoluciuri partia – meqsikis dominanturi <strong>politikuri</strong> partia<br />

1929 wlidan bolo periodamde; mas arCevnebi ar waugia 2000<br />

wlamde, rodesac erovnuli qmedebis partiis warmomadgenelma<br />

vinsente foqsma saprezidento arCevnebi moigo.<br />

interesTa jgufi – adamianTa erToblioba, romelic cdilobs, gavlena<br />

moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze specialur<br />

interesTa gansazRvrul sferoSi, risTvisac iyenebs lobirebas,<br />

partiebisTvis finansur Sewirulobebs da sxva xerxebs.<br />

internacionalistebi – Teoretikosebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWeben<br />

erebs Soris mSvidobas da TanamSromlobas da saamisod mxars<br />

uWeren yvela mTavrobis monawileobas raime saxis msoflio<br />

organizaciaSi.<br />

intifada – arabulad `ajanyebas~ niSnavs; ase daerqva palestinelTa ajanyebas<br />

dasavleTi sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier<br />

okupaciis winaaRmdeg 1987­1993 da 2001­02 wlebSi. meore<br />

intifada Zaladobis gansakuTrebuli eskalaciiT aRiniSna<br />

– eqstremistuli palestinuri dajgufebebi xSirad iyenebdnen<br />

afeTqebebs kamikaZe (TviTmkvleli) terorostebis mier,<br />

israeli ki okupirebuli teritoriebis dasaSoSmineblad<br />

uaRresad mkacr meTodebs mimarTavda.<br />

kaTalitikuri omi – konfliqti, romelic lokaluri da SezRuduli Sejaxebis<br />

saxiT iwyeba, magram farTo omSi gadaizrdeba mas Semdeg,<br />

rac samxedro aliansebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad masSi sxva<br />

monawileebi CaerTvebian.<br />

kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni – karl marqsis mixedviT, es aris Seuvali<br />

kanoni, risi ZaliTac yvelaze Zlieri da xarbi kapitalistebi<br />

TandaTanobiT moicileben ufro sust konkurentebs da<br />

gazrdian bazarze kontrols.<br />

kanoni ex post facto – kanoni, romelic ukana ricxviT axdens Cadenis momentSi<br />

kanonierad miCneuli qmedebis kriminalizacias.<br />

kanonis uzenaesoba – am koncefciis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis da misi<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebis Zalaufleba da diskrecia SezRuduli<br />

unda iyos uzenaesi neitraluri wesebis erTobliobiT,<br />

romlebic xels uSlis mTavrobis mxridan TviTnebur da<br />

usamarTlo moqmedebas.

683<br />

kapitalizmi – kerZo mewarmoebaze damyarebuli da mogebis motiviT warmar Tuli<br />

sabazro ekonomikis sistema; is komunizmis sapirispiroa<br />

da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli<br />

centralurad dagegmili ekonomikis sistemisagan.<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo – saxelmwifo, romlis xelisuflebis upirvelesi<br />

sazrunavia Tavisi moqalaqeebis socialuri uzrunvelyofa<br />

da romelic am mizans aRwevs specifikuri sajaro politikiT,<br />

rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, minimaluri xelfasi da<br />

subsidiebi binebis asaSeneblad.<br />

kemp­devidis SeTanxmeba – 1979 wlis SeTanmxmeba, riTac israelma sinas<br />

naxevarkunZuli daubruna egiptes da sanacvlod egiptesgan<br />

misi arsebobis uflebis aRiareba miiRo; yofilma mtrebma<br />

sruli diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyares da erTmaneTTan<br />

mSvidobis SenarCunebis valdebuleba aiRes.<br />

kerZo interesTa jgufebi – maTi wevrebis pirad interesTa dasakmayofileblad<br />

Seqmnili jgufebi.<br />

koaliciuri mTavroba – <strong>politikuri</strong> situacia mravalpartiul saparlamento<br />

sistemebSi, romlis drosac arc erT partias ara aqvs<br />

umravlesoba da yvelaze Zlieri partia droebiT kavSirs<br />

amyarebs ufro mcire partiebTan sakanonmdeblo organoSi<br />

umravlesobis mosapoveblad.<br />

koleqtivizacia – miwisa da warmoebis yvela sxva saSualebis saxelmwifo<br />

sakuTrebaSi gadasvla.<br />

koleqtivizmi – rwmena, rom saerTo keTildReobisTvis ukeTesia, <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

erTeulis SigniT arsebuli warmoebis da ganawilebis<br />

saSualebebi saerTo (da ara individualur) sakuTrebaSi iyos.<br />

koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi am mizniT<br />

ideba SeTanxmeba ramdenime qveyanas Soris erTiani Zlieri<br />

gaerTianebis Seqmnaze, romelic daupirispirdeba nebismier<br />

qveyanas, romelic agresiis aqts Caidens. raki verc erTi<br />

calke aRebuli eri ver ajobebs koleqtiur Zalas, agresia<br />

warumatebeli aRmoCndeba.<br />

kolonializmi – politika, romelic ganuviTarebeli regionebis da susti<br />

qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur saqmeebze gabatonebas<br />

cdilobs. mas `imperializmsac~ uwodeben.<br />

komunizmis pirveli stadia – marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben kapitalizmis<br />

damxobis momdevno periods, romlis drosac proletariati<br />

amyarebs mSromelTa diqtaturas kontr­revoluciis Tavidan<br />

asacileblad da socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis<br />

dasamyareblad.<br />

komunizmis meore stadia – marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben utopiur<br />

uklaso sazogadoebas, romelSic adamianebi maqsimalur<br />

TviTgamoxatvas aRweven, sazogadoeba TanamSromlobis da<br />

harmoniis mdgomareobaSia, xolo omi sruliad gamoricxulia.<br />

konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb – 1972 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekrule­

684<br />

ba iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romelmac monawile qveynebi<br />

daavaldebula, gaenadgurebinaT biologiuri iaraRis<br />

arsebuli maragebi da ukanonod gamoacxada aseTi iaraRis<br />

warmoeba da Senaxva.<br />

konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb – 1993 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba<br />

iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romlis ZaliTac qimiuri<br />

iaraRi aTi wlis vadaSi unda moispos. is moiTxovs qimiuri<br />

iaraRis maragebis ganadgurebas da, aseTi iaraRis warmoebis<br />

Sewyvetis mizniT, im kompaniebis monitorings, romelTa<br />

produqcia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas nervuli agentebis<br />

dasamzadeblad.<br />

konvenciuri monawileoba – CarTva <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebul da martiv formebSi, rogoricaa xmis micema,<br />

mediaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> sakiTxebis midevneba da politikur<br />

mitingebze misvla.<br />

konservatizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofia, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan<br />

SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas<br />

da tradicias.<br />

konstitucia – xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis ZiriTadi wesebis<br />

gansazRvra.<br />

konstitucionalizmi – ix. kanonis uzenaesoba.<br />

konstituciuri demokratia – umravlesobis nebis principze agebuli<br />

SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

Zalaufleba daqsaqsulia mraval dajgufebasa da interesTa<br />

jgufs Soris, xolo saxelisuflebo moqmedebebi da institutebi<br />

konstituciiT gansazRvrul wesebs unda Seesabamos.<br />

kontrterorizmi – terorizmTan sabrZolvelad gamoyenebuli meTodebi.<br />

kohabitacia (Tanaarseboba) – safrangeTSi ase uwodeben gayofili<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iZulebiT Tanaarsebobas.<br />

kosmosis SeTanxmeba – SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs So ris<br />

dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelmac akrZala<br />

kosmosSi iaraRis Setana, kosmosze erovnuli suverenitetis<br />

gavrceleba, da waaxalisa TanamSromloba da informaciis<br />

gacvla kosmosuri kvlevebis sferoSi.<br />

kulakebi – SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis klasi ruseTis sazogadoebaSi,<br />

romelic ioseb stalinma gaanadgura, radgan isini<br />

ewinaaRmdegebodnen saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myofi didi<br />

koleqtiuri meurneobebis Seqmnis miseul programas.<br />

legitimuri xelisufleba – mTavrobis samarTlebrivi da moraluri ufleba,<br />

marTos garkveuli mosaxleoba da konkretuli teritoria.<br />

legitimuroba – <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis aRsruleba adamianTa erTobis<br />

SigniT mis wevrTa mier wesebis nebayoflobiTi dacvis<br />

safuZvelze.<br />

liberalizacia – yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ase uwodebdnen represiuli saSinao<br />

politikis Serbilebas. sabWoTa istoriisTvis damaxasiaTe beli<br />

iyo liberalizaciisa da represiis monacvleoba.

685<br />

liberalizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofia, romelic yvela sxva RirebulebasTan<br />

SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms, Tanaswo robas<br />

da samoqalaqo uflebebs.<br />

liberaluri ganaTleba – ganaTleba, romelic xazs usvams kritikuli<br />

azrovnebis unarTa ganviTarebas literaturis, filosofiis,<br />

istoriisa da mecnierebis Seswavlis gziT.<br />

liberaluri tradicia – 300­wliani tradicia dasavlur politikur<br />

azrovnebaSi, romlis azriTac xelisuflebis mizani individualur<br />

uflebaTa win wamoweva da dacvaa. amerikuli<br />

liberalizmisa da amerikuli konservatizmis damcvelTa<br />

Soris didi xania mimdinareobs dava imis Taobaze, romel<br />

individualur uflebebs unda mieniWos upiratesoba.<br />

libertarianeloba – moZRvreba, damyarebuli rwmenaze, rom xelisufleba<br />

aucilebeli borotebaa, romelic rac SeiZleba naklebad unda<br />

Caerios individualur Tavisuflebasa da pirad cxovreba ­<br />

Si. uwodeben agreTve `minimalizms~.<br />

loialuri opozicia – ix. erTguli opozicia.<br />

lobistebi – adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena moaxdinon xelisuf lebis<br />

politikaze raime specialuri interesis sasargeblod.<br />

lok sabha – indoeTis federaluri parlamentis pirdapiri xmis micemiT<br />

arCeuli qveda palata. indoeTSi, iseve rogorc gaerTianebul<br />

samefoSi da sxva sapalamento sistemebSi, mTavrobebi iqmneba<br />

qveda palatis umravlesobaSi myofi partiis (an partiaTa<br />

koaliciis) mier saerTo­erovnuli arCevnebis Semdeg.<br />

magna karta (magana carta, TavisuflebaTa didi qartia) – 1215 wels mefe jonis<br />

mier misi baronebis mimarT gakeTebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> daTmobebi,<br />

ramac inglisSi kanonis uzenaesobas Cauyara safuZveli.<br />

maJoritaruli sistema (first past the post) – gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi gamoyenebuli saarCevno sistema, romliTac<br />

sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi erTmandatian olqebSi<br />

iyrian kenWs da imarjvebs is, vinc sxvaze met xmas daagrovebs.<br />

zogierT sxva qveyanaSi – magaliTad, safrangeTSi – Tu verc<br />

erTma kandidatma xmebis gansazRvrul procentze meti ver<br />

moagrova, or yvelaze Zlier kandidats Soris kenWisyris meore<br />

turi cxaddeba. es wesi xels aZlevs farTo da myari socialuri<br />

bazis mqone partiebs da orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas<br />

uqmnis safuZvels. kritikosebis azriT, is arademokratiulia,<br />

radgan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis patara an axal<br />

partiebs da amomrCevels dilemis winaSe ayenebs: an xma misces<br />

mxolod <strong>politikuri</strong> speqtris centrTan axlos mdgom, wamyvani<br />

partiis kandidatebs, an gaflangos Tavisi xma gamarjvebis<br />

Sansis armqone kandidatis mxardaWeriT.<br />

marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi – samarTliani iuridiuli procedurebis<br />

garantia; aSS konstituciaSi mas me­5 da me­15 Sesworebebi<br />

adgens.

686<br />

marqsistebi – karl marqsis (1818­1883) <strong>politikuri</strong> filosofiis mimdevrebi,<br />

romlis mixedviTac momavali ekuTvnoda industriul Cagrul<br />

klass (`proletariats~) da rom saboloo jamSi `uklaso<br />

sazogadoeba~ Secvlida sakuTrebis mixedviT klasebad dayofil<br />

sazogadoebas; civi omis (1947­91) dros am termins SecdomiT<br />

miuyenebdnen yvelas, vinc sabWoTa kavSiris Tu CineTis<br />

saxalxo respublikis ideologias emxroboda dasavleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg.<br />

marSalis gegma – meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleT evropisadmi masiuri<br />

ekonomikuri daxmarebis programa. mas safuZvlad edo SiSi,<br />

rom omiT gaCanagebul qveynebs komunisturi revoluciebis<br />

safrTxe Seeqmneboda.<br />

masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma – samxedro­stretegiuli doqtrina, romelic<br />

birTvuli kontrdartymis realistur muqaras eyrdnoboda.<br />

mas SeerTebuli Statebi 1950­ian wlebSi, amerikuli birTvuli<br />

monopoliis mokle periodSi iyenebda. am doqtrinis Tanaxmad,<br />

Tu sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebul Statebs an mis romelime<br />

mokavSires konvenciuri iaraRis gamoyenebiT daesxmeboda<br />

Tavs, SeerTebuli Statebi birTvuli dartymiT upasuxebda.<br />

masmedia – masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, rogoricaa televizia, ra dio,<br />

filmebi, wignebi, Jurnal­gazeTebi.<br />

masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimebi – totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi maTi<br />

evoluciis yvelaze aqtiur etapze, roca isini xels uwyobdnen<br />

moqalaqeTa monawileobas mitingebsa da politikur SekrebebSi.<br />

masobrivi moZraoba – lideris da/an ideologiis erTgul mimdevarTa nebismieri<br />

didi jgufi, romelic mzadaa moZraobis gulisTvis nebismieri<br />

msxverpli gaiRos.<br />

meiZis restavracia – iaponiis feodaluri xanis dasasruli 1868 wels, rodesac<br />

gavlenian individTa mcire jgufma taxtze dasva simboluri<br />

Zalauflebis mqone imperatori, wamoiwyo ekonomikuri<br />

modernizaciis programa da Tanamedrove saxelmwufo<br />

biurokratia Camoayaliba.<br />

meore dartyma – simetriuli sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg;<br />

paradoqsia, magram `meore dartymis unari~ arsebiTad amcirebs<br />

imis albaTobas, rom birTvuli dapirispireba realur<br />

birTvul omSi gadaizrdeba.<br />

meore samyaro – komunisturi saxelmwifoebi.<br />

mesame samyaro – ase uwodeben aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebs, romelTa umravlesoba adre evropis kolonia iyo.<br />

es qveynebi rogorc wesi Raribi da mWidrod dasaxlebulia.<br />

mzardi molodinebis revolucia – ganviTarebis gziT miRweuli revolucia,<br />

romelsac mesame samyaros qveynebma unda ganicadon pirveli<br />

da meore samyaroebis warmatebaTa mibaZviT.<br />

mTavroba – pirovnebebi da institutebi, romlebic qmnian da amkvidreben<br />

wesebsa da kanonebs adamianTa ufro didi erTobebisTvis.

687<br />

ministrTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba – britanul sistemaSi es principi<br />

kabinetis ministrebs mTavrobis yvela qmedebaze da<br />

gadawyvetilebaze saerTo pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs; ministrebi<br />

Riad da sajarod ar upirispirdebian oficialur<br />

politikas an premier­ministris nabijebs, Tumca daxurul<br />

Sexvedrebze SeuZliaT idavon da gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqvan<br />

sxvadasxva sakiTxze (da ueWvelad asec iqcevian).<br />

miumxrobloba – civi omis periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika, rodesac<br />

mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana (maSin maT `mesame samyaros~<br />

qveynebs uwodebdnen) arCevda, ar mimxroboda arc SeerTebul<br />

Statebsa da mis mokavSireebs (`dasavleTs~) da arc sabWoTa<br />

kavSirsa da mis mokavSireebs (`aRmosavleTs~). miumxrobloba<br />

imiT gansxvavdeba neitralitetisgan, rom is ar gamoricxavs<br />

lokalur konfliqtebSi qveynis Carevas an agresiul<br />

moqmedebas, da rom meore msoflio omamde is ar qceula<br />

mniSvnelovan cnebad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.<br />

miuRebeli zarali – omis dros ase uwodeben ngrevis dones, romelic<br />

potenci ur agresors sxva qveyanaze Tavdasxmis cTunebas<br />

gauqrobs. swored am mizniT aviTareben birTvuli strategiis<br />

doqtrinaSi meore dartymis unars: man unda Seakavos winaswari<br />

an prevenciuli birTvuli Seteva (`pirveli dartyma~).<br />

mogolebi – muslimi dampyroblebi, romlebmac dinastiuri imperia Seqmnes aziis<br />

sub­kontinentze; maTi yvelaze gamoCenili mmarTvelebi iyvnen<br />

baburi (1483­1530), akbari (1556­1605), Sah iahani (1628­1658)<br />

da aurangzebi (1658­1707). Sah iahani taj­maxalis arqiteqtoric<br />

iyo.<br />

mozaikuri sazogadoeba – socialur­kulturuli mravalferovnebis gansakuTrebiT<br />

maRali doniT gamorCeuli sazogadoeba (aseTi<br />

ram gavrcelebulia afrikis da laTinuri amerikis erebSi). am<br />

niSans SeuZlia, qveynis ganviTareba Seaferxos.<br />

moTxovna­miwodebis kanoni – kapitalisturi anu sabazro ekonomikis<br />

safuZvlad myofi es principi adgens, rom ekonomikis saukeTeso<br />

regulatoria bazris `uxilavi xeli~, anu Tavisufali da<br />

SeuzRudavi ekonomikuri aqtivobis savaraudod racionaluri<br />

Sedegi. kerZod, es Sedegi moaqvs sakuTari egoisturi<br />

interesebis mqone Tavisufali individebis (mwarmoeblebis,<br />

momxmareblebis, mewarmeebis, mSromelebis) racionaluri gadawyvetilebebis<br />

safuZvelze aRmocenebul kanonzomierebebs<br />

warmoebis, ganawilebis, dabandebis da moxmarebis sferoSi.<br />

monarqistebi – mxardamWerebi sistemisa, romelSic <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalaufle ba<br />

ekuTvnis erT pirovnebas (magaliTad, mefes), romelic piradi<br />

gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze marTavs.<br />

monawileoba – aqtiuri CarTuloba politikur saqmeebSi, rac SeiZleba<br />

gulisxmobdes moqmedebis saxeTa farTo speqtrs – xmis

688<br />

micemiTa da masobrivi protestiT dawyebuli da SeiaraRebuli<br />

ajanyebiTa da terorizmiT damTavrebuli.<br />

monros doqtrina – aSS prezidentis jeims monros mier formulirebuli<br />

status qvoze mimarTuli politika, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi unda SeewinaaRmdegos gare Zalebis<br />

nebismier mcdelobas, Secvalon ZalTa balansi dasavleT<br />

naxevarsferoSi.<br />

moraluri relativizmi – azri, rom yvela moraluri msjeloba arsebiTad<br />

subieqturia da mxolod maTi gamomTqmeli pirovnebisTvis aqvs<br />

Zala. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs romelime mosaz­<br />

re ba moralis sakiTxze, romelic ramiT jobia nebismier sxvas.<br />

moqalaqeoba – ufleba da movaleoba, konstruqciuli monawileoba miiRo<br />

TviTmmarTvelobis mimdinare funqciobaSi.<br />

mravalerovani saxelmwifoebi – suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa kontrolirebad<br />

teritoriaze cxovrobs ori an meti (xandaxan<br />

gacilebiT meti) eTnolingvisturi jgufi (an eri); sagulisxmo<br />

magaliTebia indoeTi, nigeria, ruseTi, CineTi, yofili<br />

iugoslavia.<br />

mravaljeradi ganadgurebis unari (overkill) – imaze gacilebiT ufro didi<br />

birTvuli arsenalis floba, vidre saWiroa mtris sruli<br />

ganadgurebisTvis.<br />

msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO) – aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizacia,<br />

risi mizanicaa globalur Tu regionul doneze<br />

daubrkolebeli savaWro urTierTobebis mxardaWera. adre mas<br />

erqva sayovelTao xelSekruleba vaWrobasa da tarifebze.<br />

msoflio sasamarTlo – aseve cnobilia rogorc `saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo~<br />

(International Court of Justice) – gaeros ZiriTadi sasamarTlo<br />

organo; sasamarTlo ganixilavs nebismier saqmes, riTac masSi<br />

Sedian misi iurisdiqciis nebayoflobiT maRiarebeli mxareebi.<br />

mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba) – samarTlebriv<br />

procedurebSi ase qvia wess, romlis ZaliTac konstituciuri<br />

moTxovnebis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba ver gamoiyeneba<br />

sasamarTloSi braldebulis winaaRmdeg.<br />

multinacionaluri korporaca – kompania, romlis saqmianobis mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganawilebuli.<br />

mcire intensivobis konfliqti – aseTi ram xdeba, roca erTi saxelmwifo<br />

afinansebs, asponsorebs da exmareba Zaladobis sporadul da<br />

xangrZliv gamoyenebas metoqe qveyanaSi.<br />

mwvane revolucia – soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis dramatuli zrda<br />

Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebisa da qimiuri sasuqebis<br />

Setanis Sedegad, damaxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove indoeTis,<br />

meqsikis, taivanisa da filipinebisTvis.<br />

mwiri informaciis racionaloba – idea, rom moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, azriani<br />

arCevani gaakeTon (magaliTad, gonivrulad miscen xma)<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom isini arasakmarisad erkvevian sajaro

689<br />

politikaSi, kandidatebis av­kargianobaSi da mimdinare<br />

problemebSi.<br />

naTesavi qveynis sindromi – viTareba, romlis drosac erTmaneTTan<br />

kulturulad dakavSirebuli qveynebi da liderebi msgavs<br />

poziciebs icaven.<br />

nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia) – 1949 wels<br />

daarsebuli samxedro kavSiri, romelSic Crdilo amerikisa da<br />

evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba Sedis. misi Tavdapirve li<br />

mizani iyo evropaSi sabWoTa kavSiris agresiis aRkveTa.<br />

nacia – ix. eri.<br />

nacionalistur­separatistuli terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelsac<br />

sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis maZiebeli jgufebi misdeven.<br />

maTi saqmianoba Cveulebriv mocemul erovnul sazRvrebSia<br />

moqceuli.<br />

neitraliteti – politika, romelic upirobo prioritetad miiCnevs omSi Caubmelobas.<br />

saamisod qveyana mezoblebis mimarT raime muqaras<br />

erideba, mxolod TavdacviT samxedro resursebs inarCunebs<br />

da arasodes emxroba konfliqtis romelime mxares. fineTi,<br />

SvedeTi da Sveicaria neitralitetis politikis warmate biT<br />

ganxorcielebis magaliTebia.<br />

nihilizmi – msoflmxedveloba, ris Tanaxmadac yvela arsebuli socialuri da<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> institutis ganadgureba TavisTavad sasurve li<br />

mizania.<br />

nomenklatura – yofili sabWoTa komunisturi partiis sistema, riTac<br />

is akontrolebda yvela mniSvnelovan administraciul<br />

Tanamdebobas da amiT uzunvelyofda mimdinare ga daw yvetilebebis<br />

mimRebTa mxardaWeras da erTgulebas.<br />

oligarqia – avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gavlenian<br />

individTa mcire jgufi srulad akontrolebs Zalauflebas.<br />

oligarqiis rkinis kanoni – elitisturi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismie<br />

ri didi organizaciis (mag., <strong>politikuri</strong> partiis, profesiu<br />

li kavSiris) marTvis saWiroebebs TavisTavad mivyavarT<br />

mdgomareobamde, roca informaciisa da komunikaciis<br />

misawvdomoba da maTze kontroli biurokratTa mcire jgufiTaa<br />

SemozRuduli. amis gamo es jgufi organizaciis farglebSi<br />

Zalauflebis yvela berkets eufleba.<br />

omi mcdari aRqmis gamo – saomari konfliqti imis gamo, rom or qveyanas<br />

arasworad esmis erTmaneTis namdvili ganzraxvebi.<br />

omis eskalacia – saomar konfliqtSi ase qvia gadasvlas SedarebiT ufro<br />

lokaluri da SezRuduli Setakebebidan srulmasStabian omze.<br />

Cveulebriv es xdeba, roca mocemul momentSi wagebuli mxare<br />

brZolaSi gardatexis Sesatanad Tavisi samxedro Zalis mkveTr<br />

gazrdas gadawyvets, da es tendencia grZeldeba, sanam orive<br />

mxare omSi Tavisi sruli potencialiT ar Caebmeba.<br />

orpalatiani sistema (bikameralizmi) – sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis dayofa<br />

or palatad.

690<br />

orpolusiani (bipolaruli) sistema – ZalTa balansis tradiciuli evropuli<br />

sistemis gardaqmna or mtrul banakad, romelTac SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri edgnen saTaveSi. TiToeuli<br />

flobda gadamwyvet samxedro da ekonomikur upiratesobas<br />

da mkveTrad upirispirdeboda metoqis politikasa da<br />

ideologias.<br />

palestina – libanis da siriis samxreTiT da iordaniis dasavleTiT mdebare<br />

teritoria, romelsac bibliur dros iudeasa da samarias<br />

uwodebdnen. dRes am teritoriis udides nawilze arsebobs<br />

israelis eri­saxelmwifo, romelic 1947 wels Seiqmna SeerTebuli<br />

Statebisa da didi britaneTis mxadaWeriT.<br />

palestineli arabebi – palestinis yofili teritoriis (misi udidesi nawili<br />

dRes israelia) arabi macxovreblebi. sxva arabTa umravlesobis<br />

msgavsad, palestineli arabebic muslimanebi arian. milionobiT<br />

palestinels iZulebiT gadasaxleba mouxda meore<br />

msoflio omis Semdeg, roca ebraelma emigrantebma, ZiriTadad<br />

evropidan, istoriuli samSoblos aRdgenis ocneba aisrules.<br />

aman saTave daudo xangrZliv dapirispirebas palestinel<br />

arabTa da israels Soris.<br />

partizanuli omi – mcire mobilur erTeulebad moqnilad organizebuli<br />

samxedro dajgufebebis taqtika, romlebic terorisa da<br />

sabotaJis aqtebs axorcieleben, Semdeg ki samoqalaqo mosaxleobaSi<br />

iTqvifebian.<br />

partiis yriloba – sabWoTa sistemis umaRlesi <strong>politikuri</strong> organo, romelic<br />

xuT weliwadSi erTxel ikribeboda. formalurad is partiis<br />

wevrebs wamoadgenda, sinamdvileSi ki mmarTveli elitis mier<br />

gatarebuli politikis legitimacias emsaxureboda.<br />

partiuloba – Tagvanwirvis, enTuziazmisa da upirobo erTgulebis suliskveTeba,<br />

rac komunisturi partiis wevrebs mo eT xo ve boda.<br />

pauperizaciis kanoni – am debulebiT karl marqss surda imis Tqma, rom raki<br />

kapitalizms axasiaTebs Tandayolili midrekileba krizisebisa<br />

da umuSevrobis zrdisken, muSebi garduvalad gadadian Warbi<br />

muSaxelis kategoriaSi.<br />

patron­klienteluri urTierToba – <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis forma,<br />

ufro metad gavrcelebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rodesac,<br />

ierarqiuli sistemis farglebSi, gavleniani pirebi garkveuli<br />

sikeTeebis sanacvlod moipoveben xmebs, finansur saxsrebs da<br />

imtkiceben <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis bazas.<br />

perestroika – am terminiT aRniSnavdnen mixeil gorbaCovis sxvadasxva<br />

mcdelobas, gardaeqmna sabWoTa ekonomika misi socialisturi<br />

xasiaTis sruli uaryofis gareSe.<br />

perestroikis pirveladobis modeli – erovnuli ganviTarebis Teoria,<br />

romlis Tanaxmadac liberaluri sabazro reformebi win unda<br />

uswrebdes politikur reformebs.<br />

pirdapiri demokratia – mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gadawyvetile be­

691<br />

bi uSualod moqalaqeebisa da ara maTi warmomadgenlebis mi er<br />

miiReba.<br />

pirveli dartyma – moulodneli an winmswrebi Tavdasxma birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gamoyenebiT.<br />

pirveli samyaro – industriuli demokratiebi.<br />

piruku diskriminacia – masze saubroven maSin, rodesac pozitiuri qmedebebi,<br />

romelTa mizania istoriulad Cagrul jgufebs daexmaron<br />

samsaxuris, sacxovreblis da ganaTlebis mopovebaSi, umravlesobisTvis<br />

Semaferxebel faqtorebad iqceva. es umciresobebis<br />

da genderuli diskriminaciis msxverplTaTvis<br />

upiratesobis miniWebis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegia.<br />

plebisciti – kenWisyra, romelic qveyanaSi tardeba sajaro politikis<br />

konkretul problemaze.<br />

pluralistebi – am Tvalsazrisis momxreebi Tvlian, rom raki nebismier did<br />

demokratiaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> procesi decentralizebuli da<br />

instituciurad danawevrebulia, <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalauflebis<br />

struqturebis kontroli SeuZliaT mxolod specialur<br />

interesTa SemozRudul sivrceSi Seqmnil, erTi sakiTxis<br />

garSemo gaerTianebul koaliciebs.<br />

propaganda – mas­mediis gamoyeneba mosaxleobaSi sasurveli Sexedulebebis<br />

Casanergad da xalxis azrebisa da qmedebis sasurveli<br />

mimarTulebiT warsamarTad.<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba – <strong>politikuri</strong> struqtura, ris pirobebSic<br />

sakanonmdeblo organos mandatebi partiebs Soris nawildeba<br />

amomrCevelTa miRebuli xmebis wilis Sesabamisad.<br />

proletariati – marqsistul TeoriaSi, muSaTa klasi.<br />

pozitiuri qmedebebi – socialurad an ekonomikurad uares mdgomareobaSi<br />

myofi jgufebis wevrebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli<br />

diskriminaciis gamo dakarguli SesaZleblobebis<br />

sakompensaciod.<br />

politbiuro – patara jgufi, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi umaRlesi<br />

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo iyo. misi wevrebi xSirad<br />

imavdroulad komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis<br />

mdivnebi an wamyvani dargebis ministrebi iyvnen.<br />

politika – procesi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba irCevs da gadawyvetilebebis<br />

misaRebad saWiro ZalauflebiT aRWurvavs Tavis mmarTve lebs,<br />

moqmedebs saerTo miznebis misaRwevad da agvarebs konf liqtebs<br />

Tavis SigniT.<br />

politikis axali gageba – meTvramete saukunis doqtrina, ris Tanaxmadac<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> sistema SeiZleba ise moewyos, rom Seiqmnas<br />

kompetenturi mTavroba, magram Tavidan iyos acilebuli Zalauflebis<br />

zedmeti centralizaciidan gamomdinare tira nia.<br />

`politiko~ – aSS­Si ase uwodeben kanonmdebels, romelic maTTvis<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi amorCevelTa nebas<br />

misdevs, magram sakuTar mosazrebebs eyrdnoba im sferoebSi,

692<br />

rac nakleb aRelvebs amomrCevlebs an sasicocxlo mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs eris keTidReobisTvis.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> apaTia – <strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis mimarT interesis arqona.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTareba – xelisuflebis unari, efeqturad gamoiyenos<br />

Zalaufleba, wesrigi da sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis muSaoba<br />

uzrunvelyos, amasTan Tavidan aicilos cvlilebebi liderTa<br />

Soris.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partia – individTa nebismieri jgufi, romelic erTmaneTs<br />

eTanxmeba sajaro politikis zogierT an yvela sakiTxze<br />

da organizdeba im mizniT, rom Tavisi wevrebis meSveobiT<br />

xelisuflebis kontrols miaRwios.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi – filosofia, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela politikur<br />

urTierTobaSi sakvanZo faqtori Zalauflebaa, amitom<br />

saWiroa misi pragmatuli da gamozomili gamoyeneba erovnuli<br />

interesebis dasakmayofileblad. ganxorcielebuli<br />

politika fasdeba rogorc kargi an cudi imis mixedviT, Tu<br />

ramdenad sasikeToa is erovnuli interesebisTvis da ara misi<br />

moralurobis xarisxiT.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> socializacia – procesi, riTac sazogadoebis wevrebi iTviseben<br />

maTi garemos Zireul Rirebulebebs da emzadebian samoqalaqo<br />

movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis komitetebi – konkretuli kandidatebis mxardasaWerad<br />

an sawinaaRmdegod warmarTuli kampaniebisTvis saxsrebis<br />

mosazidad Seqmnili jgufebi aSS­Si.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedunarianoba – politikur saqmianobaSi qmediTi monawileobis<br />

unari, romelsac Cveulebriv safuZvlad udevs ganaTleba,<br />

socialuri statusi da sakuTari Tavis rwmena.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> SeRweva – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba gzebis da<br />

xidebis mSeneblobiT, satelefono xazebis gayvaniT, raTa<br />

saboloo jamSi ufro integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomika<br />

Camoyalibdes.<br />

policiuri Zalaufleba – saxelmwifoTa unari, SeinarCunon Sida mSvidoba<br />

da wesrigi, uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da zogadad dacvan<br />

adamianebis janmrTeloba, usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba.<br />

prefeqti – safrangeTSi ase qviaT mniSvnelovani saxelisuflebo organoebis<br />

xelmZRvanelebs.<br />

proletariati – muSaTa klasis sinonimia marqsistul TeoriaSi.<br />

proletariatis diqtatura – marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa revoluciis<br />

uSualod momdevno stadia, romlis drosac saxelmwifos<br />

komunisturi partia akontrolebs da mas kapitalisturi<br />

reaqciisa Tu kontrrevoluciisgan icavs; proletariatis<br />

diqtaturas wminda komunizmisa da uklaso sazogadoebisken<br />

mivyavarT.<br />

proporciuli siebis sistema – proporciuli waromadgenlobis meTodi, romlis<br />

drosac partiebi qmnian sakuTari kandidatebis ranJirebul

693<br />

sias da mis mixedviT SeyavT isini sakanonmdeblo organoSi.<br />

Jenevis konvencia – saerTaSoriso samarTlis korpusi, romelic adgens omis<br />

dros daWrilTa, tyveTa da omis zonaSi moxvedril samoqalaqo<br />

pirTa mimarT mopyrobis wesebs.<br />

rajia sabha – indoeTis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata – Statebis<br />

arapirdapir arCeuli sabWo.<br />

`rbili fuli~ (soft money)­ (aSS­Si) iseTi Sewirulobebi <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis<br />

erovnuli komitetebisadmi, rodesac partia ar aris<br />

angariSvaldebuli federaluri saarCevno komisiis mimarT im<br />

pirobiT, rom fuli konkretuli kandidatis saWiroebisTvis<br />

ar iqneba gamoyenebuli; erovnuli komitetebi ase miRebul<br />

Tanxebs gadascemen partiul organizaciebs Statebis doneze,<br />

romelTac Cveulebriv angariSvaldebulebis nakleb mkacri<br />

wesebi aqvT. kritikosebi `rbil fuls~ uwodeben uzarmazar<br />

xvrels kanonmdeblobaSi partiebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb da mas<br />

legalizebul korufcias uTanabreben.<br />

revolucia – sazogadoebis <strong>politikuri</strong> da socialuri institutebis<br />

Zirfesviani Secvla, rasac xSirad Tan axlavs Zaladoba,<br />

kulturuli dapirispireba da samoqalaqo omi.<br />

revoluciis ufleba – jon lokis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu xelisufleba<br />

Tavisi moqmedebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis<br />

Zireul uflebebs laxavs, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, ajanydnen<br />

da Secvalon is axliT, romelic marTebulad Seasrulebs Tavis<br />

amocanebs.<br />

revoluciuri komunizmi – ideologia, romlis Tanaxmadac kapitalisturi<br />

sistema muSaTa klasis Zaladobrivma ajanyebam unda daamxos<br />

da sajaro sakuTrebiTa da saxelisuflebo kontrolze<br />

damyarebuli ekonomikuri sistemiT Secvalos.<br />

revoluciuri omi – amerikis omi damoukideblebisTvis (1975­83); ix. amerikis<br />

revolucia.<br />

rektifikacia – maoistur CineTSi ase erqva yvela `kapitalisturad~ miCneuli<br />

Tvisebis – mag., materializmisa da individualizmis,<br />

aRmofxvras.<br />

respublika – mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac suverenitetis<br />

matarebelia mocemuli qveynis xalxi da ara misi mmarTvelebi.<br />

respublikebis udidesi umravlesoba dRes demokratiuli<br />

anu warmomadgenlobiTia, rac niSnavs, rom suverenul<br />

Zalauflebas axorcieleben moqalaqeTa mier arCeuli da maT<br />

winaSe pasuxismgebeli warmomadgenlebi.<br />

referendumi – xmis micema, riTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir gaauqmon<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba.<br />

saapelacio sasamarTlo – sasamarTlo, romelic ganixilavs saCivrebs saolqo<br />

sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.<br />

sabotaJi – xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba, xSirad gare Zalebis<br />

daxmarebiT.

694<br />

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,<br />

romelTa wevrebic kerZo pirebi da jgufebi arian.<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi – gaeros mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso<br />

organizacia, romelSic mravali qveynis mTavroba Sedis. misi<br />

mizania xeli Seuwyos globalur TanamSromlobas savaluto<br />

sferoSi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da ekonomikur stabilobas.<br />

is aseve exmareba sagadasaxado balansis gaTanabrebas wevri<br />

qveynebisTvis sakuTari fondidan sesxebis gacemiT.<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali – CveulebaTa, xelSekrulebaTa da sazogadod<br />

miRebul wesTa erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvravs erebis<br />

uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi.<br />

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,<br />

romelTa wevrebic mTavrobebi arian.<br />

saerTaSoriso terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelSic erTi qveyana sxva<br />

qveynis xelisuflebas upirispirdeba. xandaxan `saxelmwifos<br />

dasponsorebul terorizmsac~ uwodeben.<br />

savaldebulo iurisdiqcia – samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo<br />

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. msoflio sasamarTlos<br />

arsebobis pirveli oci wlis manZilze ormocdaori qveynis<br />

xelisuflebam ganacxada mzaoba, eRiarebina misi savaldebulo<br />

iurisdiqcia.<br />

sazogado sikeTe – <strong>politikuri</strong> erTobis wevrTa mier gaziarebuli Sexedulebebi<br />

imis Taobaze, Tu ra miznebis miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes<br />

xelisufleba: magaliTad, man unda uzrunvelyos usafrTxoebis,<br />

keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, samarTliano<br />

bis maqsimaluri done yvela moqalaqisTvis.<br />

sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi – jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren<br />

RonisZiebebs, romlebic maTi azriT mTel sazogadoebas<br />

waadgeba.<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri – moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen<br />

saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirTa gadawyvetilebebze da<br />

qcevaze.<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva – moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva maTi Sexedulebebis<br />

gasagebad.<br />

saliamis taqtika – am meTodebiT v. i. lenini TiSavda Tavis oponentebs mcire<br />

jgufebad, romlTac erTmaneTs upirispirebda da iolad<br />

amarcxebda.<br />

samarTliani omi – TavdacviTi omi, an omi, romelic erTaderTi saSualebaa<br />

qveynis mier dasaxuli marTebuli miznis misaRwevad.<br />

samarTlianoba – sazogadoebis SigniT sikeTeebisa da movaleobebis ganawileba<br />

damsaxurebis mixedviT.<br />

samoqalaqo ganaTleba – potenciur moqalaqeebSi im Zireuli Rirebulebebisa<br />

da Sexedulebebis STanergva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs<br />

mocemul wesrigs.<br />

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba – kanonis araZaladobrivi da Ria darRveva,

695<br />

risi mizanicaa iuridiuli, <strong>politikuri</strong> Tu socialuri<br />

usamarTlobis warmoCena.<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi – individebi, romlebic seriozul gavlenas axdenen<br />

xelisuflebaze raime oficialuri Tanamdebobis daukaveblad.<br />

samoqalaqo omi – omi eris geografiul Tu politikur nawilebs Soris.<br />

saomari danaSauli – omis dros Cadenili danaSauli, romelic serozulad<br />

arRvevs omis zogadad aRiarebuli wesebs.<br />

saparlamento sistema – demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistema, romlis drosac<br />

xelisufleba koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo organoSi,<br />

romelic irCevs premier­ministrs da kabinetis wevrebs. maT<br />

imden xans SeuZliaT Tanamdebobaze yofna, ramden xansac<br />

parlamentSi umravlesobis mxardaWera eqnebaT.<br />

saparlamento suvereniteti – did britaneTSi ase uwodeben dauwerel<br />

konstituciur princips, risi ZaliTac britaneTis parlamenti<br />

uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo organoa; parlamentis mier miRebuli<br />

kanonebi ar eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv gadasinjvas da arc<br />

samefo taxts SeuZlia maTi gauqmeba.<br />

saprezidento sistema – mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, romelSic<br />

umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli Tanamdebobis piri saerTosaxalxo<br />

xmis micemiT airCeva fiqsirebuli vadiT, xolo misi<br />

uflebamosileba mkafiodaa gamijnuli xelisuflebis sxva<br />

Stoebisgan.<br />

sasamarTlo gadasinjva – sasamarTlos ufleba, xelisuflebis aqtebi<br />

arakonstituciurad, maSasadame Zaladakargulad gamoacxados.<br />

safrangeTis revolucia (1789) – man safrangeTSi burbonebis dinastia daam xo<br />

Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis (liberté, egalité, fraternité)<br />

saxeliT, konservatuli, aristokratuli da roialisturi<br />

institutebiT marTul evropaSi liberalizmis virusi<br />

Seitana da napoleon bonapartis mmarTveloba moamzada; man<br />

safrangeTis pirvel respublikasa da napoleonis omebs Cauyara<br />

safuZveli.<br />

saSinao iurisdiqcia – arsebiTad suverenuli saxelmwifos ganmgeblobas<br />

mikuTvnebuli saqmeebi.<br />

saSinao terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelsac axorcieleben adamianebi<br />

qveynis SigniT romelime mTavrobasTan kavSiris gareSe.<br />

saxelmwifo – damoukidebeli politikur­administraciuli erTeuli,<br />

romelsac gaaCnia mocemuli mosaxleobis loialoba, axorcielebs<br />

monopolias Zalis legitimur gamoyenebaze da<br />

akontrolebs teritorias, razec misi moqalaqeebi Tu qve­<br />

Semrdomebi cxovroben.<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi – omebi suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris.<br />

saxelSelaxulTa bili (bill of attander) – saparlamento aqti, romelic pirovnebas<br />

damnaSaved cnobs da sasjels ufardebs sasamarTlo procesis<br />

gareSe.

696<br />

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba (coup d’état) – saxelmwifo Zalauflebis xelSi Cagde<br />

bis mcdeloba alternatuli jgufis (xSirad samxedroe bis)<br />

mier, visac ZiriTad saxelisuflebo institutebze kontrolis<br />

mopoveba surs mmarTvelobis formis an sazogadoebis<br />

Zirfesviani Secvlis gareSe.<br />

saxelmwifo moRvawe – xelisuflebaSi myofi politikosi, visac gaaCnia<br />

gamorCeuli <strong>politikuri</strong> unarebi da praqtikuli sibrZne,<br />

sazogado sikeTeze zrunavs da adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovan<br />

pozitiur Sedegebsac aRwevs.<br />

saxelmwifos armqone erebi – xalxebi an erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />

saxelmwifoSi an farTo teritoriaze cxovroben da ar gaaCniaT<br />

sakuTari avtonomiuri, damoukidebeli Tu suverenuli<br />

mmarTvelobiTi struqtura; aseTi xalxebis magaliTebia<br />

qurTebi, palestinelebi, tibetelebi (ix. eri).<br />

saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba – saxelmwifos saqmeTa unariani gaZRola.<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba – iseTi <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis Seqmna, romel­<br />

Tac xelewifeba qveynis SigniT saxelisuflebo funqciebis<br />

ganxorcieleba da resursebis ganawileba.<br />

saxelmwifo terorizmi – Zaladobrivi meTodebi, rasac saxelmwifos<br />

usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi iyeneben sakuTari xalxis dasaSineblad<br />

da dasaSoSmineblad.<br />

sajaro sikeTe – ix. sazogado sikeTe<br />

sionizmi – moZraoba, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo ebraelTa erovnuli<br />

saxelmwifos – israelis aRdgena, dRes ki mis mxardasaWerad<br />

iRwvis.<br />

socializmi – es ideologia koleqtiur da saxelmwifo sakuTrebas upiratesobas<br />

aniWebs individualur da kerZo sakuTrebasTan SedarebiT.<br />

status kvos strategia – saxelmwifos amgvari politika miznad isaxavs,<br />

SeinarCunos ZalTa arsebuli balansi koleqtiuri us afrTxoebis<br />

meqanizmebis, diplomatiisa da molaparakebebis<br />

gamoyenebiT, aseve eswrafvis mis legitimacias saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebisAmeSveobiT.A<br />

strategiuli gamokiTxva – sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am tips iyeneben<br />

imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra poziciebi unda daikavos kandidatma da<br />

ra saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> reklama Seuqmnis mas pozitiur imijs.<br />

strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) – SeerTebul<br />

Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebuli xel­<br />

Sekruleba strategiuli birTvuli SeiaraRebis SezRu dvaze.<br />

stratificirebuli SerCeva – sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am nairsaxeobaSi<br />

respondentebi SeirCevian asakis, Semosavlis, socialur­ekonomikuri<br />

statusis da msgavsi niSnebis mixedviT im<br />

angariSiT, rom SerCeva mTlianad sazogadoebis struqturas<br />

Seesabamebodes; gansxvavdeba SemTxveviTi SerCevisagan.<br />

suvereniteti – mTavrobis unari, realurad ganaxorcielos uzenaesi<br />

Zalaufleba saxelmwifoSi.

697<br />

terorizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivoba, romelic Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad<br />

eyrdoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras.<br />

teroris mefoba – adamianTa masobrivi dasja safrangeTis revoluciis dros<br />

maqsimilian robespierisa da misive sajaro usafrTxoebis<br />

komitetis brZanebiT. ase uswordebodnen adamianebs, visi<br />

Sexedulebebic revolucionerTa utopiuri idealebisgan<br />

gansxvavdeboda.<br />

tiananmenis moednis Jleta – 1989 wels mosamsaxureebma da studentebma<br />

pekinSi, tiananmenis moedanze, gamarTes mitingi demokratiuli<br />

Tavisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis sistemis reformis<br />

moTxovnebiT. jarma Zaladobrivad CaaxSo saprotesto aqcia,<br />

ris Sedegadac daixoca 1500 da daSavda aTi aTasamde adamiani.<br />

totalitarizmi – <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema, romelSic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />

yvela sferos, ekonomikasa da xelisuflebas mkacrad akontrolebs<br />

mmarTveli elita.<br />

tradicionalistebi – Teoretikosebi, romelTa mier politikis Seswavla fundamentur<br />

da `maradiul~ problemebSi CaRrmavebas em ya re ba.<br />

tradiciuli sazogadoebebi – aseTi sazogadoebebi warsulze arian orientirebulni<br />

da winaaRmdegobas uweven cvlilebebs. ma Ti<br />

gavrcelebuli niSnebia siRaribe, ekonomikis ZiriTadad agraruli<br />

xasiaTi, wera­kiTxvis dabali done da maRali Sobadoba.<br />

transnacionaluri terorizmi – aseT ramesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca sxvadasx va<br />

qveyanaSi moqmedi teroristuli jgufebi erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben<br />

an mocemuli teroristuli jgufis saqmianoba<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvrebs kveTs.<br />

trumenis doqtrina – aSS prezidentis hari trumenis dapireba, rom misi qveyana<br />

daexmareba yvela Tavisufal qveyanas, romelsac SeiaraRebuli<br />

umciresobis mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia an gare<br />

agresia daemuqreba.<br />

tutelaJi – yvela adgilobrivad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze centralizebu<br />

li biurokratiuli kontrolis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />

mmarTvelobis unitarul sistemebSi (magaliTad,<br />

safrangeTSi).<br />

ubralo umravlesoba – amomrCevelTa yvelaze didi nawili.<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlo (aSS­Si) – umaRlesi donis federaluri sasamarTlo,<br />

romelic wyvets samarTlis interpretaciasTan Tu sakonstitucio<br />

principebTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebiT rTul<br />

sakiTxebs.<br />

ultranacionalizmi – ukiduresi nacionalizmi, romelsac xSirad faSizms<br />

adareben; agresiuli memarjvene orientacia, romelsac Cveulebriv<br />

axasiaTebs militarizmi, rasizmi da qsenofobia.<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba – principi, romlis Tanaxmadac upiratesoba eniWeba<br />

kandidats an programas, romelic miiRebs amomrCevelTa<br />

xmebis naxevars plus erT xmas mainc.

698<br />

umravlesobis tirania – <strong>politikuri</strong> situacia, romelSic dominanturi jgufi<br />

xelisuflebis kontrols iyenebs umciresobis jgufebis<br />

dasaCagrad.<br />

undoblobis votumi – saparlamento demokratiebSi ase hqvia kenWisyras<br />

parlamentSi, romelic mTavrobam aucileblad unda moigos,<br />

raTa xelisuflebaSi darCes.<br />

unitaruli sistema – sistema, sadac adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis ufleba­<br />

Ta delegireba centraluri mTavrobis nebazea damokidebuli.<br />

upirobo kapitulacia – arCevani, romelsac meomari mxare damarcxebis piras<br />

misul mowinaaRmdeges aZlevs: an dauyonebliv danebdi (riTac<br />

gamarjvebulis keTil nebaze mTlianad damokidebuli darCebi),<br />

an bolomde ganadgurdi.<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba – <strong>politikuri</strong> moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac arc<br />

erT ers ar SeuZlia sruli izolacia sxva erebis <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

ekonomikuri da kulturuli qmedebebisgan, da rom amis gamo<br />

iqmneba erovnul interesebze maRla mdgomi saerTaSoriso<br />

organizaciebis mzardi qseli.<br />

urTierTSekaveba – am Teoriis Tanaxmad agresiuli omebi Tavidan SeiZleba<br />

aviciloT, Tu Tavdasxmis potenciur obieqts sakmarisi<br />

samxedro Zala eqneba saimisod, rom nebismieri SesaZlo<br />

agresori saTanadod dasajos.<br />

utopia – srulyofili <strong>politikuri</strong> da socialuri sistemis warmosaxva.<br />

utopisti socialistebi – adamianebi, visac swamda, rom SesaZlebelia qonebis<br />

warmatebuli erToblivi marTva, riTac gadaiWreba yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani <strong>politikuri</strong> problemebi.<br />

uflebaTa peticia – inglisis parlamentis mier 1628 wels gamocemuli aqti,<br />

romelmac daawesa marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi da<br />

SezRuda mefis mier gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba.<br />

ujredebi – mcire, mWidrod dakavSirebuli qveda donis organizaciuli<br />

erTeulebi v. i. leninis bolSevikur partiaSi.<br />

faSizmi – totalitaruli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema, romelsac saTaveSi udgas<br />

popularuli qarizmatuli <strong>politikuri</strong> lideri da romelSic<br />

erTaderTi <strong>politikuri</strong> partiisa da kargad marTuli Zaladobis<br />

meSveobiT sruli <strong>politikuri</strong> da socialuri kontroli<br />

xorcieldeba. faSizmi imiT gansxvavdeba komunizmisgan, rom<br />

Tumca ekonomikur struqturas saxelmwifo akontrolebs, is<br />

kerZo mesakuTreTa xelSia.<br />

federalizmi – SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic emyareba Za lauflebis<br />

ganawilebas centralur xelisuflebasa da ufro<br />

mcire regionul erTeulebs Soris.<br />

federaluri asamblea – ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organo, orpalatiani<br />

parlamenti, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT. masSi Sedis<br />

qveda (saxelmwifo duma) da zeda (federaciis sabWo) palatebi.<br />

federaluri erTeuli (`Stati~, `miwa~ – da a. S.) – ZiriTadi politikuradministraciuli<br />

erTeuli federalur sistemaSi. is

699<br />

suverenuli ar aris da Cveulebriv damokidebulia centralur<br />

xelisuflebaze iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa resursebis<br />

(sagadasaxado transferebis da grantebis) gamoyofa, Tavdacva<br />

(samxedro usafrTxoeba da sagangebo situaciebSi daxmareba),<br />

agreTve sxva federalur erTeulebTan da ucxo qveynebTan<br />

ekonomikuri urTierToba.<br />

federaciis sabWo – ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organos, federaluri<br />

asambleis zeda palata, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT.<br />

masSi Sedis 89 teritoriu li erTeulidan arCeuli 178<br />

warmomadgneli (TiTo erTeulidan or­ori).<br />

filosofosi mefeebi – brZeni filosofosebi, romlebic platonis<br />

`saxelmwifoSi~ aRweril idealur qalaqSi mmarTvelebad<br />

gvevlinebian.<br />

fokus­jgufebi – adamianTa mcire jgufebi, romlebic komunikaciebis eqspertis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilaven konkretul sakiTxebs.<br />

funqcionalizmi/funqcionalistebi – am <strong>politikuri</strong> moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,<br />

ekonomikuri da socialuri funqciebis TandaTanobiTi gadacema<br />

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiTi organizaciebisTvis<br />

(rogoricaa gaeros specializebuli saagentoebi – magaliTad,<br />

iunesko), sabolood saerTaSoriso doneze gadaanacvlebs<br />

realur Zalauflebas da aq moaxdens <strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

integracias.<br />

qarizmatuli lideri – <strong>politikuri</strong> lideri, romlis legitimuroba mosaxleo<br />

bis mxridan Tayvaniscemas emyareba. aseTi Tayvaniscemis safuZveli<br />

SeiZleba iyos warsuli sagmiro saqmeebi (realuri an<br />

warmosaxviTi), pirovnuli oratoruli niWi Tu politiku ri<br />

nawerebi.<br />

qaSmiri – indoeTsa da pakistans Soris sadavo teritoria. qaSmiris udides<br />

nawilze kontrols induisturi umravlesobis mqone indoeTi<br />

axorcielebs, magram TviT am provinciis mosaxleobis<br />

umravlesoba muslimania, anu pakistanis oficialur religias<br />

misdevs. 1947 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, indoeTma<br />

da pakistanma samjer iomes qaSmiris gamo, 2000­2001<br />

wlebSi ki daZabulobam kvlav imata. indoeTsac da pakistansac<br />

arsenalSi birTvuli iaraRi aqvs.<br />

qveyana – rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> termini, is daaxloebiT Seesabameba saxelmwifos<br />

da SeiZleba `eris~ da `eri­saxelmwifos~ sinonimad iyos gamoyenebuli.<br />

sityva `qveyana~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mis<br />

mimarT siyvarulis gamosaxatavadac (magaliTad, patriotul<br />

leqsebsa da simRerebSi), radgan `saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT<br />

mas emociuri elferic aqvs.<br />

qneseTi – israelis erTpalatiani parlamenti.<br />

SezRuduli omi – totaluri omis (magaliTad, totaluri birTvuli omis)<br />

sapirispiro cneba.<br />

SezRuduli xelisufleba – koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ver

700<br />

gadadgams nabijs, rac ginda bevrma adamianma moisurvos es,<br />

romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Seva konstituciur principebTan<br />

– magaliTad, samarTalTan.<br />

SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri – moqipSe saxelmwifoebis mier urTirTsawinaaRmdegod<br />

mimarTuli iaraRis momarageba; es procesi xels uwyobs<br />

SeiaraRebis sistemebis dargSi kvlevis da teqnologiebis<br />

ganviTarebas, zogi eqspertis azriT ki omis mizezic SeiZleba<br />

gaxdes.<br />

Sekaveba – SeerTebuli Statebis politika meore msoflio omis Semdgeg, rome<br />

lic globaluri status­kvos SenarCunebaze iyo mimarTuli.<br />

termini ukavSirdeba SeerTebuli Statebis mcdelobas,<br />

Seekavebina sabWoTa kavSiri, raTa mas ver SeZleboda Semdgom<br />

gaefarTovebina Tavisi kontrolis sfero ise, rogorc es<br />

aRmosavleT evropaSi gaakeTa. am politikidan amoizarda nato,<br />

marSalis gegma, koreisa da vietnamis omebi.<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba – sakonstitucio saSualebebi, romlebic saSualebas<br />

aZlevs saxelisuflebo Stoebs, win aRudgnen Zalauflebis<br />

ukanono gadametebas sxva Stoebis mier.<br />

SekiTxvebis saaTi – did britaneTSi ase hqvia yoveli kviris orSabaTidan<br />

xuTSabaTamde sagangebod gamoyofil dros, rodesac misi<br />

udidebulesobis loialuri opozicia (xelisuflebaSi armyofi<br />

partia) axdens mTavrobis (xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis)<br />

qmedebaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kritikas da gamokvlevas;<br />

yoveli kviris ganmavlobaSi premier­ministri orjer aris<br />

movale, upasuxos mwvave SekiTxvebs opoziciis mxridan.<br />

SemTxveviTi omi – birTvuli Seteva winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe Secdomis an<br />

araswori gaTvlis gamo (Tanamedrove epoqaSi).<br />

SemTxveviTi SerCeva – gamokiTxvis meTodi, rodesac adamianebi (respondentebi)<br />

SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCevian mosaxleobis saerTo masidan (ix.<br />

agreTve stratificirebuli SerCeva).<br />

Sereuli ekonomika – ekonomikuri sistema, romelic axamebs rogorc<br />

saxelmwifo, ise kerZo mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebs.<br />

Sereuli reJimi – saxelmwifo, romelSic Zalauflebis sxvadasxa Sto sxvadasxva<br />

socialur klass wamoadgens.<br />

Stati – ix. `federaluri erTeuli~<br />

`Calis gamokiTxvebi~ – aramecnieruli kvlevebi; sazogadoebrivi azris martivi,<br />

iafi gamokiTxvebi, romlebic xSirad manipulaciis da<br />

borotad gamoyenebis sagnad iqceva.<br />

Cveulebrivi politikosebi – individebi, visi prioritetic arCevnebis<br />

(xelaxla) mogebaa.<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA) – 1994 wels<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis, meqsikisa da kanadis mier dadebuli<br />

xelSekruleba, riTac sami eri SeTanxmda erTmaneTTan vaWroba<br />

Tavisufal reJimSi an Semcirebuli tarifebiT ewarmoebina.<br />

CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia – ix. nato.

701<br />

centraluri komiteti – jgufi, romelic marTavda sabWoTa komunistur<br />

partias mis yrilobaTa Soris. mis wevrebs partiis liderebi<br />

arCevdnen.<br />

civi omi – daZabulobis maRali done SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa<br />

kavSirs Soris, romlis drosac gavlenis gasaZliereblad<br />

mxareebi iyenebdnen diplomatiur manevrebs, urTierTmtrul<br />

propagandas, ekonomikur sanqciebsa da samxedro Zlierebis<br />

zrdas.<br />

cxeli xazi – vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris komunikaciis daculi pirdapiri xazi,<br />

romelic 1963 wels, civi omis pikSi Seiqmna gaufrTxileblobiT<br />

gamowveuli birTvuli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad.<br />

Zalaufleba – adamianTa da institutTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis an<br />

misi kontrolis unari rogorc darwmunebis, ise iZulebis<br />

meSveobiT.<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba – xelisuflebis organizeba erTmaneTisgan<br />

gamoyofili sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo<br />

funqciebis mixedviT; TiToeul Stos angariSvaldebulebis<br />

damoukidebeli wesi, agreTve gansxvavebuli kompetencia da<br />

movaleobebi aqvs.<br />

ZalauflebaTa Serwyma (fusion of powers) – yovelgvari mmarTvelobiTi<br />

Zalauflebis Serwyma sakanonmdeblo organoSi, rac sa parlamento<br />

sistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

ZalTa wonasworobis (balansis) sistema – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone qveynebi cdiloben arsebuli<br />

viTarebis SenarCunebas imiT, rom saSualebas ar aZleven<br />

nebismier saxelmwifos, sxvebze upiratesoba moipovos.<br />

ZalTa balansis sistemaSi monawile erebi aliansebs qmnian da<br />

SezRudul omebSi ibrZvian, xolo erTi qveyana wonasworobis<br />

damcvelis rols TamaSobs imiT, rom rigrigobiT uWers mxars<br />

moqiSpe blokebs ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.<br />

ZiriTadi kanoni – 1949 wlis dasavleT germaniis konstitucia.<br />

WeSmariti morwmune – adamiani, romelic Tavidan bolomde erTgulia<br />

revoluciuri moZraobisa da fanatizmis niSnebs avlens ideis<br />

mxardaWerasa da misTvis TavganwirvaSi.<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia – samoqalaqo monawileobis forma, risi<br />

meSveobiTac moqalaqeebi irCeven Tavis warmomadgenlebs<br />

xelisuflebaSi.<br />

warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoria – mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavisi saarCevno olqis<br />

Sexedulebebs unda asaxavdnen.<br />

warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria – mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi unda iqceodnen rogorc<br />

liderebi, romlebic Tavisi amomrCevlebis interesebSi<br />

kompetentur arCevans akeTeben.

702<br />

wmenda – ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi yvela metoqis Tavidan mocileba<br />

masobrivi dapatimrebebis, cixeSi Casmis, qveynidan gaZevebis<br />

da mkvlelobebis gziT. xSirad mimarTulia yofili<br />

Tanamzraxvelebis da maTi momxreebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac<br />

sakmarisi gavlena aqvT (realurad an xelisuflebis azriT),<br />

raTa safrTxe Seuqmnan gabatonebul elitas.<br />

wonasworobis damcveli – qveyana ZalTa wonasworobis sistemaSi, romelic<br />

konfliqtebis dros arbitris funqcias asrulebs da<br />

morigeobiT emxroba sxvadasxva mxares <strong>politikuri</strong> balansis<br />

SesanarCuneblad.<br />

xunta – mmarTveli oligarqia, Cveulebriv samxedro oficrebisgan Semdgari.<br />

haagis konvencia – farTod gaziarebuli wesebis erToblioba, romelic<br />

gansazRvravs rogorc meomari, ise neitraluri mxareebis<br />

qmedebebs saxmeleTo omebis dros, maT mier axali iaraRis<br />

gamoyenebas da sxva uflebebsa da movaleobebs.<br />

habeas korpusi (habeas corpus act) – 1679 wels inglisis parlamentis mier<br />

miRebuli aqti, romelmac gaaZliera inglisis moqalaqeTa<br />

ufleba, daculi yofiliyvnen kanonis mier.

indeqsi<br />

`adamianis uflebebi~<br />

(peini), 500<br />

`aCile lauros~ gataceba<br />

528, 535<br />

`gaazrebani safrange­<br />

Tis revoluciaze~<br />

(berki), 499<br />

`gamocdileba xalxTmosaxleobis<br />

kanonis<br />

Sesaxeb~ (malTusi),<br />

566<br />

`demokratia amerikaSi~<br />

(de tokvili), 70, 357,<br />

454, 480<br />

`demokratizacia~, 228,<br />

230, 678<br />

`imperializmi: kapitalizmis<br />

umaRlesi<br />

safexuri~ (lenini),<br />

564<br />

`kanonTa goni~ (monteskie),<br />

436<br />

`kapitali~ (marqsi), 56,<br />

145<br />

`komunisturi manifesti~<br />

(marqsi da engelsi),<br />

429, 504<br />

`mamaci axali samyaro~<br />

(haqsli), 62<br />

`masebis amboxi~ (gaseti),<br />

508<br />

`mTavari~ (makiaveli), 107<br />

`moralis Sesavali~ (lipmani),<br />

394<br />

`politika~ (aristotele),<br />

106<br />

`politiko~, 412­413, 691<br />

`sadnobi qvabi~ 23<br />

`sazogadoebrvi xelSekruleba~<br />

(ruso), 559<br />

`saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli<br />

partizanuli<br />

omebisaTvis~ (marigela),<br />

525<br />

`utopia~ (mori), 48<br />

`SekiTxvebis saaTi~, 210,<br />

700<br />

`xalxTa simdidris<br />

bunebisa da mizezebis<br />

kvleva~ (smiTi), 436<br />

`xedva ukan~ (belami), 49<br />

`xelisuflebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili meore<br />

traqtati~ (loki), 501<br />

abaCa, sani 98, 105<br />

aborti, 473<br />

adamianis uflebaTa<br />

deklaracia, 495, 673<br />

adamianis Rirseba, 68<br />

adamianuri buneba<br />

gansazRvreba, 673<br />

omi, 556<br />

utopiebi da, 60<br />

adamsi, jon 366, 396<br />

aderi, duglas 396<br />

administraciuli decentralizacia<br />

81, 673<br />

avgustine, 556, 577<br />

avstralia<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

354<br />

aRiareba, 78<br />

mosaxleobis ruka,<br />

290­291<br />

pirdapiri demokratia,<br />

350­353<br />

pirveli samyaros<br />

gansazRvreba, 268<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

36<br />

CrdiloeTisa da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

avstria<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

354<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi,<br />

639<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

avtobusebis saqme, 464<br />

avtoritarizmi, 97, 115<br />

avtokratia, 98, 673<br />

Tanamedrove fenomeni,<br />

106­107<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

384­385<br />

legitimuroba, 108­<br />

109, 684<br />

naklovanebebi, 98­101<br />

703<br />

nigeria da, 103­106<br />

niSnebi, 102­103,<br />

oligarqia, 98, 689<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba,<br />

364­365<br />

politika, 103<br />

popularoba, 110<br />

sazogadoebrivi<br />

interesis ugulebelyofa,<br />

111­113<br />

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba<br />

102 , 696<br />

tiranuli, 108<br />

qarizmatuli lideri,<br />

109, 700<br />

Rirsebebi, 97, 98<br />

xunta, 97<br />

avtoriteti, 24­25, 673<br />

avRaneTi, 268, 304 ix.<br />

aseve al qaida; osama<br />

bin ladeni<br />

ganviTareba, 268, 287<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

mier mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa,<br />

650<br />

Talibebis mmarTveloba,<br />

121, 300, 518<br />

omi, 572<br />

terorizmi, 448, 518<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika da,<br />

607<br />

azerbaijani<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruka, 225<br />

ruseTis intervencia,<br />

239<br />

azia, ix. aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

115<br />

aziuri gripi, 259, 679<br />

araasociaciuri interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

axlad industriuli<br />

qveynebi, 258<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

269, 280­281, 289,<br />

292<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33

704 indeqsi<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

285, 258, 264<br />

kolonializmi, 271­273<br />

meore samyaros gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 269<br />

mosaxleobis ruka,<br />

290­291<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomiis<br />

perspeqtiva, 32<br />

terorizmi, 524<br />

Zalaufleba, 25<br />

azia­wynari zRvis auzis<br />

TanamSromlobis forumi,<br />

636<br />

aixmani, adolfi, 40­41<br />

al­asadi hafezi, 98­99<br />

albaneTi da komunizmis<br />

kraxi, 223<br />

aleqsandre robert umcrosi,<br />

398<br />

alisas Tavgadasavali<br />

saocrebaTa qveyanaSi<br />

(keroli), 422<br />

almondi, gabrieli, 375<br />

alJiri<br />

birTvuli iarRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

kolonializmi, 272<br />

omi, 571<br />

terorizmi, 529, 532,<br />

534, 538<br />

al qaida, 120, 300, 518,<br />

526, 528, 581, 607, 609,<br />

626<br />

ambrosi, 578<br />

amerikuli konservatizmi,<br />

434, 673<br />

amerikis mmarTveloba,<br />

Seswavla 35<br />

amerikul saxelmwifoTa<br />

organizacia, 541<br />

amerikuli liberalizmi,<br />

434, 673<br />

amerikuli revolucia,<br />

68, 86, 489, 490, 673<br />

gamarTleba, 491<br />

evropis konsensusi<br />

da, 594<br />

istoriuli mniSvneloba,<br />

490<br />

peines Sexeduleba<br />

sasurvelobis Sesaxeb,<br />

500<br />

revoluciuri omi, 490,<br />

693<br />

safrangeTis revoluciasTan<br />

Sedareba, 493,<br />

498<br />

socialuri da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

cvlilebebi,<br />

492<br />

Serbileba, 492<br />

amin, idi, 98<br />

anani, kofi, 699<br />

anarqizmi, 423, 673<br />

angola<br />

ganviTareba, 270, 273,<br />

176, 287<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

UNITA, 607<br />

anomikuri interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

anri, emili, 534<br />

antarqtidis SeTanxmeba,<br />

661, 673<br />

antisamTavrobo ideologia,<br />

423<br />

antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

terorizmi, 520, 674<br />

apaTia, <strong>politikuri</strong>, 358,<br />

692<br />

aparatCikebi, 228<br />

aqvineli, Tomas, 436<br />

araasociaciuri interes­<br />

Ta jgufi, 375<br />

arabeTis gaerTianebuli<br />

saamiroebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

ganviTareba, 270<br />

arakonvenciuri monawileoba,<br />

337, 674<br />

aralegaluri monawileoba,<br />

338<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi,<br />

637­644, 674<br />

arafati, iasir, 402, 604<br />

araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba,<br />

272, 674<br />

arCevnebi, 336, 345­347,<br />

350­358 ix. aseve xmis<br />

micema<br />

arendti, hana, 40, 131, 568<br />

argentina<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifo,<br />

115<br />

ganviTareba, 280, 281<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

261<br />

sabaJo kavSiri, 642<br />

folklendis omi, 163,<br />

262, 572<br />

faSizmi, 425<br />

aristotele, 27, 35, 75,<br />

86, 106, 108, 161, 312,<br />

425, 436, 503, 552<br />

asi yvavilis kampania, 146,<br />

674<br />

askriptiuli sazogadoeba,<br />

286, 674<br />

asociaciis tipis interesTa<br />

jgufi, 375<br />

aum sinrikios seqtis mier<br />

cremlsadeni gaziT<br />

Tavdasxma, 477<br />

afrika, ix. aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

afrikis erTobis organizacia,<br />

639<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

268, 289<br />

damokidebulebis<br />

Teoria, 33<br />

kolonializmi, 272­273<br />

mosaxleobis gegma,<br />

290, 291<br />

terorizmi, 524<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

afrikis erTobis organizacia,<br />

639<br />

afroamerikelebi, 78, 415<br />

aRmosavleT evropa<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97, 112<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

280­281<br />

germanuli investiciebi<br />

da, 192<br />

evrokavSiri da, 644<br />

varSavis xelSekruleba,<br />

597, 616, 643, 681<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 26,<br />

119, 223, 243­247, 431,<br />

489<br />

meore samyaros gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 269<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

civi omi, ix. civi omi<br />

aRmosavleT germania,<br />

184, 191, 224, 233<br />

aRmosavleT pakistani, ix.<br />

bangladeSi

aRmosavleT timori<br />

da gaerTianebuli<br />

erebis mier mSvidobis<br />

uzrunvelyofa, 653<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

germania, 187<br />

didi britaneTi, 166­<br />

167, 213<br />

safrangeTi, 173­175,<br />

179<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

212­213<br />

axali atlantida (bekoni),<br />

ix. bekonis `axali<br />

atlantida~<br />

axali industriuli qveynebi<br />

(NICs)<br />

azia, 258<br />

axali kursi, 79<br />

gansazRvreba, 674<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

axali zelandia<br />

pirveli samyaros<br />

gansazRvreba, 268<br />

CrdiloeTisa da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

axali federalizmi, 79<br />

axlo aRmosavleTi, ix.<br />

aseve sparseTis yure;<br />

specifikuri qveynebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97, 115<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

mier mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa,<br />

650<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

271<br />

saxelmwifos armqone<br />

erebi, 24<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

Zalaufleba, 25<br />

ajanyebisken waqezeba, 339<br />

babangida, ibrahimi, 105<br />

babefi, fransua­noel,<br />

428<br />

bakis saqmeze miRebuli<br />

gadawyvetileba, 466<br />

bakunini, mixeili, 424<br />

baladuri, eduardi, 179<br />

baltiispireTis qveynebi.<br />

ix. gansakuTrebuli<br />

qveynebi<br />

balfuris deklaracia,<br />

206, 674<br />

bangladeSi, 271, 274, 287<br />

barbadosi, 270<br />

bare, siad, 294<br />

baristerebi, 214<br />

bastilia, 495, 674<br />

baxreini<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

ganviTareba 270<br />

bediswera, 601<br />

bekonis `axali atlantida~,<br />

48, 53<br />

gza utopiisaken, 59<br />

samomvalo gegma, 55<br />

stabiluroba da mecniereba,<br />

53­54<br />

utopiiT STagoneba, 59<br />

utopiis praqtikuloba,<br />

60<br />

belami, eduardi, 49<br />

belgia<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

354<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

kolonializmi, 272­273<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348, 349<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

terorizmi, 541<br />

belorusia<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

birTvuli iaraRi, 235<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruka, 225<br />

benini, 280<br />

betankuri, romulo,<br />

396­398<br />

bilbo, Teodori, 406<br />

Bill of attainder, 74, 696<br />

biologiuri iaraRis<br />

konvencia, 661<br />

bipolaruli sistema,<br />

595­599, 675<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 621­623<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gauvrceleblobis<br />

SeTanxmeba 661, 675<br />

birTvuli monopolia,<br />

576, 675<br />

birTvuli omi, 597­600<br />

indeqsi<br />

705<br />

bismarki, oto von, 183<br />

biujetis deficiti, 456­<br />

458, 675<br />

biukeneni, pati, 427<br />

bihevioralistebi, 29­31,<br />

675<br />

bihevioralisturi in­<br />

Jineria, 675<br />

bihevioralisturi<br />

fsiqologia, 675<br />

blani, lui, 428<br />

blekstouni, 214<br />

bleri, toni, 163, 167, 169,<br />

432, 541<br />

bokasa I, 98<br />

bolivia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

ganviTareba, 282<br />

sabaJo kavSiri, 642<br />

bonaparte, napoleoni,<br />

110, 497, 574, 593 594<br />

bosnia<br />

gaero da, 298, 653<br />

omi, 580<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

boSebi, 39<br />

bocvana, 281<br />

brazilia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

birTvuli iarRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

ganviTareba, 270, 280<br />

globaluri daTboba<br />

da, 665<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 33<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

261­262<br />

sakonstitucio demokratia,<br />

68<br />

sabaJo kavSiri, 642<br />

terorizmi, 543<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

92<br />

federalizmi, 79<br />

CrdiloeTisa da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

91<br />

xmis micema, 336

706 indeqsi<br />

brauni topekis ganaTlebis<br />

sabWos<br />

winaaRmdeg, 464<br />

brauni, joni, 537<br />

braxeri, karl ditrixi,<br />

142<br />

breidis kanoni, 451, 675<br />

britaneTis Tanamegobroba,<br />

642, 675<br />

britaneTis raji, 205, 675<br />

brJezinski, zbignive, 138<br />

bulgareTi<br />

evrokavSiri da, 644<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 184,<br />

223, 233<br />

bumerangis efeqti 608­<br />

610<br />

bundesrati, 188, 676<br />

bundestagi, 188, 349, 676<br />

bunebrivi resusrsebis<br />

simwire, 566­567<br />

burke, edmundi, 411, 498­<br />

499, 509<br />

burkina faso, 271<br />

burJuazia, 429, 676<br />

burundi<br />

ganviTareba, 271<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

buSi, jorj h. v., 294<br />

buSi, jorji v., 217, 354,<br />

372, 391, 476, 539, 580,<br />

607, 665<br />

gaboni, 280, 281<br />

gadasaxdi, 457­458<br />

germania, 185<br />

didi britaneTi, 180<br />

gaeros bavSvTa fondi<br />

(UNICEFF), 294, 647<br />

gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebiskonferencia<br />

(UNICTAD), 647<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi,<br />

639, 644, 669<br />

bosnia, 298<br />

daarseba, 646­648<br />

erTa liga, 645­646<br />

erTianoba, 657<br />

idealizmi, 612<br />

israeli, 207<br />

istoria, 645­646<br />

kamboja, 224<br />

koleqtiuri<br />

usafrTxoeba, 645, 683<br />

kompetencia, 657<br />

kosovo, 298<br />

mSvidoba, 669­670<br />

neoizolacionistebi,<br />

610<br />

saSinao iurisdiqcia,<br />

648, 695<br />

samxedro moqmedeba,<br />

655­658<br />

samSvidobo misiebi,<br />

650­654<br />

suvereniteti, 657, 696<br />

terorizmi, 541<br />

uTanasworoba, 656<br />

universaluroba, 656<br />

civi omi, 648<br />

civi omis Semdgomi<br />

periodi, 650­654<br />

gaerTianebuli samefo.<br />

ix. didi britaneTi<br />

gambia, 281<br />

gamokiTxvebi, 340­345<br />

ganaTleba<br />

samoqalaqo ganaTleba,<br />

320, 695<br />

gandi, indira, 206, 284,<br />

525<br />

gandi, mahaTma, 272, 339,<br />

404<br />

gandi, rajiv, 284, 525<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

268, 304 ix. aseve<br />

specifikuri qveynebi<br />

askriptiuli sazogadoeba,<br />

286, 674<br />

klasifikacia, 268­269<br />

kolonializmis memkvidreoba,<br />

271­273<br />

ganviTarebis Teoria,<br />

301­302<br />

ganviTarebis motivebi,<br />

281­282<br />

ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi<br />

barierebi,<br />

282­283<br />

ganviTarebis<br />

fsiqologiuri barierebi,<br />

285­286<br />

gansazRvreba, 676<br />

glastnostis pirveladobis<br />

modeli, 279,<br />

677<br />

demokratia da, 276­281<br />

demokratiis korelatebi,<br />

276­277, 678<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

677<br />

ekonomikuri ganvi­<br />

Tarebis winaRobebi,<br />

287­292<br />

ekonomikuri korelatebi,<br />

277<br />

eris mSenebloba, 274,<br />

680<br />

istoriuli anu garemoebiTi<br />

korelatebi,<br />

278<br />

marcxi ganviTarebaSi,<br />

292­293<br />

meore samyaro, 269, 686<br />

mep­i erT sul mosaxleze,<br />

288<br />

mesame samyaro, 269, 686<br />

mzardi molodinebis<br />

revolucia, 282, 686<br />

mozaikuri sazogadoebebi,<br />

285, 687<br />

monawileoba, 274<br />

mosaxleobis ruka,<br />

290­291<br />

mwvane revolucia, 289,<br />

688<br />

patron­klienturi<br />

urTierToba, 275, 690<br />

perestroikis pirveladobis<br />

modeli, 279,<br />

691<br />

pirveli samyaro, 268,<br />

691<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTareba,<br />

273­276, 692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> korelatebi,<br />

277­278<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> SeRweva,<br />

274, 692<br />

tradiciuli sazogadoeba,<br />

286, 698<br />

fsiqokulturuli<br />

korelatebi, 278<br />

CrdiloeTisa da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

Zalauflebis<br />

resursebis ganawileba,<br />

279<br />

WarbganviTareba, 302­<br />

303<br />

ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi<br />

barierebi,<br />

282­285<br />

ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva,<br />

342, 676<br />

gantevebis vaci, 124

gancalkevebuli kun­<br />

Zulebi, 122, 676<br />

gancalkevebuli, magram<br />

Tanaswori, 463<br />

gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba,<br />

166, 676<br />

gare mtrebi, 446­448<br />

garemos sakiTxebi<br />

dacva, 454<br />

saerTaSoriso samar­<br />

Tali, 661­665<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,<br />

615<br />

gaseti, xose ortega i,<br />

508<br />

gaucxoeba, 356, 676<br />

gayofili aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba,<br />

179, 676<br />

gawveva, 351, 676<br />

gebelsii, iosefi, 136<br />

gegmuri ekonomika, 226<br />

genderuli gansvla, 317,<br />

677<br />

generaluri Statebi 494,<br />

677<br />

genro, 194<br />

germania, 170­171, 182,<br />

191­193<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

111<br />

aRmosavleT germania,<br />

184, 191, 224, 233<br />

aRmosavleT evropis<br />

investiciebi, 192<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba,<br />

187<br />

bundesrati, 188, 676<br />

bundestagi, 188, 349,<br />

676<br />

gaerTianeba, 185, 191<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samxedro qmedeba, 655<br />

gayofa 183­185<br />

evrocentrizmi, 595­<br />

596<br />

evrokavSiri, 192, 644<br />

ekonomika, 191<br />

emigracia, 192<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

vaimaris respublika,<br />

183, 680<br />

Tavisufleba, 81, 190<br />

idealizmi da ruseTis<br />

daxmareba, 612, 613<br />

kanonebi, 191<br />

kancleri, 187<br />

kolonializmi, 271­273<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

68<br />

nacisturi germania,<br />

ix. nacisturi germania<br />

neofaSisturi 192<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

189, 370<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348, 349<br />

ruka, 186<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,<br />

188<br />

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi,<br />

190­191<br />

Lander (miwa), 81­82,<br />

185, 188<br />

sasamarTlo sistema,<br />

190<br />

terorizmi, 477, 518,<br />

521, 535, 542, 544<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

ucxoeli muSa, 192<br />

federalizmi, 79, 81,<br />

185<br />

fraqcia, 188<br />

civi omi, 183­185<br />

germaniis qristian demokratiuli<br />

kavSiri/<br />

qristian socialis­<br />

turi kavSiri CDU/<br />

CSU, 189<br />

germaniis social­demokratiuli<br />

partia<br />

(sdp), 189<br />

gestapo, 136, 677<br />

gvinea­bisau, 271, 281<br />

giboni, edvardi, 594<br />

gingriCi, niti, 455<br />

gladstoni, jeki, 505<br />

glastnosti, 230, 677<br />

glastnostis pirveladobis<br />

modeli, 279, 677<br />

Gleichschaltung (unifikacia),<br />

129<br />

globalizacia, 617, 677<br />

globaluri daTboba,<br />

664­665<br />

gomesi, xuan visenti, 397<br />

gorbaCovi, mixeili, 184,<br />

223, 225­233, 254<br />

gori, ali, 217, 354, 372<br />

gradualizmi, 431, 677<br />

grociusi, hugo, 577, 658<br />

indeqsi<br />

707<br />

gruvi, joan, 360<br />

guzmani, abimali, 543<br />

gulagis arqipelagi, 141,<br />

677<br />

guri, tedi, 505<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobroba<br />

(dsT) 225, 235, 677<br />

danaSauli<br />

samarTlianoba, 474,<br />

478­479<br />

usafrTxoeba, 446<br />

danaSaulis prevencia 474<br />

dania<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

355<br />

evrokavSiri da, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

idealizmi da ebrauli<br />

mosaxleoba, 614<br />

masmedia da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

324<br />

saparlameto demokratia,<br />

170<br />

sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />

saxelmwifo,<br />

432<br />

terorizmi, 542<br />

dasavleT evropa. ix.<br />

aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33­34<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

378, 381<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 638<br />

pirveli samyaros<br />

gansazRvreba, 269<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

persepqtiva, 32<br />

terorizmi, 518, 523,<br />

524<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33, 677<br />

de goli, Carlzi, 172, 173,<br />

174, 175, 176, 178, 352<br />

de tokvili, aleqsis, 504,<br />

507, 509, 605<br />

deitonis SeTanxmeba, 298,<br />

678

708 indeqsi<br />

dekoleqtivizacia, 250<br />

demagogebi, 392, 406­409,<br />

678<br />

demokratia<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

276­281<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

382­383<br />

pirdapiri demokratia,<br />

350­353, 691<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

ix. aseve<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

demokratia, gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 703<br />

demokratiis kedeli, 253,<br />

678<br />

demokratiis korelatebi,<br />

226­228, 586<br />

demokratiuli mSvidobis<br />

paradoqsi, 678, 570<br />

demokratiuli socializmi,<br />

431­433, 678<br />

den siaopini, 229, 249, 254<br />

devolucia, 79, 678<br />

diadi proletaruli<br />

kulturuli revolucia,<br />

148, 248, 678<br />

dialeqtikuri materializmi,<br />

429, 679<br />

dialeqtikuri procesi,<br />

429<br />

dideba, 395­396<br />

didi britaneTi, 161<br />

1911 da 1949 wlebis<br />

saparlamento aqtebi,<br />

162<br />

amerikis revolucia,<br />

ix. amerikis revolucia<br />

aRiareba 78<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba,<br />

166­167,<br />

212­213<br />

baristerebi, 214<br />

britaneTis Tanamegobroba<br />

642, 675<br />

britaneTis raji, 205,<br />

675<br />

gadasaxadi 169, 457<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

wevroba, 647<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samxedro moqmedeba,<br />

655<br />

gaorebuli aRmasrulebelixelisufleba,<br />

166, 676<br />

daSoSmineba 413<br />

disciplinirebuli<br />

partiebi, 165­166, 679<br />

doqtor bonemis saqme,<br />

77, 679<br />

evrocentrizmi, 596<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

varskvlavTa palata,<br />

77<br />

TemTa palata, 162<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

384<br />

irlandiis respublikuri<br />

armia (IRA), 169,<br />

518, 540<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo,<br />

168, 432<br />

kolonializmi, 271­273<br />

konstitucia, 68<br />

loialuri opozicia,<br />

166<br />

lordTa palata, 162,<br />

216<br />

magna karta, 76<br />

masmedia da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

324<br />

omi, 573<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

399­400<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

162, 165­166, 366<br />

referendumebi, 350<br />

saarCevno sistema, 348<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,<br />

209­212<br />

saparlamento sistema,<br />

161<br />

sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />

213­216<br />

saxelmwifo xarjebi,<br />

169<br />

sistemis upiratesoba<br />

da nakli, 216­217<br />

solisitorebi, 214<br />

supersaxelmwifos<br />

statusi, 616<br />

terorizmi, 169, 477,<br />

518, 540, 545<br />

undoblobis votumi,<br />

164, 698<br />

unitaruli sistema, 82<br />

uflebaTa peticia, 77<br />

folklendis omi, 163,<br />

262, 572<br />

Zalauflebis Serwyma,<br />

162­163, 701<br />

Sida kabineti, 166<br />

Sereuli wyoba, 161,<br />

700<br />

CrdiloeT irlandia,<br />

169<br />

ZalTa wonasworoba<br />

593<br />

habeas korpusi, 77, 702<br />

didi britaneTis konservatuli<br />

partia,<br />

165­166<br />

didi britaneTis leiboristuli<br />

partia, 165<br />

didi depresia, 79, 455<br />

didi naxtomi, 147, 248,<br />

679<br />

diskriminacia, 462­467,<br />

ix. aseve umciresobebi<br />

disciplinebuli partiebi,<br />

165­166, 679<br />

distopia, 62, 679<br />

doerti, jeimsi, 556<br />

dominikis respublika, 98<br />

doris ajanyeba, 504<br />

dostoevski, fiodori,<br />

110<br />

douli, bobi, 317, 343, 344<br />

doqtor bonemis saqme,<br />

77, 679<br />

dred skotis saqme, 462<br />

duglasi, stiveni, 401<br />

duvalie, `beibi doki~, 98<br />

duvalie, fransi `papa<br />

doki~, 98<br />

duma, 239, 679<br />

durandi, oskar ramirez,<br />

543<br />

ebraelebi<br />

israeli, ix. israeli<br />

holokosti, 39, 119,<br />

144, 154, 207, 580, 603<br />

egvipte<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

102, 109<br />

ganviTareba, 270, 274,<br />

289<br />

kemp devidis SeTanxmeba,<br />

207, 403, 604, 683<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

402­404<br />

sagareo politika, 603

terorizmi, 521, 529,<br />

532, 545<br />

egviptis revolucia, 504<br />

evgenika, 60, 679<br />

evrokavSiri (EU), 184,<br />

192, 193, 618, 623, 636,<br />

640, 642, 644, 679<br />

evrokomunizmi, 431, 679<br />

evropa ix. aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

avtoritaruli re­<br />

Jimebi, 108­109, 111­112<br />

aRmosavleT evropa,<br />

ix. aRmosavleT evropa<br />

globaluri daTboba<br />

da, 665<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

mosaxleoba, 290­291<br />

omi, 573<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

366<br />

revolucia, 488­489<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

sistema, 593<br />

terorizmi, 524, 532,<br />

539­546<br />

civi omi, ix. civi omi<br />

evropis atomuri energiis<br />

Tanamegobroba,<br />

644<br />

evropis ekonomikuri<br />

Tanamegobroba (EEC),<br />

647<br />

evropis qvanaxSirisa da<br />

foladis gaerTianeba<br />

(ECSC), 644<br />

evropis savaluto kav­<br />

Siri (EMU), 180, 192<br />

evropis Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis asociacia<br />

(EFTA), 642<br />

evrosabWo, 541<br />

evrocentrizmi, 595<br />

eTiopia<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

mier mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa,<br />

653<br />

ganviTareba, 271, 276,<br />

282, 287<br />

mengistu haile mariamis<br />

mmarTveloba, 149<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba, 619­<br />

620<br />

eTnikuri wmenda, 297, 679<br />

eTnocentruli miker­<br />

Zoeba, 579, 679<br />

eizenhaueri, duait d.,<br />

409<br />

ekvadori<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

ganviTareba, 282, 287<br />

ekonomika da omi, 571<br />

ekonomikis centralizebuli<br />

kontroli, 138<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTareba,<br />

287­293<br />

ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />

sabWo (ECO-<br />

SOC), 647<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba,<br />

641­642<br />

ekonomikuri SeRweva, 506,<br />

679<br />

elcini, borisi, 233­235,<br />

236, 240, 241<br />

elisabed II, 166, 167<br />

el salvadori<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

mier mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa,<br />

650<br />

ganviTareba, 276<br />

emigracia<br />

germania, 192<br />

safrangeTi, 181<br />

engelsi, fridrixi, 57,<br />

429<br />

erayi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba 621, 622<br />

bumerangis efeqti 609<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

sanqciebi, 669<br />

ganviTareba, 282<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619<br />

omi, 569, 572, 577, 626,<br />

655, 657<br />

terorizmi, 381, 519<br />

qurTebi, 24, 73<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625, 626<br />

erebi sabWoTa kavSirSi,<br />

231­233, 620<br />

erTa liga, 639, 643, 645­<br />

646, 655, 656<br />

erToba, 22, 680<br />

erTpartiuli sistema,<br />

368­369<br />

eri, 22, 680<br />

eris mSenebloba, 274, 680<br />

indeqsi<br />

709<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

eritrea<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

mier mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa,<br />

653<br />

ganviTareba, 271<br />

erovnuli asamblea, 176,<br />

680<br />

erovnuli vali, 456­458,<br />

680<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkveva,<br />

gansazRvreba, 680<br />

erovnuli interesi, 600­<br />

607, 680<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoeba,<br />

446­448, 680<br />

erovnuli qmedebis partia<br />

263<br />

espaneTi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

kolonializmi, 272<br />

komunizmi, 431<br />

omi, 569<br />

samoqalaqo omi, 493<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

terorizmi, 477, 520,<br />

592<br />

faSizmi, 425<br />

estafeta, 141<br />

estoneTi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 233,<br />

489<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

nato­s gafarToeba,<br />

643<br />

ruka, 225<br />

ruseTis intervencia,<br />

235<br />

efeqtiani xelisufleba,<br />

82­85<br />

eqspansionisturi<br />

strategia, 600, 680<br />

ex post facto kanoni 74, 682<br />

vaimaris respublika, 183,<br />

680<br />

valonebi, 23<br />

varskvlavTa palata, 77,<br />

680<br />

varSavis paqti, 597, 616,<br />

643, 681

710 indeqsi<br />

vaSingtoni, jorji, 86,<br />

320, 365, 393, 396, 493,<br />

643<br />

vaske, joni, 555<br />

vateli, emerix de, 594<br />

vaWrobis pirobebi, 34,<br />

681<br />

vauCerebi, 460<br />

venesuela<br />

ganviTareba, 281<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

397­399<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

372<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

261<br />

versalis SeTanxmeba, 183,<br />

613<br />

vestfaliis zavi, 658<br />

vietnami<br />

ganviTareba, 277, 282<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223,<br />

224<br />

omi, 571, 573<br />

totalitarizmi, 149<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

36<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika, 606<br />

vildavski, aaroni, 611,<br />

612<br />

vilsoni, jeims q., 359<br />

vilhelm II, 183<br />

Winner-take-all (gamarjvebuls<br />

yvelaferi<br />

miaqvs) saarCevno<br />

sistema, 347<br />

vitfogeli, karli, 111<br />

volteri, 491<br />

vudvordi, juliani l.,<br />

355<br />

zairi. ix. kongo<br />

zambia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 33<br />

ziuganovi, evgeni, 234<br />

zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba,<br />

661, 681<br />

Tavisufali (laissez-faire)<br />

kapitalizmi, 437, 681<br />

Tavisufali mewarmeoba,<br />

427, 681<br />

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika,<br />

427, 681<br />

Tavisufleba, 469<br />

aborti, 473<br />

germania, 81, 191<br />

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi,<br />

190­191, 477<br />

sakonstitucio demokratiebi,<br />

81, 86­92<br />

piradi cxovreba, 472­<br />

473<br />

pirveli Sesworeba,<br />

470­472<br />

presis Tavisufleba,<br />

471<br />

religiis Tavisufleba,<br />

471­472<br />

sityvis Tavisufleba,<br />

470­471<br />

Rirebuleba, 469<br />

winaswari SezRudva,<br />

471<br />

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb<br />

(mili) 438<br />

Talibebi, 120, 300, 518<br />

Tanaarseboba, 179, 681<br />

Tanamgzavri, 598<br />

Tanasworoba, 462<br />

gaero, 656<br />

daculi jgufebi, 468<br />

piruku diskriminacia<br />

466­467, 691<br />

pozitiuri qmedebebi,<br />

466<br />

siRaribe, 468<br />

rasobrivi diskriminacia,<br />

462­467<br />

radikaluri egaliterianizmi,<br />

433<br />

homoseqsualTa uflebebi,<br />

468<br />

Tanatolebi, 323­324, 681<br />

TemTa palata, 162<br />

Teokratia, 97, 681<br />

TurqeTi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifo,<br />

102<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619<br />

kolonializmi, 271­273<br />

trumenis doqtrina,<br />

605<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

qurTebi, 24, 73<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

iaponia, 170­171, 193,<br />

201­204<br />

aum sinrikios seqtis<br />

cremlsadeni gaziT<br />

Tavdasxma, 477<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

bumerangis efeqti, 610<br />

genro, 194<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

34<br />

evrocentrizmi da, 595<br />

ekonomika da, 201­204<br />

vaWroba, 202, 618<br />

Tanmimdevruloba<br />

xelisuflebaSi, 202<br />

istoria, 194<br />

konkurentuli upiratesoba,<br />

203<br />

konstitucia, 195­196<br />

kultura, 201<br />

meiZis restavracia<br />

194, 686<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 638<br />

nagasaki, 576<br />

omi, 555, 576<br />

pirveli samyaros<br />

gansazRvreba, 268­269<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 32<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

197­199, 369<br />

politikur cvlilebaTa<br />

Semaferxebeli<br />

faqtorebi, 199<br />

ruka, 197<br />

saparlamento demokratiis<br />

garegnuli<br />

da realuri mxareebi<br />

196<br />

sasamarTlo, 201<br />

supersaxelmwifos<br />

statusi, 616<br />

terorizmi, 477, 543<br />

tradicia da Tanamedroveoba,<br />

204<br />

faSizmi, 425<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

SeerTebul StatebTan<br />

urTierToba, 203<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625

cxovrebis done, 203<br />

hirosima, 576<br />

iaponiis liberal­demokratiuli<br />

partia<br />

(ldp), 199<br />

iaraRis kontroli, 451<br />

ibo, 23, 104<br />

idealizmi<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi<br />

da, 612<br />

gansazRvreba, 681<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,<br />

612­614<br />

ideologiebi, 423<br />

anarqizmi, 423, 673<br />

antisamTavrobo ideologia,<br />

423­425<br />

burJuazia, 429, 676<br />

gradualizmi, 431, 677<br />

demokratiuli socializmi,<br />

431­433, 678<br />

dialeqtikuri materializmi,<br />

429, 679<br />

dialeqtikuri procesi,<br />

429<br />

evrokomunizmi, 431,<br />

679<br />

Tavisufali mewarmeoba,<br />

427, 681<br />

Tavisufali bazris<br />

ekonomika, 427, 681<br />

kapitalizmi, 427­428<br />

kapitalisturi dagrovebis<br />

kanoni, 429<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo,<br />

432, 683<br />

koleqtivizmi, 428, 683<br />

komunizmi da demokratia,<br />

431<br />

libertarianeloba,<br />

424, 685<br />

marqsizmi, 429<br />

memarcxene ideologebi,<br />

428­429<br />

memarjvene ideologebi,<br />

425<br />

monarqia, 425<br />

nihilizmi, 424<br />

pauperizaciis kanoni,<br />

430, 690<br />

proletariati, 429,<br />

692<br />

radikaluri egaliterianizmi,<br />

433<br />

revoluciuri komunizmi,<br />

429­430, 693<br />

religiuri uflebebi,<br />

426­427<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,<br />

596­597<br />

socializmi, 428, 696<br />

totalitarianizmi,<br />

124­127<br />

utopisti socialistebi,<br />

428, 698<br />

faSizmi, 425­426, 698<br />

CineTi, 249<br />

ideologiuri terorizmi,<br />

521<br />

iemeni, 271, 276<br />

imperializmi, 555, 682<br />

individualizmi, 356­358,<br />

682<br />

indoeTi, 170­171<br />

araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba,<br />

272, 674<br />

britaneTis raji, 205,<br />

675<br />

ganviTareba, 270, 272,<br />

282, 284­285, 289<br />

globaluri daTboba,<br />

665<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619<br />

konstitucia, 68<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

68<br />

lok sabha, 206, 685<br />

mogolebi, 205, 687<br />

mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

23<br />

omi, 559, 569, 571, 575<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

369<br />

rajia sabha, 206, 693<br />

saparlamento mmarTveloba,<br />

205­206<br />

terorizmi, 521, 522<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

92<br />

federalizmi, 79<br />

qaSmiri, 205, 653, 699<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

indonezia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98, 109<br />

bumerangis efeqti, 610<br />

ganviTareba, 276<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

saprezidento demokratia,<br />

90<br />

indeqsi<br />

711<br />

indusebi, 23<br />

indusi Tamilebi, 23<br />

iniciativa, 351<br />

instituciuri interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

instituciur­revoluciuri<br />

partia (PRI), 263,<br />

280, 369<br />

interesTa jgufebi, 374<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

384­385<br />

anomikuri interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

araasociaciuri interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

asociaciuri tipis interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

gavlena, 376­378<br />

demokratia da, 382­383<br />

instituciuri interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 375<br />

kerZo interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 376, 683<br />

lobistebi, 376, 685<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mecniereba,<br />

35<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

komiteti, 379­381, 692<br />

raodenoba, 378­380<br />

rbili fuli, 381, 393<br />

sazogadoebriv interesTa<br />

jgufebi, 376,<br />

694<br />

tipebi, 375­376<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

379, 383<br />

internacionalistebi,<br />

561, 682<br />

intifada, 207, 604, 682<br />

ioane pavle II, 224, 525<br />

iordania<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

monarqia, 425<br />

sagareo politika, 604<br />

terorizmi, 532<br />

ioruba, 104<br />

irani<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98, 108<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

ganviTareba, 283<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 637­638<br />

terorizmi, 448, 519

712 indeqsi<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

xomeinis mmarTveloba,<br />

150<br />

irlandia<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348­349<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

CrdiloeT irlandia,<br />

169, 477, 518, 521<br />

irlandiis respublikuri<br />

armia, 171, 518, 540<br />

israeli, 170­171, ix. aseve<br />

palestina<br />

balfuris deklaracia,<br />

206, 674<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

bumerangis efeqti 609<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi,<br />

207<br />

ganviTareba, 270<br />

intifada, 207, 604, 682<br />

kemp­devidis SeTanxmeba,<br />

207, 404, 604, 683<br />

konstitucia, 69<br />

palestineli arabebi,<br />

206, 690<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348­349<br />

sagareo politika, 603<br />

sadaTi, 403<br />

saparlamento mmarTveloba,<br />

206­208<br />

sionizmi, 206, 603, 696<br />

terorizmi, 521, 532,<br />

544<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

qneseTi, 208, 699<br />

istoni, devidi, 36<br />

italia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

111<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

355<br />

britanul sistemasTan<br />

Sedareba, 166­168<br />

gadasaxadebi, 457<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

kolonializmi, 272<br />

komunizmi da, 431<br />

marSalis gegma, 606<br />

omi, 555<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

371<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348­349<br />

terorizmi, 477, 521,<br />

541, 544<br />

unitaruli sistemebi,<br />

82<br />

faSizmi, 119, 123, 131,<br />

425, 508, 554<br />

qmediToba mTavrobaSi,<br />

85<br />

xelisuflebis stabiluroba,<br />

83, 85<br />

iugoslavia, 268, 295 ix.<br />

aseve specifikuri<br />

respublikebi<br />

balkaneTis krizisi,<br />

295­297<br />

bosnia, 297­299<br />

gaeros samSvidobo<br />

misiebi, 652, 653<br />

ganviTareba, 292<br />

daSla, 22, 24, 616<br />

deitonis SeTanxmeba,<br />

298, 678<br />

eTnikuri wmenda, 257,<br />

679<br />

TviTregulireba, 296<br />

kosovo, 297<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

iumi, devidi, 491<br />

kabo­verde, 280<br />

kadafi, muamari, 98, 109,<br />

274<br />

kalhuni, joni s., 657<br />

kaliforniis samoqalaqo<br />

uflebaTa iniciativa<br />

(CCRI), 352<br />

kamboja<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi<br />

da, 652<br />

ganviTareba, 276<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223,<br />

224<br />

pol potis mmarTvelobisas,<br />

149<br />

omi, 571<br />

kameruni, 281<br />

kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~,<br />

49<br />

kampuCia. ix. kamboja<br />

kanada<br />

aRiareba, 78<br />

dabegvra, 457<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619<br />

NAFTA, 263, 545, 618,<br />

642, 702<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

92<br />

federalizmi, 79<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

kanonis uzenaesoba, 75­<br />

77, 682<br />

kanoni ucxoelebisa da<br />

amoboxebisadmi waqezebis<br />

Sesaxeb, 80<br />

kanti, imanueli, 312­313,<br />

562, 570<br />

kancleri, 187<br />

kapitalizmi, 455<br />

gansazRvreba, 683<br />

ideologia, 427­428<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

da, 427<br />

kapitalisturi dagrovebis<br />

kanoni, 429,<br />

682<br />

kaplani, roberti, 627<br />

karibis auzis qveynebi,<br />

636 ix. aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

karibis auzis qveynebis<br />

erTiani bazari, 636<br />

karteri, jimi, 341, 613<br />

kasineli, s.v., 151<br />

kastro, fideli, 123, 149,<br />

224, 316, 397<br />

katalituri omi, 575, 682<br />

katari<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

kaunda keneti, 114<br />

kacobriobis winaaRmdeg<br />

Cadenili danaSauli<br />

580<br />

kevorkiani, jek, 537<br />

keTildReoba, 454­456<br />

erovnuli vali, 456,<br />

680<br />

sabiujeto deficiti,<br />

456­458<br />

sagadasaxo tvirTi,<br />

457<br />

saganmanaTleblo<br />

krizisi, 458­460<br />

skolis vauCeri, 460

Semosavlis ganawileba,<br />

460­462<br />

Sereuli ekonomika,<br />

455, 700<br />

jandacvis erovnuli<br />

dazRveva, 455<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo,<br />

432<br />

gansazRvreba, 683<br />

didi britaneTi, 162,<br />

168<br />

kelog­brianis paqti­1928,<br />

665<br />

kemp­devidis SeTanxmeba,<br />

207, 403, 604, 683<br />

kenani, jorji f., 605<br />

kenia<br />

ganviTareba, 274, 281<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

620<br />

konstitucia, 68<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 33<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

saelCoze Tavdasxma,<br />

609<br />

keniata, jomo, 274, 276<br />

kenWisyra, 176<br />

kereku, meTiu, 280<br />

kerZo interesTa jgufi,<br />

376, 683<br />

kviprosi da gaerTianebuli<br />

erebis mier mSvidobis<br />

dacva, 650, 653<br />

kim de iungi, 259<br />

kingi, martin luTeri,<br />

272, 320, 339, 415<br />

kiotos xelSekruleba,<br />

664­665<br />

kiribati, 270<br />

kirovi, sergei, 140<br />

klasi, 316<br />

klauzevici, karli, 552<br />

klintoni, bili, 79, 88,<br />

212, 317, 341, 343, 359,<br />

456, 609<br />

koaliciuri mTavroba,<br />

370<br />

koiZumi, Ziunitiro, 199,<br />

201<br />

koleqtivizacia, 139, 683<br />

koleqtivizmi, 428, 683<br />

koleqtiuri samTavrobo<br />

pasuxismgebloba, 213<br />

koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba,<br />

645, 683<br />

koli, helmuti, 191<br />

kolonializmi, 271­273,<br />

683<br />

kolonizacia, 4­5<br />

kolumbia<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi,<br />

114<br />

ganviTareba, 226, 276,<br />

287<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

371<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

261<br />

terorizmi, 518, 542<br />

kolxozi, 139<br />

komerciuli respublikebi,<br />

436<br />

komunizmi, 431­432, ix.<br />

aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

komunizmis meore stadia,<br />

58, 683<br />

komunizmis pirveli<br />

stadia, 57, 683<br />

revoluciuri komunizmi,<br />

429­430, 693<br />

komunizmis meore stadia,<br />

58, 683<br />

komunizmis pirveli stadia,<br />

57, 683<br />

konfrontacia, 576<br />

kongo<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

mier mSvidobis dacva,<br />

653<br />

ganviTareba, 271, 274,<br />

280, 281<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

691<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

omi, 572<br />

konservatizmi, 433­437,<br />

439­442, 684<br />

konstitucia, 68­69<br />

gansazRvreba, 684<br />

iaponia, 195­196<br />

safrangeTi, 68, 178­179<br />

safrangeTis revolucia,<br />

494<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

ix. SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis konstitucia<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

68, 92­93<br />

adamianis Rirseba, 68<br />

indeqsi<br />

713<br />

administraciuli decentralizacia,<br />

81, 673<br />

axali federalizmi, 79<br />

bill of attainder, 74<br />

ganmanaTleblobis<br />

ideebi, 86<br />

germania da, 68<br />

devolucia, 79, 687<br />

demokratiuli konstitucia,<br />

68­69<br />

doqtor bonemis saqme,<br />

77<br />

energiuli xelisufleba,<br />

84­85<br />

efeqtiani xelisufleba,<br />

82­85<br />

varskvlavTa palata,<br />

77, 680<br />

Tavisufleba da federalizmi,<br />

81­82<br />

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura,<br />

86­92<br />

kanonis uzenaesoba,<br />

75­78, 682<br />

kompensaciuri diskriminacia,<br />

75<br />

konstitucionalizmi,<br />

77­78<br />

konstitucia, ix.<br />

aseve konstituciis<br />

ganmarteba, 684<br />

magna karta, 76<br />

marTebuli samarTlebrivi<br />

procesi, 77,<br />

686<br />

mgrZnobiare xelisufleba,<br />

69­74<br />

paraleluri Zalaufleba,<br />

68<br />

popularuli avtonomia,<br />

68<br />

respublikebi, 68, 693<br />

saparlamento sistemebi,<br />

71<br />

saprezidento sistema,<br />

89, 695<br />

sapolicio Zalaufleba,<br />

79<br />

stabiluroba, 83­84<br />

tutelaJi (meurveoba),<br />

82, 698<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

70­72, 91<br />

umravlesobis tirania,<br />

72­74, 698

714 indeqsi<br />

umciresobis uflebebi,<br />

75<br />

unitaruli sistemebi,<br />

82, 698<br />

uflebaTa peticia 77,<br />

699<br />

federalizmi, 579­80,<br />

699<br />

feminizmi, 75<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

86<br />

SezRuduli xelisufleba,<br />

74­82, 701<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba,<br />

88­89, 701<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

89, 702<br />

xmosanTa SedarebiTi<br />

umravlesobis sistema,<br />

71<br />

habeas korpusi, 76<br />

konstituciuri konventi,<br />

80, 83<br />

kontras, 607<br />

kontrterorizmi, 523,<br />

542­545, 684<br />

korea<br />

samxreT korea ix.<br />

samxreT korea<br />

CrdiloeT korea, ix.<br />

CrdiloeT korea<br />

korufcia, 104<br />

kosmosis SeTanxmeba, 661,<br />

684<br />

kosovo, 298, 653<br />

kosta rika<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

361<br />

kristoli, irvingi, 40<br />

kuba<br />

ganviTareba, 276<br />

kastros mmarTveloba,<br />

123<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223,<br />

224<br />

marqsizmi, 33<br />

meore samyaros gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 269<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 637<br />

terorizmi, 519, 541<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

kuTvnili daxmareba, 452<br />

kulakebi, 138, 310, 684<br />

kuliji, kalvin 428<br />

kuomintangi, 134, 145, 677<br />

laTinuri amerika, ix.<br />

aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

avtoritaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebi, 97,<br />

114­115<br />

amerikul saxelmwifo­<br />

Ta organizacia, 541<br />

araasociaciuri tipis<br />

interesTa jgufi, 375<br />

bumerangis efeqti, 609<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

270, 280, 288<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

34<br />

kolonializmi, 272<br />

latifundia, 289<br />

minifundia, 289<br />

mosaxleobis ruka,<br />

290­291<br />

omi, 570<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

372<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

261, 264<br />

terorizmi, 524<br />

saprezidento demokratia,<br />

90<br />

Zalaufleba, 25<br />

lakeur, uolteri, 519<br />

laosi<br />

ganviTareba, 276<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

211<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223,<br />

224<br />

latifundia, 289<br />

latvia<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 233,<br />

489<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

nato­s gafarToeba,<br />

643<br />

ruka, 225<br />

ruseTis intervencia,<br />

235<br />

le peni, Jan mari, 178, 181<br />

legitimuroba, 25, 108­<br />

109, 684<br />

lendoni, alfi, 340<br />

lenini, v. i., 121, 122, 123,<br />

124, 126, 127, 128, 130,<br />

133, 134, 135, 247, 430,<br />

563, 567, 571<br />

li ten­hui, 260<br />

libani<br />

gaeros samSvidobo<br />

misia, 562<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

620<br />

liberalizacia, 684<br />

liberalizmi, 433­435,<br />

438­442, 685<br />

liberaluri ganaTleba,<br />

322, 685<br />

liberaluri tradicia,<br />

685<br />

liberia<br />

ganviTareba, 281<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

sulieri rwmena, 629<br />

libertarianeloba, 424,<br />

685<br />

libia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98, 109<br />

arabuli respublikebis<br />

federacia,<br />

403<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

ganviTareba, 274, 282<br />

pan amerikuli reisi,<br />

608, 668<br />

terorizmi, 519, 541<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

lideris kulti, 123<br />

linkolni, abraami, 394,<br />

400­402, 476<br />

lipmani, uolteri, 393<br />

litva<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 233,<br />

481<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruka, 225<br />

lobistebi, 376, 685<br />

loialuri opozicia, 685<br />

lok sabha, 206, 685<br />

loki, joni, 35, 76, 86, 108,<br />

436, 437, 455, 462, 491,<br />

501­502, 509, 565­566,<br />

581<br />

long, hiu, 407­408<br />

lordTa palata, 162, 216<br />

lui XVI, 494, 495, 496<br />

luqsemburgi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

terorizmi, 542

maastrixis SeTanxmeba,<br />

644<br />

madagaskari, 281<br />

magna karta, 76, 685<br />

makartur, duglasi, 655<br />

makgrati, maikli, 360<br />

makedonia, 246<br />

makiaveli, nikolo, 86,<br />

107­108, 133, 557, 590­<br />

591<br />

makkarti, jozefi, 408­<br />

409<br />

makhiu, poli r., 537<br />

malaizia<br />

ganviTareba, 279<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

malavi, 271<br />

maleri, gustavi, 142<br />

malTusi, Tomas, 566<br />

malTusis Sexeduleba,<br />

566­567<br />

mali, 271, 281<br />

mandela, nelsoni, 391<br />

mao Zeduni, 25, 124, 126,<br />

128, 134, 151, 153, 154,<br />

224, 247, 248, 249, 251,<br />

253, 260, 533, 569<br />

marigela, karlosi, 525,<br />

526<br />

markos, ferdinandi, 98<br />

maroko<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

marqsi, karli, 111, 145,<br />

429, 503, 509, 564<br />

marqsiseuli uklaso<br />

sazogadoeba, 48, 55­56<br />

gza utopiisaken, 59<br />

ekonomikis wamyvani<br />

roli, 56<br />

komunizmis meore stadia,<br />

58, 683<br />

komunizmis pirveli<br />

stadia, 57, 683<br />

proletariatis<br />

diqtatura, 56­57, 692<br />

utopiiT STagoneba 59<br />

utopiis praqtikuloba,<br />

60<br />

marqsistebi da marqsizmi,<br />

521<br />

gansazRvreba, 686<br />

ideologia, 429<br />

politologia, 29,<br />

33­35<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

33<br />

CineTi, 33<br />

marSali, jorji, s., 409<br />

marSalis gegma, 597, 606,<br />

686<br />

marTebuli procedura,<br />

474<br />

marTebuli samarTlebrivi<br />

procedura, 77, 474,<br />

686<br />

martivi umravlesoba, 347<br />

masirebuli sapasuxo<br />

dartyma, 576, 686<br />

masmedia, 324­328, 686<br />

masobrivi ganadgurebis<br />

iaraRis gamoyeneba,<br />

576<br />

masobrivi komunikacia,<br />

138<br />

masobrivi mobilizacia,<br />

248, 686<br />

masobrivi mobilizaciis<br />

reJimi, 364, 686<br />

masobrivi moZraoba, 434,<br />

592<br />

mgrZnobiare xelisufleba,<br />

69­74<br />

media da terorizmi,<br />

538­539<br />

medisoni, jeimsi, 83, 84,<br />

87, 382, 396<br />

meieri, golda, 392<br />

meiZis reabilitacia, 194,<br />

686<br />

meijori, joni, 169, 525<br />

memarcxene ideologiebi,<br />

428­433<br />

memarjvene ideologebi,<br />

425­428<br />

mengistu, haile mariami,<br />

149<br />

mendelsoni, feliqsi, 142<br />

meore dartyma, 576, 686<br />

meore samyaro, 269, 686<br />

meqsika<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi,<br />

115<br />

ganviTareba, 270, 279,<br />

280, 289<br />

erovnuli qmedebis<br />

partia, 263<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

instituciur­revoluciuri<br />

partia, 263,<br />

280, 369<br />

indeqsi<br />

715<br />

konstitucio demokratia,<br />

68<br />

omi, 569<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 33<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

263<br />

terorizmi, 518<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

92<br />

federalizmi, 79<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis<br />

Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />

SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)<br />

263, 618, 642, 700<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

91<br />

merkosuri, 636<br />

mesame msoflio, 269, 686<br />

mexuTe respublika, 172­<br />

173<br />

mzardi molodinebis<br />

revolucia, 282, 686<br />

mTavroba, gansazRvreba,<br />

22, 686<br />

mTavroba, koalicia, 309,<br />

585<br />

miamitoba, <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

579<br />

mianma<br />

ganviTareba, 271<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

miiZava, kiiCi, 198<br />

mili, jon stuarti, 35,<br />

314, 438<br />

miloSeviCi, slobodani,<br />

297, 299, 652, 653, 659,<br />

669<br />

milsi, s. raiti, 362<br />

minifundia, 289<br />

mistiki, jozefi, 327<br />

miterani, fransua, 82,<br />

175, 179, 180, 433<br />

miumxroblobis politika,<br />

601<br />

miuRebeli zarali, 576,<br />

687<br />

mixelsi, roberti, 362<br />

mogulebi, 205, 687<br />

modernizirebadi qveynebi,<br />

ix. ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynebi<br />

moinihani, daniel patriki,<br />

450<br />

moldoveTi

716 indeqsi<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruka, 225<br />

ruseTTan konfliqti,<br />

239<br />

ruseTis intervencia,<br />

235<br />

monarqia<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

ideologia, 425<br />

monarqistTa gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 687<br />

stabiluroba, 83<br />

monawileoba, <strong>politikuri</strong>.<br />

ix. <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

monawileoba<br />

monoliTuri sazogadoeba,<br />

136­137<br />

monrealis protokoli,<br />

664<br />

monros doqtrina, 602­<br />

603, 688<br />

monteskie, baron de, 86,<br />

111, 436, 437, 455, 491<br />

moqalaqeoba, 310­313, 688<br />

moraluri relativizmi,<br />

578, 688<br />

moraluri umravlesoba,<br />

426­427<br />

morgantau, hansi j., 555,<br />

558, 590­593, 612<br />

moris utopia, 49<br />

moro, aldo, 525, 544<br />

mosaxleobis ruka, 290­<br />

291<br />

moTxovna­miwodebis<br />

kanoni, 370, 591<br />

mountbatenis teroristuli<br />

aqti, 525<br />

mozaikuri sazogadoeba,<br />

285, 687<br />

mozambiki, 280<br />

mravalerovnuli saxelmwifo,<br />

23<br />

mravalpartiuli sistema,<br />

370­371<br />

msoflio banki, 330, 611,<br />

638<br />

msoflio savaWro organizacia<br />

(WTO), 611,<br />

642, 688<br />

msoflio savaWro centri.<br />

ix. terorizmi<br />

mtkicebulebis uaryofis<br />

wesi, 478, 688<br />

mubaraqi, hosni, 102<br />

multinacionaluri korporacia,<br />

637­639, 688<br />

muris kanoni, 623<br />

musolini, benito, 111,<br />

123, 131, 554, 581<br />

mSvidoba, 669<br />

mSvidobis winaaRmdeg<br />

moqmedeba, 580<br />

mcire intensivobis konfliqti,<br />

552, 688<br />

mZRoli­amomrCevelis<br />

kanoni, 355<br />

mwvane revolucia, 289,<br />

688<br />

mwvaneTa partiebi<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi,<br />

621<br />

mwiri informaciis racionaloba,<br />

360, 688<br />

nagasaki, 576<br />

naiSeni, kari 537<br />

namibia<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samSvidobo misia, 650<br />

ganviTareba, 281<br />

napoleon bonaparte, 110,<br />

497, 593, 594<br />

naseri, gamal abdeli, 102,<br />

109, 274, 276, 402, 403<br />

natesavi qveynis sindromi,<br />

627, 689<br />

nauru, 270<br />

NAFTA CrdiloeT<br />

amerikis Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba,<br />

263, 454, 618, 642, 700<br />

nacionalizmi, 228, 554,<br />

561, 578<br />

nacionalistur­separatistuli<br />

terorizmi,<br />

521, 689<br />

nacisturi germania, 39­41<br />

gestapo, 136, 677<br />

TanatolTa jgufebi<br />

da <strong>politikuri</strong> socializacia,<br />

323, 325<br />

niurnbergis procesi,<br />

580­581<br />

omi, 555, 580<br />

poltikuri partiebi,<br />

368, 373<br />

religia da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

317­318<br />

terorizmi, 518, 537<br />

totalitarianizmi,<br />

119, 120, 121, 142, 151<br />

faSizmi, 425, 442<br />

CerCili, 399, 400<br />

neitraliteti, 601, 689<br />

neitralitetis politika,<br />

601<br />

neoizolacionistebi, 610<br />

neru, javaharlal, 206,<br />

274, 276<br />

nigeria<br />

avtoritaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebi, 98,<br />

103­106<br />

ganviTareba, 274, 281,<br />

283<br />

danaSauli, 628<br />

mravalerovnuli saxemwifoebi,<br />

23<br />

kolonializmi, 271<br />

saprezidento demokratia,<br />

90<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

92<br />

federalizmi, 79<br />

Zalauflebis daxleCva,<br />

91<br />

niderlandebi<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

355<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

kolonializmi, 272<br />

narkotikebisa da<br />

prostituciis dekriminalizacia,<br />

449<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

terorizmi, 542<br />

nikaragua<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98<br />

ganviTareba, 276, 280<br />

kontras, 607<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo,<br />

667<br />

niqsoni, riCardi, 78, 79,<br />

88, 212, 217, 337, 359,<br />

391<br />

niumeni, sandra Sulci,<br />

327<br />

niurnbergis procesi,<br />

580­581<br />

niutoni, isaaki, 86<br />

nicSe, fridrix, 554<br />

nihilizmi, 424, 689<br />

nkruma, joSua, 276

nomenklatura, 228, 689<br />

nonalignment, 515, 594<br />

norvegia<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

318<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

349<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

355<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo,<br />

432<br />

noriega, manueli, 98<br />

normebi, 25<br />

obasanjo, oluseguni,<br />

105, 281<br />

oblasti, 237<br />

okeaneTis Tanamegobroba<br />

(heringtoni), 49<br />

oklahomas dabombva, 520<br />

oligarqia, 98, 689<br />

oligarqiis rkinis<br />

kanoni, 362, 689<br />

omani<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

ganviTareba, 270<br />

omi, 552­554, 581<br />

adamianis buneba, 556­<br />

559<br />

birTvuli monopolia,<br />

576, 675<br />

birTvuli omi, 576,<br />

597­598<br />

bunebrivi resursebis<br />

simwire, 566<br />

bunebiTi mdgomareoba,<br />

557<br />

garemo mizezebi, 564­<br />

567<br />

danaSauli kacobriobis<br />

winaaRmdeg, 580,<br />

677<br />

danaSauli mSvidobis<br />

winaaRmdeg, 580, 677<br />

demokratiuli mSvidobis<br />

paradoqsi, 570,<br />

678<br />

eTnocentrizmi, 579,<br />

679<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkveva,<br />

562<br />

vilsonis Sexeduleba,<br />

561­562<br />

TeoriaTa zedmeti<br />

gamartiveba, 572­573<br />

imperializmi, 555, 682<br />

internacionalistebi,<br />

561, 682<br />

kaTalitikuri omi,<br />

575, 682<br />

kantis Sexeduleba, 562<br />

kontinentTaSorisi<br />

balistikuri raketa,<br />

599<br />

konfrontacia, 576<br />

leninis Sexeduleba,<br />

563­564<br />

lokis Sexeduleba,<br />

565­566<br />

malTusis Sexeduleba,<br />

566­567<br />

masirebuli sapasuxo<br />

dartyma, 576, 686<br />

masobrivi ganadgurebis<br />

iaraRi, 576<br />

meore sapasuxo dartyma,<br />

576, 686<br />

mizezebi, 554­567<br />

miuRebeli zarali,<br />

576, 687<br />

moraluri relativizmi,<br />

578­579, 688<br />

mcire intensivobis<br />

konfliqtebi, 552, 688<br />

nacionalizmi, 554, 561<br />

nacionalisturi mikerZoeba,<br />

579<br />

nacionalisturi universalizmi,<br />

555<br />

niurnbergis procesi,<br />

580­581<br />

omis eskalacia, 575,<br />

689<br />

omi mcdari aRqmis<br />

gamo, 575, 689<br />

partizanuli omi, 552,<br />

690<br />

peloponesis omi, 590<br />

pirveli dartyma, 576<br />

pirvelyofili codva,<br />

556<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> miamitoba,<br />

579<br />

rusos Sexeduleba,<br />

559­561<br />

sazogadoeba, 559­564<br />

samarTliani omis<br />

doqtrina, 577, 580<br />

samoqalaqo omi, 80,<br />

493, 552, 695<br />

indeqsi<br />

717<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

mizezebi, 555<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi<br />

omebi, 552, 695<br />

terorizmisa da omis<br />

aqtebis Sedareba,<br />

526­527<br />

totaluri omi, 574<br />

ultranacionalizmi,<br />

555, 697<br />

upirobo kapitulacia,<br />

574, 698<br />

urTierT ganadgureba,<br />

576<br />

urTierT Sekaveba, 576<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

konstitucia, omis<br />

Zalaufleba, 90<br />

SezRuduli omi, 574,<br />

699<br />

SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri,<br />

555, 700<br />

SemTxveviTi omi, 575­<br />

576<br />

civi omi. ix. civi omi<br />

cxeli xazi, 577, 701<br />

hobsi omis Sesaxeb, 558<br />

omis garemo mizezebi,<br />

564­567<br />

omisa da mSvidobis kanonis<br />

Sesaxeb (grociusi),<br />

658<br />

o'nili, tipi, 210<br />

opoziciuri partiebi,<br />

133­134<br />

ordinaruli politikosebi,<br />

392, 409­411,<br />

700<br />

orpalatiani sistema, 91,<br />

690<br />

orpartiuli sistema, 370<br />

oruelis `aTas cxraas<br />

oTxmocdaoTxi~, 62,<br />

122, 624<br />

osama bin ladeni, 120, 300,<br />

518, 521, 527, 528, 534,<br />

607, 609, 610, 613, 626<br />

ouotergaiti, 78, 88, 337,<br />

391<br />

ojaxebi da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia, 314­<br />

323<br />

pakistani, 205<br />

ganviTareba, 274, 282<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

620

718 indeqsi<br />

kaSmiri, 205, 653, 699<br />

omi, 569, 575<br />

terorizmi, 522, 541<br />

palestina, 206, 690<br />

palestinelebi. ix. aseve<br />

israeli<br />

intifada, 207, 604, 682<br />

palestineli arabebi,<br />

206, 690<br />

palestinis gaTavisuflebisorganizacia,<br />

402, 604<br />

sagareo politika, 603<br />

saxelmwifos armqone<br />

erebi, 24<br />

terorizmi, 521, 522<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

palcgrafi, roberti, 556<br />

pan amerikis reisi, 608,<br />

668<br />

panama<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98<br />

ganviTareba, 280<br />

paragvai<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

sabaJo kavSiri, 642<br />

paraleluri Zalaufleba,<br />

68<br />

parksi, roza, 416<br />

partiebi, <strong>politikuri</strong>.<br />

ix. <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi<br />

partiis yriloba, 690<br />

partiuloba, 128, 690<br />

partizanuli omi, 552, 690<br />

patnemi, roberti, 357<br />

patriotis aqti, 476, 540<br />

patron­klienteluri<br />

urTierToba, 275, 692<br />

pauperizaciis kanoni,<br />

430, 690<br />

peine, Tomasi, 498, 500, 509<br />

peloponesis omi, 590<br />

perestroika, 228­230, 690<br />

perestroikis pirveladobis<br />

modeli, 279,<br />

690<br />

perl harbori da 11 seqtemberi,<br />

526­527<br />

peroi, rosi, 344, 370<br />

peru<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

ganviTareba, 282, 287<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 33<br />

terorizmi, 518, 521,<br />

542­543<br />

pinoCeti, augusto, 261<br />

piradi cxovreba, 472­473<br />

piradi interesi, 38­39,<br />

612­614<br />

pirdapiri demokratia,<br />

350­353, 691<br />

pirveli dartyma, 576, 691<br />

pirveli sakonstitucio<br />

Sesworeba, 470­472<br />

pirveli samyaro, 268, 691<br />

platoni, 35, 556<br />

platonis `respublika~,<br />

48, 49<br />

adamianis buneba da<br />

utopia, 60<br />

bekonis `axal atlantidasTan~<br />

Sedareba, 54<br />

gza utopiisaken, 59<br />

keTilSobili tyuili,<br />

52­53<br />

samarTliani qalaqi,<br />

50­52<br />

filosofosi mefeebi,<br />

51, 699<br />

utopiis praqtikuloba,<br />

60<br />

utopiis STagoneba, 59<br />

plebisciti, 350, 691<br />

plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg,<br />

463<br />

pluralistuli Teoriebi,<br />

363­364<br />

polani, jeimsi m., 519<br />

politbiuro, 691<br />

politekonomistebi, 29,<br />

32, 34<br />

politikis axali gageba,<br />

gansazRvreba 691<br />

politikis gansazRvreba,<br />

21, 691<br />

politikis Seswavla. ix.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mecniereba<br />

politikis ZiriTadi koncefciebi,<br />

21­27<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> apaTia, 358,<br />

692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTareba,<br />

273­276, 692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

391, 419<br />

`politiko~, 412­413,<br />

691<br />

bedis wyaloba, 395<br />

betankuri, romulo,<br />

369­399<br />

bilbo, Teodori, 406<br />

damSoSmineblebi, 413<br />

demagogebi, 392, 406­<br />

409, 678<br />

dideba, 395­396<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc<br />

delegatebi, 410<br />

kanonmdeblebi,<br />

rogorc meurveebi,<br />

411­412<br />

kingi, martin luTeri,<br />

415­416<br />

linkolni, abraam,<br />

400­402<br />

longi, hei, 407­408<br />

makarti, jozefi, 408­<br />

409<br />

namdvili lideri, 392,<br />

392­405<br />

parksi, roza, 416<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> unarebi,<br />

394­395<br />

praqtikuli sibrZne,<br />

394<br />

sadaTi, anvari, 402­404<br />

sazogadoebrivi sike­<br />

Te, 393­394<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi,<br />

392, 414­417, 695<br />

saxelmwifo moRvaweoba,<br />

393<br />

saxelmwifos marTvis<br />

xelovneba, 393, 696<br />

totalitarizmi, 123­<br />

124<br />

ueterlingi, pati, 416<br />

qarizmatuli lideri,<br />

109, 699<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

401­402, 404, 410, 416<br />

SesaZleblobebi, 395<br />

CerCili, uistoni,<br />

399­400<br />

Cveulebrivi politikosebi,<br />

392, 409­414,<br />

700<br />

warmomadgenlobis<br />

meurveobiTi Teoria,<br />

411­412<br />

haveli, vaclavi, 414­<br />

415<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mecniereba,<br />

27

amerikis mmarTveloba,<br />

35<br />

bihevioralistebi,<br />

29­32<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33<br />

erT sul mosaxleze<br />

wliuri zrda, 33<br />

vaWrobis pirobebi,<br />

34, 681<br />

interesTa jgufebi, 35<br />

marqsistebi, 29, 33­35<br />

meTodebi, 29­35<br />

mizani, 28<br />

piradi interesi, 38<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Teoria,<br />

35­36<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomistebi,<br />

29, 32­33<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

35<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,<br />

35, 37­38<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesi,<br />

39­41<br />

sakonstitucio samar­<br />

Tali, 35<br />

sajaro mmarTveloba,<br />

35, 38<br />

sajaro politika, 35<br />

tradicionalistebi,<br />

29<br />

qvedargi, 35­38<br />

SedarebiTi poitika,<br />

35, 36­37<br />

Seswavlis mizani, 38­41<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> miamitoba,<br />

579<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileoba,<br />

336, 385­386<br />

`gamarjvebuls<br />

yvelaferi miaqvs~ 347,<br />

676<br />

`Calis gamokiTxvebi~,<br />

340, 700<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

364­365<br />

amomrCevlis codna,<br />

359­361<br />

amboxi, ajanyebisken<br />

waqezeba, 339<br />

arakonvenciuri monawileoba,<br />

337, 674<br />

arasamarTlebrivi<br />

formebi, 338­339<br />

arCevnebi, 336, 345­347,<br />

354­355<br />

gamokiTxvebi, 340­345<br />

ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva,<br />

342, 676<br />

gaucxoeba, 356, 676<br />

gawveva, 351, 676<br />

elitisturi Teoriebi,<br />

362­363<br />

individualizmi, 356­<br />

358, 682<br />

iniciativa, 351<br />

interesTa jgufebi.<br />

ix. interesTa jgufebi<br />

koaliciuri mTavroba,<br />

370, 683<br />

martivi umravlesoba,<br />

347<br />

masobrivi mobilizaciis<br />

reJimebi, 364, 686<br />

mmarTveli elitis<br />

mbrunavi kari, 361<br />

monawileobis gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 274<br />

monawileobis modelebi<br />

355<br />

mZRoli­amomrCevlis<br />

kanoni, 355<br />

mwiri informaciis racionaluroba,<br />

360, 688<br />

oligarqiis rkinis<br />

kanoni, 362, 689<br />

pirdapiri demokratia,<br />

350­353, 690<br />

plebiscistebi, 350,<br />

691<br />

pluralistuli Teoriebi,<br />

363­364, 691<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> apaTia da<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

358<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedunarianoba,<br />

356, 692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi.<br />

ix. <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348­349<br />

referendumi, 351­352,<br />

693<br />

saarCevno siebi, 349<br />

saarCevo sistema,<br />

347­350<br />

sabotaJi, 339, 693<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri,<br />

339­340, 694<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

gamokiTxva, 340, 694<br />

indeqsi<br />

719<br />

samarTlebrivi formebi,<br />

336­338<br />

samoqalaqo daumor­<br />

Cilebloba, 272, 338,<br />

694<br />

satelefono jgufi,<br />

341<br />

strategiuli gamokiTxva,<br />

341, 696<br />

stratificirebuli<br />

SerCeva, 342, 696<br />

terorizmi, 339<br />

tradiciuli monawileoba,<br />

336<br />

fokus­jgufebi, 341,<br />

699<br />

SemTxveviTi SerCeva,<br />

341, 700<br />

xmis micema SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi, 337, 354<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis<br />

elitisturi<br />

Teoriebi, 362­364<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

365<br />

gansazRvreba, 692<br />

germania, 189­190, 370<br />

didi britaneTi, 162,<br />

165­166, 367<br />

disciplinebuli partiebi,<br />

165­166, 679<br />

erTpartiuli sistema,<br />

368­369<br />

iaponia, 197­199, 368,<br />

369<br />

istoria, 365­366 indoeTi,<br />

369<br />

laTinuri amerika, 372<br />

meqsika, 263, 280, 369<br />

momavali, 373­374<br />

mravalpartiuli<br />

sistema, 370­371<br />

opoziciuri partiebi,<br />

133­134, 166<br />

orpartiuli sistema,<br />

370<br />

partiuli sistemis<br />

ganmsazRvrelebi,<br />

371­373<br />

safrangeTi, 176­178<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

365­366, 370, 372<br />

CineTi, 249<br />

ZiriTadi miznebi,<br />

366­368<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi,<br />

591, 692

720 indeqsi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> socializacia,<br />

313, 331<br />

gansazRvreba, 692<br />

genderuli gansvla,<br />

317, 677<br />

Tanatolebi, 323­324<br />

kanonebi, 328­329<br />

liberaluri ganaTleba,<br />

422, 685<br />

masmedia, 324­328, 686<br />

moqalaqeoba, 310­313,<br />

688<br />

ojaxebi, 314­323<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Rirebulebebi,<br />

329<br />

religia, 317­320<br />

samoqalaqo ganaTleba,<br />

320, 694<br />

skola, 320­322<br />

socialuri klasi, 316<br />

socializaciis marcxi,<br />

330<br />

umaRlesi ganaTleba,<br />

322<br />

umciresobis statusi,<br />

316<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedebis<br />

komiteti, 379­380,<br />

384, 692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> qmedunarianoba,<br />

356, 692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> SeRweva, 274,<br />

692<br />

poloneTi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

erTa ligis umoqmedoba,<br />

646<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

243<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223,<br />

233<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

68<br />

nato­s wevroba, 644<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

holokosti, 39<br />

pompidu, JorJ, 178<br />

popkinsi, samueli, 360<br />

portugalia<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

kolonializmi, 272<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

poti, poli, 149, 397, 569<br />

praqtikuli sibrZne, 394<br />

presis Tavisufleba, 471<br />

prefeqti, 82, 692<br />

precedentuli samar­<br />

Tali, 214<br />

primakovi, evgeni, 241<br />

proletariati, 429, 692<br />

proletariatis diqtatura,<br />

56­57<br />

propaganda, 129­130, 691<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348­349, 691<br />

prusia, 639<br />

putini, vladimeri, 234,<br />

237, 240, 241<br />

Jdanovi, andrei, 597<br />

Jenevis konvencia, 660<br />

Jospini, lioneli, 175,<br />

179, 181<br />

rabin, icxak, 403<br />

radikalizmi, 496<br />

radikaluri egaliterianizmi,<br />

433<br />

raija sabha, 206, 693<br />

raseli, bertrani, 430<br />

rasobrivi diskriminacia,<br />

462­467<br />

rbili fuli, 381, 693<br />

reabilitacia, 474<br />

realizmi, <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

591, 692<br />

reaqciuli Zalebi, 228<br />

revolucia, 488, 509<br />

amerikis revolucia.<br />

ix. amerikis revolucia<br />

berkis pozicia sasurvelobis<br />

Sesaxeb,<br />

498­500<br />

gansazRvreba, 693<br />

egviptis revolucia,<br />

504<br />

ekonomikuri SeRweva,<br />

506, 679<br />

Tanamedrove Teoria,<br />

506­508<br />

kvlavdabruneba, 488­<br />

489<br />

masobrivi moZraoba,<br />

508, 686<br />

mizezebi, 503­509<br />

mizezebis tradiciuli<br />

axsna, 503<br />

revoluciis ufleba,<br />

502, 693<br />

ruseTis revolucia,<br />

123, 504<br />

safrangeTis revolucia.<br />

ix. safrangeTis<br />

revolucia<br />

socialuri fsiqologia,<br />

503­504<br />

winarevoluciuri<br />

problemebi, 506<br />

warmatebuli revoluciebi,<br />

507­508<br />

xelisuflebis reaqcia<br />

winarevoluciur<br />

problemebze, 506­507<br />

revoluciis socialuri<br />

fsiqologia, 503­504<br />

revoluciis ufleba, 502,<br />

693<br />

revoluciuri komunizmi,<br />

429, 693<br />

revoluciuri moZraobebis<br />

damarcxebisken<br />

mimarTuli strategia<br />

607<br />

revoluciuri omi, 490,<br />

693<br />

referendumi, 350, 351,<br />

693<br />

regionalizmi, 618­619<br />

reigani, ronaldi,79, 217,<br />

426, 455, 541, 667<br />

rektifikacia, 122, 693<br />

religia<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> socializacia,<br />

317­320<br />

religiis Tavisufleba,<br />

471­472<br />

CineTis represia,<br />

254­255<br />

religiis Tavisufleba,<br />

471­472<br />

religiuri memarjveneebi,<br />

426­427<br />

respublika (platoni).<br />

ix. platonis `respublika~<br />

respublikebi, 22, 68, 693<br />

retribucia, 474<br />

riCardsi, leonardi j.,<br />

360<br />

robertsoni, peti, 427<br />

robespieri, maqsimiliane,<br />

496, 497<br />

romi, ernsti, 135<br />

roperi, elmo, 355<br />

rojeri, uili, 573<br />

ruanda, 268

ganviTareba, 271, 281,<br />

292<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

691<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

23<br />

omi, 580<br />

ruzvelti, Tedi, 370<br />

ruzvelti, franklin<br />

delano, 79, 340, 393,<br />

455, 457<br />

rukebi<br />

germania, 186<br />

iaponia, 195<br />

mosaxleobis ruka,<br />

290­291<br />

ruseTi, 225<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri, 225<br />

safrangeTi, 174<br />

rumineTi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 184,<br />

223, 233, 489<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruseTi, 235, 242­243<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

wevroba, 647<br />

germaniis humanitaruli<br />

daxmareba, 613<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobroba,<br />

225, 235<br />

duma, 239, 679<br />

eTnikuri fragmentacia,<br />

237­239<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619<br />

elcinis roli, 233­235<br />

ekonomikuri vardna,<br />

236­237<br />

<strong>lideroba</strong>, 241<br />

oblasti, 237<br />

prezidentis mier Zalauflebis<br />

borotad<br />

gamoyeneba, 92<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenloba,<br />

348­349<br />

putinis roli, 241<br />

respublikebi, 225<br />

ruka, 225<br />

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi,<br />

639<br />

saprezidento demokratia,<br />

89­90<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba,<br />

239­240<br />

supersaxelmwifos<br />

statusi, 616<br />

terorizmi, 521, 541<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

92<br />

federaluri asamblea,<br />

239, 698<br />

federaciis sabWo, 240,<br />

699<br />

CeCneTi, 235, 237, 241<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

91<br />

ruseTis revolucia, 123,<br />

504<br />

ruso, Jan­Jaki, 35, 491,<br />

559­561, 564, 581, 594<br />

saapelacio sasamarTlo,<br />

215, 694<br />

saarCevno siebi, 349<br />

saberZneTi<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

354<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

terorizmi, 540<br />

trumenis doqtrina,<br />

605<br />

omi, 559<br />

saboloo gadawyvetileba,<br />

ix. holokosti<br />

sabotaJi, 339, 693<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

aparatCikebi, 228<br />

birTvuli iaraRi, 276<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

birTvuli omi, 597­600<br />

gaeros samxedro moqmedeba,<br />

655<br />

gaeros wevroba, 647<br />

gegmuri ekonomika, 226<br />

glastnost, 230, 677<br />

gorbaCovis tranzicia,<br />

225­235<br />

gulagis arqipelagi,<br />

141, 677<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobroba,<br />

225<br />

indeqsi<br />

721<br />

demokratizacia, 228,<br />

230­231, 678<br />

evrocentrizmis<br />

dasasruli, 595­596<br />

elcinis roli daSlaSi,<br />

233­235<br />

erTa ligis wevroba,<br />

646 erovnebebi, 232<br />

estafeta, 141<br />

varSavis xelSekruleba,<br />

597, 616, 643, 681<br />

Tanatolebi da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

324<br />

koleqtivizacia, 139,<br />

683<br />

kolxozi, 139<br />

komunizmis kraxi da<br />

daSla, 22, 24, 26, 119,<br />

223­224, 264, 431, 606,<br />

615<br />

kulakebi, 139, 310, 684<br />

masobrivi moZraobebi<br />

da safrTxeebi, 508<br />

mbrZanebluri ekonomika,<br />

226<br />

meore samyaros gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 269<br />

nacionalistebi, 228<br />

nomenklatura, 228, 689<br />

omi, 571<br />

ormxrivi Sekaveba, 598,<br />

600<br />

perestroika, 228­229,<br />

230, 690<br />

reaqciuli Zalebi, 228<br />

religia da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

318<br />

ruka, 225<br />

savxozi, 139<br />

saCvenebeli sasamarTloebi,<br />

140<br />

skolebi da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

321<br />

stalinis mmarTveloba,<br />

119, 121, 122,<br />

138­141, 151<br />

supersaxelmwifos<br />

statusi, 596<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

Sekaveba, 604­605<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoeba,<br />

446­448

722 indeqsi<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

civi omi. ix. civi omi<br />

sadaTi, anvari, 101, 102,<br />

402, 404<br />

sadamsjelo operaciebi,<br />

131<br />

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi,<br />

639­644, 694<br />

saerTaSoriso politika,<br />

636, 669<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi,<br />

637­644, 674<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi,<br />

ix. gaerTianebuli<br />

erebi<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba<br />

641­642<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 637­639,<br />

688<br />

mSvidoba, 669<br />

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi,<br />

639­644, 694<br />

saerTaSoriso samar­<br />

Tali, ix. saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTali<br />

saerTaSoriso arasam­<br />

Tavrobo organizaciebi,<br />

639­644, 694<br />

samxedro aliansebi,<br />

642­644<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba,<br />

636, 698<br />

funqcionalizmi, 636,<br />

699<br />

funqcionalistebi,<br />

636, 699<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />

fondi (IMF), 34, 617,<br />

647, 694<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali,<br />

657­658<br />

garemo 661, 664­665<br />

mSvidoba, 669<br />

Jenevis konvencia, 660,<br />

693<br />

savaldebulo iurisdiqcia,<br />

666,<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo,<br />

666­667<br />

sargeblianoba, 658<br />

SezRuduloba 665­668,<br />

SeiaraRebaze kontrolis<br />

Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi,<br />

660­661<br />

Sesruleba da iZuleba,<br />

658­659<br />

Sefaseba, 668­669<br />

haagis konvencia 660,<br />

702<br />

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo<br />

organizaciebi,<br />

639­644, 694<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo,<br />

666, 669, 688<br />

saerTaSoriso terorizmi,<br />

518, 694<br />

saerTaSoriso urTier­<br />

Tobebi, 608, 629­631<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 621­623<br />

birTvuli omi, 597­599<br />

bipolaruli sistema,<br />

595­600, 675<br />

bumerangis efeqti<br />

608­610<br />

garemosdacviTi<br />

sakiTxebi, 620­621<br />

globalizacia, 617,<br />

677<br />

evrocentrizmi, 595­<br />

596<br />

evropuli sistema,<br />

593­595<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619­620<br />

eqspansionisturi<br />

strategia, 600, 680<br />

varSavis xelSekruleba,<br />

597<br />

Tanamedrove globaluri<br />

sistema, 595­600<br />

idealizmi, rogorc piradi<br />

interesi, 612­614<br />

ideologia, 596­597<br />

makiaveli da, 590­591<br />

marSalis gegma, 597,<br />

606<br />

miumxroblobis<br />

strategia, 601, 687<br />

morgenTau da, 591­592<br />

naTesavi qveynis sindromi,<br />

626, 689<br />

nato, 597<br />

neitralitetis<br />

strategia, 601, 689<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> realizmi,<br />

591, 692<br />

politologia, 32, 37<br />

regionalizmi, 618­619<br />

saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />

fondi, 617<br />

sainformacio teqnologiebisrevolucia,<br />

623­624<br />

supersaxelmwifoebi,<br />

596<br />

urTierT Sekaveba,<br />

598­599<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika, ix.<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

624­628<br />

civi omis Semdgomi<br />

sagareo politika,<br />

610­611<br />

ZalTa wonasworobis<br />

sistema, 593­594, 701<br />

wonasworoba, 593<br />

wonasworobis damcveli,<br />

593, 702<br />

saerTo samarTali 213<br />

savaldebulo iurisdiqcia,<br />

694<br />

sazogadoeba<br />

askriptiuli sazogadoeba,<br />

286, 674<br />

marqsistuli sazogadoeba.<br />

ix. marqsis<br />

uklaso sazogadoeba<br />

terorizmi, 534­539<br />

sazogadoebriv interes­<br />

Ta jgufebi, 376, 694<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri,<br />

339­340, 694<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

gamokiTxva, 340, 694<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesi,<br />

39­41<br />

safrangeTi, 170­171, 182<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

110<br />

aRiareba, 78<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba,<br />

173­175,<br />

179<br />

britanul sistemasTan<br />

Sedareba, 167­170<br />

gadasaxadi, 457<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

wevroba, 647<br />

gayofili aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba,<br />

179, 676

evrokavSiri da, 180,<br />

618, 644<br />

evrocentrizmis<br />

dasasruli, 595­596<br />

ekonomika, 180<br />

emigracia, 181<br />

erTiani kenWisyra 176<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

erovnuli asamblea,<br />

175­176, 680<br />

Tanaarseboba, 179, 681<br />

kolonializmi, 222­<br />

224, 431­432<br />

konstitucia, 68, 178<br />

marSalis gegma da, 606<br />

mexuTe respublika,<br />

172­173<br />

msoflio vaWroba, 180<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

176­178<br />

prefeqtebi, 82<br />

revolucia, ix. safrangeTis<br />

revolucia<br />

referendumi, 350<br />

ruka, 174<br />

sakonstitucio demokratia<br />

da, 68<br />

saprezidento demokratia,<br />

90<br />

sasamarTlo sistema,<br />

181­182<br />

saxelmwifo da qveyana,<br />

22<br />

supersaxelmwifos<br />

statusi, 616<br />

terorizmi, 477, 540,<br />

541<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

umuSevroba, 180<br />

unitaruli sistema, 82<br />

faSizmi, 426<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

90<br />

safrangeTis komunisturi<br />

partia, 176­178<br />

safrangeTis nacionalisturi<br />

partia, 178<br />

safrangeTis revolucia,<br />

68, 182, 489­490, 494­<br />

495, 695<br />

`axali dRis wesrigi~,<br />

497<br />

adamianis uflebaTa<br />

deklaracia, 495, 673<br />

amerikis revolucias­<br />

Tan Sedareba, 493, 498<br />

arastabiluroba, 495<br />

bastilia, 495, 674<br />

berkis pozicia 498­499<br />

generaluri Statebi,<br />

494, 677<br />

evropis konsensusi,<br />

594­595<br />

radikalizmi, 496<br />

teroris mefoba, 497,<br />

697<br />

terorizmi, 522<br />

safrangeTis socialisturi<br />

partia, 176­177<br />

saganmanaTleblo ideebi,<br />

86<br />

saidumlo policia, 138<br />

sainformacio teqnologiebis<br />

revolucia,<br />

623­624<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />

germania, 188<br />

didi britaneTi, 209­<br />

212<br />

iaponia, 196<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc<br />

delegatebi, 410<br />

kanonmdeblebi,<br />

rogorc meurveebi,<br />

411­412<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

209­211<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

209­211<br />

sakompensacio diskriminacia,<br />

466<br />

sakomstitucio samar­<br />

Tali, 35<br />

saliamis taqtika, 133, 694<br />

samarTliani omi, 577­579,<br />

694<br />

samarTlianoba, 474<br />

gansazRvreba, 694<br />

danaSaulis prevencia,<br />

474<br />

danaSauli da sasjeli,<br />

474<br />

marTebuli samarTlis<br />

procesi, 474, 685<br />

mtkicebulebis uaryofis<br />

wesi 478, 688<br />

marTebulo procedura,<br />

474­475<br />

politika, 26­27<br />

reabilitacia, 474<br />

samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />

sazRvrebi, 475­479<br />

indeqsi<br />

723<br />

sanacvlos migeba, 474<br />

sasamarTlo da sasjelaRsrulebisadministrirebisdiskretuli<br />

uflebebi, 478<br />

sikvdiliT dasja, 479<br />

samoqalaqo ganaTleba,<br />

320, 695<br />

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba,<br />

272, 338, 695<br />

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />

da uflebebi, 477<br />

germania, 191<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi,<br />

392, 414­417, 695<br />

samoqalaqo omi, 80, 493,<br />

522, 695<br />

samrewvelo revolucia,<br />

595<br />

samSvidobo misiebi, gaer­<br />

Tianebuli erebi, 651,<br />

650­656<br />

samxedro aliansebi,<br />

642­644<br />

samxedro moqmedeba da<br />

gaerTianebuli erebi,<br />

655<br />

samxedro xarjebi, 447<br />

samxreT aziis regionuli<br />

TanamSromlobis asociacia,<br />

636<br />

samxreT afrika<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

birTvulo iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

ganviTareba, 280<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

68<br />

saprezidento demokratia,<br />

90<br />

CrdiloeTis da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

samxreT korea<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

102, 113<br />

bumerangis efeqti, 610<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samxedro qmedeba, 655<br />

ganviTareba, 279<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

34<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

258­259<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

68

724 indeqsi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> socializaciis<br />

marcxi, 330<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika, 606<br />

CrdiloeTis da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

san tome, 281<br />

saolqo sasamarTlo, 215<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

161, 218<br />

avstria, 170<br />

aRmasrulebeli Sto,<br />

212<br />

belgia, 170<br />

germania, ix. germania<br />

didi britaneTi. ix.<br />

didi britaneTi<br />

iaponia. ix. iaponia<br />

indoeTi. ix. indoeTi<br />

israeli. ix. israeli<br />

koleqtiuri samTavrobopasuxismgebloba,<br />

213<br />

konstitucia, 217<br />

precedentuli samar­<br />

Tali, 214<br />

saerTo samarTali, 213<br />

sakanonmdeblo damoukidebloba,<br />

209­210<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,<br />

209­212<br />

saparlamento sistemis<br />

gansazRvreba, 161,<br />

695<br />

saparlamento suvereniteti,<br />

209, 695<br />

saprezidento xelisuflebasTanSedareba,<br />

210­218<br />

sasamarTloebi, 213­<br />

216<br />

safrangeTi. ix. safrangeTi<br />

upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi,<br />

216­217<br />

SekiTxvebis saaTi, 211,<br />

700<br />

sapolicio Zalaufleba,<br />

79, 692<br />

saprezidento sistema<br />

gansazRvreba, 695<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

89<br />

saparlamento demokratiasTanSedareba,<br />

208­218<br />

saqarTvelo<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruka, 225<br />

ruseTis intervencia,<br />

235<br />

saqmeebi samoqalaqo<br />

uflebaTa Sesaxeb,<br />

463, 464<br />

sasamarTlo kontroli,<br />

215<br />

sasamarTlo sistema<br />

germania, 190<br />

didi britaneTi, 213­<br />

216<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

213­216<br />

safrangeTi, 181­182<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

213­216<br />

saSinao iurisdiqcia, 648,<br />

696<br />

saSinao terorizmi, 520,<br />

696<br />

saCvenebeli sasamarTloebi,<br />

140<br />

saskolo avtobusi, 464<br />

sasjeli, 474, 479<br />

satelefono jgufi, 341<br />

saudis arabeTi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

97<br />

bumerangis efeqti, 609<br />

ganviTareba, 270<br />

globaluri daTboba,<br />

665<br />

monarqia, 425<br />

sparseTis yuris omi,<br />

656<br />

terorizmi, 527, 529,<br />

533<br />

CrdiloeTis da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

265<br />

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba,<br />

102, 696<br />

saxelmwifo moRvaweoba,<br />

393<br />

saxelmwifo terorizmi,<br />

518, 696<br />

saxelmwifo, 22, 695<br />

saxelmwifos armqone<br />

erebi, 24, 696<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

274<br />

gansazRvreba, 696<br />

ruseTi, 239­240<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi<br />

omebi, 552, 695<br />

sajaro mmarTveloba,<br />

35, 38<br />

sajaro politika SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi, 446,<br />

481­482<br />

Tanasworoba. ix.<br />

Tanasworoba<br />

keTildReoba. ix.<br />

keTildReoba<br />

miznTa konfliqti,<br />

479­481<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mecniereba,<br />

35<br />

samarTlianoba. ix.<br />

samarTlianoba<br />

usafrTxoeba. ix.<br />

usafrTxoeba<br />

sajaro sikeTe, 422, 442<br />

gansazRvreba, 696<br />

ideologia. ix. ideologia<br />

politikis miznebi da<br />

saSualebebi, 422<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

394<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

politika. ix. SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi<br />

seko, mobutu sese, 98<br />

sen­simoni, komte de, 49,<br />

428<br />

serbska, 298<br />

seqtemberi, 11. ix. terorizmi<br />

sviti peinteris winaaRmdeg,<br />

464<br />

sibrZne, 394<br />

siera­leone, 268, 299­300<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samSvidobo misia, 653<br />

ganviTareba, 271, 281<br />

danaSauli, 628<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

omi, 580<br />

sikvdiliT dasja, 479<br />

singapuri<br />

avtoritarizmi, 108,<br />

113<br />

ganviTareba, 279<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33­34

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

CrdiloeTis da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

singeri, maqsi, 611, 612<br />

sinxebi, 23<br />

sinhalebi, 23<br />

sionizmi, 206, 603­604, 696<br />

siria<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98<br />

arabuli respublikebis<br />

federacia,<br />

403<br />

sagareo politika, 604<br />

terorizmi, 519<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

sityvis Tavisufleba,<br />

470­471<br />

sityvis Tavisufleba,<br />

470­4741<br />

siRaribe, 468<br />

skolebi<br />

skovakeTi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

slovenia, 297<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

smiti, adam, 89, 111, 427,<br />

455<br />

socializacia, <strong>politikuri</strong>.<br />

ix. <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia<br />

socializmi, 428, 696<br />

socialuri dacva, 451­<br />

454<br />

socialuri klasi, 316<br />

sokrate, 49, 53, 70, 322<br />

solisitori, 241<br />

solJenicini, aleqsandre,<br />

141<br />

somali, 268, 294<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samSvidobo misia, 653<br />

ganviTareba, 271, 274,<br />

282, 292<br />

idealizmi da SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis samxedro<br />

moqmedeba, 613<br />

somoza, anastasio, 98<br />

somxeTi<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

ruka, 225<br />

sorokini, pitirim, 488<br />

sparseTis yure. ix. aseve<br />

axlo aRmosavleTi;<br />

specifikuri qveynebi<br />

ganviTareba, 270<br />

terorizmi, 519<br />

omi, 572, 626, 656<br />

spilos Zvlis sanapiro<br />

danaSauli, 628<br />

ssrk. ix. sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

stalini, iosebi, 119­123,<br />

126, 135, 138­141, 151,<br />

153, 233, 247, 310, 569,<br />

597, 605<br />

status kvo strategia,<br />

600­607, 69<br />

strategiuli gamokiTxva,<br />

341, 696<br />

strategiuli Seiara­<br />

Rebis Semcirebis<br />

xelSekruleba II, 660,<br />

696<br />

stratificirebuli Ser­<br />

Ceva, 342, 696<br />

sudani<br />

ganviTareba, 271<br />

terorizmi, 519, 533<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

saelCos dabombvis<br />

kontrdartyma, 609<br />

suecis konfliqti, 572<br />

sukarno, axmedi, 274, 276<br />

supersaxelmwifos statusi,<br />

596<br />

suvereniteti, 657, 696<br />

suharto, generali, 98<br />

taivani<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

102, 108, 113<br />

ganviTareba, 279, 289<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33­34<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

indeqsi<br />

725<br />

CrdiloeTisa da<br />

samxreTis konfliqti,<br />

269<br />

tailandi<br />

ganviTareba, 279<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

tajikeTi<br />

ruka, 225<br />

ruseTis intervencia,<br />

235<br />

tanzania, 609<br />

teini, rojeri, 462, 477<br />

terorizmi, 515­518, 546­<br />

547<br />

alJiri, 529­532<br />

antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

terorizmi, 521, 674<br />

armoSoba, 521­523<br />

axalgazrda rekrutebi,<br />

535­536<br />

biujetis deficiti,<br />

456<br />

gansazRvreba, 518­521,<br />

697<br />

TanamSromloba qveyanebs<br />

Soris, 541­542<br />

ideologiuri terorizmi,<br />

521, 681<br />

kanonmdebloba, 539­<br />

541<br />

kontrterorizmi, 523,<br />

542­545, 684<br />

logika, 523­525<br />

media, 538­539<br />

mizanTa konfliqti,<br />

479­481<br />

msoflio savaWro centri,<br />

515<br />

nacionalistur­separatistuliterorizmi,<br />

521, 689<br />

oklahomas dabombva,<br />

520<br />

patriotis aqti, 476,<br />

540<br />

saerTaSoriso terorizmi,<br />

518, 694<br />

sazogadoeba, 534­539<br />

samoqalaqo uflebebi<br />

ucxour qveynebSi, 477<br />

saSinao terorizmi,<br />

520, 695<br />

saxelmwifo terorizmi,<br />

518, 696<br />

teroristTa klasificireba,<br />

532­534

726 indeqsi<br />

teroristTa taqtika,<br />

525­526<br />

teroristis identificireba,<br />

534<br />

transnacionaluri<br />

terorizmi, 520, 697<br />

unilateraluri<br />

zomebi, 542­545<br />

utopia, 62­63<br />

fsiqologia, 536­538<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoeba,<br />

448<br />

Sekaveba, 546<br />

winaaRmdeg brZola,<br />

539­546<br />

jgufis maxasiaTeblebi,<br />

527­529<br />

teroris mefoba, 497, 697<br />

tetCeri, margareti, 163,<br />

164, 168­170, 525<br />

tiananmenis moednis<br />

Jleta, 254, 697<br />

tibeti, 571<br />

tirania, 108<br />

tito, iosef brozi, 101,<br />

296, 297, 392<br />

toinbi, arnoldi, 594<br />

tomas, normani, 432<br />

totalitarizmi, 119­122,<br />

153­154<br />

adamianuri msxverpli,<br />

151­152<br />

avRaneTSi Talibebis<br />

reJimi, 120<br />

Gleichschaltung (unifikacia),<br />

129<br />

gansazRvreba, 697<br />

gantevebis vaci, 124<br />

gancalkevebuli kun­<br />

Zulebi, 122, 676<br />

germania hitleris<br />

mmarTvelobisas, 119,<br />

121, 123, 142­144, 151<br />

eTiopia mangistu<br />

haile mariamis mmarTvelobisas,<br />

149­150<br />

ekonomikis centralizebuli<br />

kontroli, 138<br />

ideologia, 124­127<br />

irani xomeinis mmarTvelobisas,<br />

150<br />

kamboja pol potis<br />

mmarTvelobisas, 149<br />

kuba kastros mmarTvelobisas,<br />

123<br />

lideris kulti, 123<br />

<strong>lideroba</strong>, 123­124<br />

momavlis dapirebebi,<br />

126<br />

monoliTuri sazogadoeba,<br />

136­137<br />

monopolia masobrivi<br />

komunikaciis saSualebebze,<br />

138<br />

opoziciuri partiebi,<br />

133­134<br />

organizacia, 127­129<br />

partiuloba, 128, 690<br />

propaganda, 129­130,<br />

691<br />

revoluciuri etapi,<br />

123­132<br />

revoluciuri brZola,<br />

125<br />

rektifikacia, 122, 693<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

stalinis mmarTvelobisas,<br />

119, 121, 122,<br />

138­141, 151<br />

sadamsjelo operaciebi,<br />

131<br />

sazogadoebis transformacia,<br />

137­138<br />

saidumlo policia,<br />

138<br />

saliamis taqtika, 133,<br />

694<br />

sicocxlisunarianoba,<br />

153<br />

ujredebi, 127­128, 698<br />

fasci di combattimento<br />

(`mebrZoli jgufebi~),<br />

131<br />

faSisturi italia,<br />

119, 131<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,<br />

138<br />

CineTi maos mmarTvelobisas,<br />

119, 121, 122,<br />

123, 124, 145­149<br />

Zaladoba, 130­132<br />

Zalauflebis konsolidacia,<br />

132­137<br />

ZiriTadi partiuli<br />

organizaciebi, 128<br />

wmenda, 134, 702<br />

totalitarizmis<br />

revoluciuri etapi,<br />

123­132<br />

totaluri omi, 574<br />

tradicionalistebi,<br />

gansazRvreba, 697<br />

tradiciuli monawileoba,<br />

336<br />

tradiciuli sazogadoeba,<br />

286, 697<br />

transnacionaluri terorizmi,<br />

520, 697<br />

triada, 599<br />

trumeni, hari, 217, 391,<br />

576<br />

trumenis doqtrina, 605­<br />

606, 697<br />

truxilo, rafaeli, 98<br />

tutelaJi (meurveoba),<br />

82, 697<br />

tutsi, 23<br />

uganda<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifo,<br />

98<br />

ganviTareba, 271<br />

ueWveli urTierT ganadgureba,<br />

576<br />

uTanasworoba, ix. Tanasworoba<br />

uilsoni, vudrou, 562,<br />

563, 568, 570, 613, 643,<br />

655<br />

ukraina<br />

ruseTTan konfliqti,<br />

238­239<br />

nato­s gafarToeba,<br />

643<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavceleba, 622<br />

birTvuli iaraRi, 235<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

199<br />

ultranacionalizmi, 555,<br />

697<br />

umaRlesi ganaTleba, 322<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

70­72, 73, 91,<br />

697<br />

umravlesobis tirania,<br />

72­74, 698<br />

umciresobebi<br />

afroamerikelebi, 578,<br />

465<br />

brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo<br />

sabWos<br />

winaaRmdeg, 464<br />

konstitucio demokratia,<br />

75<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> socializacia,<br />

316<br />

rasobrivi diskriminacia,<br />

464­467

sakompensacio diskriminacia,<br />

75, 466­467<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

316<br />

unabomberi, 537<br />

ungreTi<br />

evrokavSiri da, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 184,<br />

223, 233<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

245­246<br />

omi, 571<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

faSizmi, 425<br />

undoblobis votumi, 164,<br />

698<br />

unita, 607<br />

unitaruli sistema, 82,<br />

698<br />

Untermenschen (qveadamianebi),<br />

39<br />

uorneri, marki, 380<br />

uoterling, pati, 416<br />

upirobo kapitulacia,<br />

574, 698<br />

urTierT Sekaveba<br />

omi, 576<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,<br />

598­600<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba,<br />

636, 698<br />

urugvai<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

sabaJo kavSiri, 642<br />

terorizmi, 526<br />

usafrTxoeba, 446<br />

garemos dacvis programebi,<br />

454<br />

gareSe mtrebi, 446­448<br />

danaSauli, 448­451<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoeba,<br />

446­448, 680<br />

kuTvnili daxmareba,<br />

452<br />

sakuTari qmedeba, 454<br />

samxedro xarjebi, 447<br />

socialuri dacva,<br />

451­454<br />

Sida mtrebi, 448­451<br />

xandazmulTa samedicino<br />

momsaxureba, 453<br />

utopia, 48, 59, 63­64<br />

adamianuri buneba,<br />

60­61<br />

bekonis `axali atlantida~.<br />

ix. bekonis<br />

`axali atlantida~<br />

belamis `xedva ukan<br />

2000­1887~, 49<br />

gansazRvreba, 48, 698<br />

distopia, 62, 679<br />

evgenika, 60, 679<br />

kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~,<br />

49<br />

marqsis uklaso<br />

sazogadoeba. ix. marqsis<br />

ulaso sazogadoeba<br />

moris `utopia~, 48<br />

oruelis `aTas cxraas<br />

oTxmocdaoTxi~ 62<br />

oruelis samyaro, 62<br />

platonis `respublika~.<br />

ix. platonis<br />

`respublika~<br />

politikis ugulebelyofa,<br />

61­62<br />

terorizmi, 62­63<br />

haqslis `mamaci axali<br />

samyaro~, 62<br />

heringtonis `okeane­<br />

Tis Tanamegobroba~, 49<br />

utopisti socialistebi,<br />

428, 698<br />

uflebaTa peticia, 77,<br />

698<br />

fagi, joni, 398<br />

fainstaini, daiana, 380<br />

falveli, jeri, 426, 427<br />

faraxani, luisi, 27<br />

Fasci di combattimento,<br />

(`mebrZoli jgufebi~)<br />

131<br />

faSizmi, 119, 123, 131, 425­<br />

426, 699<br />

federaciis sabWo, 240,<br />

700<br />

federalizmi<br />

germania, 79, 81, 185<br />

sakonstitucio demokratiebi,<br />

79­81<br />

federalisti, 87, 172,<br />

382, 503<br />

federaluri asamblea,<br />

239, 699<br />

ferbenki, jon kingi, 147<br />

fehlevi Sah muhamed<br />

reza, 98, 108<br />

filipinebi<br />

indeqsi<br />

727<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

98<br />

ganviTareba, 276, 289<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

90<br />

filosofosi mefeebi,<br />

51, 699<br />

fineTi<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifo, 23<br />

omi, 571<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

First past the post arCevnebis<br />

sistema, 347<br />

fokus­jgufebi, 341, 699<br />

folki, riCardi, 566, 567<br />

folklendis omi, 163,<br />

262, 572<br />

foqsi, visente, 259, 263,<br />

280, 369<br />

franklini, benjamini, 396<br />

fraqcia, 188<br />

fridrixi, karli, 138<br />

froidi, zigmundi, 557<br />

fsiqologia<br />

bihevioristuli<br />

fsiqologia, 675<br />

ganviTarebis barierebi,<br />

285­287<br />

revoluciis socialuri<br />

fsiqologia,<br />

503­504<br />

terorizmi, 536­538<br />

fulbraiti, uiliami, 412<br />

funqcionalizmi/funqcionalisti,<br />

636, 699<br />

furie, Carlsi, 49<br />

fuximori, alberto, 543<br />

qali<br />

aborti, 473<br />

avRaneTi 301<br />

feminizmi, 75<br />

qarizmatuli lideri,<br />

109, 700<br />

qaSmiri, 205, 653, 699<br />

qerol, luis, 422<br />

qeSmen, gregi, 556<br />

qveyana, 22, 700<br />

qmediTi xelisufleba,<br />

84­85<br />

qneseTi, 208, 699<br />

quveiTi

728 indeqsi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifo,<br />

97<br />

ganviTareba, 270<br />

omi, 391, 577, 655<br />

qurTebi<br />

saxelmwifos armqone<br />

eri, 24<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

Rirebulebebi, <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

329<br />

yazaxeTi<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 622<br />

birTvuli iaraRi, 235<br />

ruseTTan konfliqti,<br />

239<br />

Savkaniani amerikelebi,<br />

78, 464, 465<br />

Saiko, ronaldi, 379<br />

SvedeTi<br />

amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

355<br />

evrokavSiri, 644<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

381<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo,<br />

432<br />

omi, 571<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

terorizmi, 541<br />

Sebrunebuli diskriminacia,<br />

466­467<br />

SedarebiTi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

sistemebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

ix. aseve<br />

avtoritarizmi<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mecniereba,<br />

35<br />

sakonstitucio<br />

demokratiebi, ix.<br />

aseve sakonstitucio<br />

demokratia<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

ix. aseve<br />

totalitarizmi,<br />

utopia, ix. aseve utopiebi<br />

SedarebiTi umravlesobis<br />

sistema, 71<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

amerikuli konservatizmi,<br />

434, 673<br />

amerikuli liberalizmi,<br />

434, 673<br />

amomrCevlis codna,<br />

359­361<br />

arCevnebi, 345­347,<br />

350­358<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisfleba,<br />

212­213<br />

gaeros wevroba, 647,<br />

648, 650, 653, 654<br />

gaeros samxedro<br />

qmedeba, 655<br />

ganmanaTleblobis<br />

ideebi, 86<br />

gawveva, 351<br />

genderuli gansvla,<br />

317<br />

globaluri daTboba,<br />

665<br />

demagogebi, 406­409<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33­34<br />

evrocentrizmi, 595­<br />

596<br />

erTa liga, 645­646<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebi, 23<br />

iniciativa, 351<br />

interesTa jgufebi,<br />

378, 383<br />

kaliforniis samoqalaqo<br />

uflebaTa<br />

iniciativa, 352<br />

kapitalizmi, 427­428<br />

klasi, 316<br />

keTildReobis saxelmwifo,<br />

432<br />

komunizmi, 431<br />

konservatizmi, 433­<br />

438, 439­442, 684<br />

konstitucia. ix.<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

konstitucia<br />

konstituciuri demokratia,<br />

86<br />

liberalizmi, 433­436,<br />

438­442, 685<br />

liberaluri tradicia,<br />

434<br />

masmedia da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia,<br />

324­329<br />

moTxovna­miwodebis<br />

kanoni, 437, 687<br />

moqalaqeoba, 311<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 637<br />

mZRoli­amomrCevlis<br />

kanoni, 355<br />

mwvane partiebi, 621<br />

omi, 569, 573, 576<br />

ojaxi, 314­315<br />

pirdapiri demokratia,<br />

350­353<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> apaTia,<br />

358, 692<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 32<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

401, 405, 410, 416<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi,<br />

365­368, 369, 371­373<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> socializaciis<br />

marcxi, 330<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> Rirebulebebi,<br />

329<br />

revolucia. ix. amerikis<br />

revolucia<br />

religia, 317­320<br />

religiuri memarjveneebi,<br />

426­427<br />

referendumi, 351<br />

saapelacio sasamarTlo,<br />

215, 693<br />

saarCevno sistema,<br />

347­350<br />

sagareo politika. ix.<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,<br />

209­212<br />

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo,<br />

666<br />

skola da <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

socializacia, 321<br />

samoqalaqo uflebebi,<br />

438­439<br />

samoqalaqo omi, 80<br />

saolqo sasamarTlo,<br />

215<br />

sasamarTlo xelisufleba,<br />

213­216<br />

sistemis Rirseba da<br />

nakli, 216­217<br />

supersaxelmwifos<br />

statusi, 596<br />

saxelmwifo politika.<br />

ix. SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis saxelmwifo<br />

politika

terorizmi, 448, 476,<br />

515­518, 522, 523, 532,<br />

535<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlo,<br />

215<br />

umciresobebi, 316<br />

faSizmi, 425<br />

federalizmi, 79<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis<br />

Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />

SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)<br />

263, 454, 642, 700<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

626<br />

civi omi. ix. civi omi<br />

xmis micema, 354­355<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

konstitucia, 68, 78,<br />

87, 371, 492<br />

omis gamocxadeba, 90<br />

orpalatiani sistema,<br />

91, 689<br />

saprezidento sistema,<br />

89<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

91<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba,<br />

88­89<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

90­91<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika<br />

bediswera, 601<br />

birTvuli omi, 597­598<br />

bumerangis efeqti,<br />

608­610<br />

burTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 621­623<br />

garemos dacvis<br />

sakiTxebi, 615, 620<br />

globalizacia, 617<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619­620<br />

erovnuli interesi,<br />

600­607, 680<br />

eqspansionisturi<br />

strategia, 600<br />

vietnami, 606<br />

kontra, 607<br />

idealizmi, rogorc piradi<br />

interesi, 612­614<br />

ideologia, 596­597<br />

iaponia, urTierToba,<br />

203<br />

marSalis gegma, 597,<br />

606, 613, 686<br />

monros doqtrina, 603,<br />

688<br />

nato, 606<br />

neoizolacionistebi,<br />

610<br />

ormxrivi Sekaveba,<br />

598­600<br />

regionalizmi, 618­619<br />

sainformacio teqnologiebisrevolucia,<br />

623­624<br />

status kvos strategia,<br />

600­607, 696<br />

triada, 599<br />

trumenis doqtrina,<br />

605­607, 697<br />

unita, 607<br />

Sekaveba, 604­607<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

624­629<br />

civi omis Semdgomi periodis<br />

sagareo politika,<br />

610­612, 6166<br />

SezRuduli omi, 574, 699<br />

SezRuduli xelisufleba,<br />

74­82, 699<br />

SeTanxmebebi. ix. specifikuri<br />

SeTanxmeba<br />

SeiaraRebaze kontrolis<br />

Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi,<br />

660­661<br />

SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri,<br />

555, 701<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />

88­89, 701<br />

Seli krameris winaaRmdeg,<br />

464<br />

SemTxveviTi omi, 575, 701<br />

SemTxveviTi SerCeva, 341,<br />

700<br />

Sereuli ekonomika, 455,<br />

700<br />

Sereuli reJimi, 161, 700<br />

Sermani, uiliam 552<br />

SeRweva, <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

274, 692<br />

Sveicaria<br />

lenini gadasaxlebaSi,<br />

123<br />

omi, 571<br />

pirdapiri demokratia,<br />

350<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

Sida mtrebi, 448­451<br />

indeqsi<br />

729<br />

Siraki, Jaki, 175, 177, 179,<br />

180<br />

Speeri, alberti, 40<br />

Sri­lanka<br />

ganviTareba, 285, 292<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba,<br />

619<br />

kolonializmi, 273<br />

mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

23<br />

terorizmi, 521<br />

Cadi, 271, 274, 281, 282<br />

Calis gamokiTxva, 340, 700<br />

Can kai­Si, 134, 145, 247<br />

Carlz I, 502<br />

Cemberleni, nevili, 164,<br />

406, 413<br />

Cemi brZola (Mein Kampf)<br />

(hitleri), 125, 130<br />

Cen Sui­bini, 260<br />

CerCili, joni, 399<br />

CerCili, uinstoni, 164,<br />

392, 399­400, 613<br />

CeCneTi, 234, 238, 241, 521<br />

CexeTis respublika<br />

evrokavSiri da, 644<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

244­245<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

415<br />

saparlamento demokratia,<br />

170<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba,<br />

73<br />

Cexoslovakia<br />

daSla, 24<br />

erTa liga 646<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 1184,<br />

233, 489<br />

marSalis gegma da, 606<br />

omi, 571<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>lideroba</strong>,<br />

414<br />

Cile<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi,<br />

114<br />

sabaJo kavSiri, 642<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria,<br />

33<br />

ganviTareba, 276, 278,<br />

280, 282<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 638<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> tranzicia,<br />

261

730 indeqsi<br />

Ciluba, frederiki, 114<br />

CineTi<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi,<br />

109, 111, 112<br />

asi yvavilis kampania,<br />

146, 674<br />

bazarze orientirebuli<br />

reforma, 250­253<br />

bumerangis efeqti, 610<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

wevroba, 647, 655<br />

ganviTareba, 275, 279,<br />

282<br />

globaluri daTboba<br />

da, 664<br />

dekoleqtivizacia, 250<br />

demokratiis kedeli,<br />

254, 678<br />

den siapinis mefoba,<br />

248<br />

didi naxtomi win, 147,<br />

248, 679<br />

diadi proletaruli<br />

kulturuli revolucia,<br />

148, 248, 678<br />

ideologia, 249<br />

keTilsasurveli eris<br />

(MFN) statusi, 255<br />

komunizmi tranzicia­<br />

Si, 223­224, 247­249, 264<br />

maos mmarTveloba, 119,<br />

121, 122, 123, 124, 145­<br />

149, 247­248<br />

marqsizmi da, 33<br />

masobrivi mobilizacia<br />

248, 686<br />

meore samyaro, 269<br />

omi, 559, 57<br />

partiis gavlena, 249<br />

permanentuli meurneobis<br />

sistema, 111<br />

pirovnuli Tavisufleba,<br />

253<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> fragmentacia,<br />

255­256<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> represia,<br />

254­255<br />

religiuri represia,<br />

254­255<br />

sazogadoebrivi problemebi,<br />

253<br />

samxedro Zalaufleba,<br />

257<br />

supersaxemwifos statusi,<br />

616<br />

tiananmenis moednis<br />

xocva­Jleta, 254­255,<br />

697<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

SeerTebul StatebTan<br />

vaWroba, 256<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika da,<br />

607<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625, 626<br />

CineTis saxalxo respublika.<br />

ix. CineTi<br />

CrdiloeT afrika. ix.<br />

aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

270, 271<br />

danaSauli, 629<br />

terorizmi, 517<br />

Zalaufleba, 25<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

CrdiloeT amerika. ix.<br />

aseve specifikuri<br />

qveynebi<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

288<br />

mosaxleobis ruka,<br />

290­291<br />

multinacionaluri<br />

korporaciebi, 637­639<br />

pirveli samyaros<br />

gansazRvreba, 268<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ekonomikis<br />

perspeqtiva, 32<br />

terorizmi, 524<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

625<br />

CrdiloeT atlantikis<br />

TanamSromlobis<br />

organizacia (nato),<br />

298, 299, 391, 541, 597,<br />

606, 611, 618, 640, 643,<br />

652, 689<br />

CrdiloeT irlandia, 169,<br />

477, 518, 521<br />

CrdiloeT korea<br />

birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrceleba, 621<br />

birTvuli iaraRi da<br />

iaponia, 203<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

samxedro qmedeba, 655<br />

ekonomikuri tranzicia,<br />

260<br />

komunizmis kraxi, 223,<br />

224<br />

marqsizmi, 33<br />

SedarebiTi politika,<br />

37<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

sagareo politika, 606<br />

terorizmi, 448, 519<br />

CrdiloeTisa da samxre­<br />

Tis konfliqti, 269<br />

ceiloni, ix. Sri lanka<br />

centraluri afrikis<br />

respublika, 98<br />

centraluri komiteti,<br />

701<br />

civi omi, 427, 446, 448,<br />

505, 519, 595, 597, 616,<br />

655, 669, 702<br />

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,<br />

624­628<br />

cxeli xazi, 577, 701<br />

Zaladoba<br />

breidis kanoni, 451,<br />

675<br />

revolucia. ix. revolucia<br />

terorizmi. ix. terorizmi<br />

totalitarizmi, 130­<br />

132 omi. ix. omi<br />

Zalaufleba, 24­26, 701<br />

ZalauflebaTa Serwyma,<br />

162­163, 701<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba,<br />

90­91, 701<br />

Zalauflebis konsolidacia,<br />

132­137<br />

Zalauflebis mqone<br />

elita, 362<br />

Zalauflebis mqone<br />

elitis mbrunavi kari,<br />

361­364<br />

ZalTa wonasworobis<br />

sistema 593, 702<br />

Zian Zemin 249<br />

ZiriTadi kanoni, 703<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

demokratia, gansaz­<br />

Rvreba, 701<br />

warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri<br />

Teoria,<br />

410, 703

warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi<br />

Teoria, 411,<br />

701<br />

wesrigi, 21­24<br />

winaswari SezRudva, 471<br />

wm, valentinis dRis<br />

xocva­Jleta, 450<br />

wmenda, 134, 702<br />

wonasworoba saerTaSoriso<br />

urTierTobebSi,<br />

593<br />

wonasworobis damcveli,<br />

593, 701<br />

WarbganviTareba, 302­303<br />

xmis micema<br />

amomrCevlis raodenoba,<br />

354<br />

amomrCevlis codna,<br />

359­361<br />

brazilia, 337<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

337, 354­355<br />

xmosanTa SedarebiTi<br />

umravlesobis sistema,<br />

71<br />

xomeini, aiaTola ruhola,<br />

150<br />

xorvatia, 297<br />

bosniis konfliqti,<br />

297<br />

komunizmidan tranzicia,<br />

246<br />

xruSCovi, nikita, 140,<br />

248<br />

xunta, 97<br />

jandacvis erovnuli<br />

dazRveva, 455­456<br />

jandacvis msoflio organizacia<br />

(WHO), 641<br />

jefersoni, Tomasi, 86,<br />

366, 435, 491, 492<br />

jeikob uoterlingis<br />

aqti, 417<br />

jenkinsi, braiani, 519<br />

jonsoni, Calmersi, 609,<br />

610, 627<br />

jonsoni, endriu, 212<br />

jonsoni, lindoni, 217,<br />

391<br />

jorj III, 490<br />

haagis konvencia, 660, 702<br />

habeas korpusi (Habeas<br />

Corpus Act), 77, 702<br />

hadamovski, eugeni, 131<br />

haiti, 98<br />

hamiltoni, aleqsander,<br />

84, 87, 88, 366, 396, 404<br />

han seni, 224<br />

hantingtoni, semueli,<br />

293, 624, 625, 626, 627<br />

haqslis `mamaci axali<br />

samyaro~, 62<br />

hardingi, uoreni, 391<br />

harlani, joni m., 463, 467<br />

hafingtoni, maikli, 380<br />

haSimoto, ruiuitaro,<br />

199<br />

hata, cutoumo, 198<br />

hausa­fulani, 104<br />

haveli, vaclavi, 414<br />

hegeli, g. v. f., 552, 553<br />

henri, patriki, 469<br />

heringtonis `okeaneTis<br />

keTildReoba~, 49<br />

hirosima, 576<br />

hitleri, adolfi, 39, 110,<br />

119, 124, 125, 127, 128,<br />

129, 130, 134, 135, 149,<br />

151, 153, 154, 233, 392,<br />

399, 400, 414, 425, 537,<br />

554, 569, 573, 580<br />

hobsi, Tomasi, 86, 268,<br />

446, 557­558, 559, 581<br />

holokosti, 39, 119, 144,<br />

154, 207, 603<br />

homoseqsualebi<br />

holokosti da, 39<br />

homoseqsualTa uflebebi,<br />

468<br />

hondurasi, 287<br />

honekeri, erix, 185<br />

honkongi, 269<br />

hosokava, morihino, 198<br />

hoferi, eriki, 123, 536,<br />

537<br />

huseini, sadami, 98, 391,<br />

572, 626<br />

hutus, 23<br />

indeqsi<br />

731

732

indeqsi<br />

733

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