gavigoT politika
gavigoT politika
gavigoT politika
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Tomas m. magStadti<br />
<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong><br />
ideebi, institutebi<br />
da problemebi<br />
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
Tbilisi _ 2010
<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>: ideebi, institutebi da problemebi<br />
Tomas m. magStadti<br />
Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 6 th Ed.<br />
Thomas M. Magstadt<br />
COPYRIGHT @ 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning Inc.<br />
Cengage Learning TM is a trademark used herein under license.<br />
Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning<br />
ISBN 9780534603816<br />
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis<br />
saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~.<br />
wigni gamoica ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobis mier.<br />
mTargmnelebi: arCil abaSiZe, giorgi gvalia, elene nodia,<br />
nino svanaZe, malxaz saldaZe, revaz baxtaZe,<br />
qeTevan cixelaSvili, gela banZelaZe,<br />
giorgi babunaSvili, nodar manCxaSvili, mariam esebua<br />
redaqtorebi: gia nodia<br />
daviT afrasiZe<br />
kompiuteruli<br />
uzrunvelyofa: sofo kevliSvili<br />
qarTuli gamocema<br />
© ssip ilias saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-0223-6<br />
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo<br />
Ilia State University Press 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
s a r G e v i<br />
Sesavali<br />
msoflio ruka<br />
I Sesavali: politikis Seswavla .............................................................................19<br />
<strong>politika</strong> da yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />
politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
wesrigi Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi samarTlianoba<br />
rogor swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />
ra mizniT? ra meTodebiT? ra perspeqtividan?<br />
ratom swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />
piradi interesi sazogadoebrivi interesi<br />
nawili I SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
II utopia: sanimuSo saxelmwifoebi........................................................................47<br />
platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa<br />
samarTliani qalaqi keTilSobili tyuili<br />
frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~: pasuxi mecnierebaa<br />
stabiluroba da mecniereba samomavlo nimuSi<br />
karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi ekonomikaa<br />
ekonomikis wamyvani roli proletariatis diqtatura<br />
uklaso sazogadoeba<br />
utopiisaken dabruneba<br />
utopiiT STagoneba gza utopiisaken utopiis praqtikuloba<br />
utopia da adamianis buneba utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa<br />
distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde<br />
oruelis samyaro utopia da terorizmi<br />
daskvniTi mosazrebani<br />
III konstituciuri demokratia: warmomadgenlobis revolucia .......67<br />
demokratiuli konstituciebi<br />
demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba umravlesobis tirania
demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli xelisufleba<br />
umciresobis uflebebi kanonis uzenaesoba konstitucionalizmi, rogorc<br />
marTebuli procedura federalizmi<br />
demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba<br />
stabilurobis aucilebloba qmediTobis auci lebloba<br />
xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba: ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea<br />
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura<br />
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba saprezidento sistema Zalauflebis danawileba<br />
SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze rodisaa Zalaufleba<br />
marTebuli?<br />
IV avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi: tradiciuli mmarTveloba .............96<br />
avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi<br />
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi<br />
avtoritaruli <strong>politika</strong><br />
avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria<br />
avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba<br />
avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria avtoritaruli reJimi arapopularulia<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs<br />
avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa<br />
avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?<br />
V totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi: ganuxorcielebeli utopiebi ....118<br />
totalitarizmis arsi<br />
totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi<br />
lideroba ideologia organizacia propaganda Zaladoba<br />
Zalauflebis konsolidacia<br />
opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi<br />
metoqeebisgan gawmenda monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna<br />
sazogadoebis transformacia<br />
stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri hitleris germania maos CineTi<br />
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi<br />
totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni<br />
totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba
nawili II Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
VI saparlamento demokratia ................................................................................. 160<br />
didi britaneTi: nimuASi<br />
Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma xeli suflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli<br />
vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?<br />
demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva<br />
safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg.<br />
mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli politikuri partiebi konstitucia<br />
zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo sistema muSaobs Tu ara<br />
demokratia safrangeTSi?<br />
germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg.<br />
vaimaris respublika gayofili germania: civi omis mini modeli gaer<br />
Tianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi germanuli federalizmi aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba sakanonmdeb lo xelisufleba politikuri<br />
partiebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?<br />
iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba konsensusis qveyanaSi.<br />
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali konstitucia saparlamento demokratia:<br />
garegnuli da realuri partiuli sistema politikur cvlilebaTAa<br />
Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasa marTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura<br />
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?<br />
saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel garemoSi<br />
indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika<br />
prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba.<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo<br />
xe lisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da nak lovanebebi konstituciebi<br />
da konteqstebi<br />
VII saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi:<br />
axali demokratiebi da aRmocenebadi bazrebi ............................................ 222<br />
komunizmis kraxi<br />
ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia (Tu mxolod areuloba?)<br />
gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia<br />
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lideri?<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivebi
aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze: (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)<br />
CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze (ra iqneba Semdeg)<br />
mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufalTa cvla dominanti partia ideologiis<br />
Sesusteba bazarze orientirebuli reformebi gazrdili pirovnuli<br />
Tavisufleba axali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi politikuri da religiuri<br />
represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxe amomavali<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?)<br />
samxreT korea taivani aziis vefxvebi<br />
laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?)<br />
reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika<br />
VIII ganviTarebadi qveynebi: demokratia Tu diqtatura.................... 267<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla<br />
kolonializmis memkvidreoba<br />
politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva<br />
demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli strategiebi demokratia<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia?<br />
ganviTarebis Tavsatexi<br />
ganviTarebis motivebi ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi ganvi<br />
Tarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi<br />
ganviTarebis marcxi<br />
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:<br />
somali iugoslavia sieraleone avRaneTi<br />
ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri msjeloba?<br />
WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara binZuri saidumlo<br />
nawili III politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
IX politikuri socializacia: moqalaqis GCamoyalibeba ......................309<br />
kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba<br />
sapirispiro ganmartebebi klasikuri xedva<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
ojaxi Tanatolebi masmedia kanoni<br />
ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi: rogor vipovvoT oqros Sualedi?
politikuri socializaciis marcxi<br />
Sesavali<br />
X politikuri monawileoba: gavlenis safasuri ......................................335<br />
monawileobis formebi<br />
samarTlebrivi formebi arasamarTlebrivi formebi<br />
moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno sistemebi<br />
pirdapiri demokratia<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?<br />
xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monawileobis tendenciebi<br />
individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba politikuri apaTia:<br />
amerikuli daavadeba?<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari<br />
elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia<br />
pluralistebi da elitistebi<br />
politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi<br />
politikuri partiebi<br />
istoriuli winamZRvrebi ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli sistema<br />
orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli sistema partiuli sistemebis<br />
ganmsazRvrelebi perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?<br />
interesTa jgufebi<br />
interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa<br />
jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu ara<br />
sazogadoebis interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi<br />
XI politikuri lideroba: Zalauflebis mravalsaxeoba .........................390<br />
namdvili liderebi<br />
marTvis xelovnebis arsi didebis xibli lideris oTxi tipi liderobis<br />
daknineba?<br />
demagogebi<br />
politikosebi<br />
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi<br />
`politiko~ damSoSmineblebi<br />
samoqalaqo liderebi<br />
7
8<br />
XII ra aris sajaro sikeTe? ideologiebi da izmebi......................................421<br />
politikis miznebi da saSualebebi<br />
ideologiebi da sajaro interesi<br />
antisamTavrobo ideologiebi memarjvene ideologiebi memarcxene ideologiebi<br />
izmebi da amerikuli <strong>politika</strong><br />
iarliyebi amerikul <strong>politika</strong>Si saerTo Temebi konservatorebi: ekonomikuri<br />
uflebebis primati liberalebi: samoqalaqo uf lebebis primati<br />
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro po litika<br />
XIII sajaro sikeTis problemebi: principebi,<br />
prioritetebi da praqtikebi....................................................................................445<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
gare mtrebisgan dacva Sida mtre bisgan dacva socialuri dacva sakuTar<br />
qmedebaTagan dacva<br />
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali saganmanaTleblo krizisi Semosavlebis<br />
ganawileba<br />
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
rasobrivi diskriminacia pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia<br />
vis sWirdeba dacva?<br />
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba<br />
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba<br />
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
danaSauli da sasjeli marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura<br />
samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi<br />
mizanTa konfliqti<br />
nawili IV <strong>politika</strong> Zaladobis gziT<br />
XIV revolucia: samarTlianobis saxeliT .........................................................487<br />
revoluciis kvlavdabruneba Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia<br />
amerikuli revolucia franguli revolucia ori revoluciis Sedareba<br />
revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki<br />
berkis pozicia peinis kritika lokiseuli perspeqtiva<br />
revoluciis mizezebi
Sesavali<br />
tradiciuli axsna revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia revoluciis Tanamedrove<br />
Teoriebi<br />
XV terorizmi: sustis iaraRi..................................................................................514<br />
ra aris terorizmi?<br />
terorizmis warmoSoba terorizmis logika teroristuli taqtika teroristuli<br />
aqti da omi teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi terorizmi<br />
alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.<br />
vin aris teroristi?<br />
teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi?<br />
teroristis identificireba<br />
terorizmi da sazogadoeba<br />
axalgazrda rekrutebi terorizmis fsiqologia terorizmi da masmedia<br />
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />
Sida kanonmdebloba qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba unilateraluri<br />
zomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg ra SeuZlia pirovnebas<br />
SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?<br />
XVI omi: <strong>politika</strong> sxva saSualebebiT...................................................................551<br />
omis mizezebi<br />
adamianis buneba sazogadoeba garemo<br />
omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis miRma<br />
totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis<br />
SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs<br />
birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs<br />
aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?<br />
samarTliani omis doqtrina samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba niurnbergis<br />
procesi<br />
nawili V <strong>politika</strong> mTavrobis gareSe<br />
XVII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola.......................................................589<br />
iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau<br />
klasikuri evropuli sistema<br />
sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli konsensusis marcxi<br />
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema<br />
9
10<br />
evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipolarobis dasawyisi ideologiis primati<br />
birTvuli omis safrTxe urTierT Sekaveba<br />
amerikis sagareo <strong>politika</strong>: guSin da dRes<br />
ra aris erovnuli interesi? E erovnuli interesis dacva<br />
didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi<br />
bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, rogorc<br />
egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali tendenciebi, Zveli<br />
problemebi ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg? globaluri ekonomika regionalizmis<br />
aRzeveba eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare<br />
gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsasruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis<br />
gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia<br />
apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia?<br />
XVIII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola wesrigisTvis....................635<br />
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze<br />
multinacionaluri korporaciebi saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo<br />
oranizaciebi<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)<br />
istoriuli foni: erTa liga gaeros daarseba gaero civi omis dros<br />
gaero civi omis Semdeg didi sa erTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />
sargeblianoba Sesruleba da iZuleba saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove<br />
epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba<br />
mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken
S e s a v a l i<br />
dRes politikuri da ekonomikuri aramdgradoba msoflios nebismier adgilze<br />
mcxovreb adamianze axdens gavlenas. teroristuli aqtebi, sam xedro Setakebebi,<br />
samoqalaqo omebi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi, ekonomikuri vardna, safinanso<br />
krizisi da cvalebadi safondo birJa yoveldRiuri movlenebia. iseT fundamentur<br />
movlenebs, rogoric 2001 wlis Semodgomaze SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg<br />
gan xorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi iyo, ise ve mravalgvarad SeuZlia<br />
imoqmedos Cvens cxovrebaze, rogorc SedarebiT naklebad dramatul aqts,<br />
magaliTad, kongresis mier 2002 wlis gazafxulze miRebul axal kanons safinanso<br />
samarTlis an korporaciuli gigantebis transerovnuli Serwymis Sesaxeb.<br />
movlenebi TvalismomWreli siCqariT icvleba, Tumca politikis ZiriTadi<br />
buneba ucvleli rCeba. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola grZeldeba, iseve rogorc<br />
brZola wesrigisa da samarTlianobisaTvis mTel msoflioSi. Zalauflebis saz<br />
Rvrebi TviT yvelaze koncentrirebul formebSic ki, gamomwvevad aSkaraa – dawyebuli<br />
axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebare palestinisa da centralur aziaSi mdebare<br />
avRaneTis msgavsi ZvelisZveli adgilebidan, damTavrebuli SedarebiT mokle istoriisa<br />
da aseve mokle mexsierebis mqone amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiT.<br />
Zalze aSkaraa warumatebeli an damaxinjebuli politikis, cinikuri an<br />
ubra lod arakompetentuli liderobis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi. arc<br />
moqala qe ob riobis xarisxi gvaZlevs siamayis saSualebas. es ormagi deficiti,<br />
politikuri sazo gadoebis rogorc zeda, aseve qveda safexurebze, erTgvari uxilavi<br />
krizisia, ro me lic sakuTari arsebobis uTvalav samxils gvitovebs, magram,<br />
amave dros, garkveulwilad SeumCnevlad arsebobas ganagrZobs. amave dros, arc<br />
usamarTloba, Seuwynarebloba, arasworad gagebuli idealizmi, fanatizmi da<br />
adamianTa tanjva aris ucxo xili, romlis arseboba gvidasturebs, rom Cveni,<br />
kidev ufro dabinZurebuli da gadatvirTuli planeta, ukeTesobisaken ar icvleba,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis ramdenime iRblian qveyanaSi adamianebi<br />
Tavs ufro daculad da komfortulad grZnoben, vidre adamianTa umravlesoba<br />
dedamiwis e.w. ganviTarebad regionebSi.<br />
wignis `<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>~ debiuti 1984 wels Sedga. mas Semdeg Cemi rwmena<br />
po litikis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ar Seryeula. uwindeburad mjera, rom studentebs<br />
elementaruli codna mainc sWirdebaT msoflioSi arsebuli politikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri Zalebis Sesaxeb, raTa Tavisuflebis sikeTesa da demokratiul<br />
respublikaSi moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobas Caswvdnen. paradoqsulia, rom<br />
rac ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna, siaxle da informacia (raSic didi wvlili<br />
personalur kompiutersa da msoflio masStabiT internerqsels miuZRvis,<br />
amerikelTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.<br />
es samwuxaro faqtia, radgan politikuri ganswavlulobis amaRleba pirveli<br />
nabijia moqalaqeTa momavali Taobebis ganaTlebisa da uflebamosilebisaken<br />
_ maT unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, gadaixadon gadasaxadebi da maT xelSi unda<br />
gadalaxos qveyanam rTuli aTwleulebi.<br />
politikis Seswavla erTgvari WiSkaria adamianuri bunebis, sazogadoebisa da
12<br />
samyaros ufro farTod da Rrmad gasagebad. Tavdapirvelad swore es rwmena gax da<br />
ori axalgazrda profesorisaTvis am wignis pirveli gamocemis Seqmnis stimuli.<br />
es rwmena dRemde wignis mravali gamocemis STagonebis wyaroa da mas emateba is<br />
gancda, rom Cveni Sroma mudam ganaxlebadi procesi iqneba.<br />
politikis kargi Sesavali ori ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes: (1) gaaqarwylos<br />
politikis, rogorc mecnierebis gagebis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebuli nerviuloba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT damwyebTaTvis da (2) uzrunvelyos dRevandeli kolejis<br />
studentis gamosawvevad aucilebeli inteleqtualuri stimuli. es wigni imis<br />
dadasturebaa, rom <strong>politika</strong> rogorc mecniereba da filosofia pirdapir erwymis<br />
mecnierebis liberalur tradiciebs. fraza `<strong>politika</strong> rogorc mecniereba da<br />
filosofia~ disciplinaSi erT yvelaze Rrma ganxeTqilebaze mianiSnebs: analitiko<br />
se bi, romlebic <strong>politika</strong>s mecnierebis kuTxiT udgebian, xSirad Zalauflebis<br />
mniSv ne lobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas, xolo isini, vinc <strong>politika</strong>s filosofiis<br />
mravalmxrivi obieqtiviT ganixilaven, xazs samarTlianobis mniSvnelobas<br />
usvamen. Za lauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris gansxvaveba, iseve, rogorc mecnierebasa<br />
da fi losofias Soris gansxvaveba xSirad gadaWarbebulia.<br />
realur cxovrebaSi zneobrivi da politikuri sakiTxebi arsebiTad ganu yofelia.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba TavisTavad qmedebas politikur elfers<br />
ar aZlevs; Zalauflebis marTebul da aramarTebul gamoyenebasa da gamoyenebis<br />
Sedegad mogebulTa da dazaralebulTa Sesaxeb debatebi aqcevs Zalauflebas<br />
politikur kategoriad. amrigad, rodesac sajaro politikis sferoSi samar<br />
Tlianobis sakiTxi dgeba (magaliTad, abortisa da sikvdiliT dasjis aRkveTa,<br />
policiisa da samxedroebis mier Zalis gamoyeneba), saxeze gvaqvs politikis arsebiTi<br />
komponentebi. Zalauflebis an zneobis koncefciisadmi gadaWarbebuli<br />
yu radReba aferxebs politikis gaazrebisa da mtkivneuli da ganxeTqilebis Camomgdebi<br />
problemebis gadaWris mcdelobas. amrigad, yovelTvis saWiroa tolobis balansi<br />
_ politikuri realizmis Serbileba samarTlianobis siyvaruliT.<br />
swored aseve macduria diqotomia faqtebsa da faseulobebs Soris. racionaluri<br />
msjeloba dasabuTebuli mosazrebiT kargisa da samarTlianis Taobaze<br />
xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania (an naklebad efemeruli), vidre faqtebi (gancxadeba<br />
`adolf hitlerma da nacistebma Selaxes adamianTa uflebebi~ amgvari daskvnis<br />
safuZvelia). faseulobis matarebeli gancxadebebi SesaZloa varaudis maRal<br />
xarisxs Seicavdes, magram ara absolutur utyuarobas (magaliTad, `Tu Zaladobrivi<br />
danaSaulis Semcireba gvsurs, siRaribe unda SevamciroT~). sxva amgvari<br />
sakiTxebi SesaZloa, abortis Taobaze debatebis msgavsad, Zalze rTuli iyos.<br />
magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara qalis biologiuri TviTgansazRvris uflebam gadaswonos<br />
na yofis sicocxlis ufleba? uazroba iqneboda umniSvnelovanesi<br />
sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa maTze pasuxis gacemis sirTulis mizeziT. maSinac<br />
ki, roca swori pasuxebi bundovania, xSirad mcdari pasuxebis gansazRvrac TavisTavad<br />
mniSvnelovania.<br />
wigni Sesabamis yuradRebas uTmobs Tanamedrove politikur sakiTxebs da<br />
amave dros, ar ugulebelyofs maT safuZvelSi arsebul maradiul kiTxvebs. magaliTad,<br />
xmis mimcemTa winaSe arsebuli dilema, vin iqneboda saukeTeso meri, gubernatori<br />
an prezidenti ufro seriozul kiTxvebs wamoswevs xolme. ra kvalifikacia<br />
aris auci lebeli saxelmwifo dawesebulebisaTvis? ra xinji aqvs sistemas,
Sesavali<br />
romelic ver iZleva mravalferovani arCevanis saSualebas? aseve, konfliqtebi<br />
erisaxelmwifoebsa an socialur jgufebs Soris aCens zogad kiTxvebs imis Taobaze,<br />
ra aiZulebs adamianebs ebrZolon da masobrivad daxocon erTmaneTi.<br />
miuxedavad Cemi mcdelobisa, minimumamde Sememcirebina saxelebisa da TariRebisgamoyeneba,<br />
politikur sakiTxebze warmatebuli msjeloba SeuZlebelia<br />
is to riul vakuumSi. istoriuli magaliTebis SerCevisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT<br />
politikis calkeuli sakiTxebis gagebis motiviT. meoce saukunis istoriis zogierTi<br />
epizodi (maT Soris, ruseTSi oqtombris revolucia, hitleris germaniaSi<br />
nacionalsocia listebis mmarTveloba, koloniuri imperiebis ngreva meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis<br />
moTxovniT da evropaSi komunizmis damxoba) imdenad mniSvnelovania da iseT<br />
fundamentur kiTxvebs wamos wevs, rom is, vinc liberalur ganaTlebaze debs Tavs,<br />
maTi mniSvneloba unda icodes.<br />
ra Tqma unda, zogierTi Tema da movlena ramdenime TavSia ganxiluli: politikis<br />
samyaro unakero qsels ufro hgavs, vidre ujrebian karadas. <strong>politika</strong>Si,<br />
iseve rogorc bunebaSi, konkretul movlenas an fenomens xSirad mravali mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs da sxva movlenebTan da fenomenebTan aSkarad dakavSirebuli rodia.<br />
ZiriTad politikur ideebs, institutebsa da problemebs Soris xazis gavleba<br />
damwyeb students politikuri Tavsatexis erTi SexedviT daukavSirebel nawilebSi<br />
azris danaxvaSi exmareba. politikis gasagebad aucilebeli nabijia sxvadasxva<br />
nawilebs Soris kavSirebis danaxva.<br />
`<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>~ politikisa da xelisuflebis Seswavlisas qvemodan zemoT<br />
midgomas iyenebs. is iwyeba studentTaTvis saintereso politikuri fenomenis<br />
gansazRvriT (maga liTad, omisa da terorizmis) da Semdeg cdilobs maT aRwerasa<br />
da axsnas. mindoda, rom wigni studentis Cveul cnobismoyvareobaze amego<br />
da amito vecade Tavidan amecilebina ufro Tanamedrove literaturisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebe li mravali Jargoni, teqnikuri Tu bundovani disputi.<br />
konkretuli disciplinis siRrmeebis ganxilvis garda, wigni iseT disciplinebsac<br />
mimoixilavs, rogoricaa istoria da filosofia. xelisuflebisa da<br />
politikis Seswavlisas, is miznad isaxavs liberaluri ganaTlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
midgomas. mizani ambiciuria: gamoiwvios studentebSi swavlis iseTi interesi,<br />
romelic mTeli cxovreba gahyvebaT. amas ki Sedegad kargad informirebul,<br />
aqtiurad CarTul, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da moazrovne moqalaqeTa<br />
Taobis Camoyalibeba mohyveba, romelic SeZlebs aRSfoTeba gamoxatos sazogadoebrivi<br />
mliqvnelobis, TaRliTobis, sibriyvis Tu zogadi uunarobis gamo.<br />
I TavSi `Sesavali: politikis Seswavla~ gansazRvrulia politikis ZiriTadi<br />
koncefciebi da yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, Tu rogor da ratom unda SeviswavloT<br />
es sagani. es Tavi Semdegi Tavebis erTgvari safuZvelia.<br />
I nawilSi (`SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi~) gaanalizebulia rogorc xelisuflebis<br />
utopiuri, demokratiuli da avtoritaruli formebi, aseve politikur<br />
sistemaTa sirTuleebi avtoritaruli institutebidan demokratiul<br />
institutebze gadasvlis periodSi. am nawilSi (me2dan me5 Tavis CaTvliT),<br />
romelic aseve erTgvari safuZvelia, Teoriul aspeqtSia ganxiluli sxvadasxva<br />
politikuri reJimebi.<br />
II nawili (`Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi~) sami Tavisagan<br />
13
14<br />
(68 Tavebi) Sedgeba da warmodgenilia Camoyalibebuli demokratiis mqone qveynebi<br />
(me6 Tavi), gardamaval periodSi myofi saxelmwifoebi (me7 Tavi) da ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebi (me8 Tavi). msoflios faqtobrivad yvela qveynis xelisufleba<br />
miiswrafis demokratiisaken an `demokratiulobaze~ debs Tavs. es, TavisTavad,<br />
demokratiis ideis Zlevamosilebis saintereso dadasturebaa. miuxedavad xSiri<br />
Tavdasxmisa, demokratiis idea or saukuneze metia mravali adamianis warmosaxvas<br />
STaagonebs. epoqaSi, roca cudi ambebi sisxliT iwereba da moklulebSi SeiaraRebul<br />
meomrebs udanaSaulo moqalaqeebi sWarboben, kargi iqneba gvaxsovdes,<br />
rom demokratiuli idealebi arasdros yofila ase Tbilad miRebuli an farTod<br />
(Tu arasrulyofilad) institucionalizebuli, rogorc dRes.<br />
III nawili `politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba~ (me9dan me13 Tavis CaTvliT),<br />
koncentrirebulia politikur procesebze. am nawilSi warmodgenilia<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi, ganxilulia moqalaqeoba da socializacia, politikuri<br />
monawileoba (sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlisa da amomrCevelTa qcevis CaTvliT),<br />
politikuri organizacia (partiebi da interesTa jgufebi), politikuri<br />
lideroba, politikuri ideologiebi (anu gansxvavebuli `midgoma sajaro sikeTis<br />
mimarT~) da Tanamedrove sajaro politikis sakiTxebi.<br />
IV nawilSi `<strong>politika</strong> Zaladobis gziT~ ganxilulia konfliqti, rogorc gansakuTrebuli<br />
da universaluri problema <strong>politika</strong>Si. masSi problemaTa sami<br />
kategoriaa asaxuli: revolucia, terorizmi da omi (Sesabamisad me14, me15 da<br />
me16 Tavebi). es nawili stimuls miscems studentTa cnobismoyvareobas da gaaRviZebs<br />
saklaso diskusiaTa survils.<br />
dabolos, V nawili `<strong>politika</strong> mTAvrobis gareSe~ studentebs acnobs msoflio<br />
politikis sakiTxTa ZiriTad koncefciebs, aRwers ZiriTad sqemebs da warmoadgens<br />
msjelobas mudmivi problemebis Sesaxeb. me17 Tavi aerTianebs wina gamocemis<br />
ori Tavis masalas. masSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTadi<br />
principe bi da koncefciebi, msoflio politikis evoluciuri struqtura da<br />
konteqsti da yuradReba eTmoba msoflio problemaTa mTel rigs. me18 TavSi<br />
ganxilulia saerTaSoriso samarTali da organizaciebi da msoflio wesrigis<br />
Zieba, es ki kursis kargi dasasrulia.<br />
am axal, me6 gamocemaSi SenarCunebulia wignis wina xuTi gamocemis pedagogiuri<br />
Taviseburebebi. yoveli Tavi iwyeba mokle SinaarsiT da mTavrdeba SejamebiT,<br />
muqi daxrili SriftiT aris gamoyofili terminebi, warmodgenilia kiTxvebi<br />
gameorebisaTvis. amas garda, wigni mdidaria mravalferovani masaliT _ fotoebiT,<br />
cxrilebiT, rukebiT, sqemebiTa da CanarTebiT, romelTagan umravlesoba<br />
ganaxlda an Seicvala.<br />
avtorisagan<br />
wigni `<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>~ mWidro profesiuli da pirovnuli kavSirebis Sedegad<br />
Seiqmna. am gamocemis pativi mxolod me mxvda wilad. Cemi Zveli TanamSromeli,<br />
doqtori piter skoteni (Dr. Peter Schotten) ukve aRar aris pasuxismgebeli<br />
am gamocemaSi Setanili cvlilebebis, logikuri Secdomebisa Tu faqtebis gamo,<br />
magram mi si mondomebisa da inteleqtis kvali, ra Tqma unda, ar waiSleba, sanam<br />
wignis axali gamocemebi daibeWdeba.
madlierebis niSnad<br />
Sesavali<br />
TiTqmis ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi am saxelmZRvanelos eqvsi gamoce mis<br />
warmatebaSi sxvadasxva gamomcemlobasa da universitetSi momuSave mraval adamians<br />
miuZRvis wvlili. im mecnierTa da pedagogTa Soris, romlebmac saxelmZRvanelos<br />
am gamocemis xelnaweri kritikulad waikiTxa da mravali fasdaudebeli<br />
SeniSvna momca, iyvnen: piter longo (Peter Longo) _ qalaq karnis nebraskas universiteti;<br />
donald, g. beikeri (Donald G. Baker) sauThemptonis koleji, long ailendis<br />
universiteti; henri steki (Henry Steck) _ niu iorkis Statis universiteti,<br />
kortlendi; ruT en striklendi (Ruth Ann Strickland) _ apalaCis Statis universiteti<br />
da iraj peidari (Iraj Paydar) _ belvius adgilobrivi koleji. minda aseve<br />
madloba vuTxra devid atkinsonsa (David Atkinson) da deil niumans (Dale Neuman)<br />
_ megobrebsa da kolegebs, romlebmac Tavazianad waikiTxes xelnaweris calkeuli<br />
nawilebi da sasargeblo rCevebi momces.<br />
valSi var Wadsworthis gamomcemlobis ramdenime redaqtorTan, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
steisi simsTan (Stacey Sims). karolin krolei (Caro line Croley), margaret parksi<br />
(Margaret Parks) da braian Cafi (Brian Chaffee) damexmarnen marketingSi da marketingul<br />
komunikaciebSi. minda aseve madloba vuTxra wina gamocemaTa redaqtorebs,<br />
gamsakuTre biT maikl vebersa (Michael Weber) da dou bels (Doug Bell) yofili St. Martin’s<br />
Press gamomcemlobidan da jeims hedlis (James Headley) im xanmokle periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlo bi saTvis, roca wigni St. Martin’s/Worth Publishersis sakuTreba<br />
iyo. wignis warmatebas dRemde maTi da bevri sxva adamianis wvlili ganapirobebs.<br />
gamomcemloba Bedford/St. Martin’sis TanamSromlebma emi makkonaltim (Amy<br />
McConathy) da mariela folk freid ma (Marilea Polk Fried) gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes<br />
am gamocemis momzadebaSi.<br />
nadia nedelskim (Nadya Nedelsky) `maswavleblis gzamkvlevi~ kvlav keTilsindisierad<br />
da mimzidvelad moamzada. winaswar mxiblavs Wadsworthis redaqtorebTan<br />
axlo da xangrZlivi urTierToba, romlebmac 2001 wels es wigni Bedford/St. Martin’sis<br />
mier politologiaze gamocemuli wignebis siis nawilad aRiares.<br />
dabolos, mudam valSi viqnebi Cemi ojaxis _ (meri jos 1990 wels gardaicvala),<br />
devidis, amis, maiklis, barbarasa da rebekas winaSe.<br />
avtoris Sesaxeb<br />
Tomas m. magStadtma doqtoris xarisxi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kvleva<br />
Ta jon hopkinsis skolaSi (SAIS) moipova. is ramdenime kolejsa da universitet<br />
Si aswavlis, maT Soris: avgustanas kolejSi, karnis nabraskas universitetsa da<br />
samxedrosahaero kolejSi. orjer xelmZRvanelobda politikis mecnierebaTa<br />
kaTedris. is aseve muSaobda sagareo saqmeTa specialistad federaluri mTavrobis<br />
aRmasrulebel Sto Si. wignis gamocemis dros magStadti adiunqtprofesori<br />
iyo qalaq kanzasis rokharstis universitetSi. igi aris avtori wignisa `qveynebi<br />
da mTavrobebi: SedarebiTi politika regionul WrilSi~, me4 gamocema (Bedford/<br />
St. Martin’s/Wadsworth, 2002).<br />
15
Tavi I<br />
Sesavali<br />
politikis Seswavla<br />
<strong>politika</strong> da yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovreba ZiriTadi koncefciebi<br />
wesrigi<br />
Zalaufleba da masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli cnebebi<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
rogor swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />
ra mizniT?<br />
ra meTodebiT?<br />
ra perspeqtividan<br />
ratom swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />
piradi interesi<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesi<br />
19
20<br />
adamianTa umravlesoba Cveulebrivad vcxovrobT. samarTlianad vzrunavT<br />
yoveldRiurobis Cveul, Tumca arsebiT detalebze – gadasaxadebze<br />
(maT Soris, swavlis!), ojaxis an SeyvarebulTa winsvlasa da usafrTxoebaze,<br />
imaze, Tu ra mo delis manqana viyidoT (an daiqoqeba Tu ara arsebuli manqana!)<br />
da a. S. raRac doneze vxvdebiT, rom individualuri da ekonomikuri<br />
usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli bednierebis es Cveulebrivi, magram arcTu<br />
umniSvnelo sazrunavebi ara mxolod Cvens Zalisxmevaze, aramed sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris xasiaTsa da Sedegebzec, anu <strong>politika</strong>ze aris damokidebuli. sxva<br />
rom araferi, yvelgan myofi <strong>politika</strong> Tavs saRamos axali ambebis mosmenis an<br />
yurebisas gvaxsenebs, roca Cvens saxlebSi afrikis Soreul saxelmwifoebSi<br />
mZvinvare umowyalo eTnikuri konfliqtebi, axlo aRmosavleTis Zaladobrivi<br />
SexlaSemoxlis scenebi da politikuri teroris aqtebi iWreba.<br />
<strong>politika</strong> mniSvnelovania. swored am mizeziT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
pasuxismgebel moqalaqes politikis Semadgeneli ideebis, institutebisa da<br />
problemebis safuZvlebis codna sWirdeba.<br />
<strong>politika</strong> da yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />
<strong>politika</strong> aris mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven da imarTebian<br />
adamianebi. qvemoT mocemuli ori hipoTeturi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom<br />
<strong>politika</strong> aTasgvar gavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.<br />
magaliTi # 1<br />
kaci, romlis kiserze ori gaupatiureba, mravali SedarebiT<br />
umniSvnelo seqsualuri Zaladoba da ramdenime SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zarcva da Tavdasxmaa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cixidan gamouSves.<br />
is fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi<br />
presas ucxadebs, rom Seicvala, religia daexmara da imedi aqvs,<br />
rom mSobliur qalaqSi dabrundeba da normalur cxovrebas daiwyebs.<br />
qalaqSi misi dabrunebis pirvelive kviras ramdenime sastiki<br />
gaupatiureba xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kacis dadanaSaulebis<br />
aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni aRSfoTebulebi<br />
arian. gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi amyarebs maT mosazrebas,<br />
rom (1) saSiSi damnaSaveebi maT Soris arian; (2) Zalze Znelia<br />
maTi daWera, miuxedavad maTi Tavxeduri da xSiri Tavdasxmebisa;<br />
da (3) daWeris SemTxvevaSic, is qurdebi, mkvlelebi da moZaladeebi,<br />
romlebmac danaSauli aRiares, zogjer sasamarTlo sistemis<br />
arasrulyofilebis gamo Tavs iZvrenen xolme. moqalaqeebi<br />
mosamarTleebsa da politikosebs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas im<br />
SiSisaTvis, romelic RamiT maT qalaqs mosvenebis saSualebas ar<br />
aZlevs. `rogorc Cans, kanonmdeblobaSi raRac xarvezi arsebobs,<br />
raki aseTi danaSauli xdeba~, _ acxadeben isini.
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
magaliTi # 2<br />
xandazmuli qalbatoni meri, romelsac axlaxan Seusrulda oTxmocdaaTi<br />
weli, marto cxovrobs im saxlSi, romelic man da misma<br />
meuRlem patara qalaqSi aiSenes daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis<br />
win. meris sakuTar Tavze zrunva SeuZlia da moxucebulTa saxlSi<br />
gadasvla ar surs. asakis Sesaferisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas<br />
Tavisi mokrZalebuli pensiiT is metnaklebad axerxebs,<br />
vidre saxlis gasaTbobad saWiro sawvavis fasi katastrofulad ar<br />
gaizrdeba; amis Semdeg, misi danazogi sxva xandazmuli moqalaqeebis<br />
danazogTa msgavsad, yovelwliurad iklebs. gasulma orma<br />
zamTarma, romelic gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo, TiTqmis amowura<br />
meris piradi finansebi. meris imedi sagazeTo statiam daubruna,<br />
romelic ityobineboda, rom mTavrobam SemoiRo kanoni, raTa sawvavis<br />
subsidiebT uzrunvelyos xandazmulebi. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
cxel xazze darekviT man Seityo, rom bankSi mis angariSze Tanxis<br />
arsebobamde, is subsidias ver miiRebs. meri sasowarkveTilia: `ra<br />
xdeba Cems Tavs? Cans, mTavroba ver moisvenebs, sanam ufulo da<br />
usaxlkaro ar viqnebi. sad aris am qveynad samarTali?~<br />
damnaSavisa da moxuci qalbatonis SemTxveva TvalsaCinos xdis, rom<br />
yoveldRiuri politikis praqtikuli problemebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT,<br />
mxolod calkeul individebze axdens gavlenas, samarTlianobis an<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis mudmivi Ziebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, sakiTxebi metnaklebad politikuria im zomiT, ra zomiTac<br />
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba gavlenas axdens calkeul moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa<br />
da keTildReobaze.<br />
politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />
<strong>politika</strong>s sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven _ rogorc `SesaZleblis<br />
xelovnebas~, moZRv re bas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~, `faseulobebis avtoritetul<br />
ganawilebas~ da a. S. SeiZlebadefiniciaze verc SevTanxmdeT,<br />
magram zogadad vxvdebiT, rodis gvaqvs saqme plitikasTan. iseve, rogorc<br />
adamianis codnis nebismier sxva sferos, politikur mecnierebasac _ politikis<br />
sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da ena. am enis Seswavlas<br />
mniSvelovani politikuri wonis mqone `sami patara sityviT~ _ wesrigi,<br />
Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba _ daviwyebT.<br />
wesrigi<br />
arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wesrigi aRniS <br />
navs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs,<br />
21
22<br />
romle bic politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia sazogadoe<br />
brivi wyobi lebis (an martivad rom vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze.<br />
zustad ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoeba, rogorc mas Tanamedrove konteqstSi<br />
viyenebT, mWidro kavSirSia sityva TemTan an erTobasTan, romelic<br />
saerTo identobis pirTa gaerTianebaa. Cveulebriv, identoba, nawilobriv<br />
mainc, gansazRvrulia geografiiT, radgan adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTis<br />
axlos cxovroben, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs icnoben, laparakoben erTsa da<br />
imave enaze, aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba. xandaxan,<br />
saerTo miznis gancdis an politikuri erTgulebis safuZvelze, gansxvavebuli<br />
jgufebi qmnian axal Tems, magram rogorc 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis daSlam gvaCvena, axali socialuri<br />
wyobis Seqmna, kargad stuqturirebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSic<br />
ki, advili araa.<br />
mTavroba, (xelisufleba) qmnis savaldebulo wesebs, romelTa saSualebiT<br />
marTavs sazogadoebas. rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis mravalgvari<br />
formebis kategoriebad dayofa? tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi<br />
iyofa respublikebad (sadac suvereniteti sabolood xalxis xelSia) da<br />
saxelmwifoebad, sadac suvereniteti mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an<br />
tiraniad. dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu warmomadgenlobiTi)<br />
respublikaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli<br />
warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic xalxis winaSe arian pasuxismgebelni. 1<br />
zogierTi politologi erTmaneTisgan ubralod ganasxvavebs demok ratiul,<br />
sadac tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul saxelmwifoebs,<br />
sa dac aseTi ram ar xdeba. sxvebi, vinc met yuradRebas aqcevs ekonomikas,<br />
ganasxvave ben kapitalisturi anu bazarze dafuZnebuli sistemebis mqone da<br />
socialis tur anu saxelmwifos mier regulirebuli sistemebis mqone saxelmwifoebs.<br />
dabo los, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTavrobas iseTi saxis gamowvevebTan,<br />
probleme b Tan, sirTuleebTan uxdeba gamklaveba, romleb Tan brZola<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebs ar sWirdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom msoflios<br />
mdidar da Rarib regionebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli mmarTve lobebis formebi<br />
gvxvdeba.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suverenitetis erTaderTi<br />
adgilsamyofeli. suve renuli saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semofargluli<br />
mTli anoba, romelsac erTi xelisufleba ganagebs. politikis<br />
enaze, saxelmwifo igivea, rac qveyana (ingliisur enaSi state aRniSnavs saxelmwifosac<br />
da Statsac. mTargm. SeniSvna). magaliTad, SegviZlia safrangeTi<br />
movixsenioT rogorc `saxelmwifo~ an `qveyana~.<br />
eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisagan, romelTac aer<br />
Tianebs saerTo warsuli da Semdeg niSanTvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc:<br />
geografiuli mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTv nileba, religia,<br />
ena, kultura da saerTo politikuri ideebis rwmena. am CamonaTvalis<br />
saTaveSi geografiuli mdebareoba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris warmomadgenlebs,<br />
rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri koleqtiuri<br />
grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia konkretul geogra fiul teritoriasTan,
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
romlisTvis sabrZolvelad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis sikvdilisTvisac<br />
mzad arian xolme.<br />
erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa da homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis<br />
anu wevrTa msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT<br />
erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad,<br />
poloneTi Zalian homogenuri eria, iseve rogorc skandinaviuri qveynebi<br />
(dania, SvedeTi da norvegia), fineTi, safrangeTi, avstria, portugalia da saberZneTi.<br />
ufro araerTgvarovania didi britaneTi, germania, niderlandebi,<br />
espaneTi da italia, mag ram aqac erT saxelmwifo enaze laparakoben (Tumca<br />
qveynis sxvada sxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dialeqtzec saubroben). belgia kontinentze<br />
im mcirericxovan qveynebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic mkafiodaa gayofili<br />
kulturuli da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT (frangulad molaparake<br />
valonebad da holandiurad molaparake flamandielebad). misgan gansxavevebiT,<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc imigrantebis saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebuli<br />
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. magram `sadnobi qvabi~ sabolood<br />
yvela axalCamosuls amerikuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad nakadSi aqcevs (asimilirebas<br />
axdens), riTac amkvidrebs saerTo erovnulobas. 2<br />
aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fesvebi,<br />
konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es axali drois evropis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba<br />
msoflios sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan<br />
bevri meore msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri<br />
sazRvrebi xSi rad ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic<br />
tradiciulad erTmaneTs Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen axal `saxelmwifoSi~,<br />
ris Sedegadac miviReT arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis<br />
maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi.<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdgomma dekolonizaciam dasabami misca bevr<br />
erTbaSad Seqmnil mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romlebSic bevri erovnuli<br />
jgufi (eTnikuri Tu tomobrivi) axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebuli<br />
ar iyo. mravali aTwleulis Semdegac es problemad rCeba; am axal<br />
saxelmwifoebSi erad Camoyalibeba Soreuli perspeqtivaa. argumentis gasa<br />
Zliereblad ramdenime magaliTs mo viyvanT. 1967 wels, nigeria gaafTrebul<br />
samoqalaqo omSi CaiZira, romlis drosac erTi didi eTnikuri jgufi (ibo)<br />
warumateblad Seecada qveyanas gamoyofoda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />
Seeqmna. 1994 wels, ruandaSi mow me gavxdiT Tanamedroveobis erTerTi<br />
yvelaze didi xocvaJletisa, romelSic hutus ufro mravalricxovani tomis<br />
warmomadgenlebi tutsis tomis asiaTasobiT adamians, qalebisa da bavSvebis<br />
CaTvliT, sastikad gauswordnen. sruliad uadgilo da gaumarTlebelia<br />
indoeTis erisaxelmwifod miCneva, radganac aq aseulobiT enasa da<br />
dia leqtze laparakoben, xSiria Setakebebi indusebsa da muslimebs Soris,<br />
agreTve penjabSi Zaladobis talRis sporaduli agoreba meomari sinxebis<br />
monawileobiT. Srilankaze (yofili ceiloni) indusi Tamilebi didi xania<br />
awarmo eben partizanul oms sinhalelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic budistebi<br />
arian da mosaxleobis umravleso bas Seadgenen.<br />
23
24<br />
saxelmwifoebi daiSala evropis slavur nawilSic, ZvelisZveli eTnikuri<br />
dapirispirebebis ga mo. sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da Cexoslovakia im<br />
saxel mwifoTa magaliTia, romlebic 1990ian wlebSi Signidan daiSalnen.<br />
dabolos, arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magaliTad, pa les tinelebi<br />
da qurTebi. maT saerTo identobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram<br />
samSob lo ar gaaCniaT. sa xelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis Zalze aramdgrad<br />
situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.<br />
Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi<br />
mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari _ SeimuSavon, miiRon da cxovrebaSi<br />
gaataron we sebi, waxalisebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT gavlena iqonion<br />
individebisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalauflebas. mis gareSe xelisufleba<br />
ver Sei narCunebs mSvidobas, ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas,<br />
ver miscems stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs efeqtian <strong>politika</strong>s.<br />
Tumca, politikuri Zalauflebis Sedegiani gamoyeneba gaci lebiT mets<br />
gulisxmobs, vidre fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars. marTlac, arsebobs<br />
Zalauf lebis mravali da gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli saarCevno mandati,<br />
oratoruli niWi, simdidre an represiuli saidumlo policia _ yvela<br />
es Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zalauflebis<br />
wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs, miT metia mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis motana ar xelewifeba (yovel SemTxveva<br />
Si, pirdapir mainc), magram kargis gakeTebis SesaZ leblobac iSviaTad aqvs.<br />
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalauf lebis Tanabrad<br />
gada nawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis<br />
saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs.<br />
vis xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeq tianad? _<br />
es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSv ne lovani sakiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin<br />
marTavs?~ SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi<br />
Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno<br />
misi xelisuflebis qmedebebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burus<br />
Sia gaxveuli an, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri modeli<br />
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili formaluri<br />
struqturebisagan, SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, rea lurad vin<br />
marTavs. nebismier sa xelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalauflebis<br />
mqone pirTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobas<br />
Tan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da `ramdenad efeqtianad~ _ am kiTxvebTan er<br />
Tad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva: upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri<br />
Zalaufleba kanonierad.<br />
am mxriv mniSvnelovania erTmaneTs davukavSiroT ori cneba: Zalaufleba<br />
da avtoriteti. inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi terminebi (power da authority) xandaxan<br />
sinonimuradac ki ixmareba, anu sityva authority zog konteqstSi Sei<br />
Zleba vTargmnoT rogor “xelisufleba”, zogan ki – rogorc “avtoriteti”.<br />
Zalaufleba da avtoriteti politikuri xelisuflebis or sxvadasxva gan
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
zomilebas aRniSnavs. mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, erTxel<br />
Tqva, rom Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan momdinareobs. es sworia, magram<br />
amasTanave Zalze gadaWarbebulic. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv<br />
marTlac gamomdinareobs iZulebis instrumentebis (policia, uSiSroebis<br />
samsaxuri, SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, jari) flobidan, magram ara mxolod<br />
aqedan. is SeiZleba emyarebodes simdidres, pirovnul qarizmas, ideologias,<br />
religias, an Tundac kerZo piris Tu jgufis moralur avtoritets mocemul<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
amdenad, xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisTvis Tofis lula ar<br />
kmara: mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro metad, mas sWirdeba normebi, romlebic<br />
sazogadoebis did umravlesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs.<br />
es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv, religiur da<br />
samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba rogorc avtoritetiT aRWurvili<br />
Zalaufleba (anu authority, rogorc mas inglisurad eZaxian) gulisxmobs legitimurobas<br />
– mdgomareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul<br />
institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emorCilebian<br />
da samarTlianad da sworad miiCneven. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es gansaz<br />
Rvreba sulac ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi<br />
legitimuri formaa. piriqiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva nairsaxeobac Sei<br />
Zleba legitimuri iyos. Tu gvinda <strong>gavigoT</strong>, gvaqvs Tu ara saqme legitimur<br />
xelisuflebasTan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevneb<br />
Si monawileobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis ufleba,<br />
aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es uflebebi (an romelime maTgani). Tu<br />
xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxedavad, aqvs Tu<br />
ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba), mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila. ese<br />
igi, Zalaufleba avtoritetiTac yofila aRWurvili, risi bunebrivi Sedegic<br />
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabilurobaa. istoriam sakmarisad bevri magaliTi<br />
mogvca imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba (uzurpacia)<br />
da saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoebis mxardaWeris, moraluri, religiuri<br />
Tu samarTlebrivi dasayrdenis gareSe qveynis marTva. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
gvaqvs xelisufleba avtoritetis anu legitimurobis gareSe. Zalauflebis<br />
amgvari uzurpaciis magaliTebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mravlad moiZebneba axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziaSi da<br />
sxvagan; 1980ian wlebamde msgavsi ram xSiri iyo laTinur amerikaSic.<br />
avtoritets Tu legitimurobas ZaliT xelSi ver Caigdeb: igi SeiZleba<br />
daimkvidro, an masze pretenzia gamoTqva. Tumca, cariel legitimurobasac<br />
azri ara aqvs, Tu mmarTvelobis realuri berketebi ar gagaCnia. legitimurobis<br />
xarisxze didwilad aris damokidebuli is, problemad xom ar eqceva<br />
mmarTvel gunds Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da ramdenad dasWirdeba mas saamisod<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba. Tu xalxi ar cnobs xelisuflebis avtoritets, aralegitimuri<br />
mmarTvelebi arCevanis winaSe dgebian: an uari Tqvan Zalauflebaze,<br />
an CaaxSon TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebi. Tavis mxriv, is, gaamarTlebs Tu<br />
ara samTavrobo represiebi, or ramezea damokidebuli: erTis mxriv, ramdenad<br />
farTo da mtkicea opozicia, meorec, gaaCnia Tu ara mTavrobas sakmarisi<br />
finansuri resursebi da iZulebis meqanizmebi, rom oponentebi daamarcxos<br />
da Semdgomi gamowvevebi Tavidan aicilos.<br />
25
26<br />
zogadad, mmarTvelebisTvis yovelTvis jobia, hqondeT sazogadoebis<br />
mxardaWera, vidre ar hqondeT. es principi mieyeneba ara mxolod demokratiebs,<br />
aramed diqtaturebsac, Tundac imitom, rom xangrZlivi represiebi<br />
sakmaod Zviri jdeba. cxadia, rom Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvelebs<br />
da iZulebis an Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris gareSe emorCileba dadgenil wesebs,<br />
sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gacilebiT advildeba.<br />
metic, daTrgunuli, ukmayofilo da daCagruli adamianebi sakmarisad<br />
motivirebuli da nayofieri muSakebic ver iqnebian – wina saukuneSi<br />
swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtaturis aqilevis qusli. aRmosavleT evropasa<br />
da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi wyobis damxoba didwilad am<br />
faqtormac ganapiroba.<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian, warmoiqmneba<br />
gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi<br />
xe lisu f lebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. xSirad<br />
amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen nawilze batonoba<br />
(mmarTveloba) misa Rebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazogadoebrivi<br />
interesebisT vis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba<br />
samarT li anobis sakiTxis meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli:<br />
Zalauf leba sa marTlianad, marTulTa interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu<br />
mxolod mmarTvelTa sasar geblod gamoi yeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxva veben politikuri Zalauf lebis<br />
gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo, meore mxriv, piradi interesebisaTvis.<br />
es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs samarT lianobas politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi.<br />
samarTlianobis sakiTxis dasmis saSualebas yvela saxelmwifo ar iZle<br />
va; marTlac, Tuki istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba<br />
swored ase iqceoda. dResac ki, zogierTi mTavroba sastikad da<br />
Tanamimdevrulad devnis politikur diskusiebsa da debatebs, radgan<br />
eSinia, rom Tuki sazogadoebis yu radReba samarTlianobis da sazogadi<br />
sikeTis ZiriTad sakiTxebze SeCerdeba, arsebuli politikuri wyobis legitimuroba<br />
SeiZleba safrTxeSi aRmoCndes. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis<br />
mmarTvelobis meTodis kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos xelisuflebis<br />
zneobrivi da kano nieri ufleba, marTos qveyana. es erTerTi<br />
mizezia imisa, ratomaa politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samarTlianobas<br />
xSi rad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba<br />
individis uflebebs (esaa, bunebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi).<br />
amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs<br />
moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis qmedebis samarT lianobaSi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogado sikeTis sa kiTxebis miCumaTeba,<br />
maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. kiTxvebi, romeli mmarTvelia<br />
kanonieri an romeli politikuri kursia sasurveli, TavisTavad Cndeba
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
yoveldRiur saubrebSi. es, rogorc Cans, adamia nis bunebaSi Zevs. berZeni filosofosi<br />
aristotele (384322 Zv. w.) SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis<br />
gamocema SeuZliaT, adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos,<br />
ra aris sasargeblo da ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansxvavebiT<br />
sxva cxovelebisagan, `mxo lod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTe beli<br />
si keTisa da borotebis, samar T lianobis da usamarTlobis gancda...~ 3 aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, adamianis unari ga napirobebs zneobrivi gansjis SesaZleblobis<br />
da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.<br />
moqalaqeebs politikuri usamarTlobis Sesaxeb sakuTari moTxovnebis gacxadeba<br />
mravali gziT, maT Soris demonstraciebisa da saprotesto aqciebis saSualebiT,<br />
SeuZliaT. 1995 wlis oqtomberSi luis faraxanis momxreTa milioniani saprotesto<br />
aqciis erTerTi mizani iyo imis garkveva, samarTlianad epyrobodnen Tu ara<br />
afroamerikel moqalaqeebs SeerTebul StatebSi.<br />
rogor swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s<br />
berZeni filosofosi aristotele iTvleba politikuri mecnierebis<br />
ma mamTavrad. 4 is ara marto werda <strong>politika</strong>sa da eTikaze, ara med aRwera<br />
sxva dasxva politikuri wyoba da maTi klasifikaciisa da Sefasebis sqemac<br />
dagvitova. aris totelesaTvis politikuri mecniereba ubralod politikur<br />
Ziebas niSnavda. amitom, am dargis mecnieri misTvis aris is, vinc sistematuri<br />
Ziebis gziT politikis WeSmariti bunebis amoxsnas cdilobs. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
politikis Seswavlisadmi aristoteleseul, 2000ze meti wlis<br />
winandel midgomas, bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, ras akeTeben Tanamedrove<br />
27
28<br />
politologebi. Tumca, aristoteles Semdeg am disciplinam mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlilebebi ganicada.<br />
dRes ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia politikis Seswavlis<br />
saukeTeso saSualeba. amis gamo, saxezea mravalwaxnagovani disciplina,<br />
romelSic sxvadasxva mecnieri sxvadasxva midgomas irCevs, svams gansxvavebul<br />
SekiTxvebs da sxvadasxva auditorias mimarTavs. miRebuli nazavi sulac<br />
araa urigo. ufro me tic, igi asa xavs disciplinis mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas,<br />
ise ve rogorc adamianis aqtivobis im usazRvro sivrces, romelic<br />
politikurma mecnierebam unda moicvas. Semdeg gverdebze ganvixilavT imas,<br />
ratom da rogor Seiswavlian Tanamedrove politologebi <strong>politika</strong>s.<br />
ra mizniT?<br />
garkveuli gagebiT, politikuri mecniereba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba biologiis,<br />
istoriis an fsiqologiisagan. iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebaTa Semswavleli<br />
mkvlevarebi eZieben WeSmaritebas Sesabamis sferoSi, politikuri<br />
mecnierebis mimdevrebic cdiloben Caswvdnen WeSmaritebas politikisa da<br />
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb.<br />
codnis miRebis garda, politikis gegmazomier Seswavlas praqtikuli<br />
upiratesobebic aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa jgufebis<br />
Se swavla ara mxolod mdidar informacias gvaZlevs maTi raodenobis, Semadgenlobisa<br />
da gavlenis Sesaxeb, aramed am ukanasknelT aCvenebs im gzebs, romlebiTac<br />
maT SeuZliaT ufro efeqtianad imoqmedon. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris gamo kiTxvebi aCvenebs amomr Cevels, Tu ra Sedegebs unda elodnen<br />
arCevnebisgan, aseve exmareba kandidatebs saarCevno kampaniis dagegmvasa da<br />
ama Tu im regionsa an StatSi saarCevno taqtikis daxvewaSi (ix. Tavi X). analogiurad,<br />
sagareo politikis an saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperti ara<br />
mxolod flobs informacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier bolo 25<br />
weliwadSi xelmowerili da ratificirebuli xelSekrulebebis Se saxeb, aramed<br />
SeuZlia Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, ra garTulebebsa<br />
da grZelvadian Sedegebs gamoiRebs axal aliansSi Sesvla an sakuTar Tavze<br />
msoflio masStabis axali valdebulebebis aReba (ix. Tavi XVIII).<br />
Tumca, xSirad eqspertebi da specialistebi ver pouloben saerTo enas.<br />
politikur mecnierebaSi, es SeuTanxmeloba scildeba konkre tul Temebs<br />
da moicavs Zireul sakiTxebs, magaliTad, iseTs rogoricaa politikis Sesaxeb<br />
`WeSmariti~ mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba an SeuZlebloba;<br />
unda cdilobdes Tu ara politikuri mecniereba iwinaswarmetyvelos movlenebi<br />
ise zustad, rogorc amas qimikosebi da fizikosebi akeTeben? unda<br />
wavuyenoT, mivusadagoT Tu ara politikis mecnierebs igive standartebi,<br />
rac vTqvaT, meteorologebs? imi saTvis, rom <strong>gavigoT</strong> politologebs Soris<br />
arsebuli mravalferovneba, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is, rasac<br />
Cveulebriv `meTodolo gias~ uwodeben.
a meTodebiT?<br />
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
politologTa klasifikaciis araerTi principi arsebobs. Tumca, Se v<br />
CerdebiT Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi arsebul or mimarTule baze:<br />
tradicionalistebi bihevioralistebis, xolo politikuri ekonomistebi _<br />
mar q sistebis winaaRmdeg. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es kategoriebi erTma neTs ar<br />
gamo ricxavs da mecnierebi xSirad sxvada sxva midgomas aerTianeben.<br />
tradiciuli midgoma. politikis ZiriTadi elementebis codnasTan erTad,<br />
tradicionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sefasebas. isini cdiloben<br />
Seafason ara mxolod is, rogor muSaobs esa Tu is <strong>politika</strong>, procesi an instituti,<br />
aramed isic, ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi garkveuli zneob rivi Tu<br />
kanonieri standartebis gaTvalis winebiT. magaliTad, kongresis sakomiteto<br />
sistemis, birTvuli safrTxis, an gaerTianebuli erebis qmediTunaria nobis<br />
ganxilvisas, isini sakiTxs ase dasvamdnen: `arsebobs ukeTesi alternativa?~<br />
msgavsi SefasebisTvis arsebobs mravalgvari kriteriumi _ es SeiZleba<br />
iyos filosofia da formaluri logika, konstituciebi, xelSekru lebebi,<br />
oficialur dokumentTa teqstebi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi, eqspertTa azrebi<br />
da sxv. amas garda, kvlevis Tematikisa da meTodebis SerCeva xSirad<br />
imis mixedviT xdeba, ra miaCnia konkretul mkvlevars yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad.<br />
maga liTad, naSromi xelisuflebis (aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo<br />
da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris) danawilebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis mimoxilviT<br />
daiwyeboda, raSic udavod jeims medisonis `federalistSi~ (178788<br />
ww.) gamoqveynebuli cnobili komentarebic Sevidoda. an, kvleva SeiZleba<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebdes im ekonomikur interesebze, romlebsac damfuZneblebi<br />
gamoxatavdnen, an im socia lur klasze, romlis warmomadgenelic<br />
praqtikulad yvela damfuZnebeli iyo _ mag ram aseTi midgoma mkvlevars<br />
ukve tradiciuli politikuri mecnierebis sazRvrebs miRma ga iy vanda bihevioralizmis,<br />
politikuri ekonomikis an gamoricxuli araa, marqsistuli<br />
analizis sferoSi. modiT, axla bihevioralizmi ganvixiloT.<br />
bihevioralistuli midgoma, tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
romelic aqcents politikis normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yurad<br />
Rebas mecnierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, romelic meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg gavrcelda, politikuri qcevisa da politikuri<br />
procesebis di na mikisa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro<br />
konkretul amocanas isa xavs miznad. tradicionalisti politologebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, bihevio ralistebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis<br />
Sesaxeb moralur Tu filosofiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCniaT,<br />
rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia, Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnierulad<br />
dasa buTeba SeuZlebelia.<br />
bihevioralisti mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier<br />
upi ratesobas `faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben (arsebobs Tu ara politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi aSkara gansxvaveba Rirebulebebsa da faqtebs Soris, is sakiT xia,<br />
romelsac saTanado yuradReba iSviaTad eqceva). bihevioralistebi iyene<br />
29
30<br />
ben mecnierul meTods, romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis,<br />
rogoricaa biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs,<br />
romlebzec pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxo lod kvleviTi proeqtis Sedgenis,<br />
empiriuli monacemebis Seg rovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasa buTebisaTvis saWiro eqsperimentebis Catarebis<br />
gziT. zogierTi bihevioralisti deduqciur meTodebs ufro mimar<br />
Tavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTematikur modelebs, raTa axsna<br />
mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur partiaTa, gada wyvetilebis mimRebTa,<br />
koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa qcevas. am suliskveTebiT, ukve naxevar saukuneze<br />
metia, rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi tardeboda omis<br />
korelatebisa (dakavSirebuli cnebebis) da mizezebis dasadgenad.<br />
bihevioralistuli midgomis erTi magaliTi dagvexmareba misi me To <br />
debis aR weraSi. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, erT cnobil samecniero Jur nalSi<br />
gamoqveynda kvlevis _ `arCevnebSi monawileobis maCveneblebis (amomr<br />
CevelTa aqtiurobis) gavlena senatis da sa gubernatoro ar Cevnebze~,<br />
Sedegebi. 5 kvleva svamda Semdeg konkretul kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis<br />
gacema Teoriulad, raodenobrivi meTodis saSualebiT iyo SesaZ lebeli:<br />
marTalia Tu ara, rogorc es bevrs sje ra, rom amomrCevelTa ma Rali<br />
aq tiurobademokratiuli partiisTvisaa xelsayreli? ga vrcelebuli<br />
mosazreba, ro m amomrCevelTa ma Rali aqtiuroba exmareboda de mokratebs<br />
gamarjvebebis mopovebaSi, gu lisxmobda: (1) SedarebiT dabali socialurekonomikuri<br />
statusis mqone adamianebi ufro iSviaTad iRebdnen<br />
monawileobas arCevnebSi, vidre maRali socialurekonomi kuri statusis<br />
mqo neni; (2) rodesac izrdeboda amomrCevel Ta aqtiuroba, xmis misacemad<br />
arCevneb ze modioda ufro meti dabali socialurekonomikuri statusis<br />
mqo ne adamiani da (3) dabali so cialurekonomikuri statusis mqoneni ufro<br />
im parti as miscemdnen xmas, romelic, maTi azriT, ufro Sedegianad daicavda<br />
muSaTa kla sis intere sebs, kerZod, demokratiul partias. bevri politikuri<br />
eqpertisaT vis misaRebi aRmoCnda es Teoria, romlis mixedviT, uka nasknel<br />
arCevnebze res publikelTa gamarjvebebi amomrCevelTa dabal aqtiurobas<br />
SeiZleba dab raleboda. po li tikosebmac daijeres, rom amomrCevelTa<br />
maRali aqtiuroba de mokratebs exmareboda, rac erTerTi mizezi gaxda imisa,<br />
ratom uWerdnen, ro gorc wesi, demokratebi mxars (xolo respublikelebi<br />
ewinaaRmdegebodnen) 1995 wlis amomrCevelTa registraciis erovnul aqts<br />
(kanonma ioli gaxada amomrCevelTa registraciis procedurebi).<br />
mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes statistikuri monacemebi dawyebuli 1928 wli dan<br />
da Seiswavles 1 842 Statebis donis, senatoris _ 983 da gubernatoris 859 arCevnebi.<br />
kvlevaSi ar Sevida ori tipis arCevnebi _ (1) samxreTis StatebSi 1928 da<br />
1965 wlebs Soris Catarebuli arCevnebi, romlebSic, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebis<br />
realuri San sis mqone mxolod erTi partia (demokratiuli partia) monawileobda<br />
da (2) arCevnebi, romlebSic mesame partiis kandidatebma miiRes xmaTa 5 procentze<br />
meti. maTematikuri testis saSualebiT mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom 1928<br />
wlidan 1964 wlamde amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba marTlac exmareboda demokratiul<br />
partias, magram 1964 wlis Semdeg Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda.<br />
senatorebis arCevnebSi, arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa aqtiurobasa
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
da demokratebisaTvis mi cemul xmebis raodenobas Soris araviTari kavSiri<br />
ar arsebobda; gubernatore bis arCevnebSi, respublikelebi demokratebze<br />
odnav win iyvnen, Tumca statistiku rad sxvaoba umniSvnelo iyo.<br />
ratom gaqarwylda1964 wlis Semdeg amomr CevelTa aqtiurobis sayovelTaod<br />
miRebuli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom es kiTxva kvlevis horizonts<br />
scildeboda, masze pasuxi exmaureboda kidev erT kompleqsur Teorias<br />
amerikeli amomrCevlis qcevis Sesaxeb. 1964 wlis Semdeg damoukidebel kandidatTa<br />
raodenobis zrdis Sedegad (Semcirda partiuli identifikacia da<br />
xmis winaswargansazRvruli micema), sul ufro rTuli gaxda imis gaangariSeba,<br />
romel partias mou tans mogebas amomr CevelTa aqtiurobis mateba.<br />
es rTuli kvleviTi proeqti moicavs im meTodologias, romelsac bihevioralisti<br />
politologebi iyeneben. bihevioralistebi, iseve rogorc sxva<br />
mkvlevari mecnierebi, codnis gzaze gakeTebuli patara nabijebiTac kmayofildebian.<br />
yo vel axal nabijs momaval kvlevasTan mivyavarT.<br />
adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an laboratoriuli<br />
Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />
mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia qcevis erTi romelime<br />
mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo WeSmariti mizezi ubralo<br />
sta tistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad, ramdenime kvlevis Tanaxmad,<br />
damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvianebi<br />
arian. Tuki asea, iqneb dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi (iqneb<br />
bevr damnaSaves ar esmis kanonis darRvevis Sedegebi an jildo, romelsac<br />
sazogadoeba survilebis `myisier~ dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmisaTvis<br />
iZleva)? rogor mimarTebaSia dabali inteleqti danaSaulis sxva korelatebTan<br />
(da mizezebTan), rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavSvobaSi<br />
gadata nili abuCad agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alkoholze<br />
damokidebuleba? ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda<br />
vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom pasu xismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis<br />
Camdeni individi?<br />
bihevioralisti da tradicionalisti politologebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian<br />
ara marto imaze, rogor unda moxdes politikis Seswavla, aramed imazec,<br />
ra kiTxvebi unda daisvas. bihevioralistebi upiratesobas aniWeben konkretuli<br />
da viwrod gansazRvruli sakiTxebis gan xilvas, romlebzec pasuxs raodenobrivi<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebiT scemen. msgavsi kvlevebis Tvalsawie ris<br />
miRma rCeba politikis bevri, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki samarTlianoba sTan dakavSirebuli. iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa<br />
`ra aris samarTlianoba?~ an `romelia saukeTeso politikuri sistema?~ _<br />
ukug debulia, radgan maTze pasuxebi, rogorc amtkiceben, Seicavs <strong>politika</strong>ze<br />
subieqtur Sexedulebebs da Rire bulebiT Sefasebebs. amis pasuxad, tradicionalistebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki msgavsi sakiTxebis<br />
mecnierulad axs na SeuZlebelia, yvela RirebulebiTi Sefaseba rodia TviTneburi<br />
(piraduli) an ubralo cru rwmenaze dafuZnebuli. maTi mtkicebiT,<br />
politikis Seswavlis mxo lod im kiTxvebiT Semofargvla, romlebsac raodenobrivi<br />
pasuxebi moeZebnebaT, politikuri mecnierebis akademiur TamaSad<br />
gadaqcevis safrTxes Seicavs.<br />
31
32<br />
adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac araa gasakviri, rom<br />
eqspertebi meTodologiaze kamaToben. kamaTi or mimarTulebas _ tradicionalistebsa<br />
da bihevioralistebs Soris, dRes naklebad intensiuria,<br />
vidre adre iyo xolme. orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikisa da<br />
mmarTvelobis SeswavlaSi. politikis SeswavlaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
Seitana politikurma ekonomikam da marqsizmma. axla am or, urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
midgo mas ganvixilavT.<br />
politikuri ekonomia. bevri politologi <strong>politika</strong>s politikuri ekonomikis<br />
prizmaSi ganixilavs. es gulisxmobs politikisa da makroekonomikis<br />
ara or gansxvavebul disciplinad, aramed erTi monetis or sxvadasxva mxared<br />
danaxvas. am gadasaxedidan, politikuri analizi, romelic ignorirebas<br />
ukeTebs ekonomikas, ugulvebelyofs realobas. aseve, politikisagan daclili<br />
ekonomikuri analizi mxolod fuWi Teoriuli savarjiSoa. realur<br />
samyaroSi, <strong>politika</strong> da ekonomika imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTze damokidebuli,<br />
rom maTi erTmaneTisagan daSoreba mzis Suqisa da dRis sinaTlis erTmaneTisagan<br />
daSorebis tolfasia.<br />
kiTxvebi, romlebic politekonomistebs awuxebT, momdinareobs politikis<br />
am gafarToebuli definiciisgan. ekonomika politikisagan gansxvavebul<br />
cnebebze akeTebs aqcents _ konfliqtis magier konkurencia ze, Zalauflebis<br />
nacvlad _ simdidreze, amomrCevlis nebis nacvlad _ momxmareblis<br />
arCevanze da a.S. amas garda, ekonomistebi politologebze metad arian orientirebuli<br />
fiskalur da fuladsakredito <strong>politika</strong>ze _ gadasaxadebis<br />
da saxelm wifo xarjebis, saprocento ganakveTebisa da fuladi masis, tarifebisa<br />
da vaWrobis CaTvliT, _ rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa<br />
xelSi mZlavr politikur inst rumentze. politologebi, meore mxriv, met<br />
yuradRebas uTmoben interesTa jgufebis gavlenas sajaro <strong>politika</strong>ze an<br />
iseTi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis politikur mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa<br />
saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, xarjva deficitis dros, gadasaxadebis<br />
Semcireba, vaWrobis liberalizacia.<br />
politekonomistebi cdiloben orive sferos, politikisa da ekonomikis,<br />
saukeTeso mxareebi gaaerTianon, raTa miiRon maRali donis ana lizi,<br />
ganmartebisa da prognozis ufro maRali xarisxiT. politekonomikis meTodebi<br />
SedarebiTi da saerTaSoriso politikis, aseve, romelime erTi qveynis<br />
politikis, Seswavlis nayofieri saSualebaa. warmogidgenT politikuri<br />
ekonomikis pesrpeqtividan danaxuli samyaros mokle aRweras:<br />
1. msoflios materialuri simdidre cudadaa (araTanabradaa) ganawilebuli.<br />
RaribTa oTx mexuTedze meti cxovrobs or regionSi: afrikaSi _ saharis samxreTiT<br />
da samxreT aziaSi. 1998 wels CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi<br />
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) erT sul mosaxleze ormocdaaTjer<br />
meti iyo, vidre saharis samxreTiT afrikaSi da ocdaTxuTmetjer meti vidre<br />
aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi (sadac iseTi mdidari qveynebic Sedian,<br />
rogoric iaponia, samxreTi korea da taivania).<br />
2. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis maCveneblebma iklo, rac yvelaze mZimed swored Rarib regionebze
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
aisaxa. ganviTarebad qveynebze zrdis tempis klebis gavlena yvelaze naTlad<br />
SeiZleba Sefasdes, Tuki zrdis temps SevadarebT mosaxleobis matebis<br />
temps, rac mTliani ekonomikisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze wliuri zrdis<br />
temps mogvcems. am sazomiT, bev ri ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
afrikaSi saharis samxreTiT, aseve zogierT arabul qveyanasa da<br />
samxreT aziaSi, yovelwliurad ecleba nia dagi.<br />
3. simdidris ganawileba ganviTarebad (Rarib) qveynebsa da regionebSi ufro<br />
araTanabaria, vidre ganviTarebul (mdidar) qveynebsa da regionebSi. magaliTad,<br />
braziliaSi mosaxleobis 10 procentis mflobelobaSia qveynis simdidris<br />
50 procenti, xolo keniaSi, zambiaSi, perusa da meqsikaSi es maCvenebeli<br />
40 procentia. amis sapirispirod, aSSsa da iaponiaSi, zeda 10 procenti<br />
flobs simdidris 25 procentze naklebs.<br />
zemomoyvanili aRwera naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansazRvravs Cvens mier<br />
arCeuli midgoma an perspeqtiva imas, rasac davinaxavT an miviCnevT mniSvnelovnad.mkvlevris<br />
mier arCeuli Temebic da analizis meTodebic mniSvnelovanwiladaa<br />
gansazRv ruli im midgomiT, romelsac upiratesobas mivani<br />
WebT. im midgomaTa Soris, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies politikur<br />
mecnierebaze (da msoflio <strong>politika</strong>ze), sayuradReboa marqsistuli analizic,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons igi Tu ara.<br />
marqsistuli midgoma. marqsizmi, rogorc ideologia, ganxilulia winamdebare<br />
naSromis me5 da me12 TavebSi. rogorc ideologia, marqsizmi samudamodaa<br />
dakavSirebuli memarcxene totalitarizmTan, yofil sabWoTa<br />
kavSirSi stali nisturi xanisa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi komunisturi re<br />
Jimebis nairsaxeobebTan (dRemde SemorCenil, komunistebis mier marTul<br />
saxelmwifoTa Sorisaa CineTi, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba). mag ram arsebobs<br />
marqsis ideebis gamoye nebis gansxvavebuli gzac. mecnierebi komunistur<br />
qveynebSi iZulebuli arian marqsizmis oficialuri versia sajarod aRiaron,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmebian Tu ara mas piradad. bevri mecnieri arakomunistur<br />
qveynebSi (aSSis CaTvliT) miiCnevs, rom anali zis marqsiseuli<br />
kategoriebi sasargebloa politikurekonomikuri procesebis axsnisas. am<br />
mecnierTagan zogierTs SeiZleba hqondes piradi politikuri dRis wesrigi<br />
_ anu ideologiuri motivebi _ magram ukiduresad aramecnieruli iqneboda,<br />
yovelive socialisturis mimarT brma rwme nis gamo, demokratiuli kapitalizmis<br />
marqsiseuli kritikis ignorireba.<br />
aSSSi, marqsizms mokrZalebuli akademiuri (da politikuri) mimzid veloba<br />
hqonda, nawilobriv civi omis da marqsizmsa da sabWouri stilis komunizms<br />
Soris aSkara kavSiris gamo. Tumca, bevr sxva qveyanaSi, marqsizmma rogorc<br />
saSinao, aseve sagareo doneze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina politikis,<br />
ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis Seswavlaze.<br />
magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa mier<br />
Ca moyalibebulma skolam aitaca marqsistuli analizis erTerTi forma,<br />
romelsac daqvemdebarebis Teoria ewodeba. iziareben ra im azrs, rom<br />
deda miwis buneb rivi resursebis maragi SezRudulia (ulevi araa), daqvem<br />
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34<br />
debarebis Teo riis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom msoflio (anu globaluri<br />
sazogadoeba) da yofilia sam ZiriTadad klasad: industriuli birTvi (aSS,<br />
dasavleTi evropa da iaponia), naxevradperiferia (axali industriuli<br />
qveynebi, rogorebicaa samxreTi korea, taivani, singapuri, Cile da brazilia)<br />
da periferia (aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis yofil koloniur<br />
regionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis didi umravlesoba). periferiis da<br />
naxev radperiferiis qveynebi bazriT, kapitaliT da teqnologiiT daqvemdebarebulni<br />
arian industriul birTvze. industriuli qveynebis interesebs<br />
warmoadgens am daqvemdebarebis samudamod SenarCuneba.<br />
daqvemdebarebis sistema msoflio uTanasworobis mudmiv SenarCunebas<br />
ramdenime gziT uzrunvelyofs. jer erTi, birTvis saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben<br />
ZviradRirebul saqonels, xolo periferiis qveynebi maT iaf nedleuls<br />
(sursaTsanovagesa da mineralur nedleuls) awvdian. fasebiT manipulireba<br />
wamy vani ekonomikuri Zalebis xelSia _ Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobebi<br />
(samrewvelo saqonlis momsaxurebisa da produqtebis fasebi) birTvis<br />
saxelmwifoebis Tvis ufro xelsayrelia. moxmarebis sagnebze fasebi wlidan<br />
wlamde mniSvelovan cvlilebas ganicdis; bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana<br />
damokidebulia erTi an ori saxis moxmarebis sagnis eqsportze (rogoricaa<br />
Saqari, yava, banani, juTi). moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali<br />
(mogeba) Zalze mgrZnobiarea fasebis ryevis mimarT, rac eqsportiori<br />
qveynebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. magram ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
iZulebulni arian gaagrZelon importi da importisTvis gadaixadon konvertirebadi<br />
valuta (rogoricaa dolari). xSirad es qveynebi iZulebulni<br />
arian fuli ucxoeTSi isesxon, arCevani ara aqvT da ixdian im saprocento ganakveTs,<br />
romelsac saerTaSoriso finansistebi birTvis qveynebSi moiTxoven.<br />
amas garda, nebismieri ucxouri daxmareba guli s xmobs pirobebsac. dabolos,<br />
krizisis dros, maT sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT, garda imisa, rom daTanaxmdnen<br />
aSSis marTuli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) mier moklevadian sesxebze<br />
dawesebul pirobebs.<br />
daqvemdebarebis Teoriis mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, mTeli am sistemis gan sakuTrebiT<br />
usamarTlo aspeqti birTvis saxelmwofoebis kapitalistTa da periferiuli<br />
qveynebis ekonomikur elitas Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebaa. elita<br />
did mogebas naxulobs am SeTanxmebiT, magram garigeba ormxrivad momgebiania:<br />
birTvis saxelmwifoebi exmarebian mTavrobebs Zalauflebis (xSirad diqtaturis)<br />
SenarCunebaSi, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, inarCuneben wesrigs da stabuluro<br />
bas, Ta nac, Sida bazars uxsnian saerTaSoriso bizness. sam xedro da<br />
ekonomikuri dax marebis subsidiebi, Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, qrTamia,<br />
romlebsac dono ri qveynebisaTvis ufro didi di videndebi moaqvs, vidre<br />
mimRebi qveynebisaTvis, nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom korumpirebuli<br />
mmarTvelebi Tanxebis did nawils iTviseben.<br />
dasavlel politekonomistTa umravlesoba uaryofs daqvemdebare bis<br />
Teorias. isini xazs usvamen, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis<br />
ubedureba susti institutebi, korumpirebuli da ara kompetenturi liderebi<br />
an qronikuli socialurpolitikuri arastabilurobaa. ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTare bis gza politikuri xasiaTisaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebi
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
saken mimarTul go nivrul kanonebsa da <strong>politika</strong>s SeuZlia ganviTarebis<br />
karibWis gaxsna _ sxva SemTxevevaSi es karibWe daxSuli darCeba. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, marqsistuli ana lizi jer kidev rCeba damajerebel Zalad ara mxolod<br />
msoflios akademiur wre ebSi, aramed amerikel politologTa erTerT<br />
mcirericxovan, mag ram nayofier jgufSic.<br />
ra perspeqtividan?<br />
politikuri ekonomika politikuri mecnierebis mxolod erTi qvedargia.<br />
sxva cnobili qvedargebia politikis Teoria, amerikis mmarTveloba (igulisxmeba<br />
calkeuli qveynebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo. mTarg. Sen.),<br />
Sedare biTi <strong>politika</strong>, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba.<br />
aRsa niSnavia aseve politikuri mecnierebis kidev ramdenime, ufro specializebuli<br />
sfero. imisda mixedviT, rogor Seiswavlian maT, es sferoebi<br />
Se iZleba ukve CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime qvedargSi moeqces. maga liTad,<br />
sa kons titucio samarTali tradiciuli specialobaa, romlis yuradRebis<br />
centrSi mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli aspeqtia. sajaro <strong>politika</strong>, romelic<br />
exeba Tanamedrove menejmentis xerxebs, maga liTad, nulovani biujeti,<br />
angariSebis warmoeba da sistemuri ana lizi, Sedis rogorc (amerikis)<br />
mmarTvelobaSi, agreTve sajaro mmarTvelobaSic. politikuri partiebi da<br />
interesTa jgufebi (rogorc kvlevisa da swavlebis calke sfero) jdeba<br />
mmarTvelobis an SedarebiTi politikis CarCoSi. modiT, axla ufro axlos<br />
gavecnoT im eqvs qvedargs, romlebsac politikuri mecnierebis programeb<br />
Si xSirad gamohyofen xolme.<br />
politikuri Teoria. normatiuli politikuri Teoria anu politikis filosofia<br />
platonidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) iRebs saTaves. WeSmaritebis Ziebis<br />
platoniseuli meTodi mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmaSi mdgomare o bda, magaliTad:<br />
rogoria kargi cxovreba? rogoria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad<br />
moitans kargi mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi mmarTvelobis<br />
miRweva? rogoria adamianis buneba? adamianebi upiratesad keTili Tu<br />
boroti? advilad icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos romeli<br />
forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamianis bunebas saerTo interesis (sajaro<br />
sikeTis) xelyofis gareSe? wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda, aris Tu<br />
ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana zneobrivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios<br />
isini Tanasworad, uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavi suflebebi da a.S. Tuki<br />
am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo saxelmwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu<br />
susti da damT mobi? rodisaa gamarTlebuli revolucia? rogor SeiZleba<br />
davicvaT politikuri sta biluroba?<br />
politikis Teoria cdilobs upasuxos am SekiTxvebs gansjiT da lo gikiT,<br />
romelic iseT politikur moazrovneTa naSromebs efuZneba, rogorebic<br />
sxveb Tan erTad iyvnen aristotele, JanJak ruso, jon loki da jon stiuart<br />
mili. msgav si Ziebis amocanaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an<br />
keTilis da borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc cvlilebebs emxroba da<br />
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ewinaaRmdegeba, dar wmunebulia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis<br />
gageba moiTxovs im kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa mixedviTac <strong>politika</strong><br />
da programebi karg an cud Sefasebas iRebs. 6 normatiuli Teoriis mimdevrebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />
codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs da verc liderebs sakmarisad cxadad ver<br />
eqnebaT gansazRvruli zusti orientiri da mizani.<br />
SedarebiTi <strong>politika</strong>. SedarebiTi <strong>politika</strong> cdilobs erTmaneTs Sea daros<br />
da Seafasos mmarTveloba da politikuri sistema. mmarTvelobis for mebis,<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safexurebis, saSinao da sagareo politikisa da<br />
politikuri tradiciebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs politologebs<br />
Camoayalibon mniSvnelovani ganzogadebebi. Sedare biTi politikis<br />
zogierTi mimdevari specializdeba msoflios romelime konkretuli<br />
regionis sakiTxebze an intensiurad swavlobs romelime konkretul<br />
ers. sxvebi Seiswavlian romelime kerZo politikur movlenas, magaliTad,<br />
rogoricaa arastabiluroba an saarCevno qceva.<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
moTxovnebi<br />
mxardaWera<br />
garemo<br />
politikuri<br />
sistema<br />
garemo<br />
sqema 1-1. politikuri sistemis gamartivebuli modeli<br />
wyaro: saavtoro ufleba Devid Easton-1965, 1979.<br />
gadawyvetilebebi<br />
da qmedebebi<br />
yvela politikur sistemas aqvs garkveuli saerTo niSanTvisebebi. 11<br />
sqemaze gamosaxulia cnobili modeli, romelic pirvelad politologma<br />
devid istonma Seqmna 1965 wels. mis mixedviT, yvela politikuri sistema<br />
moqmedebs garkveuli politikuri kulturis konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba<br />
tradiciebis, faseulobebisa da saerTo codnisagan. garda amisa, igi gulisxmobs,<br />
rom moqalaqeebs niadag aqvT molodini da moTxovnebi politikuri<br />
sistemis mimarT, magram amasTanave sxvadasxva gziT mxars uWeren sistemas.<br />
isini SeiZleba mona wileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, arCevnebSi, an, ubralod,<br />
iyvnen kanonmorCilni. moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi da mxardaWera, romlebzec<br />
gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeba da ra<br />
Sedegebi
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
unda xdebodes sazogadoebaSi, Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens politikuri<br />
sistemis unarze _ miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. es procesi ganapirobebs saxelisuflebo<br />
gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebs, Cveulebriv, brZanebulebebis,<br />
kanonebisa da brZanebebis saxiT.<br />
qveynebi, ra Tqma unda, mravalgvarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. zogi<br />
politologis azriT, es gansxvavebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vid re<br />
msgavsebebi. Sesabamisad, isini politikur sistemebsac sxva dasxvanairad ansxvaveben<br />
erTmaneTisagan. am wignSi, magaliTad, yuradReba gama xvilebulia<br />
imaze, riT gan sxvavdeba demokratiuli, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifoebi. zogi mecnieri ar emxroba totalitaruli saxelmwifos cnebas<br />
da amitom ubralod ganas xvavebs demokratiul da arademokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoebs. sxvebi xazs usvamen politikis ekonomikur konteqsts<br />
msof lios sxvadasxva regionSi: postindustriul samyaroSi (Crdiloe<br />
Ti amerika, dasavleTi evropa, avstralia da iaponia) da aRmosavleT aziis<br />
swrafad mzard sa xelwifoebSi (CineTi, samxreTi korea, taivani da singapuri);<br />
komunisturi samyaros gaRatakebul nangrevebSi (vietnami, CrdiloeT<br />
korea da kuba) da e.w. `naklebad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi~. bolo dros<br />
aqtualuri gaxda gansxvaveba liberaluri demokratiis mqone da `tranziciul<br />
saxelmwifoebs~ Soris (ix. Tavi VII). sxva mecnierebi, rogorc zemoT<br />
ukve aRvniSneT, miuTiTeben msoflio simdidris araTana bar ganawilebaze da<br />
politikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis xazs avleben (amas `CrdiloeTis da<br />
samxreTis konfliqtsac~ uwodeben) ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ufro<br />
mdidar da ekvatoris samxreTiT ganlagebul Rarib qveynebs Soris. dabolos,<br />
zogierTi damkvirvebeli ganasxvavebs sicocxlisunarian da arSemdgar<br />
saxelmwifoebs (ix. 8 Tavi).<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa specia listebi<br />
Seiswavlian, rogori urTierTobaa qveynebs Soris. ratomaa, rom saxelmwifoebi<br />
xandaxan mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben da sxva dros eomebian<br />
erTmaneTs? rogoria diplomatiis, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis,<br />
gaeros da birTvuli Sekavebis gavlena mSvidobis SenarCunebis mcdelobebze?<br />
birTvuli xanis dadgomam, ra Tqma unda, moitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />
Seswavlis gansakuTrebuli aucileblobac.<br />
omi da mSvidoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvelaze mwvave sferoa,<br />
mag ram araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTa derTi. sxva sakiTxebi sruliad gansxvavebulia,<br />
vaWrobidan da turizmidan _ terorizmamde, sagareo politikidan _<br />
agrarul <strong>politika</strong>mde, ekonomikuri politikidan _ emigraciamde. es da sxva<br />
sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistTa saqmianobis sagania,<br />
magram aravis unda hqondes imedi, rom yvela maTganis labirinTebs bolomde<br />
Caswvdeba. amitom, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic, rogorc politikuri mecnierebis<br />
sxva qvedargebi, mravalwaxnagovania.<br />
zneobriobis roli sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si kvlavac rCeba mwvave debate bis<br />
Temad. zogierTi mecnieri (maT, Cveulebriv, realistebs uwodeben xolme)<br />
am tkicebs, rom saxelmwifo interesebis dacva yovelTvis iyo da iqneba<br />
umTavresi principi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. 7 sxva mecnierebi (maT<br />
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38<br />
xandaxan idea listebs uwodeben) amis sapirispirod amtkiceben, rom zneobriobis<br />
mimarT yu radRebis gazrda migviyvans msoflio mSvidobamde da bolos<br />
mouRebs `omis sistemas~, romelsac realistebi fatalisturad iReben.<br />
sxvebis azriT, erovnul interesebsa da saerTaSoriso zneobriobas Soris<br />
gansxvavebis xazgasma mcdaria; magaliTad, demokratiuli qveyana SeiZleba<br />
daexmaros sxva qveyanaSi demokratias da amiT emsaxuros rogorc sakuTar<br />
interess, ise msoflio mSvidobasa da keTildReobas. 8<br />
sajaro mmarTveloba. ukanasknel wlebSi sajaro mmarTveloba zogan iswavleba<br />
ara rogorc politikuri mecnierebis erTerTi qvedargi, ara med<br />
rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, romelic mowodebulia gawvrTnas,<br />
moamzados adamianebi sajaro samsaxurSi karierisaTvis. arsebiTad, sajaro<br />
mmarTveloba ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rogor axorcielebs<br />
biurokratia saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong>s. rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba<br />
erovnul (centralur) mTavrobaze, magram sajaro mmarTveloba aseve<br />
interesdeba Statebisa (regionisa, mTarg. Sen.) da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs<br />
Soris urTierTobebiT. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gaigon, ra exmareba da<br />
ra uSlis xels sajaro mmarTve lobisas biurokratias masze dakisrebuli<br />
funqciebis SesrulebaSi. biurokratiuli struqturebis, procedurebisa<br />
da procesebis Seswavla xdeba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos efeqtianoba da<br />
Semcirdes zedmeti xarji (gaflangva) da dublireba. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa,<br />
rogor da ratom ayalibebs biurokratia sakuTar politikur interesebs<br />
im samTavrobo politikis miRma, romlis cxovrebaSi gasatarebladacaa<br />
is mowodebuli.<br />
politologebi, sajaro mmarTvelobis Seswavlas, xSi rad calkeul SemTxvevebsac<br />
Seiswavlian (case studies), yuradRebas miapyroben ara marto imas, ra<br />
saSualebebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba, ara med imasac, gamoiyeneba<br />
Tu ara Zalaufleba sazogadoebriv interesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro<br />
mmarTvelobis sfero mTlianad emTxveva politologTa sazrunavs.<br />
ratom swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />
is, Tu rogor Seiswavlian profesionali politologebi <strong>politika</strong>s, bevr<br />
informacias gvawvdis TviT disciplinis Sesaxeb, magram cota rames eubneba<br />
studentebs politologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. politikis sawyisi codna<br />
mniS v nelovania bakalavriatis studentis ganaTlebisaTvis im mizezTa gamo,<br />
romlebzec saubari Semdeg gveqneba. Tumca, politikis Seswavlisagan gamomdinare<br />
dadebiTi Sedegebi rom gaiazron, studentebma swavla guliT unda<br />
moindomon da goneba siaxles miapyron.<br />
piradi interesi<br />
vinaidan pirovnuli bedniereba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, ras akeTebs<br />
an ar akeTebs xelisufleba, yvela Cvenganis interesSia gaverkveT, rogor muSa
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
obs an ratom ver muSaobs igi. maga liTad, kolejis studentebisaTvis didi<br />
mniSvne lobis mqone politikuri sakiTxebia: federaluri programebi `muSaobaswavla~,<br />
Statebis subsidiebi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis, dabalprocentiani<br />
sesxebi, fede raluri grantebi da studentTa interesebis dasacavad<br />
(an arda sacavad) gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. po litikis Seswavlis<br />
gziT, ukeT verkve viT politikuri sistemis mimarT damokidebulebaSi<br />
da viZenT codnas, romelic gvexmareba gavacnobie roT, rodis davuWiroT mxari<br />
da rodis davupirispirdeT cvlilebebs. amave dros, politikis Seswavla<br />
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad SegviZlia dadebi Ti zegavlena movaxdinoT<br />
masze. yovelTvis gvafxizlebs imis gaazreba, rom TiToeuli Cvengani mxolod<br />
erTi pirovnebaa mravalmilionian erSi (da mravalmiliar dian msoflioSi),<br />
romelTa umravlesobas Cvenze aranakleb aqvs Se sisxlxorcebuli Tavisi<br />
mosazrebebi da crurwmenebi.<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesi<br />
ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis imaze ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa moraluri xasiaTi da qcevaa? samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebaze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yoveldRiuri<br />
ga dawyvetilebebi da arCevani. amave dros, samoqalaqo sazogadeoba<br />
da politikis gabatonebuli kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />
axdens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleb lobebisa da survilebis mqone adamianebs,<br />
garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi<br />
ganwyobilebebi ganuviTardeT. <strong>politika</strong> am garemoebaTa CamoyalibebaSi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da sazogadoebrivi interesi, Zalze farTo<br />
gagebiT, bewvze hkidia xolme.<br />
uaryofiTi magaliTi. nacisturi germaniis aRzeveba da dacema (19331945)<br />
naTlad gviCvenebs, ra uzarmazari gavlena SeuZlia politikurma reJimma<br />
iqoni os moqalaqeTa zneobriv xasiaTze. adolf hitleris meTaurobiT nacizmis<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gasaocari aspeqtebi misi principebi iyo.<br />
nacizmis politikuri doqt rina calsaxad efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobis<br />
doqtrinas. hitleri mZvinvarebda e.w. ariuli rasis upiratesobis<br />
gamo, TiTqosda, germaneli eris siwmindes emuq reboda ucxo rasebisa da Untermenschen-ebis<br />
(qveadamianebis) mier Seryvna. aseT msoflmxedve lobaze dafuZnebuli<br />
politikis Sedegi iyo mili onobiT udanaSaulo kacis, qalis da<br />
bavSvis sistematuri xocva. daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli da milionobiT<br />
sxva adamiani, polonelebis, boSebis, seq sualuri umciresobebisa da Sez<br />
Ruduli unarebis mqoneTa CaTvliT, daundoblad gaanadgures. rasobrivi<br />
`dabinZurebis~ gamogonili problemis bolomde mogvarebas nacistebi ise<br />
Ti mondomebiT ekidebodnen, rom meore msoflio omis ukanasknel TveebSi<br />
sikvdilis banakebis mu Saoba samxedro kampaniebis xarjzec ki grZeldeboda.<br />
holokosti _ gazis kamerebisa da masobriv mkvlelobaTa Semzaravi<br />
sana xaoba _ gvaiZulebs davsvaT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba aseTi masStabis<br />
39
40<br />
saSineleba momxdariyo viTomcda civilizebul qveyanaSi. rogor SeeZlo STambeWdavi<br />
huma nisturi tradiciebis mqone ers, romelmac Sva amdeni msoflioSi<br />
saukeTeso kompozitori, mwe rali da moazrovne, daeSva aseTi rame?<br />
nacizmis xanaSi, germaneli eri, erTi SexedviT, warmogvidgeba rogorc<br />
hitleris nebis danamati; sxva sityvebiT, holokostisaTvis saSineli moraluri<br />
pasuxismgebloba erT adamians _ adolf hitle rs ekisreba. mag ram<br />
zo gierTisaTvis es interpretacia saeWvoa, raki miaCnia, rom hitleri ver<br />
moaxerxebda masobrivi mkvlelobebis miseuli programis ganxorcielebas<br />
TanamoazreTa jgufis ga reSe. ra vuyoT maT, vinc mas politikis dagegmvaSi,<br />
koordinirebasa da marTvaSi exmareboda? erTi mkvlevaris, irving<br />
kristolis sityvebiT:<br />
rodesac nacistebis saqmes ecnobi, geufleba saSineli sicarielis<br />
SegrZneba da sagonebelSi vardebi. nuTu sul esaa? gansxvaveba danaSaulsa<br />
da damnaSaves Soris warmoudgenlad didia.<br />
Cven veliT, rom aRmovaCenT borot adamianebs, borotebis gansa<br />
xierebebs, dorblian, maniak mxecebs; mzad varT SeviswavloT<br />
TiToeuli nacistis saxis Tavisebureba, raTa davadginoT nacistis<br />
xasiaTis ganuyofeli niSnebi. magram nacizmis liderebi ar<br />
iyvnen eSmakiseulni, isini ar eTayvanebodnen borotebas. radgan<br />
nacistebs– raoden ironiuladac ar unda JRerdes es _ rogorc<br />
adams da evas codvis Cadenamde, araferi gaegebodaT keTilisa da<br />
borotis Sesaxeb da swored zneobrivi gulgrilobis elferi aris,<br />
maT rom aseT wvril man, uferul da zedapirul adamianebad warmogvidgens.<br />
9<br />
kristoli araa erTaderTi, romelic fiqrobda, rom yvela nacisti imde<br />
nad zneobrivad dacemuli ar iyo, ramdenadac zneobrivad gulgrili.<br />
zustad aseT adamianad warmogvidgens zogierTi mkvlevari albert Speers,<br />
hitleris SeiaraRebisa da samxedro momaragebis ministrs. 10 politikuri<br />
Teoretikosis hana arendtis mixedviT, aseTi iyo, adolf aixmanic, nacisti<br />
funqcioneri, romelic sikvdilis banakebis programis did nawils xelmZRvanelobda.<br />
arendtis azriT, aixmani ar iyo maincdamainc gansakuTrebuli,<br />
uCveulo adamiani. 11 mas Zalian undoda win wasuliyo, cxovrebaSi warmatebisaTvis<br />
mieRwia, gansakuTrebiT eamayeboda, rom SeeZlo saqme Sedegianad<br />
ekeTebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansakuTrebulad gamWriaxi an dakvirvebuli<br />
ar yofila, mainc Wkviani iyo. arendtis aRweriT, igi iyo meryevi, magram<br />
ara bevr sxva, `normalur~ adamianze metad. aixmani irwmuneboda, rom<br />
ebraelebis mimarT akviatebuli zizRi ar amoZravebda (Tumca, rogorc Cans,<br />
is ar iyo sakmarisad skeptikurad ganwyobili an damoukideblad moazrovne,<br />
rom SewinaaRmdegeboda maSindel germaniaSi farTod gavrcelebul antisemitizms).<br />
mokled, aixmani iyo zneobrivad gulgrili; kristolis sityvebiT,<br />
`mas araferi gaegeboda keTilisa da borotisa~.<br />
es mkvlevarebi mogviTxroben rigiT adamianebze, romlebic mona wi leobd<br />
nen gansakuTrebuli borotebis aqtebSi. isini gvagoneben CvenTvis nacnob
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
adamia nebs, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavsac ki. rTuli ar iqneba warmovidginoT<br />
aixmani CvenTvis ufro nacnob garemoSi, Tundac imedismomcem, pativmoyvare<br />
xelmZRvanel muSakad did amerikul korporaciaSi an axal gazrda,<br />
dawinaurebaze meocnebe TanamSromlad sagareo uwyebaSi. aseTi pirovneba,<br />
albaT, `muSaobiT daavadebuli~ (vorkoholiki), kompanisaTvis an qveynisaTvis<br />
Tavgadakluli, dawinaurebaze mofiqrali da xelmZRvanelis maamebeli<br />
iqneba. SeiZ leba, sulac ar iyos moklebuli wesier adamianur Tvisebebs<br />
da erTguli meuRle da moyvaruli mSobelic iyos (nacistebis Tvis<br />
ucxo ar iyo sakuTari ojaxebis mimarT siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamovlena).<br />
ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom es fariseveli pirovneba imdenadaa<br />
Cabmuli `realur samyaroSi~, viwro karieristuli miznebis terminologiiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, mas `abstraqtuli~ moraluri sakiTxebisaTvis dro da<br />
interesi ar gaaCnia.<br />
Tuki marTalia, rom aixmani rigiTi adamiani iyo, ratom arseboben ase cota<br />
aixmanebi? amis pasuxi ZiriTadad isaa, rom, sabednierod, adamia nebis umravlesobas<br />
iseT politikur reJimSi uxdeba cxovreba, romelsac nacistur<br />
germanias verc ki Seadareb. nacizmi iyo gadamwyveti faqtori or msoflio<br />
oms Soris germaniaSi yvela aixmanis pirovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
iseve, rogorc yovelma Segnebulma sursaTis maRaziis mepatronem icis, rom<br />
misi mizani mogebaa, aseve aixmansa da mis msgavsT esmodaT, rom maTi mizani<br />
gazis kamerebSi rac SeiZleba meti adamianis ganadgureba iyo. amas garda, igi<br />
imaSic darwmunebuli iyo, rom mis warmatebas, iseve rogorc maRaziis mepatronisas,<br />
ZiriTadad erTi kriteriumiT _ efeqtianobiT gansazRvravdnen.<br />
aixmanisaTvis mniSvneloba imas ki ar hqonda, ras akeTebda, aramed imas, ramdenad<br />
kargad akeTebda. savaraudod, is aseTive mondomebiT Seasrulebda<br />
dakisrebul movaleobas, parkebis dagegmvaze an yvavilebis dargvaze rom<br />
yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli. am borotmoqmedis banaluroba da misi borotebis<br />
mniSvneloba (sidide) erTdroulad saSinelicaa da Wkuis saswavlebelic, vinaidan<br />
zustad asaxavs maSindel germaniaSi gabatonebul <strong>politika</strong>s. 12<br />
germaniis xelmZRvaneloba adamianebis masobriv ganadgurebas aigivebda<br />
patriotizmsa da sazogadoebriv interesTan. inteleqtualuri damoukideblobisa<br />
da zneobrivi gambedaobis iSviaTi erToblioba iyo saWiro, am gabatonebul<br />
azrs rom ar ahyolodi. samwuxarod, zustad es Tvisebebi aklda<br />
ase Zalian aixmanisnair uamrav adamians. imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
interesisaTvis arasdros kargi araa xelisuflebis brma morCileba,<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania politikis gageba.<br />
daskvna<br />
politikis Seswavla sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba. esaa wesrigi, Zalaufleba<br />
da samarTlianoba. politikuri cxovrebis gageba iwyeba imis aRiarebiT,<br />
rom adamianis cxovreba mowesrigebulia. kerZod, politikuri wesrigi asaxulia<br />
TemebSi (sazogadoebebSi), romlebSic adamianebi cxovroben da saerTo<br />
41
42<br />
identoba aqvT. Temis mowyoba, SenarCuneba da damkvidreba mmarTvelobis<br />
saSualebiT xdeba. yvelaze warCinebul da TviTkmar TemebSi mmarTvelobis<br />
gziT Seqmnilma struqturam warmoSva Tanamedrove erisaxelmwifoebi.<br />
Zalaufleba, romelic ramdenime wyarodan SeiZleba gamomdi nareobdes,<br />
aris mTavrobis unari _ Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. Tuki<br />
mTavroba ar gamoiyenebs Zalauflebas sazogadeobrivi interesebis Sesabamisad,<br />
dgeba xolme samarTlianobis sakiTxi. amgvarad, <strong>politika</strong>s yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani da yovlismomcveli adgili ukavia, radgan<br />
adamianis mier samar T lianobis dauokebeli Zieba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli<br />
Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobrivi sakiTxebi<br />
SeiZleba xandaxan sazogadoebisaTvis SeumCneveli rCebodes.<br />
politologebi Seiswavlian TavianT disciplinas imisaTvis, rom miakvlion<br />
WeSmaritebas politikuri institutebis, Zalebis, moZraobebisa da<br />
procesebis Sesaxeb. tradicionalisti politologebi dainteresebulni<br />
arian mTavrobis moqmedebebis SefasebiT, bihevioralistebi ki mecnierul<br />
meTodebs mimarTaven politikis Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebisaTvis.<br />
TiTqmis yvela politologs aqvs specializacia; disciplinis yvelaze<br />
farTo qvedargia politikuri Teoria (an filosofia), amerikis mmarTveloba,<br />
SedarebiTi politologia, saerTaSo riso urTierTobebi da sajaro<br />
mmarTveloba.<br />
politikis Seswavlis mraval damajerebel mizezTagan gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia ori: (1) politikis gageba pirovnuli interesis saqmea da (2)<br />
politikis kvlevis Sedegad, individs ufro zusti warmodgena uyalibdeba<br />
imaze, ra aris da ra ar aris sazogadoebrivi interesebis sagani. rigiT moqalaqeTaTvis<br />
am warmodgenis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba naCvenebi iyo germaniaSi<br />
nacizmis aRzevebis tragikuli maga liTiT.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
<strong>politika</strong><br />
Temi, erToba<br />
mTavroba<br />
respublika<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
suvereniteti<br />
qveyana<br />
eri<br />
erisaxelmwifo<br />
mravalerovani saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifos armqone erebi<br />
Zalaufleba<br />
avtoriteti<br />
legitimuroba<br />
legitimuri xelisufleba<br />
samarTlianoba<br />
tradicionalistebi<br />
bihevioralistebi<br />
marqsistebi<br />
daqvemdebarebis Teoria<br />
vaWrobis pirobebi
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />
1. romel sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba politikis Seswavla?<br />
2. rogor SeiZleba politikuri problemis dadgena? aris Tu ara zogierTi<br />
konfliqti sxvebze metad politikuri xasiaTis? axseniT.<br />
3. riT ganasxvaveben politologebi?<br />
4. ra dadebiTi Sedegi SeiZleba moutanos adamians politikis da mmarTvelobis<br />
Ses wavlam?<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II<br />
wignSi mocemulma politikuri mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. monteskie<br />
ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs,<br />
xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul res publikebad,<br />
romlebic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokratiebad,<br />
romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs (gan sakuTrebiT mdidarTa<br />
klasi). respublikebs istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisagan.<br />
amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT wamyvani figura SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs, romlebSic xalxi<br />
pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi (da warmomadgenlobis imedze<br />
ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas respublika<br />
ewoda.<br />
2. ix. aseve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on<br />
a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).<br />
3. Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1962), 4.<br />
4. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri filosofiis mamad<br />
moixsenieben xolme.<br />
5. Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty “Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial<br />
and Gubernatorial Elections”, American Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi<br />
1996): 780-793.<br />
6. ix. Leo Straussis What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York:<br />
Free Press, 1959), 10-12.<br />
7. arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciu li<br />
realizmis Teoria ganaviTares (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis<br />
fon ze) politologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul<br />
realistebad moixsenieben. maTi ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltzis Theory<br />
of International Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave<br />
avtoris “Realist Thought and Neo-Realist Theory”, Journal of International<br />
Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990): 21-37.<br />
43
44<br />
8. am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohaneis<br />
International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,<br />
1989), kioheinis Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur<br />
instituciona lizms.<br />
9. Irving Kristol “The Nature of Nazism~ in The Commentary Reader, red. Norman<br />
Pohoretz (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 16.<br />
10. ix. Albert Speeris Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston<br />
(New York: Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley Haverwas da David Burrell-is,<br />
“Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speer’s Inside the Third<br />
Reich”, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy: Further Investigations in Christian<br />
Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend, Ind.: University of<br />
Notre Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.<br />
11. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New<br />
York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem<br />
(New York: Schocken Bokks, 1968). 465.<br />
12. yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT<br />
gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi, Tumca aratipuri magaliTia oskar<br />
Sindleri(romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis _ `Sindleris sia~<br />
wyalobiT gaxda yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli biznesmeni,<br />
nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki sakuTari<br />
saqmiani da partiuli kav Sirebis gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli<br />
muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva keTili qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi<br />
aRwerilia Eva Fogelmanis wignSi Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of<br />
Jews during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve Samuel P.<br />
Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi<br />
Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba<br />
am mxsnelebTan da Sind ler Tan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs,<br />
vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT<br />
ufro meti germaneli (`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris<br />
CaTvliT) hitleris siZulvilis propagandiT monusxuli, aixmaniviT<br />
ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.
n a w i l i I<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
politikuri<br />
sistemebi<br />
Tavi II<br />
utopia: sanimuSo<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
Tavi III<br />
konstituciuri<br />
demokratia: warmomadgenlobis<br />
revolucia<br />
Tavi IV<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi:<br />
tradiciuli<br />
mmarTveloba<br />
Tavi V<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi:<br />
warumatebeli<br />
utopiebi<br />
45
Tavi II<br />
utopia<br />
sanimuSo<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi<br />
filosofiaa<br />
samarTliani qalaqi<br />
keTilSobili tyuili<br />
frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~:<br />
pasuxi mecnierebaa<br />
stabiluroba da mecniereba<br />
samomavlo gegma<br />
karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:<br />
pasuxi ekonomikaa<br />
ekonomikis wamyvani roli<br />
proletariatis diqtatura<br />
uklaso sazogadoeba<br />
utopiisaken dabruneba<br />
utopiiT STagoneba<br />
gza utopiisaken<br />
utopiis praqtikuloba<br />
utopia da adamianis buneba<br />
utopia da politikis<br />
ugulebelyofa<br />
distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde<br />
oruelis samyaro<br />
utopia da terorizmi<br />
daskvniTi mosazrebani<br />
47
48 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
rogorc moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaRmdegebiT) po litikas<br />
da liderebs, radgan gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba<br />
ukeTesi an ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politikuri arCevanis<br />
ukan garkveulwilad imaleba sajaro sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.<br />
rogorc wesi, es Sexeduleba gauazrebelia _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gvjera ama<br />
Tu im politikuri wyo bisa, xSirad ver vaxerxebT davasabuToT amis mizezebi. 1<br />
miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania SegveZlos Cveni politikuri ideebisa<br />
da idealebis safuZvelSi mdebare warmodgenebis gamoxatva da analizi.<br />
Tu gvinda politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli Sedareba SevZloT (rac am<br />
teqstis I nawilis mizania), unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazogadoebrivi<br />
sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu<br />
im filosofosis, Teologisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros<br />
politikis SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori<br />
iqneboda saukeTeso politikuri wyo ba? ratom amboben xSirad, rom saukeTeso<br />
kargis mteria? ra ufro saSiSia po litikisTvis, mcirediT dakmayofileba<br />
Tu metismetisken swrafva?<br />
sityva utopia saTaves iRebs ser tomas moris (14781535) wignis saTauridan.<br />
igi mefe henri VIIIis dros inglisis lordkancleri da gavleniani<br />
humanisti iyo. termini ou topos berZnulad `ararsebul ad gils~ aRniSnavs,<br />
xolo `eutopos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi,<br />
utopia, rogorc wesi, orive mniSvnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi<br />
cxovrobs sruliad janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad.<br />
dasavluri politikis filosofiis literatura moicavs kargad damu<br />
Savebuli utopiuri gegmebis garkveul raodenobas. yoveli maTgani avtoris<br />
mier srulyofili politikuri wyobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa. utopiuri<br />
modelebi erTmaneTisagan specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela<br />
msgavs miznebs emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdilobda politikuri<br />
cxovrebis logika mis saboloo Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSirad<br />
mimarTavdnen arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis<br />
farul da aSkara kritikas. am funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi<br />
xSirad gamoiyeneboda politikuri sazomebis standartad an politikuri<br />
sistemebis ganxorcielebis Sefasebis kriteriumad. srulyofili sazogadoebis<br />
abstraqtuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli<br />
sa xelmZRvanelos rolsac asrulebda. amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli<br />
ara praqtikulobisa, utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da<br />
pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens politikur saqmianobaze.<br />
cnobili utopiebis kvlevas viwyebT platonis `saxelmwifoTi~, romel sac<br />
utopiis or, mogvianebiT warmoSobil versias SevadarebT _ frensis bekonis<br />
`axal atlantidas~ da karl marqsis naSromebs, romelSic igi `uklaso<br />
sazogadoebis~ Rirsebebs gamoyofs. utopiuri Sromebi, romelic aRwerilia<br />
am TavSi, arCeulia im niSniT, Tu ra sferoSi poulobs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
platoni pasuxs filosofiis sferoSi poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi,<br />
marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi.
utopia<br />
utopiuri literaturis mravali sxva mniSvnelovani nimuSic arsebobs.<br />
maga liTad, tomas moris `utopia~ (1516) dRemde mniSvnelovan nawarmoebad<br />
rCeba, iseve rogoc tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~, jeims heringtonis<br />
`okeaneTis Tanamegobroba~ (1656), frangi utopistsocialistebis _ Carls<br />
furies, sensimonis nawerebi, aseve amerikeli mwerali edvard belami (1850<br />
1898), romelmac ramdenime msgavsi idea asaxa wignSi: `xedva ukan: 20001887~<br />
(1888) asaxa. am da bevrma sxva Sexedulebam xeli Seuwyo utopiis ideisa da<br />
misi idealis SenarCunebas.<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovania literatura distopiaze _ po li tikuri<br />
eqs perimentebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili sa marTlianobis<br />
miR wevas isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kraxi ganicades. am nawarmoebTa mizania<br />
warmoa Cinos is saSiSroebebi, romlebic arasrulyofil samyaroSi srulyofili<br />
wyobis aSenebis mcdelobas axlavs.<br />
platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa<br />
platonis `saxelmwifo~ aris xangrZlivi dialogi sokratesa da mosau breebs<br />
Soris. sokrates (469399 Zv.w.), romelic pirvel dasavlel politikis<br />
filosofosad iTvleba, miaCnda, rom `gauazrebeli cxovreba cxovrebad ar<br />
Rirs~. es idea gadaiqca dasavluri civilizaciis qvakuTxedad. sokrates<br />
brwyinvale moswavlis, platonis mier Semonaxuli da damuSavebuli sokrates<br />
filosofia fundamenturi alternativaa homerosis sokratemdeli naSromebisa,<br />
romelSic igi simama cesa da Rirsebas adidebda da sokrates ASemdgomi<br />
iesos moZRvrebebisa, romlis mixedviTac RmerTis rwmena da RvTis<br />
sityvis Sesabamisi moraluri qceva keTilSobili cxovrebis safuZvelia.<br />
siRrmiseul filosofiur kiTxvebze pasuxebis mudmivi Ziebis gamo, aTenis<br />
mmarTvelebi sokrates eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. sabolood sasamarTlom<br />
igi RmerTebis Seuracxyofasa da aTenis axalgazrdobis garyvnaSi<br />
daadanaSaula. igi gaasamarTles da miusajes sikvdili. sokratesTvis wayenebuli<br />
sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana (sawamlavis sakuTari xeliT miReba)<br />
rCeba inteleqtu alur Tavisuflebasa da politikur wyo bas Soris arsebuli<br />
dapirispirebulobis naTel magaliTad.<br />
platonis `saxelmwifo~ sokrates mier samarTlianobis cnebis gamokvleviT<br />
iwyeba. Semdeg is gadadis saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweraze:<br />
sazogadoeba, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar dapirispirebas filosofosebsa<br />
da mmarTvelebs Soris 2 (aseT sazogadoebaSi sokrates winaaRmdeg wayenebuli<br />
braldebebi usafuZvlo iqneboda. ar iarsebebda SiSi imisa, rom maswavleblebi<br />
axalgazrdebs moRalateebad aqcevdnen, vinaidan SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneboda erTdroulad filosofosic da patriotic yofiliyavi). aseTi<br />
qalaqis dafuZneba da aSeneba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara politikuri azrebis<br />
srulyofa.<br />
49
50 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
samarTliani qalaqi<br />
dasawyisSi, skeptikuri msmeneli sokrates maqsimaluri politikuri sike <br />
Tis koncefciis ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs da cdilobs aaxsnevinos, ra tom aris<br />
ukeTesi iyo samarTliani, vidre usamarTlo. gana marTali ar aris, ekiTxebian<br />
mas, rom warmatebuli adamini, romelic usamarTlo qmede biT mopovebuli ZalauflebiTa<br />
da gavleniT sargeblobs, ufro bednieria, vidre sokratesaviT<br />
samarTliani kaci, romelsac arc Zalaufleba aqvs da arc gavlena? radgan<br />
samarTlis gamovlena qalaqSi ufro iolia, vidre adamianSi, iwyeba samar<br />
Tliani qalaqis Zebna. 3<br />
Tavdapirvelad sokrate varaudobs, rom politikuri cxovreba im faqtidan<br />
gamomdinareobs, rom arc erT individs ar SeuZlia iyos damo u kidebeli.<br />
Semdeg igi aRwers Zalian martiv sazogadoebas mTavrobisa da gaWirvebis<br />
gareSe, romlis fermerebi, mejadageebi da sxva xelosnebi mxolod imdens<br />
gamoimuSaveben, ramdenic ubralo da mSvidi cxovrebis Sesa narCuneblad<br />
aris sakmarisi. am sazogadoebaSi, romelic cdilobs daikmayofilos fizikuri<br />
moTxovnilebebi (sakvebi, sas meli, TavSesafari da a.S.), TiToeuli<br />
pirovneba asrulebs erT gansazRvrul funqcias.<br />
erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa samkaulebi. mag ram fufunebis<br />
Seqmna aTavisuflebs survils da sulis daumorCileblobas uyris<br />
safuZvels. Sedegad, qalaqi `mSfoTvare~ xdeba da gafarToeba sWir deba.<br />
kerZod, mas da, Wirdeba ufro meti miwis aTviseba, xolo am miznisaTvis jariskacebi<br />
xdebian saWiro. jariskacebi respublikaSi meore klasis warmomadgenlebi<br />
arian da maT Tadapirvelad mcvelebs uwodebdnen. dialogis<br />
msvlelobisas maTi movaleobebi sul ufro naTeli xdeba: maT unda daicvan<br />
polisi, rogorc mecxvaris ZaRlebi icaven faras.<br />
antikuri saberZneTis erTerTi yvelaze<br />
didi filosofosi, platoni<br />
(428348ww. Zv. w.) miiCnevda, rom idealuri<br />
saxelmwifos Zalaufleba<br />
fi losofosi mefeebis xelSi unda<br />
yofiliyo: `sanam filosofosebi ar<br />
gamefdebian, …qalaqebi verasdros<br />
moisveneben maTi mtrebisagan~.
utopia<br />
rogorc `saxelmwifoSi~ aris aRwerili, mcvelTa ganaTleba mraval adamianur<br />
saqmianobas moicavs, rogoricaa cxovrebis esTetikuri, inteleqtualu<br />
ri, moraluri da fizikuri aspeqtebi. sokrate Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis<br />
mi zani simar T lis swavlebaa. amis gamo, saWiro xdeba mcdar da saSiS ideebze<br />
cenzuris SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri<br />
disciplinaa da culi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTebic da<br />
meuRleebic. Temis siy varuli anacvlebs ubralo adamianur siyvaruls.<br />
oci wlis asakisTvis studentebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTga ni<br />
iniSneba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba,<br />
isini saxelmwifo jariskacebi xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben,<br />
swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros ganisazRvreba samsaxuri, romelsac<br />
mcvelTa klasis es warmomadgenlebi sabolood mi iReben. yvela arCevani<br />
ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis<br />
gagebis Semdeg, mcvelebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi donis<br />
brZenfilosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad,<br />
respublikas marTavan filosofosi-mefeebi.<br />
platoniseuli `saxelmwifo~ Sedgeba miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa, mebrZolebisa<br />
da filosofosmcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayofa<br />
asaxavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam nawilad: miwieri<br />
nawili, romelic gamomdinareobs fizikuri moTxovnilebebidan; keTilSobili<br />
nawili, romlis Sedegia risxva da aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba<br />
CvenTvis Zvirfass; da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis dadgenas<br />
cdilobs. TiToeuli klasi ganasaxierebs erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. muSebi da<br />
xelosnebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalaqis fizikuri moTxovnilebebis<br />
dakmayofilebas, TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCevian. maTi cxovreba organizebuli<br />
da zomieria. miuxedavad imisa, rom mebrZolebic TavSekavebulni arian,<br />
maTi mTavari Rirseba simamacea, romelic sulis keTilSobili nawilis srulyofilebaa.<br />
racionaluri nawilis srul yofileba _ sibrZne, filosofosebis<br />
kuTvnilebaa (romlebsac, ra Tqma un da, aqvT agreTve danarCeni ori<br />
Rirsebac). mxolod filosofosebs aqvT srul yo fili suli; maTi arsebis<br />
yvela nawili srulyofilia, rogorc maTi sulis na wilebis urTierTkavSiri.<br />
maTi yovlismomcveli srulyofilebis gamo, mxo l od filosofosebs Seu<br />
ZliaT samarTalis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebis srulad aRqma. me tic,<br />
vinai dan respublikis TiToeuli komponenti masze dakisrebul samuSaos<br />
kargad asrulebs (mosavlis moyvana da sagnebis Seqmna, qalaqis dacva an mar<br />
Tva) da, amavdroulad, erTerT mniSvnelovan Rirsebas warmoaCens (TavSekaveba,<br />
simamace an sibrZne), es warmosaxviTi qalaqi samarTlianadac iTvleba.<br />
qalaqi da Tanac rogori! erTerTi komentatoris azriT, `yvela dasavleli<br />
kacis miswrafeba samarTlianobisa da kargi cxovrebisaken, sokrates SemoTavazebebSi<br />
aris gadmocemuli da ganxoricielebuli~. 4 es aris qalaqi, sadac<br />
adamianTa niWis gamoyeneba ar aris SezRuduli siRaribis, dabadebis<br />
an sqesis mixedviT da SemTxveviTi ojaxuri kuTvnileba da qalaqi ar<br />
zRudavs adamianis Semecnebisa da sikeTisaken swrafvas; es aris re<br />
Jimi, sadac Wkviani, moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone adamianebi marTaven<br />
sa zo gadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis. 5<br />
51
52 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmes asrulebs, romelic yvelaze kargad SeuZlia.<br />
isini sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris Sesabamis aRiarebas,<br />
didebasa da pativiscemas moipoveben. es qalaqi pasuxobs kiTxvaze, romelic<br />
sokrates dausves Tavdapirvelad. swored filosofosebi arian samarT liani<br />
da yvelaze bednieri adamianebi (namvilad ufro bednieri, vidre usamarTloni),<br />
magram maTi bedniereba ar aris damokidebuli usamarTlod miRebul<br />
Zalauflebaze. cxadia, respublikaSi filosofosebi ar idevnebian; isini<br />
mmarTveli pirebi arian da maT arasdros asamarTleben.<br />
rom ara filosofosebis mmarTveloba, da rom ara maTi samarT lianoba<br />
da sibrZne, sxvadasxva arasasurveli movlena ganviTardeba. magaliTad, imisaTvis,<br />
rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazogadoebrivi interesebi kerZo<br />
interesebze maRla idges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesauri<br />
kavSiri akrZalulia. sazogadoebaSi niWieri da Wkviani adamianebis mudmivad<br />
arsebobas evgenikuri programa uzrunvelyofs, romelic adamianTa<br />
seq sualur kavSirebze saxelmwifo kontrols axorcielebs. mcvelTa klasi<br />
mxolod harmoniulad Sexamebuli `qorwinebis festivalis~ sistemiT mravldeba,<br />
romlis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi) gamravlebaa<br />
garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda miendos SemTxveviTobas.<br />
keTilSobili tyuili<br />
qveda fenis wevrTa dasamSvideblad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini<br />
savaraudod verc gaigebdnen da arc daTanxmdebodnen maT dabal statuss)<br />
filosofosimefeebi valdebulni arian mudmivad mimarTon keTilSobil<br />
tyuils _ oficialur miTs, romelzec samarTliani qalaqi aris damyarebuli.<br />
amgvarad, yvela moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubnebian, rom<br />
maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxolod sizmrebia da rom isini adre<br />
cxovrobdnen miwisqveSeTSi, sadac maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. rodesac saamisod<br />
mzad iyvnen, maTi deda _ dedamiwa, gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave,<br />
formirebis procesSi maT miecaT suli, romelic iyo Seqm nili oqrosgan (filosofosebis),<br />
vercxlisgan (mebrZolebis), an rkinisa da brinjaosagan (miwaTmoqmedebisa<br />
da xelosnebis). am miTis mizania saxelwifos mcxovrebTa<br />
darwmuneba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi<br />
sistema, romelic saxelwifos arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yovelTvis<br />
popularuli iyos.<br />
saukeTeso politikuri saxelmwifos aRweris dros sokrate aseve saub robs<br />
im sirTuleebze, romelic axlavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas. res publikis<br />
ara mxolod zogadi koncefciaa arapraqtikuli, aramed misi gan xorcielebac<br />
SeuZ lebeli Cans. sokrate naTlad gviCvenebs, ra safasuris gadaxda iqneboda<br />
aucilebeli aseTi politikuri wyobis SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc davinaxeT, safasuri,<br />
romelic aseTi wyobis danergvisTvis iqneboda saWiro, aris ojaxebis<br />
aRmofxvra, cenzuris daweseba, sicruis farTod gavrceleba reJimis moraluri<br />
safuZvlis SesanarCuneblad da im xalxis mmarTveloba, romelsac ar surs<br />
marTva.
utopia<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom platonis saxelmwifo SeiZleba ar iyos romelime<br />
momavali politikuri reJimis sqema, igi sasargebloa sxva kuT xiTac. pirvel<br />
rigSi, igi siRrmiseulad ikvlevs iseT saWiro politikur ideebs, rogoricaa<br />
samarTlianoba, tirania da ganaTleba. igi gvTavazobs saukeTeso politikuri<br />
wyobis gaazrebul ideas da amasTanave gviCvenebs misi danergvis praqtikul<br />
xarvezebs. sabolood, platonis saxelmwifo unda miviRoT ara rogorc politikuri<br />
miTiTeba, ara med rogorc filosofiuri savarjiSo. sokrates eqskursia<br />
utopiaSi warmogvidgens adamianis azris srulyofis mcdelobas da ara<br />
adamianis qcevis srulyofis formulas.<br />
frensis bekonis axali atlantida:<br />
pasuxi mecnierebaa<br />
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia realurad miiRweva `aq~ da `axla~, meTxuTmete<br />
saukunis Semdeg gaxda popularuli. frensis bekoni (15611626) iyo<br />
pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa, romlis<br />
mi xedviTac mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs misces yvelaze sasurveli<br />
sikeTe _ komfortuli TviTSenarCuneba. isini, visac dRes sjeraT an<br />
adideben adamianis progresis, mecnieruli miRwevebis, teqnologiuri<br />
siaxleebis an msoflio politikuri modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis brwyinvalebas<br />
(ix. Tavi IX), ZiriTadad ise Tive politikuri reJimis sisworeSi arian<br />
darwmunebulebi, romelic bekonis sqemasTanaa axlos.<br />
axal atlantidaSi (1627) bekoni aRwers mogzaurTa warmosaxviT voiaJs,<br />
romlebmac aRmoaCines kunZuli bensalemi. isini daitanj nen wynar okeaneSi<br />
xangrZlivi mgzavrobiT da sWirdebodaT sakvebi da dasveneba. Tavdapirvelad,<br />
kunZulis mkvidrebma gaafrTxiles, ar gadasuliyvnen kunZulze, magram<br />
molaparakebebis Semdeg mainc darTes neba. stumarTa pirveli uaryofiTi<br />
STabeWdileba gaqra, rogorc ki naxes kunZuli iseTi, rogoric is namdvilad<br />
aris: dalocvili, bednieri adgili.<br />
stabiluroba da mecniereba<br />
bensalemis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikuli detalebis ume tesoba<br />
bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kun<br />
Zulis wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnieruli<br />
miRwe vebis Sesaswavlad, sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia msoflios.<br />
amgvari geografiuli izolaciis gamo, Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs.<br />
kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari bunebrivi resursebis xarjze<br />
bekoni qmnis yovelmxriv uzrunvel yofil qveynas.<br />
bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram aRiarebs religiur Tavisuflebas.<br />
sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tanamdebobebi,<br />
aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri disputebi, romlebmac ganxeTqileba<br />
Camoagdo bevr evropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arsebobs.<br />
53
54 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
frensis bekoni (15611626) – ingliseli filosofosi,<br />
mecnieri, eseisti da saxelmwifo moxele<br />
– im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom mecniereba<br />
kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis gasaRebia:<br />
`bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda daemorCilo~,<br />
ambobda igi.<br />
bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwineba aris sazogadoebis<br />
fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros, romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da<br />
daarsebuli da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuTrebul pativs<br />
didi ojaxis ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi da moraluri saqcieli urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
da stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli.<br />
Temis stabilurobas aZlierebs is faqtic, rom 2000 wlis win didsulovanma<br />
mmarTvelma solomonma Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTaA ganaxleba<br />
mas mere saWiro aRar gamxdara.<br />
bensalemi Zalian progresuli sazogadoebaa. misi saukeTeso moazrovneebi<br />
ikribebian kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli ewodeba;<br />
aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da dakvirvebis gziT `sagnebis<br />
mizezebis da idumali bunebis garkvevis; yvela SesaZ lo saSualebiT<br />
adamianis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneba.<br />
platonis `saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensalemSi codnas ara mxolod<br />
sakuTari keTildReobisTvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac.<br />
mecniereba unda iyos gamoye nebuli `adamianis yofis SemsubuqebisaTvis~.<br />
bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba bevr sakiTxSi winaswarmetyvelurad<br />
JRers. magaliTad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis<br />
saSualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan avadmyofobis mTeli<br />
simZime aRmofxvrilia, Seqmnilia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogierT<br />
maTgans samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis sferoSi teqnologiuri<br />
revolucia moxda. bensalemis mkvidrT bunebrivi katastrofebis<br />
Tavidan acileba SeuZliaT, vinaidan maTi mecniereba bunebis umkacres saidumloebasac<br />
ki xsnis.
samomavlo gegma<br />
utopia<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgo mareobs<br />
bekonis axali atlantidis namdvili mizani, naSromi Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />
erTi cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne bekonSi `pirvel realur,<br />
Tanamedrove utopists~ xedavs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idea luri<br />
sazogadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda. 6 axali atlantida ar moiazreboda rogorc<br />
momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca, bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi Sesa<br />
Zlo forma, romelSic mecnieruli progresi SeuzRudavad iqneboda nebadarTuli.<br />
bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva miznad ar isa xavda arsebuli<br />
sazogadoebisadmi protests, es iyo adamianis mdgomareobis radikaluri<br />
gaumjobesebis gegma.<br />
karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:<br />
pasuxi ekonomikaa<br />
karl marqsic (18181883) utopisti iyo, magram platonisa da bekonisagan<br />
gansxvavdeboda. marqsis winamorbedni iwyebdnen Tavisi samoTxis detaluri<br />
aRweriT da rodesac socialuri realobis kritikaze gadadiodnen, es<br />
ufro farulad xdeboda, vidre aSkarad. maTgan gansxvavebiT, marqsma daiwyo<br />
arsebuli sazogadoebis aSkara kritikiT da miseuli utopiis mxolod<br />
zogadi monaxazi Seqmna. is sakuTar Tavs praqtikosrealistad miiCnevda da<br />
ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedvelobas istoriuli da socialurekonomikuri<br />
realobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT<br />
uaryofda, rom misi ideebi warmosaxviT azrovnebas efuZneboda.<br />
55<br />
karl marqss (18181883) _ germanel filosofoss,<br />
ekonomistsa da revolucioners _ miaCnda,<br />
rom samarTliani samyaro mxolod kacobriobis<br />
kapitalisturidan socialistur<br />
ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis<br />
evo luciiT miiRweva: `aqamde arsebuli yvela<br />
sazogadoebis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa~.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, marqsizmSi utopiuri elementi aSkaraa. wina morbedi<br />
utopistebisagan gansxvavebiT marqss sjeroda, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba<br />
ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvali iyo. klasebs Soris mwvave<br />
brZola, romelsac igi winaswarmetyvelebda (ix. Tavi XIV), mxolod im Sem
56 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
TxvevaSi SeiZle ba iqnes sworad gagebuli, Tu es brZola aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
mSvidobisa da siuxvis aRTq mul qveyanaSi utopiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli<br />
Sesavali. es winaswarmetyveleba, marq sis azriT, iyo dauZleveli Zalis<br />
sa boloo Sedegi, romelic ka cob riobis istorias misi gardauvali bediswerisken<br />
_ uklaso sazogadoebisken _ miaqanebda.<br />
ekonomikis wamyvani roli<br />
marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, mecxramete<br />
saukunis Sua periodSi kapitalizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime<br />
pirobebiT da farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli. mdidari<br />
komerciuli da industriuli elita (burJua kapitalistTa klasi) ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />
reformebs, romlebic gaRaribebuli muSaTa klasis (proletariatis)<br />
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken iyo mimarTuli.<br />
marqsis kapitalSi naTlad aris aRwerili dasaqmebis sferodan motanili<br />
iseTi magaliTebi, romlebmac misi risxva gamo iwvia, magaliTad:<br />
meri en voklim imuSava Sesvenebis gareSe 26.5 saaTi 60 sxva gogosTan er<br />
Tad, 30 gogo erT oTaxSi, ris gamoc saWiro raodenobis Jangbadis nacvlad<br />
mxolod erT mesamed kubur futs SeisunTqvdnen... meri en vokli<br />
cudad gaxda paraskevs [da] mokvda kviras... eqimma keisma, romelic dagvianebiT<br />
gamoiZaxes, sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom `meri en vokli mokvda<br />
xalxiT gadatvirTul oTaxSi xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad~. 7<br />
marqsisaTvis meri en voklis da sxva misnairebis sikvdili ubralo Se mTxveviToba<br />
ar yofila. mas swamda, rom ekonomika _ materialur saWiroebaTa<br />
warmoeba da ganawileba _ adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da<br />
rom istoriulad adamianTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda da ingreoda ekonomikuri<br />
faqtorebis mkacri dinamikis Sesabamisad. mas sjeroda isic, rom meri<br />
en vokli, raki kapitalizmis epoqaSi daibada, ganwiruli iyo xanmokle da<br />
xelmokle cxovrebisaTvis da saarsebo minimumisTvis samuSaod. warmoebis<br />
mepatroneebs _ kapitalistebis klass ki _ SeeZlo sul ufro metad gamdidrebuliyo.<br />
en voklis cxovreba da adreuli sikvdili gamowveuli iyo<br />
mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis Semosavalze orientirebuli ekonomikiT.<br />
Tumca, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis logikam, gardauvali<br />
gaxada siZunwesa da eqspluataciaze agebuli Zalauflebis zestruqturebis<br />
ngreva da marqsis sayvareli proletariatis _ Raribi da gariyuli muSaTa<br />
klasis didi socialuri aRmasvla.<br />
proletariatis diqtatura<br />
marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel stadias, romelic dau yov nebliv<br />
mohyveba kapitalizmis gadavardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.
utopia<br />
marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komunizmis pirveli stadia unda<br />
yofiliyo da kacobriobis istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi<br />
ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, rogorc droebiTi fenomeni,<br />
iarsebebda mxolod im dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan dacvis<br />
auci lebloba. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revoluciuri<br />
programebi `yvelasgan SesaZleb lobebis mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa<br />
mixedviT~ principiT. amgvari <strong>politika</strong> gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas,<br />
mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gadasaxads, memkvidreobis uflebis<br />
gauqmebas, saxelmwifos mier yvela sakredito dawese bulebis, agreTve komunikaciisa<br />
da transportis saSualebebis centralizacias, yvela bavSvisaTvis<br />
ufaso ganaTlebis SemoRebas, bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi<br />
arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis gafarToebas da<br />
`gamouyenebeli miwebis kultivaciasa da miwis gaumjobe sebas zogadi gegmis<br />
Sesabamisad.~ 8<br />
am stadiebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sedegad xelisufleba ubralod<br />
TavisTavad gaqreboda. roca (marqsis kolegis, fridrix engelsis<br />
azriT) klasobrivi gansxvaveba da antagonizmi bunebrivad qreba, saxelmwifo<br />
Zalauflebis CarTva socialur urTierTobebSi zedmeti xdeba<br />
da `adamianTa mmarTve loba icvleba sagnebis da warmoebis procesis<br />
administ rirebiT~. sa boloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi gadaSendeba.~<br />
9<br />
arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diqtaturas (komunizmis socialistur<br />
safexurs), uklaso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixilavda.<br />
marqss swamda, rom adamianebi sufTa gonebiT ibadebian da is, rac<br />
mogvianebiT maT go nebaSi aRibeWdeba, ufro metad sazogadoebis bunebiT ganisazRvreba,<br />
vidre individualuri genetikuri memkvidreobiT. metic, marqsi<br />
ver xedavda pirovnebis WeSmarit interesebsa da sazogadoebis interesebs<br />
Soris SesaZlo daZabulobas. Sesabamisad, socialistur xanaSi xalxi<br />
bunebrivad SeiTvisebda socialistur Rire bulebebs. kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, sadac, TiTqos, konkurentuli moqalaqeebis<br />
Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels, romlebic sinamdvileSi degradirebulni arian<br />
da eqspluatacias uweven erTmaneTs, socialisturi saxelmwifo ayalibebda<br />
kooperatiul moqalaqeebs, romlebic pativs scemdnen da exmarebodnen erTmaneTs.<br />
klasobrivi konfliqti TavisTavad aRmoifxvreboda da interesTa<br />
bunebrivi harmo niiT iqneboda Canacvlebuli.<br />
saxelmwifoTa gaqrobis marqsistuli rwmena interesTa mTlianobis<br />
erTgvar logikaze iyo dafuZnebuli: kerZo sakuTrebis SemcirebiTa da<br />
Sromis danawilebiT socialuri uTanasworoba mcirdeba, xolo socialuri<br />
uTanasworobis SemcirebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezebi.<br />
TavisTavad, klasebis ararsebobis SemTxvaSi klasobrivi brZolac SeuZlebeli<br />
xdeba. dabolos, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemcirebiT saxelmwifos<br />
saWiroebac mcirdeba. warsuli sazogadoebebi iyo mxolod adamianTa<br />
gamogoneba klasobrivi dominantobis SesanarCuneblad. marqsis Tanaxmad,<br />
socialuri klasebis gaqrobasTan erTad ufunqciod darCenili mTavrobac<br />
mokvdeba.<br />
57
58 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
uklaso sazogadoeba<br />
rogorc marqsi winaswarmetyvelebda, mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi<br />
da sasruli komunizmis meore stadia _ uklaso sazogadoebaSi unda<br />
momxdariyo. am komunistur utopiaSi namdvili adamianuri survilebis<br />
dak mayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kapitalizmSi, werda marqsi, `yvelas<br />
konkretuli, gansazRvruli saqmianobis Tavsmoxveuli sfero aqvs,<br />
romelsac Tavs ver daaRwevs. monadirea is meTevze, mwyemsi Tu `kritikuli<br />
kritikosi~, aseTad unda darCes, Tu ar unda, rom arsebobis saSualeba dakargos.~<br />
10 amis sapirispirod, komunizmSi,<br />
sadac aravis aqvs saqmianobis gan sazRvruli sfero, magram SeuZlia<br />
moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaTvis, saerTo<br />
produqciis regu lirebis gziT sazogadoeba SesaZlebels xdis CemTvis<br />
gavakeTo erTi saqme dRes da meore xval. vinadiro diliT, viTevzao<br />
SuadRes, vmwyemso naxiri saRamos, agreTve gavakritiko vaxSami _<br />
zustad ise, rogorc me minda _ monadired, meTevzed, mwyemsad an kritikosad<br />
gadaqcevis gareSe. 11<br />
individualuri TviTrealizaciis paralelurad, ganviTardeboda bednierebis<br />
momtani socializmi, romlis drosac adamianebi iqnebodnen `loialuri,<br />
brZeni da arakorumpirebuli amxanagebi, romlebic erTmaneTs sruliad<br />
araegoisturi keTilganwyobiT moepyrobodnen.~ 12 marqsis uklaso<br />
sazogadeba am mxriv virtualurad yvela da narCen utopias mogvagonebs.<br />
erTerTi mecnieri marqsistuli utopizmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom komunisturi<br />
sazogadoebis marqsiseuli aRwera bevr sxva utopiur SromasTan<br />
`saerTo eTikur safuZvels~ iziarebs, romlis mTavari maxasiaTeblebicaa<br />
`saerTo da ara konkurentuli Sroma, sazogadoebisTvis sasikeTo miznebi<br />
da ara TviTkmayofileba da hedonizmi _ TiToeul wevrze socialuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />
eTika da ara yvelaze ZlierTa gadarCenisaTvis brZola.~ 13<br />
momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma msoflios SesTava zes,<br />
namdvilad mimzidveli d a utopiuri iyo:<br />
danaSauli aRmoifxvrebo da, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda,<br />
Zmoba da TanamSromloba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecnieruli<br />
prog resi swrafi tempiT gan viTardeboda. yvelaferTan erTad,<br />
socializmis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daavadebas<br />
_ omsa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms _ adgili aRar eqneboda.<br />
amas saerTaSoriso megobroba mohyveboda ... socialuri revoluciiT<br />
kacobrioba daasrulebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Seabijebda<br />
iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewodos.<br />
...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sazogadoebas pirvelad<br />
SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos sakuTari<br />
resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad SevqmniT<br />
sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan damoukideblobisaken,<br />
sibne lidan sinaTlisaken.~ 14
utopiisaken dabruneba<br />
utopia<br />
arc erT utopiaSi, romelic ganvixileT, ar arsebobs konf liqti, Suri,<br />
winaaRmdegoba, mtruli disputebi an piradi imedgacrueba. aranairi Rrmad<br />
fesvgadgmuli dapirispireba ar yofs individebs da ar arsebobs didi antagoniz<br />
mi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris. Tumca, yvela es idealuri saxelmwifo<br />
sxvadasxva xedviT aris inspirirebuli da wesrigis gegmac sxvadsxvagvari<br />
aqvs.<br />
utopiiT STagoneba<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva mizezis<br />
gamo qmnian. `saxemwifoSi~ platonma adamianis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi<br />
gamo ikvlia; igi ara marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdilobda,<br />
aramed surda naTeli moefina im problemebisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mohyoloda<br />
aseTi politikuri wyobis daner gvis mcdelobas. misgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
bekonma `axa li atlantida~ dawera ara imisaTvis, rom adamianuri Sesa<br />
Zleblobebis zRva ri eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia<br />
Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebas. bekons ainteresebda<br />
ara adamianTa SezRu dvebi, aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi damaimedebelia<br />
da adamianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpirdeba.<br />
marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia; metic, igi Sed geba<br />
misi msoflmxedvelobis logikuri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos<br />
uklaso sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva, romelic<br />
marqsis rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda axldes kapitalizmis dasasruls,<br />
sabolood azrs moklebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals saxavs<br />
re voluciisa da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.<br />
gza utopiisaken<br />
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas sruliad bednieri da harmoniuli msoflio, avtorma<br />
unda warmoadginos sazogadoebis konstruirebis axleburi xedva.<br />
platoni filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli saxelmwifo ver iarsebebda,<br />
sanam mis mmarTvelobaSi yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movidodnen;<br />
sxvagvarad aris bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli momavali aris ara<br />
adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Sedegi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teqnikuri<br />
ganviTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebic<br />
ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen; isini iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic adamianTa<br />
SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aanalizebdnen, ikvlevdnen,<br />
siste matizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da amowmebdnen bu nebis sxvadasxva<br />
fenomens. marqsisaTvis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila: misi<br />
azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi mSvidobiani da mdidari<br />
qveynis garantiaa.<br />
59
60 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
utopiis praqtikuloba<br />
Tanamedrove mecnierul da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad,<br />
zogierTi politikuri moazrovne ufro seriozulad dafiqrda utopiis<br />
miRwevis praqtikul SesaZleblobaze. axali utopistebi, raki SeiaraRdnen<br />
ufro metad ganviTarebuli instrumentebiT _ axali mecnierebiT, axali<br />
ekonomikiT _ dedamiwaze samoTxis arsebobas sul ufro xSirad ganixilaven<br />
rogorc realur SesaZleblobas da ara ubralod ausrule bel ocnebas.<br />
es tendencia naTlad aris asaxuli zemoT ganxilul utopiur naSromeb<br />
Si. magaliTad, platoni gviCvenebda, rom misi utopiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba,<br />
sruliad SeuZ lebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. misgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
bekonma aRwera sazogadoeba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis yvela<br />
SesaZ loblobis srulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia gamxdariyo<br />
adamianis keTildReobis ganmtkicebis safuZveli. ra Tqma unda, bekoni<br />
utopias momavlis Sesa Z leblobad ganixilavda, Tumca miaCnda, rom misi<br />
miRweva adamians xelewifeba. marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba araTu SesaZlebeli,<br />
aramed gardauvalic iyo _ proletariatis saboloo gamarjvebis<br />
damtkiceba da jildo.<br />
sabolood, utopiebma samomavlo gegmis saxe miiRo. am gegmebis saerTo<br />
sa fuZvelia zogadi xedvebi adamianTa modgmisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris<br />
adamianisTvis saukeTeso.<br />
utopia da adamianis buneba<br />
`saxemwifoSi~, idealuri qalaqis aRwerasTan erTad, aRwerilia misi<br />
daRupvac. naSromis erTerTi interpretaciis mixedviT, platoni xvdeboda,<br />
rom adamianTa srulyofili Temis daarsebis SemTxvevaSic ki, misi<br />
ga dagvareba gardauvali gaxdeboda. amgvarad, platonma dasva kiTxva, romelic<br />
ga damdebi aRmoCnda yvela Semdgomi utopiisaTvis: rogor SeiZleba<br />
Tavidan aviciloT cvlileba? ganmartebis mixedviT, utopia aris saukeTeso<br />
politikuri wyoba; aqedan gamomdinare, masSi ganxorcielebuli yvela mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlileba uaresobisken aris mimarTuli. amgvarad, paradoqsulad,<br />
cvlileba am novatoruli sazogadoebebis momakvdinebeli mteri xdeba.<br />
cvlilebebisagan dasacavad utopistma avtorma idealur sa zoga doebaSi<br />
araferi unda datovos Sesacvleli, gansakuTrebiT is, rac adamianis<br />
bunebas exeba. xalxis mSvidad da harmoniulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
aRmoifxvras an mkacrad gakontroldes adamianis iseTi fundamenturi<br />
Tvisebebi, rogoricaa uzneoba, boroteba da araprognozire badoba.<br />
bednieri saxelmwifos ZiebaSi utopiebi, rogorc wesi, moicaven evge nikur<br />
programebs, iZulebiT ganaTlebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis akr Zalvas.<br />
eugeniuri programis mizania gaakontrolos xalxis mem kvid reobiTi<br />
Tvisebebi seleqciuri gamravlebis gziT, xolo iZulebiTi ganaTleba<br />
ganixileboda, ro gorc saWiro meTodi saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebis<br />
Se nar Cunebisa da ara sasurveli Tvisebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. utopiurma
utopia<br />
moazrovneebma imave mizniT dauWires mxari kerZo sakuTrebis aRmofxvras,<br />
raTa ganidevnos egoizmi, sixarbe da siZunwe adamianis bunebidan.<br />
utopistebis umetesobis azriT, adamianis egoiz mi gamowveulia socialurekonomikuri<br />
institutebiT, romle b ic icaven, mxars uWeren da samudamod<br />
inarCuneben uTanasworobas da es institutebi SeiZleba gauqmdes mxolod<br />
sazogadoebis fundamenturi reorganizaciiT. amis gamo, bevr utopiaSi<br />
saerTo saTemo aqtivoba, saerTo sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi kveba<br />
anacvlebs qonebis kerZo mesakuTreobas im imediT, rom TanamSromloba<br />
gaimarjvebs konkurenciaze.<br />
sazogadoebis radikaluri reorganizaciis gegmaTa umetesobas safuZv lad<br />
udevs adamianis bunebis specifikuri xedva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris<br />
konfliqti warmoiSoba cudad organizebul an korumpirebul sazogadoebaSi,<br />
rasac xSirad, ubralod `sistema~ ewodeba. Tu fundamenturad arakoreqtuli<br />
institutebis negatiuri gavlena aRmoifxvreba, adamianis qceva pozitiurisken<br />
Seicvleba. utopiuri Sexedulebis mTavari rwmena isaa, rom adamianis<br />
buneba kargi Tu ara, damjeri mainc aris (da amis gamo potenciurad kargia).<br />
utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa<br />
utopiuri rwmena, rom adamianis buneba unda da SeiZleba advilad<br />
Seicvalos, seriozul kiTxvebs badebs. Tu garemos marTlac SeuZ lia seriozuli<br />
gavlena iqonios individze, maSin adamiani ara marto moraluri srulyofilebis,<br />
aramed moraluri gaxrwnis kandidati xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
utopiis dros nebismierma naklma SeiZleba ocneba koSmarad aqcios.<br />
TiTqmis yvela utopiaSi (marqsis proletariatis diqtaturis etapis<br />
CaT vliT) politikuri Zalaufleba centralizebulia. Sesabamisad, utopiur<br />
mTavrobebs gankargulebaSi aqvT Zlieri instrumentebi, romlebiTac<br />
akontroleben adamianTa qcevas. TavisTavad es instrumentebi neitraluria;<br />
yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, rogor iye neben maT _ brZnulad Tu<br />
su lelurad, racionalurad Tu mflangvelurad, moralurad Tu amoralurad.<br />
xSirad, utopistebi Tvlian, rom es instrumentebi yovelTvis sasike<br />
Tod iqneba gamoyene buli. magram Tanamedrove teqnokratiuli saxelmwifos<br />
Zalauflebisa da damyoli adamianuri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es varaudi,<br />
rbilad rom vTqvaT, ususuria. utopiuri sqemebis kritikosebs awuxebdaT<br />
ara ubralod Zalauflebis erT adgilas Tavmoyra, rasac isini xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
dadebiTad afasebdnen kidec, aramed Zalauf lebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sruli ararseboba.<br />
utopiis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, politikisa da mTavrobisadmi mci re<br />
interess iCenen. isini ver xedaven Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris<br />
konfliqturi urTierTobis daregulirebis aucileblobas. materialuri<br />
simdi dris, samoqalaqo suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli moqalaqeebisa da adamianis<br />
survilebsa da keTildReobas (an socioekonomikur Tanasworobasa<br />
da pirovnul aRmatebulebas) Soris mcire an ararsebuli konfliqtis Sem<br />
TxvevaSi, socialu ri samarTlianobis miRweva gaxdeba ufro teqnikuri,<br />
61
62 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
vidre politikuri saxis problema. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavrobis muSaobis<br />
ZiriTadi meqanizmi _ ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba,<br />
sasamarTlo zedamxedve loba da a.S. _ utopistaTa umetesobis Tvis interesmoklebuli<br />
iyo.<br />
distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde<br />
ukontrolo politikuri Zalauflebis saSiSroebani da koSmarad ga daqceuli<br />
utopiis Tema TvalsaCinod aris ganxiluli iseT cnobil naSromebSi,<br />
rogorebicaa jorj oruelis `aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi~ (1961) da oldos<br />
haqslis `mamaci axali samyaro~ (1932). orive wigni distopiis grafikuli<br />
aRwe raa _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebic apirebdnen srulyofili<br />
politikuri wyobis aSenebas, aRmoaCens, rom SeuZlebels dahpirdnen. isini<br />
xelisuflebaSi darCenas mxolod Zaladobisa da komunikaciis sistemis<br />
meSveobiT damyarebuli mkacri monopoliis gziT axerxeben.<br />
oruelis samyaro<br />
`aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxSi~ totalitari mmarTvelebi (romelTac ganasaxierebs<br />
bundovani figura, romelsac did Zmas uwodeben) inar Cuneben<br />
Za lauflebas ara marto adamianTa moqmedebebisa da qcevis formebis, aramed<br />
maTi azrovnebis wyarosa da meTodebis manipulirebiT. daarsebulia<br />
simarTlis saministro, romelsac aqvs mxolod erTi mizani _ sistematurad<br />
moatyuos moqalaqeebi; gamogonilia axali ena (`Newspeak~) _ yvela im sityvis,<br />
ideis da gamoTqmis aRmosafxv relad, romelic mTavrobis mier saSiSad<br />
aris miCneuli; garda amisa, SemoRebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego logika<br />
(ormagi azrovneba), rom lis mizanicaa moqalaqeTa gonebisaTvis misaRebi<br />
gaxados oficialuri propagan dis uprincipoba.<br />
oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo teroris, mkacri cenzurisa<br />
da mudmivi meTvalyureobis mizania revoluciis mtrebs ar mieceT saSualeba,<br />
daarRvion marSi sruli komunizmisken _ mSromelTa samoT xisken, sadac<br />
yvela iqneba bednieri, daculi, warmatebuli da Tanaswori. Teoriulad,<br />
masebi sakuTar beds Tavad ganageben, praqtikulad ki isini monebis axal klasad<br />
gada iqcevian. maT beds gankargavs yvelaze umowyalo tirani (an tiranebi),<br />
rogoric ki SeiZleba warmo vidginoT, an SesaZloa, verc warmovidginoT<br />
(oruelis daxmarebis gareSe).<br />
utopia da terorizmi<br />
XV TavSi ganvixilavT terorizmis bunebas da gavlenas Sida da saerTa<br />
Soriso <strong>politika</strong>ze Tanamedrove msoflioSi. teroristuli aqtebi xSirad<br />
asocirdeba religiur an ideologiur fanatizmTaAn, gansakuTre biT, Tu aseTi
utopia<br />
aqtebi xorcieldeba sruli TavganwirviT, rogorc es xdeba TviTmkvleli teroristebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. normalur xalxs ukvirs, ra Se iZleba iyos adamianis<br />
motivacia Seasrulos misia, romelic erTdroulad barbarosuli caa da TviTgamanadgurebelic.<br />
2001 wlis 11 seq tembris SemTxveva _ koordinirebuli<br />
Seteva msoflio savaWro centrze niuiorkSi da pentagonze vaSingtonSi,<br />
romelSic mravali adamiani monawi leobda da iaraRad gatacebuli komerciuli<br />
avialainerebi gamoi yenes, Sokis momgvreli da Znelad gasagebia. ra aris<br />
saTave aseTi siZulvilisa, ras SeuZlia ara erTi piris, aramed pirTa jgufebis<br />
motivireba, raTa dagegmon, xangrZlivad moamzadon da sabolood ganaxorcielon<br />
erTobliv TviT mkvlelobaze dafuZnebuli masobrivi mkvleloba?<br />
am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. iqneb kargicaa, rom umravles<br />
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia gaigos, rogor poulobs vinme `karg~ mizezs, udana<br />
Saulo xalxisaTvis aseTi zianis misayeneblad. magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia<br />
_ (da albaT asec aris) _ rom zogierTi tero risti motivirebulia im<br />
damaxinjebuli ideiT, rogori SeiZleba iyos samyaro borotebis, rogorc<br />
mas isini uwodeben, saTaveebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. 15 meorexarisxovania,<br />
ra azriT es `boroteba~: kapitalizmi, materializmi, israeli, amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Sta tebi Tu sxva ram. eqstremistebi warmoidgenen dros,<br />
rodesac, magaliTad, islamuri sazogado eba wminda da Seuryvneli iyo,<br />
sanam dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi, musika, fuli da SeiaraRebuli intervencia<br />
wabilwavdnen morwmuneebs da Zalian iolad asruleben mizezs _<br />
mters. isini damaxinjebulad xedaven warsuls, awm yosa da momavls. SemaSfoTebelia,<br />
rom Tanamedrove is toriaSi swrafva utopiisken, dedamiwis<br />
im adgilisken, sadac bednierebas ar aqvs sazRvari, xSirad asocirdeba ZaladobasTan,<br />
romelsac aseve ar aqvs sazRvari.<br />
daskvniTi mosazrebani<br />
SesaZloa, zogierTi, SedarebiTi mokrZalebuli instituti zogadi<br />
mmarTvelobis rigiani muSaobisTvis ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs,<br />
vidre mas utopistebi uTmoben. rogorc vnaxeT, utopiuri gegmebi savsea<br />
faruli safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom utopiuri sqemebi xSirad<br />
saukeTeso survilebiTaa mo tivirebuli da maRali idealebiT ganmtkicebuli,<br />
rogorc platonma aRmoaCina, sxva adamia nur swrafvaTa umetesobis msgavsad,<br />
mainc warumateblobisTvis aris ganwiruli. realur samyaroSi, utopiuri<br />
ocnebebis msxvreva mTlianad sazogadoebis ngrevas iwvevs, rac naTlad aCvena<br />
meoce saukunis totalitarizmma, romelic metwilad utopistur idealebs<br />
emyareboda.<br />
daskvna<br />
tomas morma termin utopiaSi srulyofili harmoniisa da bednierebis<br />
warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba igulisxma. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi moris utopia<br />
63
64 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
iyo Semparavi Seteva henri VIIIis mmarTvelobis droindeli inglisis sazogadoebis<br />
mankierebebze. Tumca, `srulyofili~ politikuri wyobis gansazRvris<br />
pirveli mniSvnelovani mcdeloba platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gvxvdeba.<br />
saxelmwifoSi platoni filosofiuri gamokvlevebis gziT samarT lian<br />
sazogadoebas eZebda. meCvidmete saukuneSi frensis bekonis axalma atlantidam<br />
gviCvena, rogor SeiZleba, Tanamedrove mecnierebis meSveobiT, gaizardos<br />
adamianis SesaZleblobebi. mogvianebiT, karl marqsma SemogvTavaza<br />
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur<br />
urTierTobaTa radikaluri reorganizaciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli WeSmariti<br />
samarTlianobis miRweva da adamianTa tanjvis dasruleba. marqsis<br />
sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Teoriis sabo loo mizani uklaso sazogadoebis<br />
Seqmnaa.<br />
zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da socialuri usamarTlobis<br />
SeuwynareblobiT iyo STagonebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba<br />
xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblobas. utopiuri sazogadoebis<br />
principuli dabrkoleba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozirebadoba<br />
da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopisti moazrovneni evgenikuri<br />
programebis, savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebiT<br />
cdilobdnen.<br />
utopistebi xSirad adanaSauleben politikosebs, rom maT ver gaaumjobeses<br />
sazogadoebis yofa. Sedegad, bevr utopiur gegmaSi, sasurvel cvlilebaTa<br />
gatarebis dros, politikosebis roli an mniSv nelovnad SezRudulia,<br />
an saerTod gauqmebuli. politikis ugulvebelyofa utopiuri sqemebis<br />
umetesobas kritikis samizned xdis, vinaidan isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen<br />
totalitarizmis gegmad. aseTi gegmebi asaxulia naSromebSi, romlebSic<br />
utopia Ramis koSmarad gadaqceul distopiad iqceva.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
utopia<br />
filosofosimefeebi<br />
proletariatis diqtatura<br />
komunizmis pirveli stadia<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
komunizmis meore stadia<br />
adamianis buneba<br />
evgenika<br />
distopia<br />
1. saidan warmoiSva da ras niSnavs sityva `utopia~?<br />
2. azrTa rogori sxvadasxvaoba iyo utopist mweralTa Soris utopiis praqtikulobis<br />
Taobaze?
utopia<br />
3. utopisti mwerlebi xSirad garkveul varauds gamoTqvamen adamianis<br />
bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ganmarteT.<br />
4. risi swavla SegviZlia utopiuri Sexedulebebidan Tanamedrove msoflios<br />
<strong>politika</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi?<br />
5. meoce saukuneSi totalitarizmma didi gavlena moaxdina calkeul mwerlebze,<br />
romelTa moTxrobebSi utopia `Tavdayiraa~ warmodgenili. ganmarteT.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. ix. Leo Strauss, What Is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies (New York: Free Press,<br />
1959), 10.<br />
2. Allan Bloom, “Interpretive Essay,” in The Republic of Plato, trans. Allan Bloom (New<br />
York: Basic Books, 1968), 308-310.<br />
3. platoniseuli politikuri wesrigis ideals yvelaze zustad asaxavs<br />
`city~. berZnuli sityva gulisxmobs mcirericxovan TviTkmar sazogadoebas,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela adamianur urTierTobas. Tanamedrove<br />
gansxvaveba, magaliTad, sazogadoebasa da mTavrobas an eklesiasa da saxelmwifos<br />
Soris sakmaod ucxoa am cnebisaTvis.<br />
4. Bloom, The Republic of Plato, 410.<br />
5. iqve.<br />
6. Howard White, Peace among the Willows: The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon (The<br />
Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968), 97,102.<br />
7. K arl Marx, “Capital: Selections,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker<br />
(New York: Norton, 1972), 259.<br />
8. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in The Marx-<br />
Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 352.<br />
9. Friedrich Engels, “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed.<br />
Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 635.<br />
10. Karl Marx, “Outlines of a Future Society, from ‘The Germany Ideology,’” in Capital,<br />
Communist Manifesto, and Other Writings, ed. Max Eastman (New York: Modern Library,<br />
1932), 1.<br />
11. iqve.<br />
12. Joseph Cropsey, “Karl Marx,” in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and<br />
Joseph Cropsey (Skokie, 111.: Rand McNally, 1969), 717.<br />
13. Jerome Gilison, The Soviet Image of Utopia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University<br />
Press, 1975), 110.<br />
14. Roy Macrides, Contemporary Political Ideologies (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1980),<br />
180.<br />
15. B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 159.<br />
16. iqve, 161.<br />
17. iqve, 104105.<br />
18. iqve, 262.<br />
65
66 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
19. iqve, 193.<br />
20. iqve, 272.<br />
21. iqve, 295.<br />
22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Daniel Pipesis naSromebi, gansakuTrebiT The Hidden<br />
Hand: Middle East Theories of Conspiracy (New York: Free Press, 1997)<br />
and Conspiracy: How the Para noid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From<br />
(New York: Free Press, 1998); ix. aseve, Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace<br />
of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pan theon, 1998).
Tavi III<br />
konstituciuri<br />
demokratia<br />
warmomadgenlobis<br />
revolucia<br />
demokratiuli konstituciebi<br />
demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare<br />
xe li suf leba<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />
umravlesobis tirania<br />
demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli<br />
xelisufleba<br />
umciresobis uflebebi<br />
kanonis uzenaesoba<br />
konstitucionalizmi, rogorc<br />
marTebuli procedura<br />
federalizmi<br />
demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani<br />
xelisufleba<br />
stabilurobis aucilebloba<br />
qmediTobis auci lebloba<br />
xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba:<br />
ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea<br />
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura<br />
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />
saprezidento sistema<br />
Zalauflebis danawileba<br />
SezRudvebi umravlesobis<br />
mmarTve lobaze<br />
rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?<br />
67
68 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis principiT moqmedebs mTavroba, romelic<br />
pir dapiraa arCeuli anu romelic, amerikis damfuZnebel mamaTa TqmiT,<br />
`warmomad genlobiT struqturas~ moicavs. respublikaSi (efuZneba arapirdapiri<br />
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis princips) politikur procesSi xalxi<br />
monawi leobs rogorc pirdapir, ise arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT.<br />
iseTi mravalferovani qveynebi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, poloneTi, indoeTi,<br />
samxreTi afrika, brazilia da meqsika, iTvleba kons tituciuri demokratiis<br />
maga li Tebad. iseTi oficialuri saxelebi, rogo rebicaa germaniis federaciuli<br />
demokratiuli respublika an samxreT koreis respublika, asaxavs<br />
imas, rom Tanamedrove demokratiis arsi war momad genlobaa. Sesabamisad, respublikis<br />
politikuri cxovrebisTvis ara feria sasicocxlod imaze ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani, rogorc regularuli arCevnebi, rac sayovelTao saarCevno<br />
uflebisa da xmis farulad micemis principebs efuZneba. advilia imis daviwyeba,<br />
rom am uflebebisTvis dedamiwis mraval adgilze uamravi adamiani<br />
ibrZoda da iRupeboda msoflio istoriis bolo ori saukunis ganmavloba<br />
Si. dReisaTvis gacilebiT meti adamiani gacilebiT met adgilas sargeblobs<br />
xmis micemis uflebiT, vidre odesme. retrospeqtiulad rom SevxedoT,<br />
amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebis Semdgomi orsaukunovani istoria<br />
ZiriTadad swored adamianis Rirsebisa da saxalxo TviTmmarT velobisTvis<br />
brZolis gamoxatvaa (es ori termini, bevri adamianis gonebaSi arsebiTad<br />
erTsa da imaves niSnavs).<br />
iqac, sadac xalxi politikuri Zalauflebis ZiriTadi wya roa, yvelafris<br />
gakeTeba masac ar SeuZlia. nebismieri arsebuli demokratia SezRudvebs uwesebs<br />
umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. es SezRudvebi xSirad umciresobis uflebebSi<br />
gamoi xa teba _ es is uflebebia, romlebic garantirebulia Tundac im<br />
moqalaqeTaTvis, romlebic saerTod ver ewyobian umravlesobas. gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, gamomuSavebulia im procedurebis ganmsazRvreli re gulaciis standartuli<br />
wesebi, romlis farglebSic mTavroba moqmedebs.<br />
demokratiuli konstituciebi<br />
saxelmwifos konstitucia qmnis xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis<br />
sqemas, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs, rogorc mis uflebamosilebaTa, ise am<br />
uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis CarCoebs (SezRudvebs). Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesobas dawerili konstitucia aqvs, magram<br />
isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad istoriisa<br />
da moculobis mixedviT. zogi maTgani, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebisa da safrangeTisa, lakonurobis magaliTebia, sxvebisa, vTqvaT,<br />
indoeTisa da keniisa _ grZeli da detalurad gawerili. indoeTis konstitucia<br />
federaluri kontrolis sakiTxebs oTxmocdaCvidmet muxls uZRvnis,<br />
samocdaeqvss _ Statebis iurisdiqcias da ormocdaSvids _ federalur<br />
da Statebis xelisuflebaTa saerTo kontrolis (anu paraleluri Zalauflebis)<br />
sakiTxebs. keniis konstitucia imdenad detaluria centralur da<br />
regionul xelisuflebaTa kompetenciebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, rom
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
exeba iseT sakiTxebsac ki, rogoricaa cxovelTa daavadebebis kontroli,<br />
dalaqTa saqmianobis regulacia da macxovrebelTa mier sacxovrebeli far<br />
Tobis araorganizebulad dakavebis sakiTxebi.<br />
didi britaneTi da israeli aris ori demokratia, romlebsac for ma luri<br />
(dawerili) konstitucia arc aqvT. britanuli konstitucia ga werilia britaneli<br />
xalxis gulebsa da gonebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi Rrmad gamjdari da sayovelTaod<br />
gaziarebuli sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelic emyareba<br />
tradicias da Cveulebas, aseve istoriul dokumentebSi, samefo gankargulebebSi,<br />
parlamentis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo precedentebSi asaxul konstituciur<br />
principebs, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansazRvraven britaneTis<br />
politikur cxovrebas.<br />
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom demokratiuli konstitucia iqmneba<br />
garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. es Rirebulebebia:<br />
Tavisuf leba, garkveuli saxis Tanasworoba, da sayovelTao, miukerZoebeli<br />
samarTlianoba kanonis farglebSi. bolo wlebSi dasavluri demokratiisaTvis<br />
saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe ufro mzardi gaxda, vidre<br />
SesaZlo sagareo samxedro agresia an saraketo muqara. es safrTxe demokratias<br />
seriozuli di lemis winaSe ayenebs: rogor SenarCundes SezRuduli<br />
mmarT velobis Se sabami si samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, Tuki aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebasa da samarTaldamcav institutebs efeqtiani mmarTvelobis<br />
Tvis eZleva meti uflebamosilebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aucilebelia<br />
im pirobebSi, rodesac boroteba sazogadoebaSi aRwevs, Cumad vrceldeba<br />
da gaufrTxile b lad esxmis mas Tavs.<br />
konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam kon kurentul,<br />
xSi rad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi<br />
mgrZnobiare unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore _ raki igi imarTeba gansazRvruli<br />
wesebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasa xuli miznebis<br />
ganxorcielebasa da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxorcielebas<br />
eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, kons tituciuri demokratiac<br />
ar SeiZleba xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas,<br />
Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa ekonomikis<br />
marTvasa da gare safrTxeTagan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba<br />
ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva Tu SemoWra, aramed<br />
organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da tero rizmi).<br />
gamomdinare konstituciuri demokratiis arsobrivi koncefciidan, xelisufleba<br />
idealuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad mgrZnobiarec aris,<br />
SezRudulic da efeqtianic. am ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris saTanado balansis<br />
SenarCuneba erTerTi gzaa nebismieri demokratiis warmatebis xarisxis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis. am balansis SenarCuneba krizisis pirobebSi demokratiis<br />
erTerTi yvelaze didi da mudmivad ganmeorebadi gamowvevaa.<br />
demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba<br />
konstituciuri demokratia saxalxo kontrols umravlesobis mmar T<br />
69
70<br />
SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
velobis principis Sesabamisad iyenebs. Tavisufali arCevnebis (da xandaxan<br />
pirdapiri monawileobis) saSualebiT moqalaqeebi mniSv nelovan rols asruleben<br />
mmarTvelobaSi, kerZod, irCeven maRali donis gadawyvetilebis<br />
mimReb pirebs da Sesabamisad, maTi meSveobiT iReben kanonebs, ayalibeben<br />
<strong>politika</strong>s da marTaven programebs, romlebzec damokidebulia kargad organizebuli<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. es principi imdenad TvalnaTelia SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, kanadasa da sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebSi, rom<br />
misi qmediToba eWvgareSea.<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />
Tavad demokratiis qmediToba SeiZleba saeWvoc ki iyos. rogorc oc daxu<br />
Ti saukunis winaT sokratem SeniSna, sasicocxlod mniSv nelovani sa kiTxebis<br />
gadasaWrelad, bunebrivia, xalxi eqspertebs eZebs. maga liTad, Tu avad varT,<br />
mivmarTavT eqims _ samedicino eqsperts. Tuki kargi mmarTveloba gvsurs,<br />
ratom unda mivmarToT adamia nebs, romelTa umetesoba politikurad apa<br />
Tiuri an uvicia? Tanamedrove avtorma aRniSna, rom `Tuki ewvieT eqims da<br />
sTxoveT rCeva, rogor imkurnaloT, albaT aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT,<br />
rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis<br />
mixedviT imoqmeds.~ 1 miuxedavad amisa, es swored is gzaa, riTac demokratiebi<br />
moqmedeben.<br />
SesaZloa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleqsis<br />
de tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835 w.):<br />
`umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba ganmartebas,<br />
romlis mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne upiratesad mocemulia<br />
didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul<br />
individSi~. tokvils swamda, rom adamianuri gonebis daaxloebiTi Tanasworoba<br />
demokratiis ZiriTadi winapirobaa. damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom<br />
`umravlesobis moraluri Zalauf leba aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris<br />
interesi aRemateba cotasas~. tokvilTan demokratiis amgvari ganmarteba<br />
sa bolood aseve emyareba adamianTa Tanasworobis rwmenas. 2<br />
maSin, rodesac sokratem xazi gausva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sibrZnis,<br />
gonis, siqvelis mixedviT, tokvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianTa Soris<br />
moralur Tanasworobaze, rogorc umravlesobis Zalauflebis miseuli<br />
Tezisis dacvis safuZvelze. ufro metic, radgan umravlesoba mudmivad<br />
icvleba da dRevandeli umciresobebi xvalindel umravlesobad SeiZleba<br />
mogvevlinon, umravlesobis principi yvelas exeba da erTi konkretuli<br />
jgufis gansazRvraze araa mibmuli. tokvilis mixedviT, SeerTebul Stateb<br />
Si `yvela partias surs scnos umravlesobis uflebebi, radgan isini imedovneben,<br />
rom es uflebebi maT upiratesobad iqceva momavalSi~. 3<br />
Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikuri principi mxardaWeras<br />
poulobs rogorc Tanasworobis ideaSi, ise TviTinteresSi. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis miRweva arc ise iolia da yovelTvis arcaa<br />
didad dafasebuli, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvegonos. SeerTebul
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
StatebSi, sadac orpartiuli sistema myaradaa damkvidrebuli, arCevnebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, gamokveTs umravlesobas rogorc Statebis, ise erovnuli donis<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. arCevnebi aseve ganapirobebs umravlesobis<br />
gamovlinebas saprezidento arCevnebis umetes SemTxvevaSi. magram rogorc<br />
2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma cxadyo, kandidati, romelic moipovebs<br />
xalxis xmebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar gaxdes prezidenti.<br />
(`yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ sistema (winner-takes-all), sadac xmebis umravlesobis<br />
mimRebi kandidati Statis mTeli eleqtoratis xmebs iRebs VI da X TavebSia<br />
ganxiluli).<br />
saparlamento sistemebSi umravlesobis mmarTvelobis problema sakmaod<br />
gansxvavebulad dgas. saparlamento sistemebis umetesobas aqvs qveynis<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoSi mravalpartiuli warmomadgenlobis sistema<br />
(ratom aris es ase, qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Cveulebriv, mravalpartiuli<br />
sistemebi ar qmnis umravlesobas romelime erTi partiisTvis sakanonmde b lo<br />
organoSi. ori an meti partia iZule bulia koaliciaSi gaerTiandes, raTa Camoayalibos<br />
mTavroba da moipovos saparlamento xmebis umravlesoba Tavisi<br />
programebisa da politikis gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, umravlesobis<br />
mmarTvelobis nebismieri SesaZlebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac<br />
xmis mimcemni iyofian ara or, aramed, vTqvaT, xuT an eqvs jgu fad, SeuZlebelia<br />
gamoTvalo, sad, an ra poziciazea umravlesoba. aseve, Se uZlebelia<br />
romelime erTma partiam koaliciur mTavrobaSi Tanmimdev rulad daicvas<br />
Tavisi platforma da koaliciuri partniorebis survilebisa da poziciebis<br />
ignorireba moaxdinos. amas Sedegad mohyveba viwro partiuli poziciebis<br />
waSla da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobis muSaoba daeyrdnoba ufro mcire saerTo<br />
niSnuls da ara umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Sesabami sad, xmis mimcemni<br />
xSirad imedgacrulebulni rCebian da maT aRqmaSi araefeqtiani mTavroba<br />
cinizmis obieqti xdeba.<br />
did britaneTSicc ki, msoflios wamyvan orpartiul saparlamento sistemaSi,<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba problemuria. britanuli arCevnebi TiTqmis<br />
yovelTvis warmoSobs gamokveTil umravlesobas parlamentSi (ix. VI Tavi),<br />
magram gamarjvebuli partia iSviaTad Tu agrovebs saerTo xmebis odenobis<br />
45%ze mets (xSirad amaze gacilebiT naklebsac ki). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
britanuli demokratia ufro zustad daxasiaTdeba, mas xmosanTa SedarebiTi<br />
umravlesobis sistemas (Plurality vote system) Tu davarqmevT. igive, Tumca<br />
gacilebiT naklebi xarisxiT, exeba SeerTebuli Statebis demok ra tiasac,<br />
radgan kongresis wevrebs erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi irCeven da vinc<br />
yvelaze met xmas iRebs, is imarjvebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amomrCevlebis<br />
saerTo raodenobasTan Tanafardobas, mTavaria, mocemulma kandidatma miiRos<br />
meti xma konkurentTan SedarebiT).<br />
xmis micemis or tips _ umravlesobasa (majority) da SedarebiT umravlesobas<br />
(plurality) _ Soris gansxvaveba Teoriul problemas qmnis. Tuki kandidati<br />
an mTavroba arCeulia SedarebiTi umravlesobis da ara xmebis saerTo odenobis<br />
umravlesobis safuZvelze, maSin gamodis, rom amomrCevelTa ufro did<br />
nawils am kandidatisTvis Tu mTavrobisTvis xma ar miucia. es saSiSia, rad gan<br />
SesaZloa am analizis logikam iolad miiRos mcdari mimarTuleba. saqme isaa,<br />
71
72 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
rom Tuki msgavs SemTx vevebSi vambobT, rom umravlesoba ar marTavs, imas ki<br />
ar vgulisxmobT , rom umciresobam Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdina, aramed<br />
imas, rom umravlesoba, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, laparaki<br />
umravlesobis miTis Sesaxeb, ar gulisxmobs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis<br />
principis gacamtverebas, am SemT xvevaSi saqme exeba ufro im sirTulis<br />
aRiarebas, rac Tan axlavs am principis praqtikaSi danergvas.<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba saTqmelad ufro iolia, vidre gasaxorcielebeli.<br />
is faqti, rom umravlesoba xSirad efemerulia, problemas qmnis<br />
demokratiis TeoriisTvis, xolo umravlesobis tiranuloba _ demokratiis<br />
praqtikisaTvis. qvemoT yu radRebas davuTmobT swored am problemebs da<br />
imas, rogor cdiloben demokratiebi maT gadaWras.<br />
umravlesobis tirania<br />
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone xelisuflebis yolis survili aS karaa,<br />
magram msgavsi xelisuflebis arseboba araa imis garantia, rom seriozuli<br />
sa xis usamarTloba ar iCens Tavs. am mosazrebis ilust rirebisTvis, warmovidginoT<br />
veluri dasavleTis situacia, rodesac udanaSaulo mawanwala<br />
veragulad dadanaSaulebulia qalaqis erTerTi yvelaze gamoCenili moqalaqis<br />
civsisxlian mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elo deba<br />
mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an<br />
aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia (an orive erTad) da ganrisxebuli brbo mkacrad<br />
iTxovs samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori<br />
pirovneba, mamaci Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli am ambis<br />
gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win. `mkvlelis~ linCis<br />
wesiT gasamarTlebis moTxovniT mosul brbos win uZRvian qala qis meri da<br />
qalaqis sabWos wevrebi (maT Soris pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina<br />
danaSauli). sabolood, mxo lod Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas<br />
udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan.<br />
es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis erTerT<br />
gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rogoria mgrZnobiare mTavroba moqmedebaSi.<br />
qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi<br />
survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis simboloa.<br />
yvelaze ioli gamosavali Serifis Tvis iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda umravlesobis<br />
nebas da udanaSaulo adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo.<br />
amis garda, SesaZlebeli iyo rame iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ufro metad<br />
iqneboda SesabamisobaSi umravlesobis marTvis principTan da naklebad _<br />
elementaruli samarTlianobis moTxovnasTan. demokratiuli mmarTveloba,<br />
rodesac igi umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas guli s xmobs, SeiZleba<br />
brbos mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisgan<br />
dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelobad, aRiqmeba, ragind ironiuladac<br />
unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac tokvili umravlesobis tiranias<br />
uwodebda. 4 imis SiSiT, rom erT dominantur klasze, religiasa an politikur<br />
mrwamsze dafuZnebuli umravlesoba fexqveS gaTelavda umciresobis
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
uflebebs, politikuri moazrovneebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xSirad uars<br />
ambobdnen demokratiaze.<br />
brbos mmarTvelobis safrTxis mowmeebi amerikelebi 2001 wlis bolos<br />
gaxdnen, im krizisis dros, rodesac teroristulma aqtebma aTasobiT niuiorkelis<br />
sicocxle Seiwira da aTasobiT maTganis janmrTeloba daaziana.<br />
rodesac damnaSaveebi muslimi eqstremistebi aRmoCndnen, danaSaulis<br />
masStabiT damfrTxali bevri amerikeli SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi<br />
arabuli da musli mu ri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. vnebaTaRelva axlo<br />
aRmosavleTidan Casuli migrantebis mimarT mxolod mas Semdeg dacxra,<br />
rac prezidentma jorj buSma STambeWdavi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romliTAac<br />
amerikelebs tolerantobisa da gonierebisken mouwoda. dasavleT evropaSi<br />
umravlesobis mier umciresoba Ta uflebebze zewolam seriozuli xasiaTi<br />
miiRo bolo wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac imig raciis sakiTxebze daiwyo msjeloba.<br />
magaliTad, safrangeTSi partia erovnuli fronti momentalurad moeqca<br />
sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis centrSi da adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo donis<br />
arCevnebSi uamravi momxre SeiZina. am partiis swrafma aRmasvlam bevri damkvirvebeli<br />
sagonebelSi Caagdo, radgan sazogado eb rivi azris gamokvlevebma<br />
cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani, vinc am partias mxars ar uWerda, aseve iziarebda<br />
da TanaugrZnobda mis miznebs. erovnuli frontis kandidatis Janmari le<br />
penis mier 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi meore adgilis dakavebam gaaoca<br />
safrangeTi da evropa. marTali, arCevnebis bolo etapze le penma waago<br />
xelisuflebaSi myofi Jak Si rakis momxreTa xmebis aSkara upiratesobis<br />
gamo, magram is, rom man seriozulad daamarcxa socialis tebis kandidati,<br />
premierministri lionel Jospeni, realurad gamofxizlebisken mowodeba<br />
iyo imaTTvis, vinc jerovnad ver afasebda antiimigraciuli moZraobis Zalas<br />
evropaSi.<br />
msoflioSi bevri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac umravlesoba SeiZleba<br />
ganxi lul iqnas, rogorc umciresobis mCagvreli. magaliTad, germania Si<br />
cxovrobs mravalricxovani Turquli umciresoba, romelsac dResac ki ar<br />
gaaCnia umravlesobis Tanaswori uflebebi. CexeTis respublikaSi (da, saer<br />
Tod, aRmosavleT evropaSi) umravlesoba sistematurad eweva boSaTa umciresobis<br />
diskriminacias. israelSi arabuli umciresoba (igulisxmebian palestineli<br />
arabebi, romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi arian da ara dasavleT<br />
sanapiros an Razas seqtoris macxovreblebi) ar sargeblobs sruli politikuri<br />
da socialu ri TanasworobiT ebraul umravlesobasTan. TurqeTSi<br />
qurTuli umciresobis uflebebi xSirad ewireba Turquli umravlesobis<br />
SiSsa da stereotipebs.<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli msoflioSi arsebuli umravlesobis tiraniis magaliTebis<br />
mxolod nawilobriv CamoTvlaa. SemaSfoTeblad iolia demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi umciresobaTa uflebebis rutinuli da sistematuri xel yofis<br />
magaliTebis povna. am faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, SeiZleba, ara sworad<br />
<strong>gavigoT</strong> an demokratiaze Tavdasxmis interpretaciad miviCnioT, magram simarTle<br />
sruliad sapirispiro ganzraxvaSi devs. TviTkritikisaTvis mzadyofna da<br />
amisgan gamomdinare SesaZlo sikeTeebi, romlebic axasiaTebs demokratias,<br />
misi, rogorc politikuri sistemis upi ratesobis argumentebia.<br />
73
74 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: rodesac aravin saubrobs demokratiaSi<br />
umravlesobis tiraniaze, raze miuTiTebs es? niSnavs Tu ara es,<br />
rom araviTari tirania ar arsebobs ? niSnavs Tu ara es, rom umravlesoba<br />
ar arsebobs an rom mdumare umravlesobam neba darTo Tavis politikur<br />
warmomadgenlebs, gaTelon umciresobaTa uflebebi? axla mivubrundebiT<br />
sakiTxebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor cdilobs demokratia daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis<br />
uflebebi, rogorc xelisuflebisagan, ise Tanamoqalaqeebisagan.<br />
demokratia rogogrc SezRuduli xelisufleba<br />
SezRuduli xelisufleba niSnavs imas, rom umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />
gark veul CarCoebSia moqceuli. SezRuduli mmarTvelobis aucilebloba<br />
cxadi gaxda veluri dasavleTis linCis momxre brbos Cveneuli magali<br />
Tidanac. adamianis CamoxrCoba, romlis danaSauli damtkicebuli araa da<br />
romelic arc gasamarTlebulia, danaSaulia, da umravlesobasac ar aqvs<br />
ufleba mkvle loba Caidinos. aSkaraa, rom moralurad Seucdomeli umravlesobis<br />
cneba absurdia. yoveli umravlesoba Sedgeba individebis erTobisgan,<br />
romelTagan bevri SeiZleba cdebodes, arasworad msjelobdes an arasworad<br />
informirebuli iyos romelime konkretul sakiTxze. amitom imisTvis, rom<br />
Tavidan iqnes aci lebuli samarTlebrivi gadacdoma (magaliTad, rogoricaa<br />
linCis wesiT gasamarTleba), saWiroa xalxis mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis<br />
daweseba. es SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxiT gamoixatos. SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
xelisufleba SezRudulia im aspeqtSi, rogor miiRos kanonebi an dasajos am<br />
kanonebis damrRvevi adamianebi. konstituciis mixedviT (muxli 1, nawili 9<br />
da10) mTavrobas ar SeuZlia miiRos ex post facto kanoni, romelic retrospeqtiulad,<br />
ukana TariRiT sjis qmedebebs, an bill of attainder _ parlamentis aqti,<br />
romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom `Tavisuflebis<br />
didi qartia~ (Magna Carta) 800 wlisaa,<br />
man drois gamocdas gauZlo da pirveli<br />
da umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia,<br />
romelic im ideis damkvidrebas uwyobs<br />
xels, rom xelisufleba kanonis uzenaesobasa<br />
da moqalaqeTa uflebebis pativiscemas<br />
unda uzrunvelyofdes.<br />
konstitucia zRudavs saxelmwifo Zalauflebas aseve sxva mniSv ne lovan<br />
aspeqtSi. uflebaTa bili (Sedgeba konstituciis pirveli aTi Caswo rebisgan)<br />
ukrZalavs mTavrobas uari uTxras moqalaqeebs sityvis, presis, Sekrebis,<br />
piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebaze da samarTliani sasamarTlos garantias<br />
aZlevs kanonis darRvevaSi eWvmitanil moqalaqeebs.
umciresobis uflebebi<br />
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
xelisuflebaze dawesebuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi mkacrad gan <br />
sazRvravs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis CarCoebs amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramden adamians surs waarTvas<br />
konkretul individs Tavisufali sityvis ufleba, da arc imas, ramdenad<br />
mizanmimarTulni arian isini Tavis ganzraxvaSi, arc erTi xma CaxSobili ar<br />
iqneba.<br />
imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli mmarTveloba iyos imaze meti, vidre, ubralod,<br />
carieli koncefcia, sul mcire, mTavrobam unda SeZlos umciresobis<br />
dacva mzardi umravlesobis muqarisagan. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari umravlesobis<br />
mmarTvelobasa da umciresobis uflebebs Soris realurad xSirad<br />
dauzuste beli da sakamaToa. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi araa<br />
TviTgansazRvradi. moqalaqeebs eniWebaT TviTgamoxatvis ufleba, magram<br />
igi araa absoluturi. magaliTad, sityvis Tavisufleba ar iZleva uflebas<br />
vinmes telefonis saSualebiT Seuracxyofa miayenoT an fostiT sicocxlis<br />
xelyofis muqara gaugzavnoT. amitom yovelTvis rTulia mkafio sazRvris<br />
gavleba erTi pirovnebis `azris gamoxatvasa~ da sxvebis uflebebisa da<br />
usafrTxoebis riskqveS dayenebas Soris.<br />
SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, vidre<br />
sxva demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesoba. magaliTad, bevri evropeli<br />
gaocebulia SeerTebuli Statebis mier kvotebis gamoyenebiT `sakompensacio<br />
diskriminaciis~ (Affirmative Action) farTo programis farglebSi, riTac<br />
Tavis moqalaqeebs Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs ganaTlebisa da samuSao adgilebis<br />
xelmisawvdomo bis kuTxiT. msgavsad amisa, feministuri moZraoba<br />
imdenad gamokveTili ar aris msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris iqac<br />
ki, sadac demokratiuli tra diciebi, Ria sazogadoeba da sekularuli kultura<br />
ukve damkvidrebulia, rogorc StatebSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa<br />
uflebebis dacvis praqtikis kuT xiTac Statebi ufro winaa, vidre sxva demokratiuli<br />
qveynebi. maT umetesobaSi, sadac nafici msajulebis instituti<br />
ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo darbazi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom<br />
samarTalSi micemuli piris sawinaaRmdego Cvenebebi gabaTildes. amis garda,<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba gacilebiT nak leb Tavisuflebas<br />
aZlevs moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze, vidre SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi, romelic samoqalaqo davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris sixSiris<br />
TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi wamyvania.<br />
kanonis uzenaesoba<br />
idea miukerZoebeli da sayo velTaod savaldebulo kanonebiT saxelmwifos<br />
marTvis Sesaxeb siaxle ar aris. aris totele amtkicebda, rom kanonis<br />
uzenaesoba TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesia konkretuli pirebis SeuzRudav<br />
Zalauflebaze. am arguments igi samarTlianobis koncefciaze afuZnebda da<br />
75
76 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianebi damokidebulni arian fizikuri, materialuri<br />
da fsiqologiuri impulsebis dakmayofilebis vnebebze, kanoni aris<br />
`goni, romelic Tavisufalia yvela vnebisagan~. 5 amitom kanonis mmarTveloba<br />
upiratesia, vidre erTeuli individisa, Tumca kanonebi interpretirebuli<br />
da gatarebuli unda iqnes individebis mier (kanonmdeblebi da samarTlis<br />
aRmsruleblebi).<br />
ori aTasi wlis wlis Semdeg, ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (1632<br />
1704 ww.) kanonis uzenaesobis principi individualuri Tavisuflebis principTan<br />
axlo kavSiris safuZvelze daicva. loks swamda, rom Tavisufleba<br />
ver iarsebebda dawerili kanonis gareSe da rom kargi xelisufleba garkveuli<br />
winaswargansazRvruli wesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes (maga liTad, gadasaxadebi<br />
ar unda wesdebodes xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe).<br />
lokisTvis es wesebi umaRlesi Tanrigis `kanonebia~, radganac isini moicaven<br />
yovelive imas, razec samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa damyarebuli. isini<br />
`kanonTa kanonebia,~ romlebic aucileblad da samarTlianad aweseben<br />
SezRudvebs kanonmdeblebze amasTan, mniSvne loba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad<br />
di dia umravlesoba, romelic am kanonmdeblebs eqvemdebareba. `maRali<br />
rangis kano nis~ lokiseuli koncefciidan warmoiSva konstitucionalizmis<br />
idea. rogorc lokma SeniSna (da rogorc vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi,<br />
iusticiis departamentis Senobis Sesasvlelze amotvifruli warwera metyvelebs)<br />
`sadac mTavrdeba kanoni, iq iwyeba tirania~. 6<br />
loki im saamayo inglisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, romelic 1215<br />
wli dan moyolebuli mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis dawesebas eZiebda. 1215<br />
wels amboxebulma baronebma inglisis mefe joni aiZules, xeli moewera<br />
cnobili magna kartasTvis (`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~). Tavdapirvelad<br />
es dokumenti SeRavaTebs mxolod feodaluri aristokratiisTvis awesebda,<br />
magram misi muxlebis farTo interpretaciis saSualeba mogvianebiT<br />
moqnilad iqna morgebuli da gafarToebuli inglisuri sazogadoebis sxva<br />
socialur fenebze da TandaTanobiT xalxis mzardi raodenoba moicva. sabolood,<br />
magna karta britanul TavisuflebaTa safuZveli gaxda. es dokumenti,<br />
romelic 63 muxls moicavda, monarqiis absoluturi Zalauflebis<br />
SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli Sekavebis da gawonasworebis sistemis sawyisi<br />
monaxazi iyo. magaliTad, igi acxadebda, rom mefis vasalebi ikribebian sab<br />
Wod, raTa rCeva da Tanxmoba miscen samefos mniSv nelovani saqmeebis Taobaze<br />
da rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebis daweseba unda moxdes mxolod<br />
maTi dasturis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 39e muxli,<br />
romelic gamoxatavda valdebulebis pirobas kanonis aRs rulebis procesSi<br />
_ is, vinc braldebuli iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi, daeqvemdebare bo da<br />
miukerZoebel sasamarTlos da daculi iqneboda TviTneburi patimrobisa<br />
da sasjelisagan. am TvalsazrisiT, dokumenti amtkicebda, rom `aravin<br />
iqneba dapatimrebuli, datyvevebuli an kanongareSed gamocxadebuli, an<br />
gaZevebuli, an mokluli... misi Tanasworebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanonieri<br />
sasamarTlosa da samefos kanonebis gareSe~.<br />
meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, lokis dros, didi nabijebi gadaidga<br />
kanonis safuZvelze xelisuflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
uflebaTa peticiam (Petition of Rights, 1628) wamoayena savaldebulo samarTlebrivi<br />
procedurebis idea, riTac SeizRuda monarqis sagadasaxdo Zalaufleba.<br />
amasTan, saSineli varskvlaveTa palatis gauqmebam (1641) daasrula<br />
periodi, rodesac sasamarTlos hqonda Zalaufleba, wamebis gziT mieRo<br />
aRiarebiTi Cveneba da samefos qveSevrdomebze sasjeli taxtis moTxovniT<br />
daewesebina. sabolood, habeas korpusis (Habeas corpus Act1679) safuZvelze<br />
SeizRuda xelisuflebis ufleba, sakuTari mosazrebebis safuZvelze daepatimrebina<br />
adamiani. man aseve mZime sasjeli daawesa im mosamarTleebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic ver axerxebdnen droulad gamoeqveynebinaT Habeas Corpus Actis<br />
instruqci ebi da, Sesabamisad, eCvenebinaT, rom braldebuli kanonieradaa<br />
dakavebuli da mis mimarT gamoiyeneba Cadenili danaSaulis Sesabamisi<br />
kanonebi.<br />
meCvidmete saukuneSive Seiqmna samarTlebrivi precedenti, romel mac<br />
mog vianebiT uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul Statebzec. gamoCenili<br />
ingliseli iuristi ser edvard kouki `doqtor bonemis saqmeze~ (1610)<br />
gamoTqmul mosazrebaSi amtkicebda, rom inglisuri zogadi samarTali (common<br />
law), maT Soris magna karta, unda iyos is standarti, romlis Sesaba misic<br />
iqneba rogorc saparlamento aqtebi, ise monarqis brZanebebi. koukis sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT:<br />
Cveni wignebidan Cans, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi zogadi samarTali akont<br />
rolebs parlamentis aqtebs da xandaxan maT arafrismTqmelad miiCnevs;<br />
ro desac saparlamento aqti saerTo uflebebis an gonierebis<br />
sawinaaR mdegoa, Seusabamoa maTTan an SeuZlebelia misi aRsruleba,<br />
zogadi samarTali akontrolebs da gansjis mas. 7<br />
`maRali rangis kanonis~ Teoriam fexi ver moikida ing lisSi, sadac parlamentis<br />
upiratesoba wesad iqca, magram sabolood SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
damkvidrda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da uflebaTa bili<br />
(didwilad inglisuri zogadi samarTlidan gamomdinareobs) iqca im standartebad,<br />
romelTa mimarTebaSic fasdeba xalxis mier miRebuli kanonebi.<br />
konstitucionalizmi, rogorc marTebuli procedura<br />
konstitucionalizmi marTebuli proceduris anu kanonis uzenaesobis<br />
sinoni muria. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
ganmartebiT, konstitucia kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe qveynis prezidents<br />
ukrZalavs sam rewvelo sawarmoebis nacionalizacias an CamorTmevas omis<br />
pirobebSic ki. 8 msgavsad amisa, kanonis uzenaesoba da marTebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
procesi (due process) iTvaliswinebs, rom danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri unda<br />
daic vas advokatma, ufleba unda hqondes daupirispirdes Tavis sawinaaRmdego<br />
Cvenebas, informirebul iqnes braldebis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. igive<br />
mosazrebidan gamomdinare, administraciuli organoebi emorCileba kanons,<br />
_ miawodon sa jaro informacia dainteresebul pirebs.<br />
77
78 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
yovel am SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedurebis arsi erTi da igivea:<br />
arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes rogorc saboloo an<br />
sa marTliani, sanam dadasturebuli araa, rom ganxilvisas `TamaSis wesebi~<br />
mkacrad iyo daculi. Sesabamisad, konstituciur demokratiaSi Tu gairkveva,<br />
rom, maga liTad, arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma icrua, anu `TamaSis wesebis~<br />
mixedviT ar imoqmeda, Sedegi iqneba is, rom misi Sedegebi legitimurobas dakargavs.<br />
faqtobrivad es swored isaa, rac moxda SeerTebul StatebSi 1974<br />
wels, rodesac uotergeitis skandalma prezidenti niqsoni aiZula (impiCmentis<br />
safrTxis gamo) postidan gadamdgariyo.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebul StatebSi marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi<br />
samarTalwarmoebaSi gare damkvirveblis mier gadametebulad aRiqmeba.<br />
maga liTad, policiam aucileblad dakavebisTanave unda waukiTxos danaSaulSi<br />
eWvmitanils Tavisi uflebebi da Seaxsenos, rom dumilis ufleba<br />
aqvs (konstituciis mexuTe Sesworeba, romelic icavs moqalaqes TviTdadanaSaulebisagan).<br />
Tuki eWvmitanili aRiarebs danaSauls imis gareSe, rom mas<br />
es ufleba ar Seaxsenes (aseve sxva uflebebic), msgavsi aRiareba miuRebeli<br />
iqneba sasamarTlosTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sxva liberaluri demokratiisTvis<br />
msoflioSi, maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefosTvis, safrangeTisTvis,<br />
kanadisa da avstraliisTvisac, aRiareba aRiarebaa da igi ar miiReba mxolod<br />
im SemTxevvaSi, Tu mopovebulia moraluri Tu fizikuri zewolis sxvadasxva<br />
formis Sedegad.<br />
demokratiisTvis sakmarisi araa ubralod gamoacxados kanonis uzenaesoba,<br />
rogorc principi; sityvebi da qmedebebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes.<br />
magali Tad, afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
diskriminaci is msxverplad rCebodnen mas Semdegac ki, rac samoqalaqo omi<br />
dasrulda da mi Rebuli iqna konstituciis meToTxmete Sesworeba, romelic<br />
araorazrovnad ganmartavs `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas~. msagavsad amisa,<br />
qalebs saarCevno uflebebi 1920 wlamde ar miuRiaT da bolo dromde saxlis<br />
da ojaxis gareT saq mianobis mcire di SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobdnen.<br />
sabolood, amerikis cixeebSi tusaRTa um ravlesoba axalgazrda Savkaniani<br />
amerikelebi arian, sikv diliT dasjis mo lodinSi myof tusaRTa umetesobac<br />
aseve afroamerikelia, rac, miuxedavad sa samarTloebis mier kanonisa<br />
(Cvenebebis miRebis wesi) da sa marTlebrivi procedurebis mkacrad dacvisa,<br />
mainc aRZravs kiTxvebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis iusticiis sistemis<br />
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.<br />
marTebuli procedura arsebiTia samarTlis Tanaswori xelmisawvdomobis<br />
T vis, rac, Tavis mxriv, arsebiTia demokratiisTvis. amavdroulad, igi<br />
ar iZleva imis garantias, rom myari jav Sani iqneba seriozuli usamarTlobis<br />
winaaRmdeg. msgavsi garantiis moTxovna, SesaZloa, zedmeti iyos<br />
nebismieri politikursamarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT. rogorc wina TavSi<br />
aRvniSneT, utopia araa gamosavalis momcemi alternativa.
federalizmi<br />
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
konstituciuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis sxva gzaa federalizmad wodebuli<br />
ZalauflebaTa dayofa. Tanamedrove federaluri respublikebia:<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, meq sika, germania, kanada, indoeTi, brazilia<br />
da nigeria.<br />
Teoriulad, federalizmi Zalauflebis danawilebaa saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa<br />
da regionul erTeulebs Soris. am erTeulebs inglisur<br />
enaze xSirad states uwodeben, magram radgan inglisur enaSi Tavad saxelmwifoc<br />
statead JRers, igi ar unda agverios suverenul sa xelmwifoSi, romelic<br />
samecniero literaturaSi ufro xSirad nation-state (erisaxelmwifo)<br />
terminiT gvxvdeba. (saxelmwifos politikurteritoriuli erTeuli state<br />
TargmanSi Stats niSnavs. mTarg. Sen.) SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis<br />
konstituciuri danawileba saxelmwifo anu federalur xelisuflebasa<br />
da Statis xelisuf lebas Soris. konstituciis pirveli muxlis<br />
merve nawili, magaliTad, ganmartavs im sferoebs, romlis farglebSic<br />
erovnuli kongresi uflebamosilia awarmoos kanonmdebloba. amavdroulad,<br />
konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is kompetenciebi,<br />
romlebic konstituciis ZaliT miniWebuli ar aqvs saxelmwifo<br />
xelisuflebas, Statis uflebamosilebebad darCes. tradiciulad, Statis<br />
centralur xelisuflebis funqciebSi Sedioda Sida wesrigisa da mSvidobis<br />
SenarCuneba, ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvisa da<br />
usafrTxoebis, aseve keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (e.w. Statebis sapolicio<br />
Zalaufleba anu sa xelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigi). erT dros am<br />
Zalauflebas TiTqmis eqskluziurad Tavad Stati axorcielebda, magram<br />
1930iani wlebidan saxelmwifo mTavrobis roli warmoudgenlad gaizarda,<br />
rodesac prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (19331945) Tavisi axali<br />
kursi (New Deal) politikis farglebSi farTomasStabiani federaluri<br />
programebi wamoiwyo didi depresiis socialurekonomikuri efeqtebis<br />
aRmosafxv relad, kerZod, ekonomikis stimulirebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis<br />
Seqmnis mizniT.<br />
prezidentma riCard niqsonma (19681973) scada sapirispiro mimarTulebiT<br />
waremarTa erovnuli xelisuflebis rolis zrdis procesi da axali<br />
federalizmis (new federalism) <strong>politika</strong> SeimuSava, romelic miznad isaxavda<br />
Statebis xelisuflebis rolis gazrdas, rogorc misi qmediTobis, ise Sedegis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. am politikis ori ZiriTadi elementi StatebisTvis e.w.<br />
erTdrouli subsidiebis micema da saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba iyo. SemdgomSi,<br />
sxva prezidentebma, kerZod, konservatorma respublikelma ronald<br />
reiganma (19801988) da demokratma bil klintonma (19922000) aseve<br />
gaagrZeles StatebisTvis kompetenciisa da uflebamosilebis ukan dabrunebis<br />
<strong>politika</strong>. SeerTebul StatebSi msgavs <strong>politika</strong>s devolucia (Zalauflebis<br />
gadacema) hqvia.<br />
ra aris Zalauflebis danawilebis msgavsi formis sazrisi? SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis istoriaSi isini, visac swamda, rom Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso<br />
saSualeba xalxTan xelisuflebis maqsimalurad daaxloeba iyo, federalizms<br />
79
80 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
qadagebdnen. xalxis ganwyobisa da adgilobrivi interesebisgan Sors mdgari<br />
erTiani centraluri xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis SiSiT, 1787 wels<br />
gamarTuli konstituciuri konventis zogierTi delegati warmatebulad<br />
amtkicebda, rom Statis arseboba axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis tiranuli<br />
Zalauflebis SemzRudvel meqanizmebs Seqmnida. Sedegad, konstituciam<br />
calkeul Stats Tanabari warmomadgenloba dauwesa axlad dafuZnebul senatSi<br />
da prezidentis federa luri wesiT arCevac SemoiRo (saarCevno kolegiis<br />
saSualebiT). amasTan, damatebiT ganisazRvra Statis mniSvneloba konstituciis<br />
Sesworebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli kongresi<br />
daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis mea Te Sesworebis miRebisas Statebis mosazrebebi<br />
da SeTavazebebi gaiTvaliswina.<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmis funqciebi dRes mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis adreul periodSi arsebulisagan.<br />
Tavdapirvelad, didi winaaRmdegobebi wamoiWra sakiTxze, ramdenad SeeZlo<br />
Stats (virjinia da kentuki 17981799 ww. samxreTi ka rolina 1830ian ww.)<br />
an regions (samxreTis Statebi 1860ian ww.) gamoeyenebina Tavisi uflebebi<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul specifikur <strong>politika</strong>s<br />
Tan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac interesisa da principis sakiTxebma<br />
saxelmwifoSi azrTa sxva dasxvaoba gamoiwvia (kanonebi ucxoelebisa da amboxis<br />
waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 1798 w., gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, 1830iani ww., monobis<br />
Sesaxeb 1860iani ww.), politikuri dapirispirebebi gaiSala mTavrobis<br />
konkretuli qmedebisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis konstituciurobis<br />
sakiTxze, romelTa arsi imaze dadioda, vis hqonda legitimurad saboloo<br />
gadawy vetilebis miRebis ufleba _ Stats Tu erovnul xelisuflebas.<br />
sakiTxebi, romlebic konstituciis meeqvse muxlma ver gadawyvita, samoqalaqo<br />
omma moagvara. marTalia, garkveulwilad mniSvnelovani dapirispirebebi<br />
federalur da Statis xelisuflebas Soris SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT<br />
samxreTSi 19501960ian ww. skolebis desegregaciis Taobaze, mag ram dReisaTvis<br />
sajaro politikis mraval sakiTxSi, dawyebuli gzebis mSeneblobidan,<br />
dasrulebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, maT Soris urTierToba<br />
ufro TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, vidre konfliqts. 9<br />
miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi seriozuli Sejibri SeiniSneboda xelisuflebis<br />
am or dones Soris. magaliTad, 1990ian wlebSi zogierTi Statis xelisuflebam<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis gatareba (skolebisTvis iuridiuli<br />
da finansuri avtonomiis miniWeba swavlebis vauCerebis principiT<br />
dafinanseba, religiis swavlebis danergva da gaRrmaveba) da antikriminaluri<br />
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba scada (sasjelis savaldebulo daweseba, sami<br />
ga ficvis kanoni, msxverplTa kompensaciis kanoni). zogierTma Statma aseve<br />
scada, uari eTqva kompensaciuri qmedebis (affirmative action) <strong>politika</strong>ze.<br />
msgavsi tendenciebi adasturebs, rom federalizmi amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Statisa da federalur xelisuflebebs<br />
Soris TanamSromlobiT, ise maT Soris SejibriTac. kons titucia ki<br />
iSviaTad ganixileba, rogorc barieri sxvadasxva donis mTavrobaTa Soris<br />
regularuli TanamSromlobisTvis, riTac gamsWvalulia amerikuli<br />
politikuri sistema.
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
federalizmi da Tavisufleba zedmeti centralizaciis safrT xisagan<br />
dacvis gziT federalizmi Tavisuflebasac icavs, radgan zRudavs centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis Zalaufle bas. am gziT federalizmi individebs<br />
icavs potenciurad mbrZaneblobisken midrekili centraluri mTavrobisagan.<br />
10 administraciuli decentra lizaciis sistemebis msgavsad, romelic<br />
mniSvnelovani samTavrobo amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi adgi lobriv biurokratias<br />
efuZneba, amerikuli stilis federalizmi indivi dualur Tavisuflebebs<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaTa arealis Sez<br />
Rudvis gziT icavs. Sesa bamisad Tanamedrove federalizmis miza ni igivea,<br />
rac politikuri decentralizaciisa, romelic<br />
adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaT vis funqciebis gadacemiT axdens centraluri<br />
administraciuli aparatis Semcirebas da, Sesaba misad, naklebad<br />
saSiSs xdis mas TavisuflebisaTvis. amavdroulad, decentralizacia<br />
ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi masebis CarTvas politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi maTTvis xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomi doneebis gamartivebiTa<br />
da gamravalferovnebiT, rac aaqtiurebs samoqalaqo erTianobas<br />
da aCvevs mas TviTmmarTvelobas. Sedegad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
organizebul struqturebad yalibdeba, romelsac saWiroebis Sem<br />
TxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva an<br />
misi Warbi Zalis Serbileba SeuZlia. sabolood, decentra lizacia<br />
saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, moergos adgilobriv saWiroebebs<br />
da ga remoebebs, aseve saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentebis saSualebiT<br />
problemebis gadaWris gzebis mravali varianti moZebnos. ase rom,<br />
decentra lizacia Tavisuflebis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mcvelia<br />
da saukeTeso saSualeba energiuli da kompetenturi sa moqalaqo<br />
erTianobis Camosaya libeblad. 11<br />
federalizmsa da Tavisuflebas Soris kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aRsa niSnavia<br />
germaniis SemTxvevaSi. germaniaSi demokratia xelaxla daibada meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac omisagan gamofituli saxelmwifo, damarcxebuli<br />
da okupirebuli iyo ucxo jarebis mier. mokavSire sa xelmwifoebi<br />
Se erTebuli Statebis meTaurobiT Tvlidnen, rom ar unda daeSvaT axali<br />
germa nuli saxelmwifos xelaxali militarizacia da mis mier axali samxedro<br />
kampaniis ganxorcieleba evropaSi. amis saukeTeso saSualeba, maTi<br />
azriT, germaniis diqtatorul virusze `acra~ iyo. `vaqcina~, romlis gamoyenebac<br />
gadawyvites, demokratiuli federalizmi iyo.<br />
rogor SeeZlo federalizms ar daeSva axali hitleris SesaZlo aRzeveba?<br />
amis pasuxi germaniis xelisuflebis decentralizebul struqturaSi<br />
unda veZioT. germanuli politikurteritoriuli erTeulebi, rasac germanulad<br />
Land anu miwa ewodeba, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi,<br />
rogorc regionul, ise saxelmwifo doneze. germaniis Teqvsmeti miwis<br />
mTavrobebis mier daniSnuli delegatebi germanuli parlamentis zeda palatis<br />
anu bundesratis wevrebi arian. zeda palatas ufleba aqvs veto daados<br />
yvela im kanons (axali gadasaxadebis CaTvliT), romelic miwas pirdapir exe<br />
81
82 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
ba da gavlenas axdens masze. amasTan, germanuli biurokratiis didi nawili<br />
miwebis xelisuflebis pirdapiri kontrolis qveS aris.<br />
alternativa: unitaruli sistemebi. Tanamedrove msoflios xeli suflebaTa<br />
umetesoba ar efuZneba federalur sistemas. mmarTvelobis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli forma unitaruli sistemaa, iseTi, rogoric did britaneTSia.<br />
mas unitaruli hqvia imis gamo, rom politikur sis temas mTavrobis mxo lod<br />
erTi, ZiriTadi erTeuli aqvs. esaa centraluri xelisufleba, romelic<br />
sxvadasxva sakiTxis Taobaze xSi rad mimarTavs adgilobriv xelisuflebas,<br />
mag ram, rogorc wesi, es mas ar moeTxoveba. Sesabami sad, is, rac am sistemas federalurisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT aklia, centralur da adgilobriv politikurad<br />
ministraciul erTeulebs Soris arsebuli zemoT xsenebuli Statis an<br />
miwis ek vivalenturi Sualeduri fenaa.<br />
zogi unitaruli sistema, magaliTad, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, ufro<br />
meti mondomebiT icavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da prerogativebs<br />
adgilobrivi magistratebis, merebisa da politikosebis mxridan<br />
SesaZ lo dau morCileblobisagan, vidre britaneTSi. safrangeTSi, prefeqtebi<br />
(centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnulni) aSualeben urTier Tobebs<br />
centralur xeli suflebasa da adgilobriv departamentebs Soris. manam,<br />
sanam fransua mitera nis socialisturi mTavroba instituciur reformebs<br />
wamoiwyebda 1980iani wlebis dasawyisSi, prefeqtebi valde bulni iyvnen adgilobrivi<br />
departamentebis mTavrobebisTvis zedamxed veloba gaewiaT da<br />
imis uflebac hqondaT, rom maT miRebul garkveul gadawy vetilebebze veto<br />
daedoT. am sistemis momxreebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi msgavs politikuradministraciul<br />
mowyobas, romelic tutelaJis (meurveobis) saxeliT iyo<br />
cnobili, racionaluri politikuri mar T vis modelad miiCnev dnen. tutelaJis<br />
sistema imdenad centralizebuli da sistematizebuli iyo, rom gaTviTcnobierebul<br />
damkvirvebels saaTze ubralo SexedviT iolad SeeZlo<br />
eTqva, ra sagans gadiodnen mocemul momentSi skolaSi moswavleebi mTel<br />
safrangeTSi. bevr amerikels, romlebic miCveulni arian ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
Tavisuflebas, skolebis, saganmanaTleblo progra mebis, saakre ditacio<br />
moTxovnebis da akademiuri standartebis mravalgvarovnebas, mTavrobis<br />
dawesebuli msgavsi erTgvarovneba uTuod ucnaurad moeCveneboda.<br />
demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba<br />
vamtkicebdiT, rom demokratias ar SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis (romlebic<br />
monawileoben arCevnebSi, ixdian gadasaxadebs, msaxuroben SeiaraRebul<br />
ZalebSi) azrebisa da rwmenis ugulebelyofa, magram aseve ar SeuZlia<br />
ubralod asaxos umravlesobis momentaluri ganwyoba da survilebi, Tuki<br />
isini azaraleben umciresobis interesebsa da uflebebs. demokratiuli xelisufleba,<br />
romelic mgrZnobiarecaa da SezRudulic, savaldebulo araa<br />
sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes. imisTvis rom warmatebuli iyos da xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, gadarCes, demokratiuli mTavroba, iseve rogorc
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
xelisuf lebis mowyobis sxva formebi, efeqtiani unda iyos. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, mas unda hqondes imis SesaZleblobebi, rom ganaxorcielos is<br />
miznebi, risTvisac is Seiqmna. Tu demokratias ar ZaluZs daicvas Tavisi<br />
moqalaqeebi, uzrunvelyos keTildReoba da sxva arsebiTi sferoebi (ganaTleba,<br />
samarTlis dacva, da elementarulad wylis miwodebis sistemis an<br />
xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris gamarTuli muSaoba), maSin ra sargebelia<br />
masSi? am sakiTxis wamoweva miuTiTebs imis albaTobaze, rom demokratiuli<br />
xelisufleba, SesaZloa, zedmetad mgrZnobiare, an zedmetad SezRuduli<br />
aRmoCndes xalxis sakeTildREeo qmedebebSi.<br />
SezRuduli da mgrZnobiare mTavroba, romelsac ZaluZs imoqmedos swrafad<br />
da moqnilad, unda eyrdnobodes Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis<br />
struqturebs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom garkveul gare mo ebebSi<br />
mTavrobas energiuli moqmedebis unari unda dausustdes. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia jeims medisonis moswrebuli naTqvami pirveli<br />
kons tituciuri konventis Sesaxeb: `im sirTuleTa Soris, romlebsac konventi<br />
Seejaxa, Zalian mniSvnelovani is unda iyos, rom moxdes mTavrobaSi<br />
aucilebeli stabilurobisa da energiulobis Serwyma Tavisuflebisa da<br />
respublikuri formis xelSeuxeblobasTan~. 12 medisoni amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis<br />
stabiluroba aucilebelia Sida simSvidisa da wesrigisaTvis,<br />
erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi TviTrwmenisTvis, qmediToba<br />
ki aucilebelia Sida da gare gamowvevebis gadaWrisaTvis. misi sityvebiT,<br />
qmediTunarianoba da stabiluroba erTad efeqtiani xelisuflebis ZiriTadi<br />
sazrisia.<br />
stabilurobis aucilebloba<br />
stabiluroba efeqtiani mTavrobis arsebiTi atributia. politikuri da<br />
si temuri stabiluroba SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mwvave problema iyos axlad<br />
aRmocenebuli demokratiisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis, magram es<br />
araa msoflios mxolod konkretulad am tipis romelime qveynis an regionisTvis<br />
dama xasiaTebeli. magaliTad, italia ganviTarebuli demokratiaa, magram<br />
igi cnobilia mTavrobaTa xSiri cvalebadobiT.<br />
stabiluroba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes sxvadasxva gziT. arCeul<br />
warmomadgenlebs sakmarisi dro da vada unda mieceT imisTvis, rom ganaxorcielon<br />
an miaRwion rame Rirebuls. unda arsebobdes garkveuli saxis<br />
politikuri disputebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis instituciuri<br />
gzebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli qveynis nawilebad daxleCisa<br />
da destabilizaciis albaToba (SeerTebul StatebSi umaRlesi sasamarTlo<br />
xSirad asrulebs am fun qcias, magram politikur partiebsa da saknonmdeblo<br />
organosac mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT). liderebis Secvlis<br />
instituciuri procedurebi iseTi regulirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT,<br />
rogoricaa arCevnebi da daniSvnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania da demokratiis<br />
erTerTi principuli upiratesobaa Tanamedrove diqtaturebTan SedarebiT.<br />
monarqia, Cveulebriv, am problemas memkvidreobis principis SenarCu<br />
83
84 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
nebiT Wris, mefis Tu dedoflis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi taxti mis ufros<br />
Svils gadaecema.<br />
istoria da tradicia, iseve, rogorc simbolizmi da rituali, aZlierebs<br />
gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebas mTavrobebSi (gaviTvaliswi noT Tundac is zarzeimi<br />
da gansakuTrebuli garemo, romelic Tan axlavs SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
prezidentis inauguracias an britaneTis samefo ojaxis wevrebis daqorwinebas).<br />
msgavsi gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebis aucileblobaze saubrisas<br />
jeims medisoni daupi rispirda Tomas jefersonis winadadebas konstituciuri<br />
konventebis periodulobis sixSiris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT imis<br />
safuZvelze, rom `xalxi sadmi yoveli mimarTva mTavrobaSi raRac defeqtis<br />
arsebobis maniSnebeli iqneba, xSiri mimarTvebi ki didwilad moaxdens imas,<br />
rom mTavrobas moakldeba sazogadoebis mxridan mowiweba da Tayvaniscema,<br />
ris gareSec SesaZloa yvelaze Wkvian da yvelaze Tavisufal mTavrobasac<br />
ki ar hqondes esoden saWiro stabiluroba~, ufro metic `yvelaze Wkviani<br />
mTavrobac ki ar CaTvlis zedmet upiratesobad imas, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
stereotipebi da crurwmenebi Tavis mxardamWerad ixilos~. 13<br />
qmediTobis aucilebloba<br />
imisTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, xelisufleba qmediTic unda iyos. qmedi<br />
Tobis Tezisis mimarT damfuZnebel mamaTa mxardaWera SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
naTlad iqna asaxuli konstituciaSi, romelmac ara marto gadasca mTavrobas,<br />
rogorc erTs, sakmarisi Zalaufleba, aramed Seqmna Zlieri aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Widilis<br />
SesaZleblo bebi misca. konstituciam kongress uflebamosileba mianiWa<br />
`miiRos yvela ka noni, romelic aucilebelia da Sesabamisia Zalauflebis<br />
aRsrulebisTvis~ (muxli12). es naTelyofs damfuZnebel mamaTa ganzraxvas,<br />
rom xelisuflebisaTvis SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba, saWiroebebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
gadaedga gadamwyveti nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aleqsander hamiltoni<br />
aRniSnavda, rom `mTavroba Tavis TavSi unda moicavdes yovelgvar<br />
Zalauflebas, romelic aucilebelia masze gadacemuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
miznebis misaR wevad... Tavisufali unda iyos yoveli saxis kontrolisagan,<br />
magram unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi sikeTis principsa da xalxis<br />
azrs~. 14<br />
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, erovnuli mTavrobis Zalaufleba<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Statis xelisufalTa<br />
uflebamosi lebebi ki SedarebiT meryevia: xan izrdeba, xan klebulobs. zogadad<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1789 wlidan dRemde yvela donis xelisuflebis Zalaufleba<br />
mniSvnelovnad gai zarda. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis rolis<br />
amgvari zrda pasu xia sazogadoebaSi, ekonomikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, amerikis<br />
sazRvrebs miRma arsebul samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebebze. am tendenciis<br />
Sedegi, kargia Tu cudi, isaa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba dRes ufro<br />
qmediTia, vidre erTi saukunis winaT iyo, da gacilebiT qmediTia, vidre ori<br />
saukunis win. Tuki vinme fiqrobs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios mowi
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
nave samxedro da ekonomikuri Zalaa, erTaderTi WeSmariti zesaxelmwifoa<br />
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, misTvis iolia dainaxos, rom demokratiam amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi amisTvis sakmaod kargad imuSava. erTia, rom aSSis<br />
sistema SeiZleba gaakritiko imisTvis, rom is araa sakmarisad mgrZnobiare<br />
an amtkico, rom igi zedmetad eqspansiuria anu araa sakmarisad SezRuduli,<br />
magram vin Seitans eWvs mis efeqtianobaSi?<br />
mogvianebiT, VI TavSi vixilavT, rom safrangeTis meoTxe res pub likisTvis<br />
(19451958) efeqtiani mTavroba naklebadaa damaxasi aTebeli. safrangeTma<br />
sabolood am problemis daZleva Zveli konstituciis ax liT SecvliTa da<br />
Zalauflebis simZimis centris parlamentidan prezidentze gada nacvlebiT<br />
SeZlo. am qveyanas aseve hyavs premierministri, romelic mTavrobas xelmZ<br />
Rvanelobs, mag ram prezidents, romelic pirdapiri arCevnebiT xuTi wlis<br />
vadiT irCeva, ufleba aqvs daakomp leqtos an gadaayenos mTavroba. Zlieri<br />
saprezidento Zalauflebis SeqmniT, mexuTe respublikis konstituciam<br />
franguli demokratiis istoriaSi axal periods daudo saTave, romelmac<br />
iseTi stabiluroba da ayvaveba moutana safrangeTs, rogoric mas bolo ori<br />
aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar axsovs.<br />
safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, italias jerjerobiT ar gadauWria efeqtiani<br />
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis amocana. nebis mieri sxva dasavluri saparlamento<br />
demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, igi samTavrobo arastabi lurobis nimu<br />
Sia. radgan aq saparlamento sistemaa, mTavrobas premierministri marTavs,<br />
da imis gamo, rom italias qaosuri partiuli sistema aqvs, premiers iSviaTad<br />
aqvs xangrZlivi an masze damokidebuli Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli partiuli<br />
koaliciis (saparlamneto umravlesobas gacilebiT mcire Zala aqvs)<br />
mxardaWera. Sedegi isaa, rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi or aTwleulze<br />
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi italiaSi mTavrobebi saSualod eqvs TveSi erTxel<br />
icvleboda. bolo wlebSi italiis saarCevno sistemis reformirebis mcdelobam<br />
am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sabednierod,<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi italia, miuxedavad politikuri stabilurobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT saamayo miRwevebis naklebobisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli qveynis magaliTia. rTuli warmosadgeni araa,<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ra simaRleebs miaRwevda italia bolo naxevari<br />
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavrobas efeqtianad rom emarTa.<br />
es sami magaliTi adasturebs, rom demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba iyos<br />
efeqtiani, magram amis garantia ar arsebobs. warmatebuli demokratiis am<br />
TavSi ganxilul sam TvisebaTagan, efeqtianoba erTaderTia, romelic mxolod<br />
da mxo lod demokratiuli mTavrobisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
diqtatura, Cveulebriv, ar cdilobs iyos mgrZnobiare an SezRuduli, magram<br />
aqvs erTaderTi mizani _ efeqtiani. arcerT demokratiul xelisuflebas ar<br />
ZaluZs Seasrulos danapirebi, Tuki mgrZnobiare araa, da arcerTi maTganis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dgeba amocanebis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi<br />
SezRuduli araa. bo lo dromde Zalze mwvaved idga sakiTxi imis Taobaze,<br />
ramdenad ZaluZs demokra ti as ajobos diqtaturas, rogorc mmarTvelobis<br />
efeqtianma formam. bolo drois istoriulma cvlilebebma es sakiTxi moxsna<br />
dRis wesrigidan.<br />
85
86 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
xelisuflebis axlidan gamogoneba:<br />
ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Tanamedrove Teoriis<br />
praqtikaSi danergvis samSobloa. dasawyisSi igi ar iyo srulyofili,<br />
mag ram namdvilad iyo warsulidan uyoymanod gadmodgmuli nabiji da momavlis<br />
dagegmvis ga bedu li mcdeloba. im ideis triumfi, rom respublika,<br />
monarqiisa da avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
politikuri mowyobis ufro gonivruli da umjo besi alternativaa, Tanamedrove<br />
msoflio istoriis ganmsazRvreli momenti gaxda. moxda ise, rom es<br />
triumfi ganxorcielda adgilze, romelsac amerika erqva. dRes amerikis<br />
idea mTeli msoflios xalxTa warmodgenaSi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis<br />
ideebis sino nimuria (es idea gaci lebiT metia, vidre realoba, romelmac<br />
daamtkica, rom igi Tanamedroveobis didi Zalaa).<br />
amerikis idea, rom dawerili konstituciis farglebSi xalxs sakuTari<br />
Tavis marTva Tavad ZaluZdes, pirdapiri gagebiT produqtia XVIII saukunis<br />
ganmanaTleblobisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saTaves gvia ni XV saukunis italiuri<br />
renesansis inteleqtualuri duRilidan iRebs. mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
rom amerikuli revolucia ubralod jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas<br />
jefersonis Tu sxva revoluciuri liderebis gonebaSi ar momwifebula.<br />
politikuri Teoria, romelic amerikis mamebis ideebSi gamoixata, myarad<br />
iyo dafuZnebuli gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ nikolo makiavelis, Tomas<br />
hobsis, jon lokis, ba ron de monteskies da sxvaTa inteleqtualur Rvawlze.<br />
yoveli maTgani, arsitotelesgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebda, rom mTavrobis<br />
mizani aris ara siqvelis danergva, aramed borotebis da mankierebis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZola. adamianis bunebidan, marTebulad xed vam, es moazrovneebi realisturi<br />
miznebis, magaliTad, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis Ziebamde<br />
miiyvana, rac politikurad miRwevadia, siqvele ki aseTi araa.<br />
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura<br />
am qveTavSi politikis universaluri problemaa dasmuli: Tuki xalxi Tavisi<br />
bunebiT araa qveli, da amave dros Tavadaa mmarTveli, maSin rogoraa<br />
SesaZ lebeli, rom marTvis nebismieri sistema ar gadagvardes da tiraniad ar<br />
iqces? amerikis mamebma am Tavsatexis gadaWra iseTi midgomis ganviTarebiT<br />
scades, rasac politikis axali gageba uwodes. es axali gageba politikuri<br />
institutebis manam ucnobi da axleburi mowyobis irgvliv gaiSala, ramac<br />
Tavisuflebis praqtikis meti SesaZlebloba dabada da xelisuflebis funqciebis<br />
danawilebis saSualebiT, Zalauflebis despoturi gamoyenebisgan<br />
(tiraniis) misi dacva da, Sesaba misad, Zalauflebis koncentraciis safrTxis<br />
Tavidan acileba uzrunvelyo. swored ise, rogorc ser isaak niutonma<br />
revoluciuri gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi,<br />
damfuZnebel ma mebsac sjerodaT, rom maT socialur mecnierebaSi<br />
axali safuZvlebis danergviT politikis revoluciuri gageba Semoitanes.
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
hamiltoni am aRmoCenis arss federalistSi [(amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaer<br />
Tianebis safuZvelze federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa<br />
da politikur moRvaweTa 85 statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander<br />
hamiltoni (51 statiis avtoria), jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon<br />
jei (5 statiis avtoria) arian. statiebi 17871788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen<br />
niuiorkis gazeTebSi. 1788 wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli<br />
da mas The Federalist Papers ewoda. (mTarg. Sen.)] naTelyofs. amtkicebda ra,<br />
rom amerikis konstitucia Tavidan aicilebda `tiraniis da anarqiis ukidures<br />
gamovlinebebs~, romlebmac adre arsebuli respublikebi daRupes,<br />
hamiltoni Tavis mkiTxvelebs mouwodebda, ar SeCerebuliyvnen warsulis<br />
magaliTebze: `politikis mecniereba, msgavsad nebismieri sxva mecnierebisa,<br />
didad gaumjobesda... sxvadasxva principis Zala, romlebic manam an sruliad<br />
ucnobi iyo, an cudad gagebuli Zvelebis mier, axla ukeTaa Secnobili~. hamiltonma<br />
aRbeWda is progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebi, rom lebic Cadebuli<br />
iyo konstituciaSi am politikis axali gagebis SemqmnelTa mier:<br />
gansazRvrul departamentebze (saministroebze) Zalauflebis regularuli<br />
ganawileba; Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis kanonmdeblobiTi<br />
meqanizmebis danergva; iseTi sasamarTloebis Seqmna, romlebic Sedgebian<br />
kargi qcevisa da kompetenciis safuZvelze SerCeuli mosamarTleebisagan;<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoSi xalxis warmomadgenloba arCeuli<br />
deputatebis meSveobiT _ yovelive es an sruliad axali aRmoCenebia,<br />
an Tanamdroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad principuli progresis<br />
gziT srulyofili. es aris saSualebebi, Zlieri saSualebebi, imisTvis,<br />
rom respublikuri mmrTvelobis upiratesoba SenarCundes da misi naklovanebebi<br />
an Semcirdes, an Tavidan iqnes acilebuli. 15<br />
jeims medisonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, damfuZneblebi xvdebodnen, rom<br />
`ganaTlebuli politikosebi yovelTvis ar iqnebian Zala uflebis sadaveebTan~.<br />
16 gonieri xelisufalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Tavad sworad<br />
agebul saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaakontrolos maTi ambiciebi, vinc misi<br />
saxeliT marTvaze acxadebs pretenzias. arCevnebi aseTi kontrolis erTerT<br />
saxes uzrunvelyofs, aRniSnavda medisoni, magram `gamocdilebam kacobriobas<br />
damatebiTi garantiebis aucilebloba ukarnaxa~. 17 upirvelesi garantia<br />
xelisuflebis ZiriTad komponentebs Soris mudmivi Widilis danergva iyo:<br />
`xelisuflebis erTsa da imave StoSi Zalauflebis Tanmimdevruli koncentraciis<br />
saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebis kargi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom yoveli departamentis (saministros) xelmZR vanelobas mieces saWiro<br />
konstituciuri mxardaWera, piradi motivaciis gasazrdelad winaaRmdegoba<br />
gauwios sxvebis mxridan mis kompetenciebSi SemoWras~. mokled rom vTqvaT,<br />
`saWiroa ambiciam gaaneitralos ambicia~. 18<br />
87
88 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />
am miznis misaRwevad damfuZneblebma scades xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTisagan<br />
damoukidebel organoebad CamoeyalibebinaT. Sesabamisad, yoveli<br />
Stos Zalaufleba konstituciis specifikuri muxlidan gamomdinareobs<br />
(pirveli muxli exeba sakanonmdeblo organos, meore _ aRmasrulebels,<br />
mesame _ sasamarTlos). xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieniWa konstituciuri<br />
Zalaufleba masze dakisrebuli specifikuri movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
da yovel maTgans mieca saimiso meqanizmebi, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios<br />
sxva Stos mxridan aralegitimuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebis mcdelobebs.<br />
es meqanizmebi, romlebsac uwodeben Sekavebas da gawonasworebas, Sedgeba,<br />
rogorc Cveulebrivi (prezidentis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba), ise gansakuTrebuli<br />
(kongresis mier prezidentis impiCmentis procedura) prerogativebisagan.<br />
isini erToblivad TiToeuli Stos wevrebisaTvis `aucilebeli konstituciuri<br />
saSualebebia~ sxva Stoebis mier mis kompetenciebSi eqspansiisTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gasa wevad. `kerZo interesi unda daukavSirdes<br />
institutis konstituciur uflebebs~. 19 damfuZneblebi grZnobdnen, rom<br />
institucionali zebuli TviTinteresi Zalauflebis grZnobiT aRWurvil<br />
Tanamdebobis pirebs, maTi konkretuli institutis mniSvnelobisa da aRmatebulobis<br />
grZnobas ga uZliereb da da gazrdida maT mondomebas TavianTi<br />
samsaxuris prestiJis Sesa narCuneblad (Sesabamisad, sakuTari karieruli<br />
winsvlis uzrunvelsayo fad). amgvarad, kongresis mier 1974 wels prezident<br />
niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli impiCmentis erTerTi mizezi is iyo,<br />
rom igi, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si, aSkara upativcemulobas<br />
iCenda sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebis mimarT (Zalauflebis gadameteba,<br />
uotergeitis saqmis CaTvliT, niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli procesis<br />
mTavari Tema iyo). 1998 wels prezident klintonis (demokratiuli<br />
partiidan) winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procesis mcdeloba imas ukavSir deboda,<br />
rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwia kongress (respublikelebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen),<br />
gamoeZi ebina misi qcevis Sesabamisoba zneobriv normebTan<br />
samsaxure ob rivi valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi oponentebi mas aseve<br />
bralad sdebd nen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis upativcemulobas, rac cru<br />
Cvenebebis micemaSi gamoixata.<br />
afuZnebdnen ra demokratiul institutebs pirad interesze (self-interest),<br />
damfuZneblebi adamianis bunebis sikeTisa da zneobrivi srulyofisadmi misi<br />
midrekilebis mimarT erTgvar skepticizms gamoxatavdnen. hamiltonis mixedviT,<br />
`adamianebi ambiciurebi, SurismaZiebelni da xarbebi~ 20 arian. medisoni<br />
eTanxmeboda da ufro mkveTradac ki gamoxatavda am azrs:<br />
SesaZloa adamianis bunebaze msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom amg vari<br />
meqanizmebi (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba) aucilebelia Zala uflebis gadametebis<br />
gasakontroleblad. raa Tavad mTavroba, Tu ara adamianis<br />
bunebaze fiqris yvelaze didi gamoxatuleba? adamianebi angelozebi<br />
rom iyvnen, araviTari mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda. angelozebi rom
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
marTavdnen adamianebs, mTav robaze kontrolis arc gare da arc Sida<br />
meqanizmebi ar iqneboda saWiro~. 21<br />
kargad awyobil respublikaSi ganaTlebuli, piradi interesis mqone adamiani<br />
sayo velTao sikeTisTvis iRvawebs. politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom piradi<br />
interesebis (magaliTad, ganmeorebiT arCeva) ganxorcielebis saukeTeso<br />
gza sazogadoeb rivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa da ara Zalauflebis gadameteba<br />
an borotad gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, medisonis sistema,<br />
iseve rogorc adam smitis `uxilavi xeli~, avtomaturad moawesrigebs<br />
procesis mimdinareobas, raTa instituciuri Zalauflebis wonasworoba ar<br />
dairRves. amgvarad, SeerTebuli Statebis politikis axali gageba Tavis argumentebs<br />
maRalfardovan da zedapirul zneobriobaze an religiur grZnobebze<br />
ki ar afuZnebda, aramed realobaze mya rad mdgar institucinalizebuli<br />
piradi interesis principze.<br />
damfuZnebelTa naazrevze fokusirdeba yvelaferi `ame rikulis~ gandidebis,<br />
da Sesabamisad, eTnocentrizmisa da SezRudulobaSi braldebis<br />
risks qmnis. am SemTxvevaSi mainc aris gamamarTlebeli argumenti, romelic<br />
logikasa da istorias eyrdnoba. ubralod, ise moxda, rom Tanamedrove istoriis<br />
pirveli warmatebuli demokratiuli eqsperimenti CrdiloeT amerikaSi<br />
XVIII saukunis dasasruls ganxorcielda, da revolucionerebi, romlebmac<br />
igi wamoiwyes, politikis filosofosebi iyvnen (im periodSi politikuri<br />
mecniereba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobda). politikis mecnierebis SeqmniT,<br />
maT SeimuSaves demokratiis praqtikuli Teoria, romelsac konkretuli<br />
istoriuli konteqstidan daSorebuli Sinaarsi da gamoyeneba aRmoaCnda.<br />
rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, misi gamoyeneba scildeba msoflios romelime<br />
konkretuli saxelmwifosa Tu regionis farglebs.<br />
saprezidento sistema<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobas xSirad saprezidento sistemas uwodeben,<br />
vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri kongresis wevrebisagan<br />
damoukideblad da calke irCeva. sistema Zalauflebis danawilebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba, romlis farglebSic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo<br />
Stoebi Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebis da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebisTvis<br />
calcalke arian pasuxismgebelni amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva<br />
jgufis winaSe. mmarTveloba formalurad sxvadasxva funqciuri CarCos<br />
mixedviTaa Camoyalibebuli. vinai dan yoveli mmarTvelobisTvis savaldebuloa<br />
kanonebis formulireba, aRsruleba da interpretireba, logikuria,<br />
rom amaTgan pirveli funqciis Sesasruleblad saWiroa Seiqmnas sakanonmdeblo<br />
organo (wesebis SemuSaveba), meore funqciis Tvis _ aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba (wesebis gamoyeneba da danergva) da mesame, zedamxedvelobis<br />
funqciisaTvis _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba (wesebis ganmarteba da interpretacia).<br />
msgavsi mowyobis logikam ar icis arc politikuri da arc geografiuli<br />
sazRvrebi, dReisaTvis igi gvxvdeba msoflios yvela regionis mravali de<br />
89
90 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
mokratiis struqturaSi. saprezidento demokratia amJamad gansakuTrebiT<br />
Cveulebrivi gaxda laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis, magram xelisuflebis<br />
demokratiuli mowyobis msgavsi forma sxvadasxva saxiT iseT qveynebSic gvxvdeba,<br />
rogoricaa ruseTi, safrangeTi, nigeria, samxreTi afrika, indonezia,<br />
filipinebi.<br />
Zalauflebis danawileba<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia xelisuflebis yovel Stos spe ci fikur<br />
amocanebs akisrebs. magaliTad, kongress miniWebuli aqvs e. w. xazinadaris<br />
Zalaufleba. prezidenti waradgens wliuri biujetis proeqts da<br />
cdilobs miznobrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb kongresis gadawyvetilebebze<br />
gavlena moaxdinos, magram saxelisuflebo xarjebze saboloo sityvis<br />
ufleba mainc kongress rCeba. aRmasrule bel xelisuflebaze aseTi mZlavri<br />
SezRudvis meqanizmi sxva saprezidento demokratiebSi farTod araa danergili,<br />
da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis<br />
dagegmvasa da damtkicebaSi saboloo sityva xelisuflebis aRmasrule bel<br />
Stos ekuTvnis, Semosavlebisa da begaramosakreblebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis<br />
saboloo instanciad ki sakanonmdeblo organo rCeba.<br />
Zalauflebis danawilebis amerikul modelSi aris garkveuli sferoebi,<br />
romlsac Zalauflebas sxvadasxva Sto erToblivad axorcielebas. magaliTad,<br />
msgavsi gamWoli da urTierTgadamkveTi pasuxismgeblobebiT `omis<br />
gamoc xadebis~ ufleba xasiaTdeba. kongress aqvs imis ufleba, rom Sekribos<br />
da Seinaxos armia (Tumca, konstitucia am uflebis gamoyenebas kongress orwliani<br />
vadiT ganusazRvravs), saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyos da zedamxedveloba<br />
gauwios samxedro flots, Seqmnas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maregulirebeli<br />
wesebi da, rac mTavaria, gamoacxados omi. Tumca, amavdroulad,<br />
konstitucia SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad prezidents acxadebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, gamocxadebuli Tu gamoucxadebeli nebismieri mniSvnelovani<br />
samxedro aqcia xelisuflebis orive Stos TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. zogadad,<br />
urTierTqmedebis es tipi msgavsi institutebis mqone sxva qveynebSicaa<br />
gadaRebuli, magram SeiaraRebul Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli, rogorc<br />
principis, ise praqtikis saxiT, arsad ise myarad araa dafuZnebuli, rogorc<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi. Sesabamisad, bevr saprezidento sistemaSi krizisis<br />
periodSi samxedro gadatrialebis albaToba demokratiisTvis principul<br />
safrTxes qmnis.<br />
garda imisa, rom sami Stos wevrebi sxva dasxva amocanis Sesrulebas emsaxurebian<br />
da sxvadasxva gziT Wrian maT, isini sxva dasxva vadiTa da sxvadasxva<br />
amomrCevlis mier arian arCeulni. konstituciisa da misi Sesabamisi Sesworebis<br />
mixedviT, prezidenti yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel unda irCeodes<br />
da erTsa da imave pirs or vadaze metad Tanamdebobis dakaveba ar SeuZlia.<br />
mxolod prezidenti da viceprezidenti arian mTavrobis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis<br />
pirebi, romelTac Zalauflebis mandati sruliad saxelmwifo<br />
eleqtoratis mier gadaecemaT. amis sapirispirod, kongresSi arCeuli war
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
momadgenlebi konkretuli olqis (Statis Sida erTeulis) eleqtoratisgan<br />
iReben mandats ori wliT. senatorebi warmoadgenen Stats da Tanamdebobas<br />
eqvsi wlis vadiT ikaveben. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi (da yvela<br />
sxva federaluri mosamarTle) ar arian arCeulni, maT niSnavs prezidenti<br />
senatis Tanxmobis safuZvelze. damfuZneblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebdnen daniSvnis am saxes, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom miukerZoebeli<br />
samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis saWiroa sasamarTlo Tavisufali iyos politikuri<br />
zewolisgan. mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba arCeviTi rom yofiliyo,<br />
misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis kandidatebi politikur jgufebTan<br />
aliansebSi an farul garigebebSi Sevidodnen, rac kanonis interpretacia<br />
Si garkveuli jgufuri da kerZo interesebis asax vis gamo, samarTlianobis<br />
princips daazaralebda.<br />
ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakavebis vada sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva g varadaa<br />
gansazRvruli, Tumca oTxwliani vada TiTqmis yvelgan standartia.<br />
ma ga liTad, ruseTsa da braziliaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
analogiuri suraTia: prezidents oTxi wliT irCeven da mas SeuZlia vadis<br />
gasvlisTanave isev iyaros kenWi am Tanamdebobaze. amis sapirispirod, meqsikasa<br />
da nigeriaSi prezidentebs eqvswliani vadiT irCeven, magram xelmeored<br />
arCevis ufleba ar aqvT. bolo dromde, safrangeTis prezidents, xelmeored<br />
arCevis SesaZleb lo biT, Svidwliani vadiT irCevdnen (2000 wels vada xuT<br />
wlamde Semcirda, ix. VI Tavi). bevr saprezidento sistemaSi qveynis mTavrobis<br />
umaRles Tanamdebobis pirs ga cilebiT meti Zala ufleba aqvs sakanonmdeblo<br />
organosTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es SeerTebul StatebSia.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mi xedviT,<br />
xelisuflebis arc erT Stos ara aqvs ufleba dominirebdes sxvaze.<br />
Za laufleba ganawilebulia da garkveulwilad misi erTianad mocva<br />
SeuZlebelicaa. msgavsi politikuri mowyobis pirobebSi gasa kviri araa, rom<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis <strong>politika</strong> politikuri kamaTiTa da gavlenisaTvis<br />
brZoliT xasiaTdeba, gan sakuTrebiT prezidentsa da kongress Soris<br />
urTierTobaSi. msgavsi politikuri ur TierTobebis tipi SeiniSneba sxva<br />
qveynebis prezidentebsa da par lamentebs Sorisac. Tumca, sxva qveynebis<br />
prezidentebs partieb Tan da par lamentebTan brZolisTvis aqvT iseTi<br />
`iaraRi~, rac SeerTebuli Statebis pre zidents aSkarad ar gaaCnia.<br />
SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze<br />
amerikis politikuri sistemis damfuZneblebi umravlesobis tiraniis<br />
(umravlesobis midrekileba, gaTelos umciresobaTa uflebebi) SesaZlo<br />
safr TxiT erTnairad iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. umravlesobis Zalis Sesarbileblad,<br />
garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
orpalatian principze mowyoba (or palatad _ warmomadgenelTa palatad<br />
da senatad dayofa). Sesabamisi mniSvneloba hqonda Zalauflebis danawilebasac.<br />
saprezidento veto, sasamrTlos damoukidebloba da federalizmi<br />
aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo umravlesobis mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
potenciuri safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.<br />
91
92 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi politikurinstituciuri mo deli sxva<br />
qveynebSic aris. sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatiani mowyoba TiTqmis<br />
yvelgan we sad iqca. umravles SemTxvevaSi prezidentebs kanonebis mimarT<br />
vetos gamoyenebis ufleba aqvT, magram erTian da gabedul sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos SeuZlia saprezidento vetos daZleva. Cveulebriv, sasamarTloebi<br />
isea mowyobili, rom damoukidebeli iyos, magram is sakiTxi, ramdenad arian<br />
konkretuli mosamarTleebi politikurad neitralurni da samarTlebrivad<br />
miukerZoeblebi, xSirad prob lemuria. msoflios bevri federaluri sistema<br />
aseve saprezidentoa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba ruseTi, meqsika, brazilia<br />
da nigeria (amis sapirispirod kanada, germania da indoeTi saparlamento<br />
federalizmis magaliTebia).<br />
rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?<br />
amerikuli sistema Seqmnili iyo ara marto imisTvis, rom xeli SeeSala<br />
tiraniis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobisTvis, aramed imisTvisac, rom uzrunve<br />
leyo Zlieri da qmediTi mmarTveloba. am miznisTvis, damfuZneblebma scades<br />
SeeqmnaT Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac SeeZleboda<br />
ro gorc kongresis mxridan Carevis mcdelobebis, ise Statebis gankerZoebis<br />
survilis moTokva. maT swamdaT, rom memkvidreobiTi monarqis ararsebobis<br />
pi robebSi, regularuli arCevnebi da impiCmentis SesaZlebloba efeqtianad<br />
ga awonasworebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. 22<br />
miuxedavad amisa, realurad, amerikis prezidents kongresTan brZolaSi<br />
gacilebiT naklebi konstituciuri saSualeba aqvs, vidre prezidentebs<br />
sxva msgavsi respublikebis sistemebSi. kargia es Tu cudi, SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi kong ress iolad SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios arapopularul<br />
preziden tebs. opoziciur partias kongresSi SeuZlia TviT popularul<br />
prezidentebsac ki Seuqmnas usiamovnebebi da sirTuleebi, rogorc es<br />
prezidentma klintonma gamoscada. rodesac prezidentma niqsonma scada<br />
gamoeyenebina ga moZiebis federaluri biuro da sagadasaxado samsaxuri<br />
Tavisi oponentebis dasaSineblad, es, sabednierod, masve moubrunda cudad.<br />
magaliTad, ruseTis prezidenti, Cveulebriv, msgavs sakiTxebs aseTive<br />
uxeSi meTodebiT uproblemod wyvets (ix. VII Tavi). sad gadis an sad unda<br />
gadiodes uflebamosilebebsa da SezRudvebs Soris gamyofi xazi, didadaa<br />
damokidebuli politikur kulturasa da garemoebebze.<br />
daskvna<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis qveynebSi xelisufleba saxalxoa, magram<br />
amave dros SezRudulic. marTalia, is sxvadasxva qveynebSi formatiTa da<br />
detalebiT gansxvavebul konstituciaTa safuZvelze arsebobs, magram
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
gamonaklisis gareSe swored konstitucia sazRvravs mis mierve `Seqmnili~<br />
xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da sazRvrebs.<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis dedaazri imis rwmenaa, rom mTavroba unda<br />
iyos saxalxo, SezRuduli da efeqtiani. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis sa<br />
SualebiT saxalxo kontrolis koncefcia centraluri ideaa mgrZnobiare<br />
mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis ideis arsi isaa, rom<br />
umravlesobis codna da interesebi upiratesia umciresobis codnasa da<br />
gamocdilebaze. miuxedavad amisa, radgan umravlesoba yovelTvis marTali<br />
araa da SeiZleba xandaxan tiranulic ki iyos, konstituciuri demokratia<br />
SezRudvebs awesebs mTavrobis Zalauflebaze. individualuri uflebebis,<br />
kanonis uzenaesobisa (konstitucionalizmi) da federalizmis dacva umravlesobis<br />
tiraniis Tavidan acilebis principuli strategiebia. dabolos,<br />
demokratiulma xelisuflebam efeqtianad unda imoqmedos. efeqtiani xelisuflebisagan<br />
erTerTi mTavari moTxovna stabilurobaa, meore ki _<br />
qmediToba anu moqmedebis, iniciativisa da xelmZRvanelobis unari.<br />
amerikis idea msoflios xalxebis warmodgenaSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis<br />
sinonimuria. SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTa ideebis fundamenti<br />
im politikuri moazrovneebis nawerebia, romlebic cxovrobdnen<br />
da moRvaweobdnen renesansis periodidan ganmanaTleblobamde da, Tavis mxriv,<br />
STa gonebas klasikuri politikuri filosofiidan, kerZod, Zveli saberZne<br />
Tis filosofosebis _ platonisa da aristoteles naSromebidan iRebdnen.<br />
is, rasac avtori Tavisuflebis arqiteqturas uwodebs, saTaves iRebs politikis<br />
axali gagebidan, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblebma ganaviTares.<br />
igi Zalauflebis danawilebis gziT tiraniisgan gadarCenis mizniT<br />
Seiqmna da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom Zalauflebis yoveli Sto saTanado<br />
legitimuri iaraRiTaa aRWurvili sxva Stoebisgan dominirebis safrTxis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba).<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
respublika<br />
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
konstitucia<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />
umravlesobis tirania<br />
SezRuduli xelisufleba<br />
kanoni Ex post facto<br />
saxelSelaxulTa bili (Bill of attainder)<br />
_ parlamentis aqti, romelic<br />
SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis<br />
dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe<br />
kanonis uzenaesoba<br />
magna karta<br />
peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
varskvlaviani palata<br />
habeas korpusi (Habeas Corpus Act)<br />
doqtor bonemis saqme<br />
konstitucionalizmi<br />
federalizmi<br />
politikuri Zalaufleba<br />
devolucia<br />
administraciuli decentrali <br />
z ac ia<br />
unitaruli sistema<br />
93
94 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
prefeqti<br />
cutelaJi<br />
politikis axali gageba<br />
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
saprezidento sistema<br />
Zalauflebis danawileba<br />
Oorpalatiani sistema (bikamera li<br />
zmi)<br />
1. ra aris respublika?<br />
2. ra maxasiaTeblebi unda hqondes konstituciur demokratias imisTvis,<br />
rom sajaro sikeTes emsaxuros?<br />
3. ra aris federalizmi? ra upiratesobebi axasiaTebs mmarTvelobis amgvar<br />
mowyobas?<br />
4. ratom aris efeqtiani mmarTveloba energiisa da stabilurobis erToblioba?<br />
rogor miiRweva TiToeuli maTgani?<br />
5. ra aris konstitucionalizmi? ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani?<br />
6. ra filosofia dgas politikis axali mecnierebis ukan?<br />
7. amerikis dafuZnebis konteqstSi ra Sinaarsi devs frazaSi _ Tavisuflebis<br />
arqiteqtura?<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. Stephen Cahn, Education and the Democratic Ideal (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 3.<br />
2. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Schocken Books,<br />
1961),<br />
299-300.<br />
3. iqve, 301.<br />
4. iqve, 304-308.<br />
5. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1962), 1287a, 146.<br />
6. John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government (New York: New American Library,<br />
1965), sec. 202, 448.<br />
7. 8 Co. Rep. 114a (1610).<br />
8. ix. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952 w.), gansakuTrebiT<br />
mosamarTle jeqsonis mosazreba.<br />
9. ix. Morton Grodzins, “The Federal System”, wignSi Goals for Americans: The Report<br />
of the Presidential Commission on National Goals (New York: American Assembly,<br />
Columbia University, 1960).<br />
10. miuxedavad amisa, federalizmi ar icavs individebs adgilobrivi da Statis<br />
xelisuflebebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, rasac naTlad<br />
aCvenebs afroamerikelebis gamocdileba samxreTis zogierT StatSi.
konstituciuri demokratia<br />
11. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:<br />
An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,<br />
1970), 136.<br />
12. Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, 1964), no.<br />
31, 226-227.<br />
13. iqve, #no. 49, gv. 329.<br />
14. iqve, #no. 31, gv. 190.<br />
15. iqve, no.9, 4849.<br />
16. iqve, no. 10, 57.<br />
17. iqve.<br />
18. iqve.<br />
19. iqve.<br />
20. iqve, no. 6, 27.<br />
21. iqve, no. 51, 337.<br />
22. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:<br />
An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,<br />
1970), 136.<br />
95
96<br />
Tavi IV<br />
avtoritaruli<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
tradiciuli<br />
mmarTve loba<br />
avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi<br />
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi<br />
avtoritaruli <strong>politika</strong><br />
avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria<br />
avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da<br />
realoba<br />
avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove<br />
fe nomenia<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegi<br />
timuria<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi arapopu<br />
larulia<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi sazogado<br />
ebriv<br />
interesebs ugulebelyofs<br />
avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi<br />
mmarTvelobaa<br />
avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
istoriulad yvelaze metad avtoritaruli mmarTvelobaa gavrcelebuli.<br />
marTlac, 1980ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis aRzevebamde<br />
da imave aTwleulis bolos aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dacemamde<br />
demokratia gamonaklisad, xolo avtoritarizmi Cveulebriv movlenad rCeboda.<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwi foebi masStabebiTa da xasiaTiT erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavdebian. isini gvxvdeba mmarTvelobis uZveles (monarqiebi,<br />
Teokratiebi) da Tanamedrove formebSi (diqtatura, samxedro xunta). avtoritarizmis<br />
erTerT Tanamedrove gamovlinebas, misi ukiduresi xasiaTidan<br />
gamomdinare, totalitarizmi ewoda. avtoritarizmis farTo speqtrs<br />
jer kidev amSvenebs tradiciuli monarqiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad axlo<br />
aRmosavleTis arabuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTEbeli. magaliTad SegviZlia<br />
moviyvanoT maroko, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi, omani, bahreini, katari<br />
da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi.<br />
masStabebisa da xasiaTis nairgvarobis miuxedavad, avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
garkveuli saerTo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. Cveulebriv, msgavs<br />
sistemas saTaveSi TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli udgas, xolo politikuri<br />
Zalaufleba mxolod erTi an ramdenime adamianis xelSia moqceuli. avtoritarul<br />
mmarTvelTa umravlesoba realistur miznebs saxavs, Tumca, ukidures<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa uxeSi da sastiki qmedebebis gasamarTleblad<br />
utopiuri ideologia gamoiyenos.<br />
Cveulebisamebr, avtoritari mmarTvelebi ar cdiloben sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebisa Tu ekonomikis yvela sferos gakontrolebas. maTi Zalisxmeva<br />
ZiriTadad Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis<br />
SenarCunebisken aris mimarTuli. avtoritaruli reJimi dRemde rCeba<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis ZiriTad alternativad da piriqiT. isini ukeT<br />
Seswav las saWiroebs.<br />
avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi<br />
ramdenime, SedarebiT mokle istoriul periods _ klasikuri saber<br />
ZneTisa da romis, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis italiis, agreTve<br />
uaxles istorias Tu ar CavTvliT, monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema,<br />
seriozuli safrTxis winaSe arasodes damdgara (Tavad monarqebs am TvalsazrisiT<br />
naklebad umarTlebdaT). TviT `ganmanaTleblur~ epoqebSic ki monarqia<br />
mmarTvelobis upirates formad rCeboda. berZnuli qalaqsaxelmwi foebis<br />
oqros xanaSic monarqiis ZiriTadi alternativa avtoritarizmis kidev<br />
erTi forma _ oligarqia iyo da ara respublikuri mmarTveloba.<br />
ratom aris avtoritarizmi istoriaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
forma? es ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: pirveli, igi martivia<br />
da ar moiTxovs rTuli kompleqsuri struqturebis, procedurebis<br />
da kanonebis SemuSavebas; meore _ xistia da amdenad (Teoriulad) efeqtiani:<br />
gamoricxavs azr Ta sxvadasxvaobas da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris garigebis,<br />
SeTanxmebisa da konsen susis aucileblobas. biurokratia arsebuli<br />
reJimisadmi loialuri adamia nebi Taa dakompleqtebuli: samsaxurSi ayvana<br />
97
98 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
nepotizmisa da mfarvelobis principiT xdeba da ara damsaxurebis mixedviT;<br />
mesame _ sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs win aRud ges xelisuflebis nebas: arc<br />
calkeul interesTa jgufebs da arc sazogadoebriv azrs ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos<br />
qmedebaTa blokireba. msgavs mcdelobas Zaladobrivi reaqcia mohyveba.<br />
opozicia da represiebi erTi medlis or sxvadasxva mxa rea. me oTxe _ iq, sadac<br />
usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia gare safrTxeebisagan Tavdac vas Tan, Zlieri<br />
lideris unari, Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, aSenos gzebi komunikaciisa da vaWrobis<br />
xelSewyobis mizniT, Seqmnas jari da darazmos xalxi, TviTgada rCenis um<br />
Tavresi faqtoria; mexuTe _ demokratia mxo lod ekonomiku ri keTildReobis,<br />
Zlieri saSualo fenis arsebobis pirobebSi yvavis.<br />
demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis realuri kandidatebi arian qveynebi,<br />
romelTac SeuZliaT, sakuTar Tavs skolebisa da sxva socialuri infrastruqturis<br />
Seqmnis ufleba miscen, rac zrdis sazogadoebis informirebulobis<br />
xarisxs. Rarib, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki adamianebi mxolod gadarCenisTvis<br />
yoveldRiur brZolaSi arian CarTulni. rogorc politikur<br />
procesebSi kargad Caxedulma erTma pirovnebam aRniSna, `Zalaufleba ryvnis,<br />
xolo absoluturi Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad~. Zalaufleba<br />
narkotikiviTaa _ igi adamians Sxamavs da imonebs. sakmarisia gemo gaugo da<br />
iseTi mada giCndeba, romlis dakmayofileba Znelia (andazac xom gveubneba:<br />
mada WamaSi modiso).<br />
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi<br />
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs saTaveSi an erTpirovnuli lideri udgas,<br />
an elitaruli mmarTveli jgufi. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba avtokratiis,<br />
xolo jgufuri mmarTveloba oligarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili (aseT jgufebs<br />
zogjer xuntasac uwodeben). maTi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada arCevnebiT<br />
(xalxis aqtiuri nebiT) ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed miTisa da Zalauflebis<br />
sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. erTi mxriv, xalxs mudmivad unergaven, rom xelisuflebisadmi<br />
utyvi morCileba maTi wmidaTawmida movaleobaa, meore mxriv,<br />
mmarTvelebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi arian, gamoiyenon Zala yovelgvari ajanyebis<br />
winaaRmdeg da nebismier fasad SeinarCunon TavianTi mdgomareoba.<br />
tradiciulad avtoritaruli xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatori dgas.<br />
yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmulni im diqtatorTa Soris, romlebic xelisuflebaSi<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen, am droisaTvis an gardacvlilni<br />
arian, an xelisuflebas CamoSordnen. maT Sorisaa idi amini (uganda),<br />
imperatori bokasa I (centraluri afrikis respublika), rafael truxilio<br />
(dominikis respublika), fransua `papa dok~ duvalie da misi vaJi `beibi dok~<br />
duvalie (haiti), ferdinand markosi (filipinebi), anastasio somoza (nikaragua),<br />
manuel noriega (panama), Sahi reza fehlevi (irani), generali suharto<br />
(indonezia), sadam huseini (erayi).<br />
dRemde inarCunebs xelisuflebas muamar kadafi (libia). kidev sami<br />
diqtatori: hafez alasadi (siria), mobu tu sese seko (kongo, yofili zairi)<br />
da genera li sani abaCa (nigeria) 1990iani wlebis miwuruls gardaicvalnen.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
dRes sirias asadis vaJi marTavs, kongo anarqiis pirasaa, xolo demokratiuli<br />
mmarTvelobis damyarebis frTxili nigeriuli eqsperimenti seriozul<br />
safrTxeSi rCeba mudmivi Sida eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis fonze.<br />
1980iani wlebidan laTinurma amerikam gezi demokratiisaken aiRo, manamde<br />
ki aq samxedro xelisufleba xangrZlivad gamgeblobda. Tumca, es regioni<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi ar yofila. meore msoflio omis Semdeg analogiuri<br />
situacia iyo umetes regionebSi, maT Soris aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,<br />
CrdiloeT afrikaSi (e.w. arabul nawilSi) da afrikis samxreTSi. bevr<br />
maTganSi diqtatura dasrulda, Tumca zogierTSi jer kidev arsebobs. TviT<br />
laTinur amerikaSic ki, sadac amJamad demokratia normadaa qceuli, samxedro<br />
kontrolis damyarebis safrTxe gamo ricxuli bolomde ver iqneba.<br />
iq, sadac samxedro Zalaufleba dominirebs politikur sistemebze, kontrols<br />
axorcieleben samxedro institutebi da ara calkeuli pirovnebebi. generlebisgan<br />
Semdgari mmarTveli komiteti (an xunta), romelsac saTaveSi prezidenti<br />
an generali udgas, aseTi sistemebisTvis dama xasiaTebeli movlenaa.<br />
samxedro reJimi Tavis legitimurobas samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis korumpirebulobiT<br />
xsnis da imiT asabuTebs, rom mxolod mas ZaluZs wesrigisa da stabilurobis<br />
SenarCuneba.<br />
hafez al-asadi: diqtatori<br />
1971 wlidan 2000 wlamde hafez alasadi<br />
sirias rkinis xeliT marTavda.<br />
asadis mosvla xelisuflebaSi<br />
da misi mmarTveloba makiavelis<br />
moZRvrebis erTerT Tezas adasturebs<br />
imis Se saxeb, rom mmarTvelis<br />
sjobs eSinodeT, vidre uyvardeT.<br />
asadi Siiti alavitebis Rarib<br />
ojaxSi daibada (Siiti muslimebi<br />
siriaSi umciresobas warmoadgenen,<br />
mosaxleobis 65% suniti<br />
muslimebi maT eretikosebad miiCneven).<br />
16 wlis asadi baasis partias SeurTda, romelsac mogvia nebiT saTave<br />
Sic Caudga. baasis partia nacionalizmisa da arabTa erTianobis lozungebiT<br />
gamodioda. mogvianebiT asadma samxedro akademia daamTavra mfrina<br />
vis specialobiT. Tumca misi interesis sferod mainc <strong>politika</strong> rCeboda da<br />
mi si qmedebebic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis surviliT iyo<br />
motivirebuli.<br />
asads siriasTan mimarTebaSi kargad Camoyalibebuli mizani hqonda _ mas<br />
surda, rom siriis absoluturi mmarTveli yofiliyo da Tavisi saxelmwifo<br />
regionSi politikuri da samxedro Zlierebis simbolod eqcia. man warmatebas<br />
99
100 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
miaRwia, Tumca garkveuli marcxic ganicada. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
1967 wels, misi Tavdacvis ministrobis periodSi strategiuli mniSvne lobis<br />
golanis simaRlis daTmoba iyo israelTan eqvswliani omis Semdeg. siriam am<br />
teritoriis dabruneba 1973 welsac ver moaxerxa, rodesac egviptesTan er<br />
Tad israelis winaaRmdeg omi wamoiwyo, magram damarcxda. es faqti asadis<br />
politikuri ambiciebis kraxis simbolod rCeba.<br />
Tumca, asadi saxelmwifo saxsrebs xalxis ukiduresi siRaribis dasa<br />
Zlevad xarjavda da qveynis infrastruqturis, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis,<br />
samedicini momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba SeZlo, misi es miRwevebi<br />
politikuri Zala uflebis SenarCunebis mizniT warmoe bulma farulma<br />
brZolam daCrdila. asadi periodulad arCevnebsac atarebda, arCevnebSi misi<br />
warmatebis indikatori ki mudmivad 99%s Seadgenda, rac logikuri Sedegi<br />
iyo asadis qmedebisa: axlo aRmosavleTSi Tavisi politikuri oponentebis<br />
gasanadgureblad igi mkvlelebsa da teroristebs iyenebda, Sida mtrebs<br />
ki muxabarati (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic eleqtronuli<br />
zedamxedvelobis, terorisa da wamebis gavrcelebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiTaa<br />
cnobili) daupirispira. asadis mier oponentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis<br />
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoyenebam 1982 wels piks miaRwia. man muslimTa<br />
saZmos wevrebze (radikaluri sunituri islamuri organizacia) eWvi miitana,<br />
rom isini misi reJimis damxobas cdilobdnen da amitom qalaq hamas, muslim<br />
Ta saZmos ZiriTadi koncentraciis adgilis, aTasobiT mcxovrebi daaxocvina<br />
(sxvadasxva Sefasebis mixedviT, 5000dan 30 000mde sirieli). dRes sirias<br />
asadis vaJi, profesiiT ofTalmologi baSar asadi marTavs (igi siriaSi<br />
didi britaneTidan dabrunda, sadac did xans cxovrobda). mas Semdeg, rac<br />
misi ufrosi Zma 1994 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, baSari polkovnikis<br />
Cinidan generlobamde dauyovnebliv daawi naures da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
umaRles mTavarsardladac daniSnes. 2000 wels mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man<br />
xelisufleba yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadaibara. amis Semdeg gasakviri<br />
aRar unda iyos, rom siriis samxedro diqtatura dRemde ucvleli<br />
da ualter nativoa.<br />
yofili samxedro maRalCinosnebi dResac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben<br />
laTinuri amerikis axladaRmocenebul demokratiul sistemebSi, romelTa<br />
saTaveSic mosaxleobis mier arCeuli prezidentebi _ samoqalaqo pirebi<br />
dganan. afrikis bevr qveyanaSi samxedro liderebi kvlav dominireben da<br />
arCeul samoqalaqo xelisuflebas saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxe kvlav<br />
emuqreba. avtoritari mmarTvelebi individualur uflebebs uaryofen,<br />
rodesac es uflebebi maT xelisuflebas an saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong>s ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi mmarTvelTa interesebs rigiT moqalaqeTa<br />
interesebze maRla ayenebs da, avtoritarizmis xasiaTidan gamomdi nare, maT<br />
amaSi xels veraferi SeuSlis. avtoritaruli sistema aris garemo, sadac<br />
despoturi nebasurvili ZaladobiT aris ganmtkicebuli.<br />
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritari mmarTvelebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisgan. es gansxvaveba ki imazea damokidebuli, ra doziT
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
101<br />
axveven isini TavianT nebas xalxs da ra xarisxiT axSoben inteleqtualur<br />
da SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva avtoritari mmarTveli represiebsa<br />
da Zaladobas marTlac gansxvavebuli intensivobiT iyenebs. erTni<br />
mxolod nawilobriv mimarTaven iZulebas, xolo meoreni gansakuT rebuli<br />
mondomebiT uswordebian TavianT oponentebs. maSin, roca avtoritari mar<br />
Tvelebis umetesoba TviTgandidebiT aris dakavebuli, arian iseTebic, romlebic<br />
Zalauflebas saxelmwifo interesebis sasargeblodac iyenebdnen<br />
(ioseb broz tito iugoslaviaSi da anvar sadaTi egvipteSi). ambiciuri saxelmwifo<br />
programebi, romlebic warmoebis ganviTarebis, reformirebisa da<br />
ekonomikis modernizaciiskenaa mimarTuli, keTili nebis diqtatorebis arsebobaze<br />
miuTiTebs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, verc keTili nebis diqtatorebi<br />
eguebian organizebuli politikuri opoziciis arsebobas.<br />
es praqtikuli niuansebi, romlebic xSirad Znelad SesamCnevia, politikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebul Sedegs iZleva. avtoritaruli<br />
saxel mwifoebi iseTi reJimebia, romlebic Zalauflebis mcireoden<br />
SezRudvasac ar cnoben. maTi umravlesoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod<br />
zedapirulad (formalu rad) interesdeba moqalaqeTa keTildReobiT.<br />
amgvarad, Tavneba diqtatorebic xSirad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.<br />
daskvnis sa xiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela tirani diqtatoria,<br />
magram yvela diqtatori tirani ar aris (ix. sqema 41).<br />
avtokratiuli<br />
(mefe, xalifa, a.S.)<br />
keTili nebis diqtatoruli<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi xasiaTdeba<br />
Zalauflebis koncentraciiT da ar<br />
cnobs politikur opozicias<br />
tiranuli aratiranuli<br />
avtokratiuli da oligarquli<br />
mmarTveloba<br />
mxolod mmarTvelTa<br />
raodenobiT gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisgan<br />
keTili nebisa da diqtatoruli<br />
reJimebi ki Zalauflebas<br />
sxvadasxva mizniT iyeneben<br />
tiranuli da aratiranuli diqtatura<br />
marTvis gansxvavebul meTods iyenebs<br />
sqema 4-1 . avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis tipebi<br />
oligarquli<br />
(samxedro xunta da a.S.)<br />
keTili nebis diqtatoruli<br />
tiranuli aratiranuli
102 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi<br />
avtoritari mmarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi gziT<br />
modian. wina xelisuflebas jer Zirs uTxrian, xolo Semdeg sa xelmwifo gadatrialebis<br />
meSveobiT amxoben. uaxloes warsulSi swored ase moxda aziis,<br />
laTinuri amerikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul<br />
qveynebSi, sadac diqtatorebi modian da midian ise, rom araferi icvleba<br />
im xalxisaTvis, TiTqosda visi saxe liTac (da visi gulisTvisac) isini<br />
moqmedeben.<br />
Zalauflebaze monopoliis SenarCuneba avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis<br />
mTavari mizania. amdenad, avtoritari mmarTvelebi cdiloben SeinarCunon<br />
kontroli im saSualebebze, romliTac TavianT politikur oponentebs<br />
daaSineben, Seaviwroeben, daapatimreben, gadaasaxleben an sikvdiliT dasjian.<br />
jari da policia iZulebis mTavari iaraRia, aqedan gamomdinare, didia<br />
samxedro reJimis damyarebis albaToba. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis<br />
meTaurTa umravlesoba iwyebs rogorc samxedro pi ri da Semdeg, ZiriTadad<br />
mxolod iersaxisTvis, samoqalaqo statuss irgebs. magaliTad, egviptis<br />
mmarTvelebi gamal abdel naseri, anvar sadaTi da amJamad hosni mubaraqi<br />
samxedro maRalCinosnebi iyvnen, sanam prezidentebi gaxdebodnen.<br />
moqmedi Tu potenciuri opoziciis gasaneitraleblad avtoritari<br />
mmar Tvelebi xSirad mimarTaven cenzuras presaze, ukanonod acxadeben<br />
opoziciur partiebs da sasamarTlo sistemaze mkacr kontrols aweseben,<br />
rasac Semdeg politikuri oponentebis devnis iaraRad iyeneben. monopolia<br />
masmediasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze absolutur mmarTvelebs<br />
maTi Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis saSualebas aZlevs da Zalauflebis gada<br />
Warbebis SeniRbvisa da samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqcevis meqanizmia. represiuli<br />
<strong>politika</strong> da institutebi wesrigisa da stabilurobis saxeliT aris<br />
gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTad mohyavT iseTi problemebi, romlebsac<br />
Cveulebisamebr awydebian ganviTarebadi qveynebi (gareSe mtrebi,<br />
Sida eTnikuri da reli giuri ganxeTqilebebi, ekonomikuri krizisi da Rrma<br />
klasobrivi gansxvavebebi).<br />
Tumca marTalia, zogierTi avtoritaruli saxelmwifo socialuri da<br />
ekonomikuri reformebis iniciatorad gvevlineba (mag., TurqeTi, samxreT<br />
korea da taivani uaxloes warsulSi), umetesoba mainc ganuviTarebel agrarul<br />
ekonomikasa da mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris mkveTr gansxvavebas<br />
inarCunebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi ekonomikas mxolod gansaz<br />
Rvrul doneze akontroleben. ZiriTadad isini gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT<br />
cdiloben samxedro da ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcielebas da ufro<br />
xSirad saxsrebs aramiznobrivad _ piradi interesebisaTvis xarjaven.<br />
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da xelisuflebisadmi Tayvaniscema aris ZiriTadi,<br />
rasac avtokratiuli reJimebi rigiTi moqalaqeebisgan moiTxoven. amdenad,<br />
mTavroba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevs Tavis moqalaqeebs,<br />
meore mxriv, sruliad gulgrilia maT mimarT, sanam es ukanasknelni politikis<br />
miRma rCebian. saxelmwifos mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebaSi<br />
Carevis mcde loba erTgvari testia, romelic gviCvenebs, gadalaxa Tu ara<br />
mmarTvelma avtoritarizmisa da totalitarizmis gamyofi xazi.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
103<br />
avtoritari mmarTvelebi xalxis cxovrebas iSviaTad aumjobeseben, xSirad<br />
piriqiT xdeba. maT umetesobas ubralo moqalaqeebi arc axsovs. zogadad,<br />
avtoritarizmi `qveyanaSi arsebuli jgufebisa da klasebis mospobas an<br />
gardaqmnas ar cdilobs, igi maT sakuTari miznebis gansa xorcielebel iara<br />
Rad aqcevs~. 1<br />
avtoritaruli <strong>politika</strong><br />
avtoritari mmarTvelebi naklebad arian motivirebulni xalxis sasike<br />
Tod imoqmedon. aristotele amtkicebda, rom avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis<br />
yvela forma, miuxedavad maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa, kargi xelisuflebis<br />
damaxinjebuli saxea. saxelm wifo mowyoba, romelic sazogado interess<br />
emsaxureba, absoluturi samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare,<br />
swor mowyobas ganasaxierebs, acxadebda igi, xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic<br />
mxolod mmarTvelis pirad interesebzea orientirebuli _ araswor<br />
mowyobas ganasaxierebs anu swori formebis damaxinjebuli saxea. aseTi maxinji<br />
formebi despoturia. 2 aristotele aseve amtkicebda, rom swori mmarTveloba<br />
erTi pirovnebis an privilegirebuli umciresobis interesebze ki<br />
ara, moqalaqeTa keTildReo ba ze unda iyos orientirebuli. diqtatorebisa<br />
da tiranebisTvis sazogado interesebze maRla piradi interesi dgas. TaRliTi<br />
mkurna lis msgavsad, romelic imiT mdidrdeba, rom yalb samkurnalo<br />
saSualebebs saswaulmoqmedad asaRebs, avtoritari mmarTvelebic Zalauflebas<br />
imiT moipoveben, rom keTildReobas hpirde bian xalxs, romelsac<br />
sinamdvileSi eqspluatacias uweven.<br />
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas _ TavianT egocentrul <strong>politika</strong>s avtoritari<br />
mmarTvelebi wesrigsa da Tavdacvaze mudmivi zrunviT xsnian.<br />
usafrTxoebis sakiTxze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba saxifaToc ki aris,<br />
radgan mmarTvelebma SesaZloa (xSir SemTxvevaSi isini swored ase iqcevian)<br />
gadaWarbebul Zaladobas mimarTon Sida areulobis mosagvareblad, romelic<br />
maTive araswori politikis Sedegia.<br />
istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs<br />
TavianTi politikuri oponentebisadmi sastiki mopyrobisaTvis kic xaven.<br />
rogorc wesi, aseT saxelmwifoebSi Tavad politikis mimarT negatiuri<br />
damokidebuleba arsebobs: mmarTveli an <strong>politika</strong>ze maRla dgas, an politikuri<br />
moRvaweoba saerTod akrZalulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sajarod<br />
sakiTxis dasmac ki ikrZaleba imis Sesaxeb, vin an rogor unda marTos; saxelmwifos<br />
meTauris mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvari saxis kritika or gulobad<br />
da Ralatad aRiqmeba.<br />
avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria<br />
nigeriis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ratom iqmneba avtoritaruli sistemebi ase<br />
advilad da ratom xdeba isini sayovelTaod saZulveli. afrikis erTerTi
104 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
potenciurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, nigeria naTeli ilustraciaa imisa,<br />
rogor funqcionireben da ra zianis motana SeuZliaT avtoritarul sistemebs.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom nigerias afrikis teritoriis mxo lod 3% ukavia, 120<br />
milioniani mosaxleobiT (2008 wlisaTvis 150 mln. mTargm. Sen.)kontinentis<br />
samxreTis 20%s Seadgens. marTalia, nigeria Sida erovnuli produqtiT kontinentze<br />
samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg meore ad gilzea da eqsportisaTvis<br />
sakmarisi navTobis maragi aqvs, misi ekonomika jer kidev ganviTarebis<br />
yvelaze dabal safexurzea, xolo Sida erovnuli produqti erT mosaxleze<br />
300 aSS dolars Seadgens (2008 wlisTvis 1450 $ _ mTargm. Sen.). nigeriis ekonomikur<br />
ganviTarebas tomobriv, da eTnikur mravalferovnebasTan erTad,<br />
xelisuflebaSi araefeqtiani da korumpirebuli samxedro liderebis uwyvetad<br />
yofna aferxebs. nigeria britaneTis kolonia iyo da damoukidebel saxelmwifod<br />
1960 wels Camoyalibda. sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad,<br />
misi sazRvrebi ise iqna dadgenili, rom koloniuri mmarTvelebisaTvis administraciulad<br />
xelsayreli yofiliyo. am sazRvrebSi ki sxvadasxva regionis,<br />
religiis, eTnosisa da kulturis warmomadgeneli moeqca. 250 sxvadasxva<br />
enasa da dialeqtze molaparake xalxi sakmarisia am qvey nis gasaocar mravalferovnebaze<br />
warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
nigeria noyieri niadagia socialuri konfliqtebisaTvis. pirveli,<br />
qveyana religiuri niSniT aris gaxleCili: CrdiloeTSi muslimebi arian<br />
umravlesobaSi, samxreTSi _ qristianebi. meore, qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi<br />
dominireben msxvili eTnikuri jgufebi (tomebi): hausafulani<br />
CrdiloeTSi, ioruba _ dasavleTSi, igbosebi _ aRmosavleTSi. mesame,<br />
qveynis sxvadasxva nawils urTTierTkonkurenciisa da politikuri Zalauflebis<br />
gansxvavebuli resursebi aqvs. magaliTad, CrdiloeTi yvelaze<br />
ufro dasaxlebuli regionia, samxreTSi navTobis udidesi maragia, xolo<br />
aRmosavleTi _ diplomatebisa da administratorebis samSobloa.<br />
swored arsebuli realobiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom nigeria damoukideblobis<br />
mopovebis Semdeg Rrma socialurma qaosma moicva. maga liTad, 1967<br />
wels aRmosavleT nigeriaSi ibos tomma calke saxelmwifod gamoyofa scada.<br />
Sedegad samoqalaqo omi gaCaRda, romelmac sam wels gastana da milionobiT<br />
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, separatizmis mcdeloba ki marcxiT damTavrda.<br />
xSiri religiuri konfliqtebi, Sedegad aTasobiT daRupuli qristiani da<br />
muslimi moqalaqe, lokaluri socialuri arastabilurobis kidev erTi magaliTia.<br />
amgvarad, nigeria mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoa, mravalricxovani da<br />
mra valferovani jgufebisgan Semdgari, romelTa warmomadgenlebsac er<br />
Tiani erov nuli TviTSegneba naklebad aqvT Camoyalibebuli. msgavsi ganxeTqilebiT<br />
aixsneba is, ratom ar gaamarTla nigeriulma eqsperimentma<br />
demokratiisa da arCeuli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. aseT qaosur fonze politikuri<br />
wesrigis damyareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da Zlieri xelisufleba,<br />
romelsac Sida konfliqtebis CaxSoba SeuZlia, farTo mxardaWeriT<br />
sargeblobs. magram 19831999 wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobam qveyanaSi mxolod<br />
vardna, undobloba da gan xeTqileba moitana.<br />
nigeriis politikur cxovrebaSi korufciis nakleboba arc manamde SeimCneoda,<br />
piks ki swored aRniSnul periodSi miaRwia. samxedro diqtatorebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
105<br />
da mmarTveli gundi urcxvad mdidrdeboda da srulad ugulebelyofda<br />
qveynis ekonomikur da so cia lur interesebs. erTerTi Sefasebis mixedviT,<br />
1999 wlamde nigerias msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli mTavroba hyavda.<br />
meqrTameoba da gamoZalva cxovrebis wesi iyo, xolo patronaJis sistemam,<br />
sadac samxedro mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebsa da sxva privi legiebs mxolod<br />
reJimis mxardamWerebs aZlevdnen, gaberili, araefeqtiani, upasuxis mgeblo<br />
biurokratiis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.<br />
nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi momavalSi samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebasac<br />
hpirdebodnen xalxs, magram piroba pirobad darCa. 1993 wlis arCevnebis<br />
SedegebiT xelisufleba ukmayofilo iyo. sapasuxod, nigeriis samxedro<br />
meTaurma generalma ibrahim babangidam Sedegebi gaauqma, gamarjvebuli<br />
kandidati daaWerina da RalatSi daadanaSaula. mogvianebiT samxedro reJimis<br />
sxva mowinaaRmdegeebis devna da dapatimrebac daiwyo, ramdenime maTgani<br />
sikvdiliTac dasajes.<br />
cxrili 4.1<br />
korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa reitingi *<br />
1. nigeria<br />
2. pakistani<br />
3. kenia<br />
4. bangladeSi<br />
5. CineTi<br />
6. kameruni<br />
7. venesuela<br />
8. ruseTi<br />
9. indoeTi<br />
10. indonezia<br />
11. filipinebi<br />
12. uganda<br />
13. kolumbia<br />
14. egvipte<br />
15. brazilia<br />
16. ekvadori<br />
17. meqsika<br />
18. tailandi<br />
19. bolivia<br />
20. argentina<br />
21. italia<br />
22. TurqeTi<br />
23. espaneTi<br />
24. ungreTi<br />
25. iordania<br />
26. taivani<br />
27. saberZneTi<br />
28. samxreTi korea<br />
29. malaizia<br />
30. CexeTi<br />
31. poloneTi<br />
32. samxreTi afrika<br />
33. portugalia<br />
34. Cile<br />
35. belgia<br />
36. safrangeTi<br />
37. hong kongi<br />
38. iaponia<br />
39. avstria<br />
40. aSS<br />
41. israeli<br />
42. germania<br />
43. britaneTi<br />
44. irlandia<br />
45. avstralia<br />
46. niderlandebi<br />
47. Sveicaria<br />
48. singapuri<br />
49. norvegia<br />
50. kanada<br />
51. fineTi<br />
52. SvedeTi<br />
53. dania<br />
54. axali zelandia<br />
* 1996 w. korufciis done qveyanaSi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da dawesebulebebis<br />
TanamSromelTa SefasebiT (1=yvelaze metad korumpirebuli; 54=yvelaze naklebad<br />
korumpirebuli)<br />
wyaro: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, berlini.<br />
sabolood, 1999 wels, mravalwliani warumatebeli samxedro mmarTvelobisa<br />
da nigeriis Zlevamosili meTuris _ general sani abaCas mou lodneli<br />
gardacvalebis Semdeg, qveyanas kvlav mieca samarTliani arCev ne bis Catarebis<br />
SesaZleb loba. yofili samxedro lideri olusegun obasanjo 1983
106 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
wlis Semdeg nigeriis pirveli demokratiuli gziT arCeuli prezidenti<br />
gaxda. obasanjo gamonaklisia nige riaSi: sazogado moRvawe samxedro warsuliTa<br />
da zneobrivi pirovnebis reputaciiT. SeZlebs Tu ara igi nigeriis<br />
sabolood dayenebas demokratiisa da keTildReobis gzaze, amas momavali<br />
gviCvenebs. (2007 wlidan qveyanas marTavs umaru iaradea. mis arCevnebze saer<br />
TaSoriso Tanamegobrobam araerTi darRveva daafiqsira. mTargmn. SeniSvna.)<br />
rogorc ar unda iyos, samxedro generlebis mmarTveloba nigeriaSi Semdeg<br />
politikur WeSmaritebas adasturebs: pirveli, avtoritari mmarTvelebis<br />
upiratesi mizani xelisuflebis SenarCunebaa nebismier fasad; meore,<br />
yvelaze sastiki diqtaturac ki ver gaeqceva Tavisive araswori mmarTvelobis<br />
damRupvel Sedegebs.<br />
avtoritarizmis Teoria:<br />
miTi da realoa<br />
xSirad xdeba avtoritarizmis ukiduresi formebis ganzogadeba, rac<br />
araswori Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damRa, romelic avtoritarizms<br />
mudam Tan sdevs da risi arsebobac gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, ramdenime<br />
popularuli mcdari mosazrebis Camoyalibebas ganapi robebs. qvemoT<br />
ganvixilavT eqvs aseT mosazrebas, romlebic realobisa da miTis sinTezzea<br />
damyarebuli.<br />
avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia<br />
es hipoTeza erTi SexedviT WeSmarits hgavs, Tumca mcire kritikasac ver<br />
uZlebs. Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebisa da SenarCunebis fundamenturi meTodebi<br />
or aTaswleulze metia arsebobs.<br />
aristotele `<strong>politika</strong>Si~ STambeWdavad aRwers politikur stra tegias,<br />
romelsac adreuli xanis avtokrati mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen. es meTodebi<br />
arc axlandeli diqtatorebisTvisaa ucxo. aristotele gonivrulad SeniSnavs,<br />
rom am taqtikis mizania xeli SeuSalos calkeul individTa SeTanxmebul<br />
politikur moqmedebas maTi sulierad gatexvisa da erTmaneTis mimarT<br />
undoblobis daTesvis gziT. igi anadgurebs nebismier pirovnebas, romlisganac<br />
raime saxis politikur safrTxes elis. Sekrebebis, kulturuli<br />
RonisZiebebisa da sxva sazogadoeb rivi saqmianobis akrZal viT individTa<br />
erTmaneTisgan izolacia xdeba. aseTi qme debebi safrTxisa da undoblobis<br />
grZnobas amyarebs da xels uSlis iatakqveSa politikuri moZraobebis warmoqmnas.<br />
saidumlo policia da jaSuSebi xalxSi SiSisa da daZabulobis sindroms<br />
kidev ufro aZliereben.<br />
siRaribe, maRali gadasaxadebi da mZime Sroma xalxis drosa da yuradRebas<br />
mTlianad ikavebs (aristoteles magaliTis saxiT egviptis piramidebis mSenebloba<br />
mohyavs). bolos, omis gaCaRebis mcdeloba avtokrati mmarTvelebis<br />
yuradRebis gadatanis kidev erTi saSualebaa, `riTac isini xalxis gonebas
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
107<br />
ipyroben da lideris aucileblobas mudmivad Seaxseneben~. 3<br />
avtokratuli politikuri taqtika ufro ganavrco ita lielma moazrovne<br />
nikolo makiavelim. misi naSromi politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisa<br />
da SenarCunebis strategias eZRvneba. `mTavari~ (1513) warmatebuli<br />
avtoritari mmarTvelis samagido wignad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />
makiaveli amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli zneobriv pirovnebad unda<br />
aCvenebdes Tavs maSinac ki, rodesac amoralur saqciels Cadis. warmatebuli<br />
mmarTveli sicruis nam dvili didostati unda iyos, amoraluri<br />
saqcieli ki xSirad Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa. liderma dadebiT<br />
pirovnebad unda aCvenos Tavi maSin, roca `cudad iqceva~.<br />
nikolo makiaveli (14691527) naSromSi<br />
`mTavari~ asabuTebs, rom mmarTvelebs<br />
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxo lod<br />
uzneo taqtikisa da strategiis gamoyenebiT<br />
SeuZliaT.<br />
makiaveli momaval mmarTvelebs imasac urCevs, rom danapirebi ar Seasrulon,<br />
Tu es maT interesebSi aRar Sedis, SeniRbon TavianTi WeSmariti miswrafebebi,<br />
daTeson SiSi siyvarulis nacvlad da uangarobis ieriT Seimoson,<br />
rodesac mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. keTilSobileba am SemTxvevaSi<br />
sakuTar interesebze zrunvasa da xal xis interesebis ugulebelyofasTanaa<br />
gaigivebuli. rodesac qonebis CamorTmevaze, oponentebis dapatimrebasa<br />
Tu moRalateTa dasjaze midgeba saqme _ es yvelaferi dauyovnebliv<br />
da erTdroulad unda moxdes. sisxlian saqmeebs rac ufro adre daasruleb,<br />
miT ufro swrafad daaviwydebaT. rac Seexeba keTildReobas, Zunwad, nawilnawil<br />
unda daurigo xalxs, raTa gemo kargad gaugon da mudam axsovdeT, visi<br />
wyalobaa igi. dabolos, sasjeli umkacresi unda iyos: msubuqma sasjelma Sei<br />
Zleba ajanyebis survili gaaRvivos da susti da meryevi pirovnebis reputacia<br />
Seuqmnas xelisufals.<br />
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom cneba `makiavelizmi~<br />
sastik da uzneo qmedebebTan asocirdeba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es<br />
meTodebi makiavelis gamogonili ar aris. man mxo lod me16 saukunis itali
108 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
is qalaqisaxelmwifoebis marTvis arsebuli gamocdilebis sistematizacia<br />
moaxdina. rogorc masze bevrad ufro adre aristotelem, makiavelim avtokrati<br />
mmarTvelebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis teqnika<br />
da meTodebi daamuSava, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba.<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia<br />
avtoritari mmarTvelebis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebi<br />
sxvadasxvagvaria. aristotele avtoritarizmis or formas ganasxvavebda.<br />
misi azriT, yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma damyarebulia politikuri<br />
kontrolis iseT tradiciul meTodebze, rogoricaa absoluturi sisastike<br />
da represiebi. aseT <strong>politika</strong>s aqvs erTi mizani _ samudamod CaaxSos<br />
amboxis survili. avtoritari mmarTvelebis meore tipi ki xalxis motyuebas<br />
cdilobs. isini xalxze mzrunvelis STabeWdilebas toveben, sakuTari<br />
simdidris warmoCenas eridebian, wesierebis farglebs arasodes cdebian,<br />
Rirseul moqalaqeebs pativs miageben, Zeglebs dgamen da a.S. mokled, TavianTi<br />
xelqveiTebis winaSe ara despotis, ara med rCeulis saxiT wardgebian. 4<br />
ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzenaesi kvlav mmarTvelis piradi interesia.<br />
is mxolod STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs, raTa xalxSi buntis yovelgvari<br />
survili da motivacia gaaqros. aseTi mmarTveli, aristoteles azriT,<br />
`naxevrad kargia~. Tumca, cxadia, aseTi `naxevrad kargi~ mmarTvelis xelSi<br />
cxovreba sjobs, vidre `tradiciuli~ diqtatorisa.<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod masStabebs, romliTac avtoritari mmar<br />
Tveli individTa cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed meTodebs, romelsac igi<br />
am miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, zogierTi maTgani dapatimrebiTa<br />
da sikvdiliT uswordeba arsebul da potenciur mtrebs, zogierTi<br />
ki Zalas iSviaTad iyenebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi sxva TvalsazrisiTac<br />
gansxvavde bian erTmaneTisgan _ erTni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
mimarT gulgrilni arian da mxolod politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze<br />
arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas<br />
dauRalavad cdiloben. magaliTad, Sahi muhamed reza fehlevi (19291980)<br />
garda imisa, rom Tavisi politikur mtrebs sdevnida, iranis kulturuli,<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis modernizebasac cdilobda. misi<br />
drois iranSi pirovnuli Tavisuf leba garkveuli xarisxiT mainc arsebobda.<br />
Tanamedrove taivansa da singapurSic demokratiisa da diqtaturis aseve<br />
ucnauri sinTezi SeiniSneba. Eam or qveya nas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis swrafi tempi da cxovrebis maRali done axasiaTebT, rac maT mesame<br />
msoflios qveynebis Suris obieqtad xdis.<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria<br />
amerikelTa umetesoba gaiziarebda jon lokis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom erTaderTi legitimuri xelisufleba aris is, romelic xalxis nebasa da
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
109<br />
sa yo velTao Tanxmobazea dafuZnebuli. Tumca, es piroba legitimurobis<br />
erTaderTi sazomi arc arasodes yofila _ istoriaSi arsebobda sakmaod xangrZlivi<br />
periodebi, rodesac sayovelTao neba legitimurobis kriteriumi<br />
saerTod ar yofila.<br />
Sua saukuneebis bolo periodidan me18 saukunis miwurulamde, evropaSi<br />
mmarTvelo bis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma monarqia iyo, romelic religiasa<br />
(saRvTo kanoni) da memkvidreobiTobaze (samefo warmomavloba) iyo<br />
dafuZne buli. Aanalogiurad, imperiul CineTSi dinastiuri principi imperatoris<br />
legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaro iyo, magram religiac mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asrulebda _ CineTis imperatori `zeciuri mandatiT~ marTavda.<br />
istoriulad, swored tradiciebi da religia gaxldaT xelisuflebis legitimurobis<br />
ori ZiriTadi wyaro.<br />
frangi xalxis mxardaWeriT napoleon<br />
bonapartem (17691821) 1804 wels Tavi safrangeTis<br />
imperatorad gamoacxada: `me var<br />
saxelmwifo _ me erTaderTi var aq xalxis<br />
warmomadgeneli~.<br />
Tanamedrove diqtatura legitimurobis pirovnul da naklebad forma<br />
lur wyaroebzea dafuZnebuli. am fenomens qarizmatul liders uwodeben.<br />
qarizma xSirad pirovnul mimzidvelobaze, oratorul xelovnebaze<br />
an erovnuli gmiris mier omebsa da revoluciebSi mopovebul gamarjvebebzea<br />
dafuZnebuli. Mmeore msoflio omis Semdeg qarizmatuli lideris magaliTebia<br />
naseri egvipteSi, sukarno indoneziaSi da kadafi _ libiaSi. mesame<br />
msoflios postkoloniuri diqtatura mTlianad ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
gmiris Tayvaniscemazea damyarebuli _ pirovnebisa, romelic adgilobriv<br />
mosaxleobas evropis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg warmatebul<br />
brZolebSi miuZRoda.<br />
sarwmunoeba, tradiciebi, qarizma _ avtokratuli mmarTvelobis istoriuli<br />
sayrdenia. rogorc wesi, isini amarTleben ideas, rom mmarTvelebs<br />
ufleba aqvT, marTon xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg. magram marTvis ufleba jer<br />
kidev ar niSnavs sworad marTvas. samwuxa rod, diqtatorebi da tiranebi am<br />
uflebis gamoye nebisas xSirad uSveben seriozul Secdomebs.
110 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
avtoritaruli reJimi popularobiT ar sargeblobs<br />
isini, vinc demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cxovroben, bunebrivia, darwmunebulni<br />
arian, rom arCevanis SemTxvevaSi sxvebic upiratesobas swored demokratiul<br />
sistemebs mianiWeben. rogorc aRmoCnda, es Sexeduleba mcda ria.<br />
udavoa, rom diqtatorebi ara marto SiSs Tesaven xalxSi, aramed _ pativiscemas,<br />
rwmenas, nebayoflobiT morCilebasa da siyvarulsac ki da radganac<br />
avtoritari lide rebi zogjer politikur stabilurobasa da ekonomikur<br />
zrdas uzrunvelyo fen, Tayvaniscemis obieqtebic xdebian.<br />
pirovnuli qarizma popularobis kidev erTi wyaroa. qarizmatuli `mxedris~<br />
prototips napoleon bonaparti ganasaxierebs. napoleonma xelSi revoluciiT<br />
ZirgamoTxrili saxelmwifos xelisufleba Caigdo da safrangeTi<br />
mniSvne lovani gamarjvebebisaken waiyvana. man TiTqmis mTeli kontinenti<br />
daipyro, Ta visi warmatebis pikze igi safrangeTSi absoluturi popularobiT<br />
sargeb lobda. hitlermac germaneli xalxis sruli mxardaWera moipova<br />
(Tumca, ra Tqma unda, hitleris totalitaruli saxelmwifo Tavisi politikuri<br />
gavleniT bevrad aRemateboda napoleonis reJims). rogorc erTi mkvlevari<br />
aRniSnavda:<br />
sazogadod miCneulia, rom is, vinc umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs,<br />
SeuZlebelia tirani iyos. napoleonsa da hitlers _ TavianTi<br />
drois am or udides tirans, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad periodSi umravlesobis<br />
sruli mxardaWra hqondaT. frangebis umetesoba napoleonis<br />
agresiuli politikis momxre iyo da arc hitleris antisemitur <strong>politika</strong>s<br />
hqonia raime saxis winaaRmdegoba germaneli xalxis mxridan, magram<br />
maTi mmarTveloba amis gamo naklebad tiranuli ar gamxdara.<br />
warmovidginoT, rom demokratiulad arCeuli premierministri<br />
msgavs kampanias iwyebs da is tiraniviT unda moiqces. savaraudod,<br />
umci resobis mxridan mas iseTi Zlieri winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba, rom<br />
iZule buli gaxdeba tiranuli meTodebiT CaaxSos igi. maSasadame, misi<br />
xelisuf leba amomrCevelTa nebaze aRar aris dafuZnebuli da igi absoluturi<br />
tirani xdeba. aseTi tirani SesaZloa garkveulwilad xalxis<br />
mxar daWeriT sargeblobdes, magram misi Zalaufleba am mxardaWeraze<br />
aRar iqneba dafuZnebuli. 5<br />
cudi mmarTveli, rogori daudevari da daundobelic unda iyos, iSvia<br />
Tad awydeba winaaRmdegobas maTi mxridan, visac misi gansjis unari Seswevs.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove tiranebi me19 saukunis rusi klasikosis<br />
dostoevskis mier gamoTqmul WeSmaritebas adastureben: Tanasworobis epoqaSi<br />
masebi, uwinares yovlisa, eswrafvian ra usafrTxoebas, siamovnebiT<br />
miiReben despotizms, raTa pasuxismgeblobis im tvirTs gaeqcnen, romelic<br />
Tavisuflebas axlavs Tan. 6 WeSmariteba isaa, rom despoturi xelisufleba<br />
imaze ufro popularulia, vidre Cven gvinda gvjerodes.
avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv<br />
interesebs ugulebelyofs<br />
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
111<br />
verc es ganzogadebuli mosazreba uZlebs kritikas. yvelaze uares tiransac<br />
ki ZaluZs qveynis politikuri qaosidan da ekonomikuri stagnaciidan<br />
gamoyvana da wesrigisa da keTildReobis gzaze da yeneba. adolf hitleris<br />
damsaxurebaa, germaniam rom ekonomikuri krizisi daZlia. imave epoqis italiis<br />
fa Sisti diqtatoris _ benito musolinis apologetebi aRniSnavdnen,<br />
rom misi wyalobiT, sul cota, matareblebi aRar igvianebdnen. warmatebuli<br />
saxelmwifo politikis es magaliTebi, ra Tqma unda, ar amarTlebs zRvargadasul<br />
tiranias, magram sakuTar qveyanaSi hitlerisa da musolinis popularobis<br />
asax s nelad namdvilad gamodgeba.<br />
yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTi imisa, rogor moaxerxa avtokra tu l ma<br />
reJimma mdgradi socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis miRweva, aris ara evropa,<br />
aramed CineTi. amas monteskie, adam smiti da karl marqsic ki aRniSnavdnen.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT CineTi dRemde rCeba mkvlevarTa interesis sagnad. 7<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kaSxlebis, jebirebisa da wyalsadenebis vrceli<br />
sistema, romelic CineTis uzarmazar samefos mTlianad moicavda. 8 mTeli<br />
es hidrosistema aris niSandoblivi miRweva, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobi<br />
Ta da masStabebiT aRemateboda Zveli drois dasavleTSi ganxorcielebul<br />
nebismier saerTo saxalxo sa xelmwifo proeqts. sainteresoa, romelma civilizaciam<br />
SeZlo aseTi moculobis samuSaos warmatebiT ganxorcieleba?<br />
Tanamedrove mkvlevarma, karl vitfogelma Teoriulad Seiswavla Cinuri<br />
sistema, romelsac man `aRmosavluri despotizmi~ uwoda da daaskvna,<br />
rom misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi mkacr da gausaZlis pirobebSi mravalricxovani<br />
mosa xleobis gadarCenis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 9<br />
Cinelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi produqti yovelTvis brinji iyo, xolo brin jis<br />
moyvana didi raodenobiT wyals da misi kontrolis saTanado sistemas sa<br />
Wiroebs. ase rom, sakvebis mudmivi problemis mosagvareblad jer wylis mudmivi<br />
problemis mogvareba iyo aucilebeli. es ki wylis nakadis kontrolis,<br />
irigaciisa da drenaJis sakmaod rTuli sqemis Seqmnas gulisxmobda. CineTSi<br />
Seiqmna permanentuli meurneobis sistema, romelmac qveyanas saSualeba misca<br />
erTi da igive miwebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daemuSavebina ise, rom maTi<br />
nayofiereba SenarCunebuliyo.<br />
amgvari sistemis Seqmna ki mxolod Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. iseTi ambiciuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba,<br />
rogoricaa uZveles xanaSi bunebrivi garemos gardaqmna, politikuri uwyvetobisa<br />
da stabilurobis, socialuri erTobis, swori mecnieruli gaTvlebis,<br />
arnaxuli masStabis adamianuri da materialuri resursebis sruli<br />
mobilizebisa da koordinirebis gareSe, warmoudgeneli iqneboda. swored<br />
mudmivi meurneobis Cinuri sistemis teqnologiurma da organizaciulma<br />
mowyobam Seuwyo xeli uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatisa da evropuli<br />
standartebisaTvis uCveulo radika luri imperiuli diqtaturis damyarebas.<br />
rogorc Zveli drois mogzaurebi da vaWrebi aRniSnavdnen, CineTis mTvroba<br />
yvelaze didi miwaTmflobeli iyo (kerZo sakuTreba mkacrad iyo akrZa
112 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
luli). ufro metic, samTavrobo <strong>politika</strong>sa da programebs gansazRvravda<br />
da axorcielebda centralizebuli biurokratia, romlis warmomadgenlebic<br />
kargi administratorebi iyvnen. am klasSi miReba xde boda ara memkvidreobiTobis,<br />
sakuTrebis flobis an simdidris mixedviT (ro gorc es evropaSi<br />
xdeboda), aramed gamocdebiT, romliTac mowmdeboda kandidatis mier<br />
konfucis moZRvrebis, Sesabamisad ki qcevis swori normebisa da urTulesi<br />
Cinuri damwerlobis codna. piramidis kenweroSi imperatori imyofeboda,<br />
romelsac `zeciuri mandati~ da absoluturi Zalaufleba hqonda.<br />
rogori iyo saSualo Cineli moqalaqis xvedri am uaRresad centralizebuli<br />
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi? saSualo adamiani sakvebi produqtebiT<br />
vaWrobda da mmarTveli ZalisTvis mxolod da mxolod warmoebis faqtori<br />
iyo. garda imisa, rom ubralo adamianebs mkacr samuSao disciplinas uwesebda,<br />
biurokratia am xalxiT ar interesdeboda. xelisufleba saxalxo revoluciis<br />
mudmivi SiSiT ar iyo Sepyrobili. imperiuli CineTi gansakuTrebiT<br />
stabiluri sazogadoeba iyo. religiisa da xelisuflebis Serwyma, is, rom<br />
masebi brinjis moyvaniTa da far TomasStabiani samuSaoebiT iyvnen dakavebulni,<br />
Tanamedrove sabrZolo da sa komunikacio saSualebebis ararseboba,<br />
gansakuTrebuli privilegebi mxo lod swav lulTa maRali klasisTvis _<br />
yvela es faqtori erTad potenciur politikur opozicias zRudavda. `hidravlikurma<br />
despotizmma~ dRemde arsebuli mmarTve lobis yvela formaze<br />
didxans iarseba.<br />
aziuri despotizmi erTgvari paradoqsiia. erTi mxriv, igi aris politikuri<br />
reJimis magaliTi, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri avtoritarizmis<br />
formebze bevrad ufro despoturia:<br />
aRmosavluri despotizmi ufro Zlieri da Rrmaa, vidre XVIXIX saukuneebis<br />
evropuli avtokratia an Tundac romis imperia misi aRzevebis<br />
periodSi. umciresoba akontrolebda da eqsploatacias uwevda xalxis<br />
gacilebiT did masas da bevrad ufro efeqtiani biurokratiuli<br />
aparati hqonda, vidre qalaqsaxelmwifoTa tiraniebs. 10<br />
meore mxriv, imperiuli CineTis ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri miRwevebi<br />
mis xelovnebasTan, enasTan da literaturasTan erTad, marTlac<br />
gansacvifrebelia. aseve mniSvnelovani winsvla aRiniSna CineTis ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis adreul etapze. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatorebi<br />
da swavlulimoxeleebi arc liberalebi iyvnen da arc politikuri gana<br />
Tleba hqondaT miRebuli, `hidravlikuri despotizmis~ Cinurma sistemam<br />
xeli Seuwyo sakvebis uzarmazari maragis dagrovebas, romelic mravalricxovani<br />
da mzardi mosaxleobisaTvis saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sakmarisi<br />
aRmoCnda (Tumca, drodadro iyo SimSilobis periodebic). im siZneleebsac<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rasac mesame msoflios qveynebi TavianTi xalxis<br />
sacxovrebliTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi dRemde awydebian, imperiuli<br />
CineTis agraruli miRwevebi kidev ufro RirsSesaniSnavad unda<br />
CaiTvalos.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
113<br />
naklebad gansacvifrebeli, magram garkveulwilad analogiuri Tanamedrove<br />
fenomenia `aziis vefxvebi~ (hon kongi, samx. korea, singapuri, taivani).<br />
dasavleTis xelSewyobiT dRes es qveynebi demokratizaciis procesSi arian.<br />
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRi niSnos, rom uaxloes warsulSi maT, rogorc avtoritarulma<br />
saxelmwifo ebma, mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies cxovrebis<br />
donis gaumjobesebisa da Sida erov nuli produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
xelisuflebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromloba aziuri korporatizmis<br />
qvakuTxedia. amis Sedegad ganxorcielda farTomasStabiani industrializacia<br />
da samrewvelo da teqnologiuri prog resi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda<br />
eqsporti. xelisuflebam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi SeinarCuna sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli<br />
strategiis meSveobiT, savaWro SezRudvebisa da valutis<br />
regulirebis gziT. am qveynebis amJamindeli ekonomikuri miRwevebi avtoritaruli<br />
mmarTvelobis memkvidreobis Sedegia. es imis maniSnebelia, rom<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong> sazogadoebriv interesebs Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSic SeiZleba emsaxurebodes.<br />
avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa<br />
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom totalitarul saxelmwifo Si<br />
(ix. V TaAvi) pirovnebis Tavisufleba gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre<br />
tradiciuli avtokratiis pirobebSi. meore, rogorc ukve vTqviT, erTmane<br />
Tisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba is masStabebi, romliTac sxvadasaxva avtokrati<br />
mmarTveli Tavis moqalaqeebs eqsploatacias uwevs. erTni ekonomikur zrdasa<br />
da socialur reformebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki _ ara.<br />
zogierTi maTgani cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis Tavis moqalaqeebs,<br />
zogic maT mimarT sruliad gulgrilia. ramdenime maTgani nayofieri reformatori<br />
da socialur ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelia. mesame,<br />
zogierT ganviTarebad qve yanaSi avtoritarizmi mmarTvelobis yvelaze optimaluri<br />
formaa. dabolos, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebsa da yofil<br />
sabWoTa respublikebSi saTanado pirobebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, avtoritarul<br />
xelisuflebas konstituciur demokratiad gardaqmnis bevrad ufro<br />
meti Sansi aqvs, vidre totalitaruls.<br />
rodesac qveyana arCevanis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, anarqia, ekonomikuri<br />
kraxi Tu socialuri qaosi, xolo meore mxriv _ avtoritaruli mmarTveloba,<br />
Cndeba dilema. aseT pirobebSi diqtaturis raime forma aucilebelia,<br />
droebiT mainc. Tanamedrove msoflioSi diqtatura mmarTvelobis mxolod<br />
gardamaval formad yalibdeba.<br />
avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisufleba politikuri wesrigis<br />
damyarebis yvelaze sworxazovani da martivi gzaa, politologebi ukve av toritarizmis<br />
epoqis dasasrulze alaparakdnen. 19741990 wlebSi laTinuri ame
114 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
ri kis, aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis 30ze meti qveyana arademokratiulidan<br />
demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gada vida. 11 am fenomens xSirad komunisturi sistemis<br />
kraxiT xsnian. Tumca, aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dasrulebamde<br />
ufro adrec, arademokratiuli sistemebi erTi meoris miyolebiT daemxo,<br />
gan sakuTrebiT la Tinur amerikaSi. 1980ian wlebSi ekvadorSi, boliviaSi,<br />
peruSi, braziliaSi, urugvaiSi, argentinaSi, Cilesa da paragvaiSi samxedro<br />
mmarTveloba ufro demok ratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. maT centraluri<br />
amerikis qveynebmac mibaZes. ukanasknel wlebSi demokratiam saharis sam xreTiT<br />
mdebare afrikul qveynebSi SeaR wia. mxolod 1990 wels, sul cota 9 afrikulma<br />
qveyanam Caatara mravalpartiuli ar Cevnebi da kidev ufro meti am ar<br />
Cevnebis CatarebisaTvis aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas Seudga. 12 odnav<br />
mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikis respublikis represiuli aparteidis sistema,<br />
romelic TeTrkanianTa upi ratesobis rasistul modelze iyo dafuZ nebu li,<br />
gauqmda da bevrad ufro de mokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala.<br />
ramdenad mdgradi (Tu efemeruli) aRmoCndeba avtoritarizmze uaris Tqmis<br />
aRniSnuli mcdeloba, am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer kidev gaucemeli rCeba.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, demokratia<br />
Cveuleb rivi movlena iyos, xolo arademokratiuli reJimi _ iSviaTi gamonaklisi?<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravladaa warmatebuli demokratiisa da warumatebeli<br />
diqtaturis magaliTebi. ufro metic, keTildReoba, romelic<br />
demok ratiul qveynebTan asocirdeba, bevrs aRfrTovanebisa da mibaZvisken<br />
ubiZgebs. bolo xanebSi demokratiuli modeli ufro da ufro did warmatebas<br />
aRwevs.<br />
Tumca, demokratizaciis procesis Seuqcevadad gamoc xadeba jerac naadrevia.<br />
warsulSi demokratiam ukuqceviTi procesebi ramdenjerme ganicada.<br />
13 amitom danamdvilebiT Tqma, ra moxdeba amjerad, Znelia. miuxedavad<br />
sakmaod damaimedebeli niSnebisa 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi, demokratiam<br />
afrikis qveynebSi ver gaamarTla. 1990ian wlebSi zambiam am TvalsazrisiT<br />
yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia. 1991 wels arCevnebi Catarda da kenet kaunda,<br />
romelic zambias 25 welze met xans marTavda, frederik CilubasTan damarcxda.<br />
Tumca 1996 wels, rodesac axali arCevnebis dro dadga, Cilubam<br />
kaundas arCevnebSi monawi leoba aukrZala. rogorc avtoritetuli britanuli<br />
yovelkvireuli gamocema aRniSnvda, `es Cveulebriv movlenad iqca afrikuli<br />
qveynebisaTvis~.<br />
afrikuli arCevnebi axla naklebad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas. erTi ori<br />
gamonaklisis garda, romelic ZiriTadad afrikis samxreTSi gvxvde ba,<br />
afrikis qveynebSi demokratiis parodia ufroa. mTeli Zalaufleba<br />
erTi pirovnebis _ prezidentis xelSia Tavmoyrili. xelisufleba ar<br />
Cev nebs niSnavs, opozicia boikots ucxadebs an mis Sedegebs ar aRiarebs,<br />
xelisufleba ignorirebas ukeTebs opozicias. problemaa isaa, rom<br />
tiranebma ician, rogor akontrolon arCevnebi: [saarCevno olqebis]<br />
sazRvrebs, medias, ekonomikasa da saarCevno siebs survilisamebr mar<br />
Taven. oponentebi Seviw roebulni arian. TamaSis wesebi jariskacebmac
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
iswavles. dasavleTi da centraluri afrikis qveynebis umetesobas ar<br />
Ceuli yofili samxedroebi marTaven, maT Soris arian gambiisa da nigeriis<br />
meTaurebi, romlebic sa xelmwifos saTaveSi mas Semdeg movidnen,<br />
rac demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufleba daamxes. 14<br />
115<br />
afrika ar aris avtoritaruli warsulis mqone erTaderTi regioni, sadac<br />
axalgazrda demokratia safrTxeSia. laTinur amerikaSi demokratiam bevr<br />
qve yanaSi SeaRwia, Tumca igi jer kidev sustia. ramdenime qveyanas _ kolumbias,<br />
pe rusa da meqsikas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba sxvadasxva teroristuli<br />
jgu febisagan. saerTo saxalxo mRelvareba sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
gamokiTxvis SedegebSi aisaxa. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi gamokiT xulTa<br />
70% acxadebda, rom isi ni `ar arian kmayofili~ an `srulebiT ukmayofiloni<br />
arian~ demokratiuli sistemebiT. 15<br />
riTi aixsneba avtoritarizmis uwyvetoba postmodernul msof lioSi?<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxi, upirveles yovlisa, im Rrma gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT,<br />
romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs. aRmosavleT evropaSi,<br />
aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da saharis samxreTiT<br />
mdebare afrikul qveynebSi jer kidev ar arsebobs Tanamedrove ekonomika.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebebi, ekonomikisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
kidev ufro Rrmavdeba. uzarmazari sagareo valebi da resursebis<br />
deficiti mZime tvirTad awveba am qveynebis ekonomikas. eTnikuri ganxeTqilebebi<br />
ganviTarebad sazogadeobas arastabilurs xdis. im qveynebSic ki,<br />
sadac samxedro mmarTveloba Seicvala, samxedro maRalCinosnebi samoqalaqo<br />
xelisuflebas farulad mainc akontro leben. maSin,roca demokratia<br />
farTo nabijebiT miiwevs win danarCen msoflioSi, axladaRmocenebuli demokratiuli<br />
sistemebi jer kidev aramya ria. aseT pirobebSi avtoritarizmis<br />
aRsasrulis gamocxadeba naadrevia.<br />
daskvna<br />
rodesac erTi an ramdenime TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli politi <br />
kur Zalauflebas yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe axorcielebs, saqme gvaqvs<br />
diqta turasTan. keTili nebis avtokratebi (romlebic garkveulwilad<br />
xal xis keTildReobaze zrunaven), tradiciuli diqtatorebi (romlebic<br />
mxolod sa kuTar interesebze zrunaven) an tiranebi (romlebic gansakuTrebuli<br />
en Tu ziazmiT aCaReben sisxlisRvrasa da Zaladobas) _ yvelani<br />
erTad diqtato rebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris mcireodeni gansxvaveba ki<br />
sxvadasxva masStabiT aisaxeba im adamianTa cxovrebaze, romlebic marTvaSi<br />
raime sa xiT monawileobis SesaZleblobas moklebulni arian. istoriulad<br />
yvelaze xSirad avtoritari mmarTvelebi gvxvdebian. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
avtoritarizmi swori mmarTvelobis damaxinjebul saxed miiCneva, radganac<br />
is pirad interesebs sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. nigeria avtoritaruli<br />
mmarTvelobis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens.
116 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
avtoritarizmis irgvliv bevri mcdari mosazrebac arsebobs. sinamdviles<br />
ar Seesabameba mtkiceba imisa, rom avtoritarizmi Tana medrove fenomenia<br />
an yvela avtoritaruli saxelmwifo identuria, aralegitimuria an<br />
arapopularulia Tavisive moqalaqeebs Soris. garda amisa, avtoritari<br />
mmarTvelebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ganvasxvavoT:<br />
erTni sazogadoebriv interesebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni<br />
ki ara. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritaruli reJimebi ar warmoadgens<br />
mmarTvelobis yve la ze cud formas.<br />
dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritarizmi gzas TandaTanobiT demokratias<br />
uTmobs, saboloo daskvnebis gakeTeba jerjerobiT naadrevia.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
avtoritarizmi<br />
avtokratia<br />
oligarqia<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
xunta<br />
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba<br />
qarizmatuli lideri<br />
1. romelia arademokratiuli xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi tipi? naklebad<br />
gavrcelebuli xdeba Tu ara avtoritaruli xelisufleba? sad vxvdebiT<br />
dRes amgvar xelisuflebas?<br />
2. rogoria avtoritaruli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?<br />
3. yvela avtokratia tiranulia Tu ara? axseniT.<br />
4. rogori `rCeva~ misca makiavelim im xelisufalT, romlebic Zalauflebis<br />
SenarCunebas cdiloben?<br />
5. SeajameT avtoritaruli xelisuflebis eqvsi miTi. ra winaaRmdegobebi<br />
asocirdeba am miTebTan?<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. Bernard Crick, Basic Forms of Government: A Sketch and a model (London: Macmillan,<br />
1980), 53.<br />
2. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1962), 1279a, 112 [xazgasma Cvenia].<br />
3. iqve, 1313b, 245.<br />
4. iqve, 1312b, 240.<br />
5. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 115.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
117<br />
6. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, red. Ernest Rhys (London: Dent, 1927),<br />
259.<br />
7. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 35.<br />
8. ix. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York:<br />
Random House, 1981).<br />
9. iqve.<br />
10. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 36.<br />
11. Samuel P. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly 106,<br />
no. 4 (1991-92): 579.<br />
12. Robert M. Press, “Africa’s Struggle for Democracy”, Christian Science Monitor, March 21,<br />
1991, 4.<br />
13. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 579.<br />
14. “Polls to Nowhere”, Economist, November 23, 1996, 20-21.<br />
15. “The Backlash in Latin America”, Economist, November 30, 1996, 19.
118<br />
Tavi V<br />
totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
ganuxorcielebeli<br />
utopiebi<br />
totalitarizmis arsi<br />
totalitarizmis revoluciuri<br />
etapi<br />
lideroba ideologia<br />
organizacia propaganda<br />
Zaladoba<br />
Zalauflebis konsolidacia<br />
opoziciuri partiebis<br />
ganadgureba<br />
partiis realuri an warmosa<br />
xviTi metoqeebisgan gawmenda<br />
monoliTuri sazogadoebis<br />
Seqmna<br />
sazogadoebis transformacia<br />
stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri<br />
hitleris germania<br />
maos CineTi<br />
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi<br />
totalitarizmis usaxelo<br />
msxverplni<br />
totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxliunarianoba
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
119<br />
TiTqmis yvela arademokratiul (avtoritarul) saxelmwifos diqtatori<br />
an avtokrati xelmZRvanelobs, romelic xSirad yvelafris fasad cdilobs<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (ix. Tavi IV). meoce saukuneSi tiraniis<br />
axali da eqstremaluri forma _ totalitarizmi gaCnda. termini gulisxmobs<br />
sazogadoebasa da mis wevrebze tirani mmarTvelebisa da Tavsmoxveuli<br />
Sexedu lebebis srul batonobas.<br />
kontrolis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azri sazogadoebriv sferos scdeba da<br />
moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebazec vrceldeba. mTavrobis Zalaufleba imdenad<br />
farToa, rom reJimi misi qveSevrdomebis mxolod kontrols ki ara,<br />
adamianis bunebis gardaqmnasac cdilobs. totalitari tiranisaTvis absoluturad<br />
yvelafers politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris samuSaos, ganaTlebas,<br />
religias, sports, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs da ojaxsac ki<br />
(radgan adamianebi TavianT mezoblebze jaSuSoben da bavSvebs `araloialuri~<br />
mSoblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mitanisaken ubiZgeben). radgan es re<br />
Jimebi cdiloben sazogadoebis gardaqmnas ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,<br />
isini TavisTavad anadgureben `xalxis yvela mters~. mtrebi<br />
xdebian sazogadoebis mTeli jgufebi da kate goriebi, romlebic, rogorc<br />
wesi, moicaven aseulobiT aTass da milionobiT udanaSau lo adamians, visac,<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi obieqturi standartiT araferi aqvs saer<br />
To `<strong>politika</strong>sTan~. am ori umniSvnelovanesi TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli<br />
reJimebi gansxvavdeba ufro tradiciuli, arademokratiuli avtoritaruli<br />
saxelmwifoebisagan. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi Cveulebrivad cdiloben<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (da ara sazogadoebis gardaq mnas)<br />
da mtrebis wres gansazRvraven, rogorc calkeul individebs (ara jgufebs),<br />
romlebic aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian arsebul saxelmwifos.<br />
totalitarizmma Zirfesvianad Secvala meoce saukunis msvleloba, magram<br />
1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa yaidis komunizmisa da ramdenime<br />
weliwadSi Tavad sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, tiraniis es eqstremaluri<br />
forma mkveTrad dakninda. maS, ratomRa unda SeviswavloT totalitaruli<br />
sa xelmwifoebi? sul cota oTxi mizezi gvaxsenebs Tavs. pirveli,<br />
komunizmi totalitaruli saxelmwifos erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma<br />
araa. nacisturi germaniisa da faSisturi italiis magaliTebi Segvaxsenebs,<br />
rom totalitarizmi erTi ideologiis, reJimis an mmarTvelis moRvaweobis<br />
Sedegi araa. meore, totalitarizmi Tanamedrove istoriis Semadgeneli<br />
nawilia da aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis politikosebis, profesorebis,<br />
Teologebisa da sxva mravalTa gancxadebebTan, visac adamianuri progresis<br />
optimisturad sjeroda. mravali adamiani, romelic uSualod itanjeboda<br />
totalitari diqtatorebis xelSi an dakarga axloblebi hitleris<br />
holokostis, stalinuri teroris, maos sazareli wmendebis an sxva ufro<br />
gviandeli totalitaruli sisastikis dros, kvlav cocxalia. msxverpl Ta<br />
fizikuri Tu emociuri iarebi ar gamqrala im tiranTa wasvlis Semdegac<br />
ki, romlebmac maT es Wrilobebi miayenes da usamarTloba Caidi nes. mesame,<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi warmoaCens idealizmis aras wo rad gagebis<br />
risks. kerZod, igi eyrdnoboda aTaswleulobiT damkvidrebul Se xedulebas,<br />
romlis mixedvi Tac sazogadoebrivi progresisa da srulyofilebis miR weva
120 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
barbarosuli meTode bis gamouyeneblad SeuZlebelia. sabolood, yvela es<br />
Sexeduleba sastikad damarcxda, rogorc saxelmwifos mSeneblobis utopiuri<br />
eqsperimenti. meoTxe, totalitarizmis gaCenis SesaZlebloba kvlavac<br />
arsebobs iq, sadac didi siRaribe, usamarTloba da, Sesabamisad, Zaladobisa<br />
da areulobis potenciaa; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli msoflios<br />
did nawilSi.<br />
saxifaToa daskvna, rom msofliom ukanaskneli totalitari tiranebi<br />
istorias Caabara. marTlac, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze amerikis SeerTebul<br />
Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxma mwvave SekiTxvas badebs: SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara, rom mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas momavali totalitaruli safrTxeebi<br />
maincdamainc mTavrobis meTaurisgan an saxelmwifos mmarTvelisgan<br />
daemuqros? warmoadgenen ki usama bin ladeni da al qaidas qseli amgvar<br />
safrTxes? bolos da bolos, avRaneTSi Talibebis reJims, romelic bin<br />
ladensa da mis organizacias mfarvelobdnen, totalitaruli saxelmwifos<br />
mravali maxasiaTebeli hqonda. Cven am sakiTxs araerTxel davubrundebiT<br />
qvemoT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi erTerTi gakveTi lia imisa, rom civilizebul<br />
xalxs yvelgan sWirdeba eqstremizmis Seswavla misi yvela politikuri<br />
gamoxa tulebiT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT Zlieri masobrivi moZraobebis<br />
aRorZineba oportunisti liderebis meTaurobiT, romelTaTvisac civilizacias<br />
aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.<br />
totalitarizmis arsi<br />
Zaladoba yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifos safuZvelia _ kontrolirebadi,<br />
sistematuri, saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli Zaladoba. es Zaladoba<br />
xSirad ganurCeveli masobrivi teroris da genocidis saxes iRebs, romelic<br />
xalxis mTeli jgufebis, kategoriebis an klasebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli,<br />
romelTac mtrebis, kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebis an sabotaJis<br />
mom wyobTa iarliyebs akraven. Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsac ki sxvadasxva saxiT<br />
reJimis mimarT upirobo erTgulebis demonstrireba moeTxovebaT da isini<br />
mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS arian. politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisTvis<br />
masobrivi mobilizeba xorcieldeba ukiduresad centralizebuli da<br />
disciplinirebuli erTpartiuli sistemis mier, romelic erTi, yovlismomcveli<br />
ideologiis mimdevaria. am ideologiis gasavrceleblad, saxelmwifo<br />
propagandasa da cenzuris aparats iyenebs, romelic gacilebiT daxvewili<br />
da efeqtiania, vidre tipur avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi.<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis mizania totaluri politiku ri,<br />
sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri kontrolis damyareba: totalitaruli<br />
diqtatura moicavs totalur batonobas, romelic arc miRebuli kanonebiTa<br />
an kodeqsebiT (rogorc tradiciuli avtoritarizmis dros)<br />
da arc mTavrobis funqciiT (rogorc klasikuri tiranul saxelmwifoSi)<br />
aris SezRuduli, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas<br />
Soris gansxvavebas spoben... totalitarizmi SezRudulia mxolod
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
im saWiroebiT, rom xalxis didi raodenoba mudmivi moqmedebis mdgomareobaSi<br />
amyofos, rasac elitebi akontroleben. 1<br />
121<br />
sazogadoebis sruli kontroli saWiroa, radgan totalitaruli ideologiebi<br />
axali sazogadoebrivi wyobis damyarebis pirobas deben, iqneba es<br />
rasobrivad sufTa ariuli superrasa, romlis Seqmnasac adolf hitleris<br />
nacisturi reJi mi apirebda germaniaSi, Tu daCagruli da gawamebuli muSebis<br />
proletaruli Zmobis Seqmna, rasac sabWoTa liderebi v.i. lenini da ioseb<br />
stalini pirdebodnen xalxs, Tu egoisturi interesebis arqmone glexebis<br />
axali, masobrivi sazogado eba, romelic mao Zedunis poetur warmosaxvaSi<br />
iZerweboda. detalebis miuxedavad, totalitaruli ideologiebis zogadi<br />
Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb _ bolodroindeli avRaneTis sastiki<br />
Talibi mmarTvelebis CaTvliT _ aSkarad erTmaneTs hgavs. yvela totalitarulma<br />
mociqulma `gamoamJRavna erTmaneTTan mimarT msgavseba... TavianT<br />
ganzraxvaSi, rom Seqmnan ufro maRali da uprecedento saxis adamianuri yofiereba~.<br />
2<br />
totalitari lideris pretenzia legitimurobaze swored axali sa zogadoebis<br />
Seqmnis TviTneburi miznidan gamomdinareobs. erTi eqspertis<br />
TqmiT, `totalitaruli mmarTvelobis maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis<br />
erTad damorCileba utopiuri, mmarTvelobaze arapolitikuri moTxovniT.~<br />
3 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, totalitari liderebi amtkiceben, rom<br />
srulyofili sazogadoebrivi wyoba mxolod TviTgamocxadebuli liderebis<br />
gabeduli moqmedebebis Sedegad damyardeba. amgvarad, sazogadoebaze<br />
rwmenebis Zalismieri Tavsmoxveva gamarTlebulia, rac liderebs kvazireligiur<br />
sazogadoebad aqcevs Sesabamisad, totalitaruli ideologia<br />
SeiZleba ganisazRv ros, rogorc `ideaTa logikuri wyeba, romelic im<br />
praqtikul saSualebebs exe ba, romlis meSveobiTac mTlianad unda Seicvalos<br />
da reformireba ganicados sazogadoebam Zalis an Zaladobis gziT da emyareba<br />
wina an amJamindeli sa zo gadoebis yovlismomcvel kritikas~. 4<br />
totalitaruli moZraobebis mier naqadagebi idealuri sazogadoebebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, iseT Rirebulebebs aRmerTeben, rogoricaa Tanasworoba da<br />
erToba. isini maT Tavisuflebasa da individualizmze win ayeneben. rogorc<br />
meore avtoritetulma mkvlevarma aRniSna:<br />
revolucioneris namdvili sazogadoeba yovlismomcveli da ega litarulia:<br />
aranairi socialuri gansxvaveba ar iarsebebs, TviT avtoriteti<br />
da gamocdileba, mecnieruli Tu saxelovnebo, gaqreba. amgvari<br />
radikaluri egalitarizmi aucileblobiT uaryofs yovelgvar individualizms.<br />
individis ufleba koleqtivisagan Tavdacvaze qreba da<br />
Cveulebrivi konstituciuri uflebebi interpretirebulia, rogorc<br />
ufleba, raTa jgufs Seeguo. jgufisadmi moTxovnebis wayeneba _ materialur<br />
saqonelze, adamianuri urTierTobebis SezRudul uflebaze,<br />
rogoricaa siyvaruli da piradi cxovreba _ dagmobilia, rogorc<br />
Seusabamo saqcieli. Tanasworobis saxeliT, sazogadoebaSi imgvari<br />
solidarobaa gamocxadebuli, romelsac TiTqos Tavisi cnobiereba
122 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
gaaCndes, xolo individualuri cnobiereba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi<br />
antisocia lu ri gadaxra xdeba. 5<br />
am harmoniuli sazogadoebis safuZvels adamianuri bunebis Secvlis koncefcia<br />
warmoadgens. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi pirovnebis erTbaSad<br />
ga dakeTeba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic oficialuri ideologiis mier<br />
aRTqmul utopiur sazogadoebaSi mosaxvedrad aris saWiro. adamianuri srulyofisken<br />
swrafva aisaxa leninis mier araerTxel gakeTebul gancxadebeb<br />
Si `axali sabWoTa adamianis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb da nacistebis mtki cebaSi, rom<br />
partiuli muSakebi da liderebi adamianis axal tips an `rasobrivad sufTa~<br />
mmarTvelebis axal modgmas warmoadgendnen. mao Zeduni lamis akviatebul<br />
azrs hyavda Sepyro bili rektifikaciis (ganwmendis) Sesaxeb, rac Cinuri<br />
sazogadoebis yvela doneze kapitalistu ri elementebis (magaliTad, materializmi<br />
da individualizmi) radikalur wmendas niSnavda. sakvirvelia,<br />
rom meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli moZraoba cdilobda, ara marto<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis garegnuli mxaris, aramed<br />
sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi da zneobrivi normebis Secvlasac.<br />
yvelaze represiulma totalitarulma reJimebmac ki ver moaxerxes am<br />
gardaqmnebis bolomde miyvana. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi arsebobda<br />
`gancalkevebuli kunZulebi~ 6 _ ojaxi, eklesia da sxva socialuri<br />
institutebi, romlis meSveobiTac gabatonebuli mTavrobis mimarT Sinagani<br />
winaaRmdegoba narCundeboda. gamogonili qveynis _ okeaneTis _ gansakuTrebiT<br />
totalitarulma mTavrobamac ki, romelic cnobil britanel mwerals<br />
aqvs aRwerili romanSi aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi weli, ver moaxerxa<br />
Tavisi moqalaqeebis sruli kontroli.<br />
imis miuxedavad, rom totalitarulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles adamianis<br />
bunebis gadakeTeba an utopiis ganxorcieleba, maT xSirad gasaocari<br />
miRwevebi hqondaT oponentebis gaCumebis TvalsazrisiT maSin, rodesac<br />
isini radikalur (da saboloo jamSi damangrevel) sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnebis<br />
programebs atarebdnen. totalitar mmarTvelebs kargad esmodaT,<br />
rom maTi TanamebrZolebis mier Seq mnili axali sazogadoeba sxvagvarad<br />
moazrovneTa, deviantTa, skeptikosTa da mterTa Soris ver gadarCeboda.<br />
im faqts, rom maTi miznebi da saSualebebi saR azrs ewinaaRmdegebda, mniSvneloba<br />
ar hqonda. isini aseve ar cnobdnen politiku ri Zalis gamoyenebisas<br />
raime saxis zneobriv SezRudvas. dRevandeli amomavali varskvlavi xval,<br />
SesaZloa, xalxis mtrad gadaiqces imisda mixedviT, ra aris mizanSewonili<br />
mocemul momentSi. rodesac gamocxadebuli mizani ubralod xelisufle bis<br />
mopoveba da misi SenarCuneba ki ara, msoflios Secvlaa, gansakuTrebuli<br />
politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba advili gasamarTlebelia, gacilebiT<br />
advili. roca liders aRqmuli miwisken mihyvebi, arc erTi msxverpli araa<br />
Zalian didi, aranairi fasi araa maRali.<br />
amgvari utopiuri politikuri wyobis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia: nacisturi<br />
germania, sabWoTa kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT stalinuri teroris<br />
dros) da maoisturi CineTi. Tumca, totalitarizmi mxolod am qveynebiT ar<br />
Semoifargleboda. amgvari saxelmwifoebi jer kidev ar gamqrala msoflios
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
123<br />
politikuri rukidan. dabolos, iq, sadac amgvari reJimebi gaqra, totalitaruli<br />
tiraniis datovebuli kvali Rrmaa da kvlav uaryofiT gavlenas axdens<br />
im qveynebis politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri institutebis<br />
muSaobaze, posttotalitarul eraSi.<br />
totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi<br />
rogor iwyeba totalitaruli moZraobebi? Cveulebriv, isini Caisaxebian<br />
xolme ZaladobaSi da amoizrdebian daSlili an daSlis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis<br />
nangrevebidan. aseT areul droSi xSirad qarizmatuli lideri<br />
Cndeba. liderebi nebismieri revoluciis warmatebaSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben.<br />
totaluri revoluciis SemTxvevaSi, lideris garda kidev oTx<br />
elements aqvs mniSvneloba, romelTagan TiTo euli dawvrilebiT Seswavlas<br />
saWiroebs. esaa: ideologia, organizacia, propaganda da Zaladoba.<br />
lideroba<br />
totaluri revoluciebis albaT yvelaze ufro aSkara maxasiaTebeli<br />
lideris kultze damokidebulebaa. faqtobrivad, yvela amgvari revolucia<br />
gaigivebuli, personificirebuli iyo konkretul figurasTan. ruseTis<br />
revolucias Tavisi lenini hyavda, mesame raixs _ Tavisi hitleri, CineTis<br />
revolucias _ Tavisi mao, kubas _ Tavisi kastro da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli<br />
maTgani gaRmerTebuli hyavdaT. erik hoferi liderobis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove<br />
masobriv moZraobebSi Semdegnairad afasebs:<br />
rogorc ki scena momzaddeba, gamoCenili lideris arseboba saWiro<br />
xdeba. mis gareSe moZraoba ver iarsebebs. drois simwife avtomaturad<br />
masobriv moZraobas ar warmoSobs, iseve rogorc arCevnebi, kanonebi da<br />
administraciuli organoebi ver Sobs mas.<br />
swored lenini iyo is adamiani, romelmac movlenebi bolSevikuri<br />
revoluciisken warmarTa. is rom SveicariaSi an 1917 wels ruseTisken<br />
mimaval gzaze momkvdariyo, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom sxva cnobili bolSevikebi koaliciur mTavrobas SeuerTdebodnen.<br />
Sedegi ki metnaklebad liberaluri respublika iqneboda, romlis mar<br />
Tvas burJuazia ganaxorcielebda. musolinis an hitleris SemTxvevebi<br />
kidev ufro naTelia: maT gareSe arc faSisturi da arc nacisturi moZraoba<br />
ar iarsebebda. 7<br />
marTalia, yvela revolucia masebis saxeliT iqna dawyebuli, magram iniciativa<br />
yovelTvis zemodan modioda. revoluciur liderebs instinqturad<br />
esmodaT, rom msoflios Sesacvlelad saWiro potenciuri Zala mxolod<br />
masebs hqondaT, magram maT neba da mimarTuleba akldaT (bolSevikebis azriT,<br />
maT akldaT `klasobrivi cnobiereba~; nacistebis azriT, _ Volksgeist anu `sax
124 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
alxo eris suliskveTeba~). revoluciur masobriv moZraobaSi aRmafrenisa<br />
da fanatikuri Tavdadebis mqone adamianebis Serwyma egoisturi interesebis<br />
mqone didi rao denobis xalxTan ver moxerxdeboda iseTi usisxlo abstraqciis<br />
gareSe, rogoricaa `partia~. Tumca, is mxolod qarizmatuli lideris<br />
pirovnuli dinamizmidan warmoiSveba, romelsac SeuZlia masebis gulisTqmas<br />
Caswvdes, yuradReba miipyros da maTi guli moigos (ironiaa, rom yvela<br />
Tanamedrove masobrivi moZraoba xazs usvamda lideris pirovnebas da amavdroulad<br />
akninebda mimdevarTa individualobas). liderebi, rogorebic lenini<br />
an mao iyvnen, masobrivi moZraobebisTvis imave funqcias asrulebdnen,<br />
rasac bombisaTvis _ detonatori: mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad Zlieri (an<br />
momakvdinebeli) asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa bombis SigniT, is umoqmedo da<br />
uwyinaria manam, vidre asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba ar dauyendeba.<br />
ideologia<br />
xelmZRvanelobis xarisxis miuxedavad, totaluri revoluciebi<br />
damokidebulia didi raodenobis xalxis survilze _ miznis misaRwevad saku<br />
Tari Tavi gawiron da moZraobaSi CaerTon. amgvari gauazrebeli Tavdadebis<br />
gamowveva racionaluri mowodebebiT ver moxdeba. is unda gamomdinareobdes<br />
absoluturi WeSmaritebis brma rwmenidan, romelsac yovlismomcveli<br />
politikuri doqtrina iZleva.<br />
gantevebis vacis saWiroeba: warsulis xelaxali interpretacia. rogorc<br />
warsulis kritikosi, ideologia zogadad fokusirebulia absoluturi<br />
borotebis raime formaze, romelsac yvela erovnul (an msoflio masStabis)<br />
Secdomasa da socialur usamarTlobas miaweren. revoluciuri ideologiisa<br />
Tvis ekonomikuri vardna, inflacia, samxedro damarcxeba, saxelmwifo korufcia,<br />
erovnuli damcireba, zneobrivi gadagvareba da sxva problemebi<br />
momdinareobs uaryofili warsulis misticizmidan da SeTqmulebebidan.<br />
absoluturi boroteba iSviaTad aris sxeulis armqone Zala. is TiTqmis<br />
yovelTvis advilad Sesacnobi mtris saxes iRebs. Tu amgvari mteri ar<br />
arsebobs, maSin is unda Seiqmnas. Cveulebiv, amgvar rols romelime adamiani<br />
an jgufi asrulebs, romlis aqamdec eSinodaT, ezizRebodaT an SurdaT.<br />
lenini muSebis gaWirvebul mdgomareobas fulismomxveWel kapitalistebs<br />
abralebda, hitleri pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebas da mis<br />
xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde dawyebul ekonomikur kriziss _ ebraelebsa da<br />
komunistebs. maom mtrebi mdidar miwaTmflobelebSi ipova. aSkaraa, rom<br />
amgvari gadawyvetilebebis mizani masebis yuradRebis gamzadebul, adviladamosacnob<br />
gantevebis vacebze fokusireba iyo, romlebsac saxelmwifos<br />
mTeli ubedureba unda dakisrebodaT.<br />
erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris TqmiT, `masobrivi moZraobebi SeiZleba<br />
daiwyos da gavrceldes RmerTis rwmenis gareSe, magram arasodes eSmakis<br />
gare Se~. 8 saerTo miznisaTvis xalxis gasaerTianeblad yvelaze ufro efeqtian<br />
Zalas zizRi da stereotipebi warmoadgenen da ara siyvaruli da diadi
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
125<br />
principebi. zizRis obieqtis ganzrax Seqmna ara mxolod imas emsaxureba,<br />
rom warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobebi mas moewyos, aramed, amavdroulad,<br />
es xels uw yobs dRes arsebuli gaWirvebis mizezis winaaRmdeg masebis mobilizebas.<br />
revoluciuri brZola: Tanamedroveobis axsna. rogorc TanamedroveobaSi<br />
megzuri, ideologia WeSmarit morwmunes saSualebas aZlevs Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalebis `swori~ analizi moaxdinos. iseTi<br />
koncefciebi, rogorebicaa klasobrivi brZola marqsizmleninizmisaTvis,<br />
Herrenvolk (`gabatonebuli rasa~) nacistebisaTvis da `winaaRmdegobebi~ maos<br />
mimdevrebisaTvis, instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda, raTa socialuri realoba<br />
aexsnaT da prognozi gaekeTebinaT. guSin mteri iyo gamarjvebuli; dRes<br />
mteri damarcxdeboda.<br />
totaluri revoluciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom brZola politikis arsia.<br />
marqsizmleninizmis momxreebisaTvis klasobrivi brZola progresis gamomwvevi<br />
iyo istoriaSi. maoistebisaTvis Tavad brZola iyo sasurveli mizani.<br />
maT sjerodaT, rom mxolod revoluciuri brZolis uSualo gamocdilebiT<br />
SeeZloT masebs (gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas) Tavganwirvis namdvili<br />
mniSvnelobis gageba. hitleri ZalauflebisTvis brZolas adidebda, man omi<br />
saxelmwifos sidiadis udides gamocdad gamoacxada (niSandoblivia, rom<br />
hitlerma Tavis wigns, sadac <strong>politika</strong>Si Tavis gza gansazRvra, Mein Kampf _<br />
`Cemi brZola,~ uwoda.) imis miuxedavad, mizani kapitalistebis monopoliis<br />
dasrulebaa Tu rasis gawmenda, re voluciuri brZola yovelTvis aRiwereba,<br />
rogor keTilis borotis winaaR mdeg brZola. nacistTa liderebi ebraelebs<br />
ubralod saxelmwifos mtrebad ki ar saxavdnen, aramed Untermenschenad [qveadamiani,<br />
arasrulyofili rasis warmomadgeneli. mTargmn. Sen.] da xSirad,<br />
araraobebad an tilebad. 9 ra Tqma unda, amgvari damamcirebeli daxasiaTebis<br />
mravaljeradi gamoyeneba sabolood masobriv cnobierebaSi gantevebis<br />
vacad gamoyenebuli jgufis dehumanizacias isaxavs miznad _ ufro advilia<br />
mwerebis gawyveta daasa buTo, vidre _ adamianebisa.<br />
utopia: momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. ideologia aRTqmul momavals<br />
srulyofili samarTlianobisa da samaradJamo mSvidobis naTel sura<br />
Tad warmoaCens. marqsistleninistebi am utopias ganixilavdnen, rogorc<br />
uklaso sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, yvela socialur da ekonomikur<br />
usamarTlobas aRmofxvrida. nacisturi utopia iyo rasobrivi<br />
`dabinZurebis~ gareSeE arsebuli sazogadoeba, romelic rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT<br />
`CamorCenilebis~ gawyvetas da an damonebas iTvaliswinebda. imis<br />
miuxedavad, rogori iyo ama Tu im ideologiis konkretuli buneba, amgvari<br />
motivaciis momcemi xedva Seicavda materialu ri siuxvis dapirebas, romelic<br />
mqonebelTagan uqonelTa sasargeblod qonebis gadanawilebas iTvaliswinebda.<br />
marqsizmleninizmi pirobas iZleoda, rom mdid rebs (burJuazias)<br />
waarTmevda da Raribebs (proletariats) daurigebda. sainteresoa,<br />
rom hitlerma msgavsi piroba dado, rodesac ganacxada, rom miznad isaxavda<br />
aRmosavleTiT Lebensraum-is (`sasicocxlo sivrce~) Seqmnas: is miwiT mdidar,
126 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
magram zant slavebs miwas waarTmevda da mciremiwian, magram Sromismoyva re<br />
germanelebs daurigebda.<br />
am utopiuri msoflmxedvelobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlda maT misaRwevad<br />
gamarTul brZolaSi warmatebis garantia. maSasadame, marqsizmi de <br />
ter mi nistul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli (im TvalsazrisiT, rom<br />
prole ta ruli revoluciis gamarjveba nakarnaxevia istoriis udreki<br />
`kanonebiT~). hit leric aseve gamousworebeli deterministi iyo. Mein Kampf<br />
Si is werda: `adamianma unda gaiazros, rom aucileblobis fundamenturi<br />
kanoni bunebis yvela sferoze batonobs~. 10 mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi,<br />
is xSirad laparakobda `Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis rkinis<br />
kanonze~, `istoriis aRlumsa~ da `movlenebis Sinagan logikaze~. hitleri,<br />
iseve rogorc lenini, stalini an mao, acxadebda, rom mas (da germanel volks)<br />
msoflios gardaqmnis misia hqonda gansa xorcielebeli da rom warmateba<br />
gardauvali iyo. man aRniSnuli koncefcia Tavis albaT yvelaze ufro cnobil<br />
gancxadebaSi Camoayaliba: `me mTvareuliviT im gzas vadgavar, romelsac<br />
gangeba mkarnaxobs~.<br />
ideologia da WeSmariteba. mocemuli revoluciuri ideologiis mier aRwerili<br />
warsuli, awmyo da momavali, SesaZloa, dauinteresebel damkvirvebels<br />
arabunebrivad an sasacilodac ki moeCvenos. magaliTad, nacistebis mier<br />
Camoyalibebuli rasobrivi Teoria istoriul, sociologiur, genetikur da<br />
moralur safuZvels absoluturad moklebuli iyo. amave TvalsazrisiT,<br />
hitleris ideologiis ekonomikuri aspeqti _ `socializmi~ nacionalsocializmSi<br />
_ realur Sinaarss moklebuli iyo. socializmis hitleriseuli<br />
gageba imdenad gaufasurebuli iyo, rom erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris<br />
azriT, `nebismieri, romelsac xalxis bedi namdvilad aRelvebda, hitleris<br />
TvalSi socialisti iyo.~ 11<br />
ratom aRiqvamda vinme aseT ideologias seriozulad? upirveles yovlisa,<br />
imitom, rom is popularul stereotipebze apelirebda da maT respeqtabelurobas<br />
sZenda. Mmeore, gzavnilze metad gzavnilis mTqmeli fasobda<br />
anu lideris pirov nul momxibvlelobas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda,<br />
vidre _ sity vebis azrs. Mmesamec, erTguleba gacilebiT seriozulad aRiqmeboda,<br />
vidre _ simarTle.<br />
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT yvelaferi, rac warmatebulma ideologiam<br />
calkeul mimdevars unda misces:<br />
mas mecnierul avtoritetulobaze unda hqondes pretenzia, romelic<br />
morwmunes yovelgvari codnis eqskluziuri gasaRebis rwmenas aZlevs;<br />
man unda aRuTqvas aTaswlovani raixi, romelsac rCeul rasas an klass<br />
am gasaRebis mflobeli, maT mier arCeuli lideri mou tans; man unda<br />
daasaxelos tiranebisa da demonebis krebuli, romelzec unda gaimarjvos<br />
manamde, vidre bednieri saxelmwifo damkvidrdeba; is unda Seerwyas<br />
(klasis an rasis) siZulvilis, eWvis, SiSis dinamikas da gaamarTlos<br />
es mda bali vnebebi misi miznebis sidiadiT; mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis<br />
mizniT yovelgvari saSualeba da danaSauli gamarTlebulia,
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
mtris Rirseba SeiZleba gadaiqces mis naklovanebad misTvis martivi<br />
iarliyis _ `burJuis~ mikerebiT; saxeldobr, WeSmariteba is aris, rasac<br />
rCeuli rasisa Tu klasisTvis sargebeli moaqvs, mcdaroba ki is _<br />
rac maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; radgan es WeSmariteba mecnierulad<br />
damtkicebadia da radgan ar arsebobs ori adamianic ki, romelic,<br />
savaraudod, mas daeTanxmeba, amisaTvis saWiroa, arsebobdes erTader<br />
Ti interpretatori, romelic kanoniT ixelmZRvanelebs, Tu ideologias<br />
surs sruliad qmediTi iyos; rogorc yovelgvari WeSmaritebis<br />
matarebels, liders ufleba aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebisgan religiur<br />
Tayvaniscemas, msxverplSewirvasa da danaSaulis Cadenas elodebodes,<br />
Tu isini mas sargeblobas moutanen. 12<br />
127<br />
saboloo analiziT, ideologiebi xSirad TviT yvelaze absurduli<br />
ganc xadebebiTa da tyuilebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tu isini exebia<br />
Cveuleb rivi adamianis winaSe mdgom realur problemebs. bevri germaneli<br />
acnobiereb da nacistebis rasobrivi Teoriebis eqstremalur xasiaTs, Tumca<br />
maT, albaT, sjerodaT, rom aseT absurdebs hitleri aRar gahyveboda,<br />
rogorc ki qveynis gaerTianebis, ekonomikis aRmasvlis da eris dakarguli<br />
didebis aRdgenis samuSao dasruldeboda. imave TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa, rom<br />
yvelaze Tavdadebuli bolSevikebis garda vinmes muSaTa samoTxis moaxloeba<br />
daejerebina, Tumca rus xalxs, savaraudod, marTlac sjeroda, rom miwis<br />
reforma moxdeboda, rom damTavrdeboda ruseTis saSineli Sedegebis mqone<br />
Careva pirvel msoflio omSi, rom bolo moeReboda SimSils, ganviTardeboda<br />
jandacva da ganaTleba, rasac lenini maT hpirdeboda.<br />
organizacia<br />
ideologia yovlismomcvel revoluciebSi myari organizaciis gareSe<br />
ver ganxorcieldeba. Mmeoce sukunemdel ajanyebebs organizebuloba akldaT.<br />
AaseTi uecari afeTqebebis umravlesoba spontanur xasiaTs atarebda.<br />
moZraoba agor deboda, iSviaTad farTodac gavrceledeboda, magram TiTqmis<br />
yovelTvis, bo los sakuTar Tavs diskreditirebas uwevda.<br />
sxvadasxva revoluciis liderebi politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZolisas<br />
formaluri organizebis gansxvavebul meTodebze akeTebdnen aqcents.<br />
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikurma partiam ruseTSi realurad 1917<br />
wlis oqtombramde ver moipova Zalaufleba, lenins partia ToTxmeti wlis<br />
win hqonda daarsebuli. Lleninma partiaSi gulqva revolucionerebi miiRo.<br />
is fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mefis damarcxeba mxolod grZelvadiani, iatakqveSa<br />
brZoliT SeiZ leboda ganxorcielebuliyo. Aamgvarad, patara, magram<br />
mtkiced SekavSirebuli profesional revolucionerTa jgufi ufro metad<br />
efeqtiani iqneboda, vidre didi, ukontrolo da ukmayofilo adamianebis<br />
uformo masa.<br />
Kkonspiraciis, disciplinisa da centralizebuli kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />
leninma bolSevikuri partia patara ujredebad dahyo, romlebsac
128 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
SemdgomSi ewodaT ZiriTadi partiuli organizaciebi. TiToeul ujreds<br />
sakuTari lideri hyavda, metsaxelad mdivani, romelic miTiTebebsa da instruqciebs<br />
zemodan iRebda. sabolood, strategiis, taqtikisa da `partiuli<br />
xazis~ Sesaxeb yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas Tavad lenini iRebda<br />
(TumcaRa, is amtkicebda, rom partiis centraluri komitetis saxeliT<br />
laparakobda). sanktpeterbur gSi arsebuli Stabis garda, sxva qalaqebSi<br />
warmomadgenlobebisa da momxreebis ricxvis zrdis kvaldakval, saxelisuflo<br />
struqturebis Seqmnis aucilebloba warmoiSva, magram mkacri partiuli<br />
disciplinisa da zemdgomebis mimarT qvemdgomebis sruli morCilebis<br />
principebi ar Secvlila.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari fraqcia Camoayaliba, leninma sabolood formalurad<br />
akrZala fraqciebis Seqmna. nebismier bolSeviks, vinc partiul xazs<br />
SeewinaaRmdegeboda, fraqcioneris iarliyis miwebeba emuqreboda. 1917 wlis<br />
oqtomberSi realuri Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde, urCobisaTvis sasjeli<br />
xSirad partiis rigebidan garicxva iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg revoluciuri<br />
samarTali xSi rad naklebad Semwynarebeli iyo. fraqciebad dayofas aravis<br />
patiobdnen. partiis wevrebs moeTxovebodaT, partiuli interesebi yovelTvis<br />
pirad interesebze maRla daeyenebinaT. Tavganwirvasa da partiis srul<br />
erTgulebas specialuri saxeli hqonda miniWebuli _ partiuloba, termini,<br />
romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda yofil sabWoTa kavSiriSi, raTa uxilavi<br />
Tvisebebis erToblioba aReniSna (rogoricaa, erTguleba, TviTdisciplina<br />
da revoluciuri suliskveTeba), romlis gamovlenac partiis yvela wevrs<br />
evaleboda.<br />
leninTan SedarebiT, maos revolucias warmatebis misaRwevad oc welze<br />
meti dasWirda da masSi gacilebiT meti adamiani monawileobda. ruseTisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, CineTis revolucia, ZiriTadad, soflebidan dawyebuli<br />
ukmayofilo glexebis masobrivi moZraoba iyo. am viTarebaSi maosTvis<br />
yvelaze ufro did organizaciul problemas glexebis efeqtian samxedro<br />
Zalad gadaqceva warmoadgenda, romelsac xangrZlivi partizanuli omis<br />
warmoebis unari eqneboda. glexTa amorfuli masis efeqtian sabrZolo Zalad<br />
gadaqcevaSi miRweuli warmateba damajerebel arguments warmoadgenda<br />
imisa, rom organizebuli Raribebi da Cagrulebi, erTi SexedviT gadaulaxav<br />
winaaRmdegobebs daZlevdnen. amitomac, maos glexobaze dafuZnebuli revoluciis<br />
Teoria da praqtika bevrma radikalma (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad<br />
saxelmwifoebSi) revoluciuri organizebis maga liTad miiCnia.<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad maos xangrZlivi, koordinirebuli<br />
brZo lisagan gansxvavebiT, hitleris mcdeloba, germaniaSi Zalaufleba<br />
moepovebina, aras tabilur gzas warmoadgenda. igi 1920ian wlebSi CaxSobili<br />
Zaladobrivi sa xelmwifo gadatrialebidan daiwyo da 1930ian wlebSi<br />
qveynis konstituciuri sistemis warmatebuli manipulaciiT dasrulda.<br />
hitleris sa boloo warmatebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo morCili organizacia<br />
nacisturi partiis saxiT.<br />
xelisuflebaSi aRzevebis dros hitlerma opoziciis dasaSineblad uxeSi<br />
Zala farTod gamoiyena, magram amavdroulad man partiis mier kontrolirebadi<br />
uamravi klubi da asociacia Seqmna. hitlerulma axalgazrdobam, nacisti
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
129<br />
qalebis ligam, nacisti muSebis organizaciam, nacisti studentebis ligam<br />
da ki dev araerTma akademiurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciam nacistebs<br />
mniSvne lo vani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina manamde, vidre Tavad hitleri<br />
aiRebda xelSi marTvis sadaveebs (ix. cxrili 93). mogvianebiT, Gleichschaltungis<br />
(unifikacia) politikis meSveobiT, man TiTqmis yvela manamde<br />
arsebuli sazogadoeb ri vi organizacia gaanadgura da isini nacisturi asociaciebiT<br />
Caanacvla. nawilobriv amis gamo, hitleris dapirebas da muqaras<br />
mTel germanul sazogadoebaSi didi wona hqonda. yvela Tanamedrove revolucioneris<br />
msgavsad, hitlers kargad Ca moyalibebuli revoluciuri organizaciis<br />
fasi esmoda.<br />
propaganda<br />
ramdenadac Tanamedrove <strong>politika</strong> sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas<br />
exeba, propaganda _ ideebisa da informaciis farTod gavrceleba, romelic<br />
sagangebod isea agebuli, rom konkretuli politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas<br />
Seuwyos xeli _ mZlavri politikuri iaraRi gaxda. warmatebis<br />
misaRwevad, rogorc hitlerma SeniSna, propaganda mxolod masebisken unda<br />
iyos mimarTuli. Sesabamisad, `misi moqmedebis ZiriTadi samizne emociebi<br />
unda iyos da naklebi xarisxiT e.w. inteleqti~. 13<br />
propagandis usazRvrod farTo kampaniisa<br />
da nacisturi ideologiis<br />
STagonebis kombinaciiT adolf hitlerma<br />
(18891945) SeZlo germaneli<br />
xalxi ebraelTa devnis, saboloo<br />
omisa da germanu li sazogadoebis<br />
radikaluri gar daqmnis aucile<br />
blobaSi daerwmunebina.<br />
propagandis mecnierebis erTgulma mimdevarma hitlerma ramdenime Teorema<br />
Camoayaliba, romelic dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. pirvelad unda<br />
aRi niSnos misi naTqvami, rom `yvela propaganda saxalxo unda iyos da misi<br />
inteleqtualuri done auditoriis yvelaze SezRudul nawilze unda iyos<br />
misadagebuli~. aqedan gamomdinare, `rac ufro didia xalxis masa, romelic<br />
man unda moicvas, miT ufro dabali unda iyos misi inteleqtualuri done...<br />
efeqtiani propaganda SezRuduli unda iyos mcire odenobis mosazrebebiT<br />
da lozunge bis meSveobiT isini unda ismodes manamde, vidre sazogadoebis<br />
ukanaskneli wev ri ar gaigebs imas, rac Sen ginda, rom man gaigos~. zemoTqmu
130 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
lis gaTvaliswinebiT, `yvela propagandistuli saqmianobis upirvelesi<br />
aqsiomaa, rom mas ZiriTadad subieqturi da calmxrivi damokidebuleba unda<br />
hqondes yvela sakiTxis mimarT, romelsac is exeba.~ 14 amas garda, rac ufro<br />
didia tyuili, miT ukeTesi.<br />
hitleri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri propagandistuli kampaniis warmateba<br />
damokidebulia propagandistis mier saxalxo masebis `primitiuli<br />
grZnobebis~ gagebaze. propagandas ver eqneba ramdenime Sre: koncefciebi da<br />
faqtebi sazogadoebas unda waredginos, rogorc marTali an tyuili, swori<br />
an araswori, Savi an TeTri. Hhitleri Mein KampfSi maRal Sefasebas aZlevda<br />
pirveli msoflio omis dros britanuli propagandis mcdelobebs da zizRs<br />
gamoxatavda germanuli propagandis mimarT, romelmac msoflio mkveTrad,<br />
Sav da TeTr ferebSi ver daxata.<br />
hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde didi xniT adre, leninma ganaviTara<br />
da daxvewa masobrivi propagandis miseuli teqnika. leninma daiwyo propagandisa<br />
da agitaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba. am ors Soris gansxvavebis<br />
miseuli axs na hitleris Teoremis fonze unda ganvixiloT:<br />
rodesac umuSevrobas ganixilavs, propagandistma krizisis kapitalistur<br />
bunebaze unda ilaparakos; man unda aCvenos Tanamedro ve<br />
sazogadoebaSi misi gardauvalobis mizezi; man unda daanaxos socialistur<br />
bazaze sazogadoebis xelaxla Senebis saWiroeba da a.S. erTi<br />
sityviT, man bevri idea erTbaSad, koncentrirebulad unda gadasces,<br />
imdenad bevri, rom saSualo adamianma yvela maTgani ver gaigos da<br />
mTlianobaSi mxolod mcire nawilma aRiqvas isini.<br />
agitatori, meore mxriv, aiRebs problemis erT nacnob da konkretul<br />
aspeqts. vTqvaT, SimSilis Sedegad umuSevari muSis sikvdils. misi<br />
mcdeloba am faqtze iqneba koncentrirebuli, raTa masebs erTi idea<br />
CauWedos _ simdidris zrdisa da siRaribis zrdis uazro dapirispirebis<br />
idea. is Seecdeba masebs Soris am didi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg<br />
ukmayo fileba da janyi gaaRvivos da am dapirispirebis srul ganmartebas<br />
is propagandists dauTmobs. 15<br />
hitlerisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Zalze efeqtiani oratori gaxldaT,<br />
lenini pamfletebis didostati da polemisti iyo, romelic didwilad daweril<br />
sityvas eyrdnoboda. Tavisi moZraobis dasawyisSi leninis mTavari iara<br />
Ri miwisqveSa gazeTi iyo. kontrabanduli gazeTebi, rogorebic iyo iskra<br />
(`naperwkali~), vperiod (`win~) da proletari (`proletarebi~), xSirad qveynis<br />
Soreul kuTxeebSi an ucxo qveyanaSic ki ibeWdeboda, xolo Semdeg maTi<br />
Semotana aralegalurad xdeboda sanktpeterburgSi ormagi Ziris mqone<br />
CanTis saidumlo ganyofilebiT an sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
Zaladoba<br />
totalitaruli revoluciis bolo, mexuTe maxasiaTebelia Zaladobis<br />
ga moyeneba da terori, rogorc politikis miRebuli instrumenti. revo
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
131<br />
lucionerebisaTvis Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa propagandis<br />
efeqtis gaZ lierebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove totalitaruli tiraniebis<br />
erTerTma mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom `terori propagandis gareSe dakargavs<br />
misi fsiqologiuri efeqtis did nawils, maSin rodesac propagandas<br />
teroris gareSe Zlieri dartymis unari ekargeba.~ 16 nacisti Teoretikosis<br />
eugen hadamovskis TqmiT, `propaganda da Zaladoba arasodes ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
erTmaneTs. Zaladobis ga moyeneba SeiZleba propagandis nawili iyos.~ 17<br />
terorizmTan asocirebuli Zaladoba gulisxmobs qmedebebs, dawyebuli<br />
SerCeviTi mkvlelobebiTa da gatacebebiT, damTavrebuli ganurCeveli<br />
dabombvebiTa da sabotaJiT, romelTa Sedegia udanaSaulo gamvlelebis<br />
sikvdili da daSaveba. sabotaJis daniSnulebaa warmoebis, transportisa da<br />
sakomunikacio sistemebis da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos politikuri stabilurobis<br />
darRveva. teroris mizani ki piradi usafrTxoebis fsiqologiur<br />
SegrZnebaze Setevaa, romlis arseboba socialuri stabilurobis winapirobas<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
propagandis mxardasaWerad teroris gamoyenebam gadamwyveti roli<br />
Seasrula memarjveneebisa da memarcxeneebis masobriv moZraobebSi. erTerTi<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia italiis faSisturi partiis lideris<br />
benito musolinis mier pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli fasci<br />
di combattimento (`mebrZoli jgufebi~). mas Semdeg, rac socialisturi partiidan<br />
muSaTa klasis Camocilebis mcdelobam ar gaamarTla, musolinim daiwyo<br />
saSualo fenaze aqcentis gakeTeba da mdidari mewarmeebisa da msxvili<br />
miwaTmflobelebisagan fulis moZieba. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom italiis<br />
mTavrobaze kontrolis mopo vebas kanonieri gziT ver SeZlebda da 1920iani<br />
wlebis dasawyisSi sul ufro xSirad daiwyo teroris gamoyeneba politikuri<br />
oponentebis winaaRmdeg. misma momxre ebma politikuri konkurenciis<br />
normaluri, araZaladobrivi saSualebebi mkvelobebiT da xanZris gaCeniT<br />
Caanacvles. faSistebis mier gamogonebuli teroris erTerTi axali forma<br />
iyo sadamsjelo operaciebi, romlis drosac SeiaraRebuli bandebi daucveli<br />
da moumzadebeli Temebis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmebs axorcielebdnen. adgilobrivi<br />
policia xSirad maTTan TanamSromlobda, rac umoqmedobaSi gamoixateboda.<br />
italieli faSistebis mier farTod gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo operaciebi<br />
ganasaxierebda terors, rogorc totaluri revoluciis strategiasa da taqtikas.<br />
Tu Wkvianurad iqna gamoyenebuli, terorizmi sruli daucvelobis SegrZnebas<br />
qmnis. teroristebi sam mizans isaxaven: (1) xelovnuri krizisis atmosferos<br />
Seqmnas; (2) imis Cvenebas, rom saxelmwifos kanonmorCili, gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdeli moqalaqeebis axloblebisa da qonebis Tavdasxmisagan dacva aRar<br />
SeuZlia; da (3) ubiZgebs SeSinebul, sasowarkveTil da araorganizebul moqalaqeebs,<br />
saSvelad swored im politikur moZraobas mimarTon, romelmac Rrma<br />
socialuri degene racia gamoiwvia da romlis Sesaxeb umravlesobam araferi<br />
uwyis.<br />
hana arendti gvaZlevs nacistebis mier analogiuri mizniT ganxorcielebuli<br />
teroris gansakuTrebiT naTel ganmartebas:
132 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
nacistebi Tavs ar esxmodnen gamoCenil moRvaweebs, rogorc es politikuri<br />
danaSaulis adrindeli talRis dros xdeboda germaniaSi<br />
(raTenausa da ercbergeris mkvlelobebi). amis nacvlad, wvrilmani socialisti<br />
funqcionerebis an opoziciuri partiebis gavleniani wevre bis<br />
mokvliT, isini Seecadnen mosaxleobisaTvis daemtkicebinaT, rom safr <br />
T xes [sazogadoebis] ubralo wevrobac ki warmoadgenda. amgvari masobrivi<br />
terori, romelic Semdgom SedarebiT mcire masStabiT ganagrZobda<br />
moqmedebas, mudmivad izrdeboda, radgan arc policia da arc sasamarTloebi<br />
politikur moZaladeebs seriozulad ar asamarTlebdnen. erTma<br />
nacistma publicistma mas moswrebulad `Zalis propaganda~ uwoda: mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
metwilad naTeli iyo, rom nacistebis Zalaufleba ufro<br />
didi iyo, vidre xelisuflebisa da rom ufro usafrTxo iyo nacisturi<br />
naxevradgasam xedroebuli organizaciis wevroba, vidre _ erTgu li<br />
respublikeloba. es STabeWdileba gaaZliera nacistebis mier politikuri<br />
danaSaulis specifikurma gamoyenebam. isini mas yovelTvis sajarod<br />
aRiarebdnen, arasodes ixdidnen bodiSs `qveda donis moxeleebis mier<br />
Zalis gadaWarbebis gamo~ _ amgvar bodiSs mxolod nacistebis momxreebi<br />
mimarTavdnen xolme _ da mosaxleobas uCendnen gancdas, rom isini<br />
gansxvavdebian sxva partiebis `molaybeebisgan~.<br />
msgavseba amgvar terorsa da ubralo gangsterizms Soris Zalze<br />
aSkaraa, rom masze specialurad mivuTiToT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom<br />
nacistebi gangsterebi iyvnen, rogorc es zogjer miuCneviaT, aramed<br />
imas, rom nacistebma, amis aRiarebis gareSe, iswavles imdeni, ramdenic<br />
SeeZ loT amerikuli gangsteruli organizaciebidan eswavlaT iseve,<br />
rogorc maTma propagandam iswavla bevri ram amerikuli biznesis<br />
mier gamoye nebuli reklamidan~. 18<br />
Zalauflebis konsolidacia<br />
Zveli wesrigis dangrevis anu misi fataluri diskreditaciis Semdeg,<br />
totalitaruli reJimis xelmZRvanelobas kontrolis ganxorcieleba ukve<br />
mtki ce saxelisuflebo sayrdenidan SeuZlia. mis winaSe mdgomi Semdegi amocanaa,<br />
gaanadguros nebismieri mowinaaRmdege politikuri partia Tu fraqcia.<br />
Semdeg,P partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi unda ganawildnen qveynis<br />
yvela regionSi da daekisroT samTavrobo funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im<br />
provinciebSi, romlebic revoluciis adreul safexurze mis suliskveTebas<br />
ar iziarebdnen. Kkonsolidaciis procesis saboloo nabijia partiis SigniT<br />
yvela iseTi piris ganadgureba, romelic realurad an potenciurad totalitari<br />
liderisTvis safrTxis matareblia.<br />
yvela am stadiaze, totalitari lideri iseve, rogorc nebismieri avtoritaruli<br />
mmarTveli, ZiriTadad Zalauflebis mopovebiTa da SenarCunebiT<br />
aris dainteresebuli. Llideris gankargulebaSi igive meTodebi da<br />
saSualebebi figurirebs, rac moZraobis revoluciur safexurze gamoiyeneboda.<br />
ideologia da propaganda lideris moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
133<br />
da popularizebisTvis gamoiyeneba, Zaladoba _ oponentebis SesaSineblad<br />
da gasaCumeblad. Ppartiuli organizacia liders popularobisa (erTgul<br />
mimdevarTa jgufi) da Zalauflebis (partiis erTguli xdeba yovlis SemZle<br />
saxelmwifos Tvali da yuri) TvalsaCino mtkicebulebas sZens.<br />
am etapze momavali totalitari liderebis mTavar saSualebas maTive<br />
una rebi warmoadgens. Bbevri swori gadawyvetileba unda iqnas miRebuli, Tu<br />
maT warmatebis miRweva surT. maT zustad unda icodnen, ra surT da ar Seiz<br />
Rudon mis ganxorcielebaSi. maTi megzuri unda iyos frTxili gaTvla da ara<br />
sindisi. am TvalsazrisiT, makiavelis rCeva dasafasebelia: `adamianma meore<br />
adamians, visi mokvlac mas surs, ar unda uTxras, `momeci Seni iaraRi, romliTac<br />
mogklav~, ara med `momeci Seni iaraRi~, da roca ukve iaraRs xelSi Caigdebs,<br />
survilic maSin unda aisrulos~. 19 aseTi rCevis Sesaferisoba maSinve<br />
gaxdeba naTeli, rogorc ki Cven im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac momavali<br />
totalitari liderebi Zalauflebis konsolodaciisTvis iyenebdnen.<br />
opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba<br />
politikuri konsolidaciis pirveli safexuria mowinaaRmdege partiebisa<br />
da damoukidebeli fraqciebis ganadgureba. ori mizezis gamo, mmarTveli<br />
partia erTaderTi legitimuri organizacia unda iyos saxelmwifoSi. Ppirveli,<br />
arsebobs tradiciuli SiSi, romelic yvela erTpirovnul mmarTvels<br />
awuxebs: nebis mieri opoziciuri jgufi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad patara<br />
an qmeduunaro moCans igi, mmarTvelisTvis potenciurad safrTxis matarebelia.<br />
Mmeore, politikur oponentTa ubralo arsebobac ki zRudavs saSinao<br />
da sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romlebic moZraobis ideologiis<br />
mieraa sanqcirebuli. Aamitom, politikuri opozicia yvela SesaZlo<br />
saSualebiT unda iqnes amoZirkvuli.<br />
leninma metoqe partiebis problema Zveli taqtikis _ gaTiSe da ibatones<br />
brwyinvale gamoyenebiT gadawyvita, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTerTi<br />
mowinaaR mdege partia (socialisti revolucionerebi) mis partiaze (bol<br />
Sevikebze) ufro didi popularobiT sargeblobda (erTerTi damkvirvebeli<br />
leninis taqtikas moixseniebs, rogorc saliamis taqtikas 20 , radgan is<br />
flobda gansakuTrebul unars, patara, magram potenciurad saSiSi jgufebi<br />
nawilnawil daeyo da ise gaenadgurebina). Amas Semdeg, rac axali revoluciuri<br />
sakanonmdeblo organo _ asamblea iqna arCeuli, leninma dominant<br />
socialistrevolucionerTa partiaSi ukve arsebuli ganxeTqileba imiT<br />
gazarda, rom mis marcxena frTasTan aliansi Seqmna. am aliansma lenins sa<br />
Sualeba misca, erTi mxriv, partiis SedarebiT zomieri frTisa da aseve sxva<br />
memarjvene partiebis winaaRmdeg ieriSze gadasuliyo, meore mxriv ki, sakmarisi<br />
samarTlebrivi mxardaWera Seeqmna, raTa Semdeg erTbaSad daexura<br />
asamblea. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, socialistrevolucionerebis marcxena<br />
frTasTan aliansi maSinve gawyda, rogorc ki is leninis interesebs aRar<br />
Seesabameboda.
134 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
leninis strategia opoziciuri politikuri partiebis daSliT ar Semoifargleboda.<br />
meore samiznes sabWoTa kavSiris glexobis mravalricxovani<br />
fena warmoadgenda, romelSic bolSevikTa liders Tavdapirvelad cota<br />
mxardamWeri hyavda. glexTa mxardaWeris nakleboba gansakuTrebiT mwvave<br />
problema samoqalaqo omis dros (191820 ww.) gaxda, rodesac sakvebisa da<br />
sxva ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebeli saSualebebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
simwire iyo. aAmis sapasuxod, leninma `soflebSi samoqalaqo omis<br />
dros Raribi glexebis ufro metad Raribebze gadamterebis gziT kidev erTi<br />
samoqalaqo omi gaaCaRa~ 21 , riTac Ziri gamouTxara politikur opozicias.<br />
leninis saliamis taqtika warmoadgenda mxolod erTerT meTods, romlis<br />
meSveobiT totalitarulma moZraobam oponentebi da mowinaaRmdege<br />
partiebi gaanadgura. Amisgan gansxvavebiT, mao Zeduns, garemoebaTa gamo, Tavis<br />
mTavar metoqesTan _ gomindanTan anu Can kaiSis mTavrobasTan _ xangrZliv<br />
partizanul omSi Cabma mouxda. hitlerma ki sruliad sxva strategia<br />
airCia. arCevnebSi nacisturi partiis mzardi warmatebebis, momxreTa didi<br />
odenobis, pirvelxarisxovani oratoruli unarebisa da Tavzardamcemi<br />
specrazmebis meSveobiT gaZlierebis fonze, man lodini arCia. 1933 wlisTvis<br />
xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis SiSisa da politikuri SezRudvebis<br />
moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT hitlerma germaniis kanclerad gaxdoma moaxerxa.<br />
rogorc ki Tanamdeboba daikava, man TandaTanobiT gazarda Tavisi Zalaufleba:<br />
pirvelad, sagangebo viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebiT,<br />
Semdeg samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis aRkveTiT, dabolos, germaniaSi realuri<br />
demokratiis aRmofxvriT.<br />
mxolod amis Semdeg, Zlieris poziciidan daiwyo man opoziciuri partiebis<br />
daxurva. maosgan gansxvavebiT, romelic opoziciuri Zalebs sam xedro<br />
ZaliT ebrZoda, hitlerma gaiZverobisa da kanonebis manipulirebis meSveobiT<br />
misi mo winaaRmdegeebi politikurad gaanadgura, xolo Semdeg ki saxelmwifos<br />
Zala maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis dasawyebad gamoiyena.<br />
partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi<br />
metoqeebisgan gawmenda<br />
wmenda absoluturi Zalauflebis gzaze bolo nabijia. politikuri wmendis<br />
gatarebisas totalitaruli mTavrobebi TiTqmis erTnair brals deben TavianT<br />
mowinaaRmdegeebs: saxelmwifosa da mmarTveli moZraobis winaaRmdeg<br />
ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. marTebulia Tu ara braldeba, amas arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba ar aqvs: isini ubralod `oficialuri~ mizezia totalitarul<br />
mmarTvelisaTvis, raTa gaanadguros is pirovnebebi, romlebic safrTxed an<br />
minimum politikur balastad aRiqmebian. amgvari `opozicionerebis~ karieruli<br />
daqveiTeba an ucabedi sikvdili sxvagvarad moazrovneebs uCvenebs,<br />
rom uzenaesi lideris winaaRmdeg wasvla Zalian Zviri jdeba.<br />
erTi avtoris dakvirveba, rom mao Zeduni `arasodes yoymanobda, misi<br />
mtrebi, [maT Soris] metoqe komunistebi, gomindanis aqtivistebi da miwaTmflobelebi<br />
gaenadgurebina,~ 22 SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT sxva
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
135<br />
totalitari mmarTvelebis dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca, amgvari wmendebis<br />
masStabi da sisastike sxvadasxva mmarTvelis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisagan<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. hitleri, magaliTad, partiaSi mowinaaRmdegeebs<br />
TiTqmis qirurgiuli sizustiT Catarebuli operaciebis Sedegad<br />
iSorebda. 1934 wlisTvis hitlers aRelvebda ramdenime misi momxris ganwyoba<br />
da qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT ernst romis. rogorc SAs (Sturmabteilung<br />
anu `moieriSe Zalebis~) xelmZRvaneli da kunTmagari adamianebis jgufis<br />
ufrosi, romlis mTavar mizans hitleris xelisuf lebaSi aRzevebisas politikuri<br />
oponentebis daSineba warmoadgenda, romi agrZelebda Zaladobrivi<br />
qmedebebis gatarebas maSinac ki, rodesac mTavrobaze fiureris sruli `legaluri~<br />
kontrolis daweseba TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. amas garda, hitlers<br />
surda SAs Secvla SSis (Schutzstaffel anu `uSiSroebis eSeloni~) ufro<br />
disciplinirebuli da sando legionebiT. yvela mcdeloba, rom romi da misi<br />
mxardamWerebi gegmas mihyolodnen, Caflavda. ase rom, hitleri romsa da<br />
partiis sxva wevrebs daupirispirda, romlebmac nacistebis xelisufle ba<br />
Si mosvlis saqmeSi sakvanZo roli Seasrules. fiureris brZanebiT, romis<br />
fraqcia 1934 ganadgurda. hitlerma mTeli incidenti Tavis politikur<br />
mtrebs gadaabrala da romis mkvlelobis faqtic Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena,<br />
germaniaSi mxar daWera gaimyara da saxelmwifos winaSe mdgar (misi mtkicebiT)<br />
uzarmazar safrTxeebze moaxdina koncentrireba.<br />
leninis mier ganxorcielebuli wmendebi ufro masStaburi iyo. 1921 wels<br />
yvela konkurenti partiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, man yuradReba im xalxze<br />
gadaitana, romlebic Tavad moZraobis SigniT mis liderobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen.<br />
profkavSirebis aTasobiT wevri da mravali mezRvauri, romelic<br />
adre bolSevikebis mxardamWerTa xerxemals Seadgenda, saidumlo policiam<br />
mokla, radgan maT Tavisufali profkavSirebi da arCevnebi moiTxoves. amis<br />
Semdeg, lenini bolSevikur partiaSi e.w. muSaTa opoziciur fraqcias gausworda,<br />
romelic moiTxovda, rom partias <strong>politika</strong> Seecvala da muSebisTvis<br />
TavianTi sawarmoebis kontrolis ufleba mieca. le ninma jgufs brali<br />
dasdo `fraqcionalizmSi~ da partiisa da revoluciis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi<br />
daadanaSaula. muSaTa opoziciuri jgufis wevrebi garicxul iqnen partiidan,<br />
magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom isini ar dauxocavT.<br />
amgvari, SedarebiT rbili aqciebi leninis memkvidres, ioseb stalins<br />
ar axa siaTebda, romelic, rogorc sabWoTa komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli<br />
(192453 ww.) politikuri mtrebis likvidaciaze ar yoymanobda. politikur<br />
mtrebze stalinis saboloo gamarjveba or faqtorze iyo damokidebuli.<br />
pirveli, man ostaturad aiTvisa leninis saliamis taqtika, romelsac<br />
lenini misi mowina aRmdege partiebis gasaCumeblad iyenebda, stalini ki<br />
Sidapartiuli metoqeebis winaaRmdeg. meore, stalinma Sidapolitikuri<br />
brZolebis gamorCeuli talanti gamoamJRavna. igi leninis viwro wreSi<br />
yvelaze ufro aqtiuri, mizandasaxuli da rkiniseburi nebisyofis mqone aRmoCnda.<br />
es faqtori 1924 wels leninis sikvdilis Semdeg atexil memkvidreobisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamodga.
136 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna<br />
totalitaruli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis uzarmazar organizaciul<br />
kont rols moiTxovs, radgan is sazogadoebis srul gardaqmnas cdilobs.<br />
Sesaba misad, man kontroli unda moipovos ekonomikaze, xelovnebaze, jarze,<br />
skolaze, mTavrobaze, mokled rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela<br />
aspeqtze. kontrolis miRma arafris datoveba da am kontrolis SesanarCuneblad<br />
arc erTi meTodis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba. rogorc nacisturi propagandis<br />
Sefma iozef gebelsma SeniSna, `Cven mier moxdenili revolucia totaluri<br />
revoluciaa...~ 23 sazogado ebis arc erTma aspeqtma _ arc politikurma<br />
partiebma, arc religiam, arc xelovnebam, arc ganaTlebam an akademiurma Tavisuflebam<br />
_ ar SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas. amgvar<br />
viTarebaSi totalitari lideris neba uzenaesia. kidev erTi nacisti maRali<br />
Tanamdebobis piris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yvela universitetis profesor<br />
Ta tvinebi rom sasworis erT pinaze davdoT, xolo meoreze _ fiurerisa,<br />
romeli gadawonis Tqveni azriT?~ 24<br />
totaluri kontrolis programis gansaxorcieleblad yvela qalaqsa da<br />
regionSi mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis yvela elementi erTgul momxreebs<br />
unda Cabardes. es procesi dokumenturad gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo aRwerili<br />
hitleris germaniaSi. 25 xelisuflebas CamoaSo res momcro qalaqebis Tanamdebobis<br />
pirebic, romlebic manamde sajarod mxars ar uWerdnen nacistebs, . amavdroulad,<br />
`xalxis uamravi mteri~ iqna `aRmoCenili~ da gestapos (saidumlo<br />
po licia) mier dauyovnebliv sastikad dasjili. sasjelis simkacres, gestapos<br />
yovlisSemZleobas da nacistebis mimarT gamovlenil mxardaWeras gansakuTrebul<br />
reklamas uwevdnen da mediiT da xalxSi xmebis gavrcelebiT azviadebdnen.<br />
moqalaqeebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT sastik xvedrSi, Tuki<br />
nacistebs SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. amdenad, daSineba da iZuleba nacistebis<br />
warmatebas didwilad uwyobda xels.<br />
teroris am taqtikis efeqturoba gvexmareba <strong>gavigoT</strong>, ratom gauwies mcire<br />
winaaRmdegoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, magram es srul suraTs<br />
mainc ar gvaZlevs.<br />
nacistebma Zalauflebis mopoveba daSinebis gziT SeZles, magram maT warmatebaSi<br />
Tavisi roli moralurma apaTiam da egoisturma interesebmac Seasrula.<br />
es azri, albaT, yvelaze kargad warmoaCina germaneli ltolvilis mier<br />
moTxrobilma namdvilma ambavma, romelic prestiJul frankfurtis universitetSi<br />
aswavlida. nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros universitets<br />
samagaliTo (da liberaluri) akademiuri dawesebulebis reputacia hqonda,<br />
sadac profesura mecnierebis, sindisis Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis<br />
erTguli iyo. 26 gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, Tu nacistebi SeZlebdnen<br />
frankfurtis universitetze seriozuli incidentebis gareSe kontrolis<br />
damyarebas, maSin isini daSinebis meTodiT sxva germanuli universitetebis<br />
damorCilebasac moaxerxebdnen. naciste bis oponentebi gansakuTrebiT imedovnebdnen,<br />
rom partias gauWirdeboda cnobili bioqimikosfiziologis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, romelic frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida<br />
da romlis akademiuri reputacia da humanizmi msoflio masStabiT iyo cno
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
137<br />
bili. universitetSi nacisti komisris daniSvnis Semdeg, yvela profesori da<br />
studenti mniSvnelovan krebaze daibares:<br />
axal nacist komisars dro ar daukargavs zrdilobian mimarTvebze.<br />
man dauyovnebliv gamoacxada, rom ebraelebs universitetis<br />
teritoriaze Sesvla aekrZalebodaT da xelfasis gacemis gareSe 15<br />
marts daTxovnilebi iqnebodnen. nacistebis xmamaRali antisemituri<br />
gancxadebebis miuxedavad, amas mainc aravin eloda. Semdeg man daiwyo<br />
Seuracxyofis, uwmawuri sityvebisa da samasoiani sityvebis tirada,<br />
romelsac barakebSic ki iSviaTad gaigonebdiT da akademiur samyaroSi<br />
_ veraso des. man rigrigobiT TiTi gaiSvira kaTedrebis gamgeebisaken<br />
da Tqva: `Tqven an imas gaakeTebT, rasac me getyviT, an sakoncentracio<br />
banakSi moxvdebiT~. misi laparakis Semdeg siCumem daisadgura. yvelani<br />
cnobil bioqimikosfiziologs elodnen.<br />
didi liberali fexze wamodga, xma Caiwminda da Tqva: `Zalian sainteresoa<br />
es yvelaferi, batono komisaro, da, garkveuli aspeqtiT,<br />
mravlismTqmeli, magram erTi ram mTlad kargad ver gavige. `fiziologiaSi<br />
kvle vebisaTvis ufro meti fuli gamoiyofa?~ amis Semdeg kreba<br />
Zalian male damTavrda, komisarma mecnierebs aRuTqva, rom sakmao<br />
fuli gamoiyofoda `rasobrivad sufTa mecnierebebisaTvis~. mxolod<br />
mcireodens eyo gambedaoba oTaxi TavianT ebrael kolegebTan erTad<br />
daetovebina, magram umravlesobam arCia distanciaze yofiliyo am<br />
adamianebisgan, romlebTanac sul ramdenime saaTis win megobroba<br />
akavSirebda~. 27<br />
amgvari adamianuri sisusteebi _ unebisyofoba, moraluri sibrmave da<br />
yve laferze maRla mdgomi egoisturi interesebi _ daSinebis sastik taqtikasTan<br />
erTad nacistebs SedarebiT uiolebda politikur xelisuflebaSi<br />
sakuTari partiis wevrebis moyvanas.<br />
sazogadoebis transformacia<br />
politikuri Zalis konsolidacia mxolod preludiaa totalitaruli sa <br />
xelmwifos arsebobis ufro gansakuTrebul safexurze gadasasvlelad _ saxelmwifoSi<br />
wamyvani politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT sazogadoebis transformirebis<br />
mcdelobis dasawyebad. es safexuri, zogadad, reJimis mier<br />
ekonomikis kontrolsa da saxelmwifos aqtiur dagegmvasa da intervencias<br />
moiTxovs. 28 imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos axali sazogadoebrivi wesrigis Seqmnis<br />
ganzraxva, reJimi xSirad miuTiTebs saqveynod gavrcelebul socialur<br />
usamarTlobaze, romelic yoveli revoluciis Semaferxebelia da ambobs,<br />
rom yovelgvari arastabiluroba qveyanaSi kontrrevolucionerebis, ja<br />
SuSebisa da diversantebis mieraa mowyobili.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi naTlad avlenen TavianT<br />
idumal maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamosaxaven im revo
138 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
luciur moZraobebs, romlidanac Tavad iReben saTaves. Kkarl fridrixma<br />
da zbigniev bJezinskim, am sakiTxebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma, totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqvsi Tviseba gamoyves. 29<br />
TiToeul saxelmwifos gaaCnia sakuTari ideologia, anu politikuri ideebis<br />
wyoba, romelic realobas uaryofs da saxelmwifos qmedebebs ga marTlebas<br />
uZebnis momavali bednieri cxovrebis saxeliT. Yyvela totalitarul saxelmwifos<br />
hyavs erTaderTi, ierarqiuli partia, romelic an xelisuflebazea<br />
gadaxlarTuli, an masze maRla dgas. yvela maTgani endoba saidumlo<br />
policias, romelsac surs da SeuZlia saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRmdeg<br />
teroris kampania awarmoos. Yyvela totalitaruli saxelmwifo inar Cunebs<br />
mWidro kavSirs SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da organizebu li Zaladobis sxva sa<br />
SualebebTan. Yaseve, yvela cdilobs ganaxorcielos monopolia masobrivi<br />
komunikaciis saSualebebze, romelic gamoiyeneba oficialuri propagandis<br />
gasavrceleblad. Ddabolos, yvela totalitaruli sazogadoeba ekonomikis<br />
centralizebul kontrols axorcielebs, romlis saSualebiTac cdilobs<br />
radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebi gaataros. arsebiTad, totalitaruli<br />
sa xelm wifos es maxasiaTeblebi saTaves iRebs revoluciuri moZraobebidan<br />
(lideroba, ideologia, organizacia, propaganda, Zaladoba), romelic axla<br />
ukve saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri administraciisa da transformaciis Semadgeneli<br />
nawili xdeba.<br />
sazogadod, saxelmwifos transformirebis mcdeloba winaswar dadgenil<br />
ideologiur instruqciebs mihyveba da iSviaTad ganicdis ufro pragmatuli<br />
mosazrebebis gavlenas. am safexurze totalitaruli reJimebi<br />
TavianTi ideologiis erTgulni rCebian da naklebad cdiloben, upasuxon<br />
praqtikul saWiroebebs. stalinis, hitleris, mao Zedunis politikuri karieridan<br />
aRebuli magaliTebi am Tvalsazrisis saukeTeso gamo xatulebaa.<br />
stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri<br />
politikuri mtrebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1928 wels stalinma sabWoTa<br />
ekonomikis koleqtivizaciasa da industrializacias Cauyara safuZveli.<br />
ekonomikaSi misi pirveli xuTwliani gegmiT (19281932 ww.) sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
istoriaSi ka taklizmebis periodi daiwyo. Semdegi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
milionobiT uda naSaulo adamiani gaagzavnes an daxoces muSaTa banakebSi.<br />
SedarebiT SeZlebul miwaTmflobelTa, e.w. kulakTa mTelma klasma arseboba<br />
Sewyvita. amas garda, sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis produqciis<br />
mTeli struqtura radika lu rad Seicvala.<br />
imisaTvis, rom <strong>gavigoT</strong>, Tu ratom daatexa stalinma sabWoTa regionebs<br />
aseTi kataklizmebi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT<br />
totali tarul saxelmwifoSi ideologiis gansakuTrebuli roli. stalinis<br />
pirveli xuTwliani gegma Zalian centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis<br />
Seqmnas iTva liswinebda, raTa sabWoTa ekonomika swrafad ganviTarebuliyo<br />
da mniSvnelo vanwilad Zalauflebis politikiT iyo motivirebuli. Tumca,<br />
faqtebi gveubneba, rom stalini amave dros ganviTarebuli industriuli
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
139<br />
sazogadoebis Seqmnis ideologiuri miznis WeSmaritad erTguli gaxldaT,<br />
romelic, Tavis mxriv, marq sizmleninizmis principebze iyo dafuZnebuli.<br />
Aam miznis ganxorcieleba marqsizms danarCeni msofliosTvis ara mxolod<br />
saCvenebel magaliTad gaxdida, aramed, agreTve, axladfexadgmul revolucias<br />
mtruli `kapitalisturi garemocvisagan~ daicavda. stalinma gadawyvita,<br />
rom erTaderTi saSualeba am sagmiro saqmis misaRwevad mZime mrewvelobaSi<br />
masiuri investireba iqneboda. amavdroulad, mogeba maqsimalurad<br />
unda gamowuruliyo soflis meurneobidan, ruseTis ekonomikis tradiciuli<br />
dasayrdenidan. Aaq marqsiszmleninizmis dogma batonobda: Ffermebis,<br />
cxovelebisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis kerZo mflobeloba unda ganadgurebuliyo<br />
da miwaTmflobeloba `koleqtivizebuli~ gamxdariyo. stalinis<br />
koleqtivizaciis gegmis mixedviT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis didi<br />
nawili did kooperatiul erTeulebSi ganaTavses, romlebsac kolxozebs<br />
(koleqtiur fermebs) eZaxdnen. maTi wevrebi mogebis danatovars iyofdnen<br />
mas Semdeg, rac mosavlis savaldebulo nawils Caabarebdnen saxelmwifos.<br />
savxozebSi (saxelmwifo meurneobebSi), glexebi xelfass iRebdnen.<br />
stalins sjeroda, rom am strategiiT industriis warmoeba gaormagdeboda<br />
an pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi sulac samjer gaizrdeboda.<br />
Sede gad, sabWoTa soflis meurneobam koleqtivizacia gaiara, raTa sabWoTa<br />
industrializacia daecva. soflad yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvriTa<br />
da koleqtiur fermebSi glexebis SerekviT, saxelmwifos SeeZlo politikuri<br />
kontrolis gazrda da drakonuli sagadasaxado sistemis danergva.<br />
`gadasaxadebi~ am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sakvebis mwir maragSi Senatanebs<br />
niSnavda, romelic industriuli muSebis mzardi armiis gamosakvebad da importirebuli<br />
kapitaluri saqonlis gasastumreblad gamoiyeneboda.<br />
am yvelafris fonze, stalinis koleqtivizaciam, imis miuxedavad, ramde <br />
nad Zviri jdeboda igi adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro civi,<br />
gaTvlili da maxinji ganzomileba SeiZina, sadac moraluri SezRudvebi ar<br />
arsebobda. rodesac gegma ganviTarda, stalini ara imdenad imiT Sewuxda, rom<br />
is bevri adamianis sicocxlis fasad jdeboda, aramed ufro imiT, rom gegmis<br />
Sesrulebas piri ar uCanda. erTerTi mizezi, Tu ratom ver imuSava am gegmam,<br />
iyo is, rom stalinma gadaWarbebuli zomis ganurCeveli Zaladoba da sisastike<br />
gamoiCina. daxoces an gadaasaxles ara mxolod kulakebi, aramed mTeli<br />
glexoba aRgaves miwisagan pi risa. vrceldeboda istoriebi, rogor dalies<br />
stalinis agentebma uzomo raodenobiT arayi da Semdgom mTeli soflebi gadacxriles,<br />
raTa qveyanas daundobeli rusuli zamTrisTvis gaeZlo. Bbevrma<br />
rusma glexma amjobina, nebayoflobiT gadaewva Tavisi mosavali da daexoca<br />
saqoneli, vidre stalinis agentebis miTiTebe bi Seesrulebina da maTTan eTanamSromla.<br />
Sedegi mosalodneli iyo. Mmiuxedavad saxelmwifos yovelgvari<br />
mcdelobisa, industriuli warmoeba Zalian nela viTardeboda, Tu amas saer<br />
Tod ganviTareba erqva. AamasobaSi SimSilma mTeli sof lebi gawyvita.<br />
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinma ar aRiara piradi damarcxeba. Mman ubra<br />
lod ugulebelyo SimSili da ukusvla, romelic misi ekonomikuri politikiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli da imis `dasamtkiceblad,~ rom realurad progresi<br />
mimdinareobda, statistika gaayalba. veravin bedavda es monacemebi kiTxvis
140 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
niSnis qveS daeyenebina. erTerTi eqspertis TqmiT, `stalinis reJimi daundobeli<br />
da Tanmimdevruli iyo: yvela faqti, romelic ar eTanxmeboda an naklebad<br />
eTanxmeboda mis Tvalsazriss _ monacemebi marcvleulis mosavalze,<br />
kriminalur viTarebebze, `kontrrevolucionerebis~ namdvil qmedebebze...<br />
ararsebul faq tebad iTvleboda.~ 30<br />
Tumca, stalini, romelic imaze wuxda, rom misi <strong>politika</strong> mas axal da<br />
farul mtrebs sZenda, ufro da ufro paranoiduli xdeboda. 1934 wels,<br />
rodesac pirveli xuTwliani gegma arcTu saxarbielo SedegebiT dasrulda,<br />
sabWoTa diqtatorma gamoacxada, rom man Sors mimavali miznebis mqone<br />
SeTqmuleba aRmoaCina, romelsac ucxoeTis agentebi da kontrrevolucionerebi<br />
axorcielebdnen, raTa sabWoTa ruseTSi kapitalizmi aeRorZinebinaT.<br />
am SeTqmulebis Teorias damajerebloba Seemata, rodesac sergei kirovi,<br />
leningradis partiuli organizaciis dinamiuri axalgazrda lideri, 1934<br />
wlis dekemberSi mokles. am incidents sastiki represiebi, uamravi Tavdasxma,<br />
moCvenebiTi sasamarTloebi, sikvdiliT dasja da masStaburi gadasaxlebebi<br />
mohyva. gakvriT iqna naTqvami, rom msxverplTa umetesoba e.w. leningradis<br />
centris wevrebi iyvnen.<br />
ra Tqma unda, `leningradis centrs~ arasodes uarsebia da arc stalinis<br />
Camosagdebad gamiznuli gegma moumzadebia vinmes (komunisturi partiis<br />
pir velma [generalurma _ mTargmn. Sen.] mdivanma nikita xruSCovma 1956 wels<br />
mianiSna, rom stalini Tavad idga kirovis mkvlelobis ukan). Tumca, am `gegmam~<br />
stalins uzarmazari Sansi misca imisaTvis, raTa `moRalateebis~, albaT,<br />
yvelaze didi, sisxliani wmenda moewyo istoriaSi. daakaves da daapatimres<br />
leninis Tavdapirveli wris gamoCenili liderebi, e.w. Zveli bolSevikebi.<br />
pirveli fazis dros, romelsac Semdeg didi terori uwodes (1934 wlis ianvridan<br />
1936 wlis aprilamde), komunisturi partiis wevrTa raodenoba daaxloebiT<br />
800 000 kaciT, anu 25 procentiT Semcirda. sabWoTa presa maT kicxavda,<br />
rogorc `mavneblebs, jaSuSebs, diversantebsa da mkvlelebs, romlebic<br />
partiuli baraTs efarebodnen da bolSeEvikebad iniRbebodnen~. 31<br />
stalinuri wmendebis meore faza (193638) gamoirCeoda cnobili saCvenebeli<br />
sasamarTloebiT, sadac Zvel bolSevikebs, partiis maRalCinosan liderebs<br />
saxalxod asamarTlebdnen da aiZulebdnen aRmaSfoTebeli `aRiarebebi~<br />
miecaT. Tumca, sasamarTloebi mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo. 1934 wlis<br />
meCvidmete partiuli yrilobis daaxloebiT 2000 delegatidan 1100ze meti<br />
(daaxloebiT 56 procenti) 19341938 wlebSi daxvrites. yrilobaze damswre<br />
1827 Tanamdebobis mqone delegatidan mxolod 35 procenti daeswro Semdgom<br />
yrilobas, romelic xuTi wlis Tavze gaimarTa. 1934 wels arCeuli partiis<br />
centraluri komitetis 139 wevris samocdaaTi procenti 1938 wlisTvis<br />
likvidirebuli iyo. 1939 wlis Tvis partiis aparati saguldagulod iyo<br />
gawmendili.<br />
wiTel armiaSi igive movlenebi xdeboda. didma terorma Seiwira sabWoTa<br />
kav Siris 5dan 3 marSali, 16idan 14 sardali, rvave admirali, 67dan 60 SenaerTis<br />
meTauri da 397 brigadis meTauris daaxloebiT naxevari. amas garda,<br />
81 umaRlesi rangis politikuri komisaridan mxolod 5 gadaurCa wmendas.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
meoce saukunis erTerTma yvelaze daun<br />
dobelma diqtatorma ioseb stalinma<br />
(18791953) saerTaSoriso komunisturi<br />
revolu ciis marqsisa da leniniseul sab<br />
WoTa mo dels `gadauxvia~, raTa `erT qveya<br />
naSi da em yarebina socializmi~. miznebisak<br />
en saval gza ze man masStaburi sikvdiliT<br />
dasja ga mo iyena da milionobiT adamiani<br />
monad aqcia gulagebSi (iZulebiTi Sromis<br />
banakSi).<br />
141<br />
aseve ar daundiaT dawinaurebuli muSebi. 1930iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
stalinma gaatara <strong>politika</strong>, romelic estafetis saxeliTaa cnobili,<br />
rodesac sabWoTa muSebis koleqtivizacia samuSao Zalis iZulebiT<br />
gawvevis gziT moxda. samuSao erTeulebi samxedro analogiiT iqmneboda<br />
da muSebi diviziebis msgavsad iyvnen organizebuli. am politikis Sedegad<br />
daibada e.w. gulagis arqipelagi, ukacriel adgilebSi aSenebuli monuri<br />
Sromis banakebi, romelsac sabWoTa saidumlo policia icavda da marTavda,<br />
sadac sazogadoebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT arasasurvel pirebs<br />
cxovrebas aiZulebdnen. gulagis sistemis meSveobiT rkinigzas, arxebsa<br />
da kaSxlebs aSenebdnen moSorebul da Znelad mi sadgom adgilebSi, sadac<br />
muSebi nebiT ar wavidodnen. gamoCenili rusi mwerlis, aleqsandre solJenicinis<br />
SefasebiT, romelmac banakSi arsebuli cxovreba aRwera, yovel mocemul<br />
momentSi am banakebSi daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani hyavdaT dapatimrebuli,<br />
romelTa naxevari politikuri patimari iyo. `zogierTebis<br />
gardacvalebis paralelurad~, SeniSnavs igi, `manqanas maTi Semcvlelebi<br />
moh yavda~. 32<br />
dabolos, meore msoflio omis dawyebis win stalini mwvervalze marto<br />
idga. mrewveloba ayvavebuli iyo, magram sabWoTa kavSiri yvelaferi iyo mu<br />
SaTa samoTxis garda. terorma didi politikuri cvlilebebi moitana, romlis<br />
drosac sabWoTa komunisturi partiis istoriis furclebze aRbeWdili<br />
mravali gamoCenili adamiani moRalated gamocxadda da saxalxo sasamarTloze<br />
warsdga. braldebulTa sia oqtombris revoluciis sapatio monawile<br />
Ta reestrs hgavda. umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvaneloba daTxovnil iqna,<br />
partiaSi Tanamdebobis pirTa wmenda moxda da `umweo masebi~ samrewvelo<br />
monobis doneze daiyvanes. marTalia, stalini 1953 wlamde _ sakuTar sikvdilamde<br />
marTavda qveyanas, magram misi sa xeli, pirvelyovlisa, 1930iani<br />
wlebis sisxlian wmendebTan asocirdeba.
142 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
hitleris germania<br />
mesame raixis dros (193345 ww.) nacionalsocialisturi (nacisturi)<br />
partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema ebraelebisa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad<br />
arasasurveli~ pirebis ganadgureba iyo da amis Semdeg `rasobrivad sufTa~<br />
ariuli sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelsac misi damaarsebeli adolf hitleri<br />
ganasaxierebda. rasizmma, romelic hitlers mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi<br />
akviatebuli hqonda, mas ubiZga germaniis cxovreba mTlianad Seecvala.<br />
mis mier nebadarTuli saSualebebi axla ukve cnobilia: sazogadoebis<br />
nacisturi ideologiis safuZvlebiT masobrivi indoqtrinacia; nacisturi<br />
partiis mkacri kontrolis qveS yola. germaniis cxovrebis wamyvan Zalad<br />
gadaqceva da sazogadoebis morCilebis uzrunvelsayofad saidumlo policiis<br />
anu gestapos intensiuri gamoyeneba da ekonomikaze, jarsa da masmediaze<br />
centralizebuli kontrolis daweseba.<br />
nacisturi ideologiisa da propagandis meSveobiT germanel xalxs Caunerges<br />
ebraelebis dasjis, omis saWiroebisa da sazogadoebis radikaluri<br />
trans formaciis idea. germanuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqti politizirebul<br />
iqna gestaposa da SSis teroris taqtikiTa da saxelmwifos mier mxardaWerili<br />
`kulturuli revoluciis~ meSveobiT, romelic gulisxmobda yvela<br />
im xelovanis, Jurnalistisa da mecnieris likvidacias, romelTa politikuri<br />
azris ndoba ar SeiZleboda. axali samTavrobo uwyebebi, maT Soris<br />
raixis literaturis, presis, mauwyeblobis, Teatris, musikisa da saxviTi<br />
xelovnebis palatebi erTaderT mizans emsaxureboda, moexdina `saxifaTo~<br />
werilobiTi an mxatvruli gamovlinebebis cenzuragafiltvra.<br />
musikis sferoSi germanuli xalxuri musika Caenacvla `dekadentur~ Tanamedrove<br />
da klasikur musikas, romelTaA avtorebi iyvnen ebrauli warmo<br />
Sobis kompozitorebi, magaliTad, feliqs mendelsoni da gustav maleri.<br />
aseve dagmobil iqna Tanamedrove mxatvrobac. nacistebis mmarTvelobisas<br />
arc li teratura iyo ukeTes dReSi. mesame raixis erTerTi istorikosis<br />
karl ditrih braxeris TqmiT:<br />
dausruleblad dgeboda Savi siebi da istoria Tavidan iwereboda...<br />
biblioTekebisa da wignebis maRaziebis `gawmenda~ garkveul problemebs<br />
qmnida, magram germanuli literaturis ganadgureba da TviTganadgureba<br />
ramdenime TveSi iqna miRweuli pirvelxarisxovani mwerlebis<br />
meore da mesame xarisxovani mjRabnelebiT CanacvlebiTa da<br />
saukeTeso mwerlebis gare samyarosTan kavSiris xelis SeSliT. 33<br />
xelovnebaze nacistebis Seteva imis maCvenebeli iyo, sadamde SeeZlo<br />
hitlers wasvla, raTa nacisturi Rirebulebebis propaganda momxdariyo.<br />
Tumca, germanuli cxovrebis verc erTma sferom ver gamoxata hitleris<br />
Tavdadeba axa li momavlisadmi ise, rogorc es saskolo sistemaSi moxda.<br />
rogorc braxerma aRniSna, `nacionalsocializmis mcdeloba Tavidanve<br />
mimarTuli iyo totalitaruli politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani instrumentebis<br />
_ propagandisa da ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT~. 34
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
143<br />
nacisturi partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema iyo ebraelTa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad<br />
arasasurvelTa~ ganadgureba da Semdgom `rasobrivad gawmendili~ ariuli<br />
eris Seqmna. 19331945 ww. nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni<br />
evropeli ebraeli daiRupa.<br />
nacisturi saganmanaTlebo <strong>politika</strong> sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad, skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi,<br />
romlebic eWvmitanilebi iyvnen hitleris, nacizmis an nacisturi `reformis~<br />
mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi, dauyovnebliv gaTavisufldnen dakavebuli<br />
Tanamde bobebidan. amis Semde, yvela akademiuri sagani gGaiJRenTa ideologiuri<br />
SinaarsiT. istoria gadaiqca `rasobriv istoriad~, biologia gardaiqmna<br />
`rasobriv biologiad~ da a.S. yvela sagani ise Seicvala, rom maTSi hitleris<br />
antisemituri ra sobrivi Teoriebi asaxuliyo. dRe ar gaivlida, rom<br />
moswavleebisaTvis is sa zareli rasobrivi Teoriebi ar eqadagaT, romlebic<br />
nacistur politikur wyobilebas amarTlebdnen. xSirad es Teoriebi gadajaWvuli<br />
iyo samxedro Zliere bis istoriebTan. faqtobrivad, yvela akademiuri<br />
sagans laitmotivad gasdev da ari elebis CamorCenil rasebze triumfis<br />
idea. dabolos, nacistebma daaarses specialuri skolebi, sadac partiis momaval<br />
elitas wvrTnidnen, maT Soris sam xedro liderebs, partiul muSakebsa<br />
da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. moswavleebi am skolebSi asakobrivi jgufisa da<br />
karieruli interesebis mixedviT iricxebodnen. maga liTad, adolf hitleris<br />
skolebSi swavlobdnen Tormetidan Tvramet wlamde axalgazrdebi, visac<br />
partiuli funqcioneroba surda. zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvela specskola<br />
garkveuli saxis ZiriTad kursebs aswavlida (maga liTad, rasobriv istoriasa<br />
da biologias) da aqcents samxedro varjiSebze akeTebda (amis magaliTia<br />
`saxelganTqmuli~ hitleruli axalgazrdoba).<br />
nacisturi saganmanaTleblo programa Zalze warmatebuli gamodga.<br />
erTi avtoritetuli pirovnebis azriT, `reJimis winaSe maswavleblebisa<br />
da mSob le bis kapitulaciis paralelurad axalgazrdebis indoqtrinaciac
144 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
warmatebulad mi dioda. axalgazrdobas, romelic heroikul legendebsa da<br />
SavTeTr ferebad gamartivebul samyaros suraTs advilad ijerebda, re<br />
Jimis gansacvifrebel xatebas gadascemdnen.~ 35 axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas<br />
aZlierebda kargad dagegmili zarzeimebi da ceremoniebi: `adreuli bavSvobidan<br />
maT aswavlidnen droSis awevas, aRlumebSi monawileobis miRebas,<br />
qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda sko lebze mauwyebloba, bavSvebi dahyavdaT<br />
salaSqrod.~ 36 STagoneba, propaganda da ara terori gaxda is instrumentebi,<br />
romlis meSveobiT mesame raixis bavSvebs axal wyobas aziarebdnen.<br />
savaraudod, yvelaze metad amgvari masobrivi STagonebis programam SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxada is, rom hitleri atarebda sastik rasobriv <strong>politika</strong>s,<br />
romlis kulminaciac holokosti iyo. Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, hitlerma<br />
an tiebrauli <strong>politika</strong> etapebad ganaxorciela, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />
winaze ufro radikaluri iyo. 37 pirvelad daiwyo imis gansazRvra, vin iyo<br />
ebraeli. amis Semdeg reJimma daiwyo ebraelebis germanuli cxovrebidan<br />
izolaciis kampania da maTi qonebis eqspropriacia. Semdgom, yvela ebraeli,<br />
romelmac qveyana 19331938 wlebSi ar datova, germanuli sazogadoebidan<br />
ZaliT gamoacalkeves da cnobil sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes. masobrivi<br />
deportacia win uswrebda meoTxe da saboloo etaps: yvela ebraeli kacis,<br />
qalisa da bavSvis ganadgurebas, viszec xeli miuwvdeboda mesame raixs.<br />
im dros, rodesac 1930ian wlebSi antiebrauli <strong>politika</strong> Zalas ikrefda<br />
germaniaSi, hitlerma germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela elementi<br />
Tavisi mkvlelobebis sqemaSi CarTo. biurokratia antiebraul brZanebebs<br />
adgenda da ganadgurebis procesisTvis aucilebel logistikur process<br />
gegmavda. germa nuli biznesi sargeblobda ebrauli qonebiTa da sakoncentracio<br />
banakebSi iZu lebiTi muSaxeliT. maSin, rodesac germania aRmosavle<br />
TiT miwebs ipyrobda, armiis specdanayofebi mTlianad CaerTvnen mkvlelobis<br />
operaciebis yvela aspeqtSi. dabolos, Tavad nacisturi partiis ierarqia<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda ganadgurebis mTliani programis dagegmvasa<br />
da warmarTvaSi. partiis naxevrad gasamxedroebuli organo SSi realurad<br />
xelmZRvanelobda sasikvdilo banakebSi daxocvis operaciebs.<br />
hitlerisTvis meore msoflio omi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom mTel evropa<br />
Si gaevrcelebina misi xedva wminda ariuli germaniis Sesaxeb. adrindeli<br />
tira nebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic oms teritoriis, Zalauflebis an<br />
didebis siy varulis gamo awarmoebdnen, hitleris motivacias radikalurad<br />
axal da revoluciur sazogadoebaze ocneba warmoadgenda. ase rom,<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac germaniis armia da mesame raixi damarcxebis piras iyo,<br />
hitleri kidev ufro Sors wavida ebraelebis ganadgurebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
sabolood, daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli iqna mokluli. adre arsebuli<br />
rasob rivad motivirebuli politikuri mkvlelobebi daCrdila holokostis<br />
barbarosobam, romlis Semoqmedi adolf hitleri `gabatonebuli<br />
rasis~ Camoyalibebas da Tavis warmosaxva Si arsebuli groteskuli samyaros<br />
Seqmnas cdilobda.
maos GineTi<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
145<br />
CineTSi mao Zedunis xelisuflebaSi mosvla revoluciuri brZolis epikuri<br />
magaliTia _ WeSmaritad masobrivi moZraoba Rarib sazogadoebaSi,<br />
sadac glexoba did umravlesobas Seadgenda. oc welze met xans (192749)<br />
mao sastik `erovnuli gaTavisuflebis oms~ awarmoebda gomindanis CineTis<br />
erovnuli partia _ mTargmn. Sen.) winaaRmdeg, romelsac Can kaiSi xelmZRvanelobda,<br />
xolo meore msoflio omis dros _ iaponiis winaaRmdeg. 1930iani<br />
wlebis Sua xanebSi mao iyo legendaruli Setevis lideri, romlis drosac<br />
partizanebis cudad gawvrTnilma razmma 6000 milis manZilze daipyro,<br />
daatyveva an gaanadgura Canis mravalricxovani da ukeT aRWurvili nacionaluri<br />
armia. 1949 wlisTvis, rodesac man sabolood moigo ukanaskneli gadamwyveti<br />
brZola da CineTis xelmZRvaneli gaxda, mao Zedunis `klasobri vi<br />
brZola~ CineTis masebis saxeliT or aTwleulze mets iTvlida.<br />
mao ara marto Tavisi revoluciuri gmirobiT amayobda, aramed Tavisi<br />
politikuri azrovnebiTac. im droisTvis mis `wiTel wignSi~ Setanilma<br />
`Tavmjdomare maos azrebma~ Cinur sazogadoebaSi wminda werilis statusi<br />
SeiZina. misma xedvam axali, uklaso saxelmwifosa da samagaliTo komunisti<br />
kadrebisa da amxa nagebis Sesaxeb, romelTac zneobrivad gadaxalisebuli<br />
sazogadoeba unda ganesaxierebinaT, dasabami misca radikalur <strong>politika</strong>s,<br />
romelsac icnoben saerTo saxeliT _ maoizmi.<br />
marTalia, maos msoflmxedveloba marqsizmis ZiriTadma postulatebma<br />
Camoayaliba, magram 1920ian wlebSi CineTi preindustriuli sazogadoeba<br />
iyo realuri proletariatis (sawarmoSi momuSave) an `monopolisti kapitalistis~<br />
gareSe, romelic marqsma `kapitalSi” aRwera. Cineli glexobis<br />
ubedureba fabrikebis bosebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed xarbi miwaTmflobelebi<br />
da biurokratebi, romelTac statusk vos, TavianTi Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis<br />
SenarCuneba aRelvebdaT. Cagruli umravlesobis gasaTavisufleblad<br />
xelisuf lebaSi myofni unda CamoegdoT. maos sjeroda, rom amgvari<br />
istoriuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebeli iyo `qvemodan~ Zaladobrivi<br />
revoluciis mowyoba. `politikuri Zalaufleba~, werda igi, `Tofis<br />
lulidan amodis.~ 38<br />
marqsizmis Cinur realobasTan adaptirebisas (anu `sinifikaciisas~) mao<br />
adidebda didi xnis manZilze Cagrul Cinel glexobas, romelsac komunisturi<br />
Rirsebebis matarebel modelad ganixilavda. misi azriT, Cineli glexebi<br />
`Raribebi da sufTebi~ iyvnen. maos sjeroda, rom vinaidan isini arasodes<br />
garyvnilan `burJuaziuli materia lizmiT~ da didi qalaqebis dekadansiT,<br />
maTi samagaliTo komunistebad gardaqmna ufro advili iyo, vidre maTi qalaqeli<br />
daxvewili TanamoZmeebisa. amgvarad, maom glexebi utopiuri, uklaso<br />
sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad aqcia, sadac eqspluatacia arasodes moxdeba da<br />
masebi harmoniasa da TanasworobaSi mdidrad icxovreben.<br />
am didebuli xedviT aRWurvilma maom 1949 wlis Semdeg CineTi erTgvar<br />
socialur laboratoriad aqcia. postrevoluciur wlebSi CineTis komunisturi<br />
partia da CineTis armia bihevioristul da biologiur inJineriaSi<br />
grandiozul eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. pirveli nabiji moicavda masobrivi
146 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
kampaniis warmoebas specifikuri borotebebis aRmosafxvrelad an imgvari<br />
arasasurveli socialuri elementebis gasanadgureblad, rogorebic iyvnen<br />
miwaTmflobelebi, kontrre volucionerebi da e.w. banditebi. am `gadasamzadebel<br />
kampaniebs~ Tan axlda yovlismomcveli miwis reformis programa,<br />
romelic sabolood CineTis soflis meurneobis mTliani koleqtivizaciiT<br />
dasrulda. rogorc wesi, rTulad gasatarebeli miwis reforma masobrivi<br />
propagandisa da fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis TanxlebiT ganxorcielda.<br />
1950iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi daiwyo stalinuri gegmis msgavsi industrializacia.<br />
maos mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda Tavisuflebisa da represiebis<br />
periodebi. 1956 wels, magaliTad, man gamoacxada asi yvavilis kampania,<br />
romelic mkacri socialuri wesrigis Serbilebas hpirdeboda mosaxleobas.<br />
rogorc partiis maRalCinosanma maSin ganacxada, `CineTis komunisturi<br />
partia cdilobs, rom asi yvavili ayvavdes ganaTlebuli muSebisaTvis da<br />
Seecdeba asi skola waaxalisos samecniero sferoSi... damoukidebeli azrovneba,<br />
Tavisufali debatebi, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba da kritika, adamianis<br />
mier sakuTari azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba~. 39 ise Canda, rom<br />
TviT partiis xelmZRvanelobis SezRuduli doziT kritikac nebadarTuli<br />
iqneboda.<br />
Can kaiSis kgomindanis winaaRmdeg erovnuli gaTavisuflebis warmatebuli<br />
omis garda, maos mmarTveloba 19491976ww. rogorc socialuri eqsperiment<br />
ebis siuxvis, aseve politikuri represiebis periodebiT xasiaTdeboda.<br />
Sedegma, mao gaakvirva. mTeli qveynis masStabiT oficialur <strong>politika</strong>s<br />
akritikebdnen. saxalxo protesti da antipartiuli demonstraciebi gamor<br />
Ceulad kritikuli iyo pekinis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswav lo<br />
dawesebulebebSi mTeli CineTis masStabiT. daiwyo gaficvebi da mcire ajanyebebi.<br />
Tavdapirvelad frTxilad gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ufro<br />
xma maRali gaxda. partiis Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeuli Tavdasxmebic<br />
moxda. asi yvavilis nacvlad, aTasobiT `sarevelam~ gaixara CineTis baRSi.<br />
maT amosaZirkvad mZlavri kampania daiwyo. partiis oficialurma saxalxo
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
147<br />
yoveldRiurma gazeT ma saxis SesanarCuneblad ganmarteba gaavrcela, rom<br />
asi yvavilis mTeli kampania saxelmwifos mtrebis gareT gamosatyueblad<br />
Catarda.<br />
retroperspeqtivaSi asi yvavilis kampania ubralo moTelva iyo maos<br />
didi naxtomis win (195760ww.). didi naxtomi atyorcnis gamorCeuli mcdeloba<br />
iyo _ CineTi, masobrivi mobilizaciis saSualebiT, `sruli komunizmis~<br />
safexurze unda aetyorcnaT.<br />
maom wamoiwyo ssazogadoebrivi transformaciis programa, romelic im<br />
rwmenaze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom adamianis nebisyofas SeuZlia obieqtur movlenebze<br />
gaimarjvos, rac, Tavis mxriv, CineTSi gavrcelebuli siRa ribidan,<br />
gaunaTleblobisa da garemoze damokidebulebidan iRebda sa Taves.<br />
CineTis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris jon king ferbenkis TvalsazrisiT:<br />
1958 wels didi naxtomis strategiis ganviTareba iyo is, risi mofiqrebac<br />
partizanebs SeeZloT. maT iswavles kampaniis warmoeba da xalxis<br />
mobilizeba, raTa im konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis mieRwiaT,<br />
romlebic omSi poziciebis dakavebas waagavda _ samxedro terminologiis<br />
gamoyeneba aq swored rom upriania. kampaniis mTeli meqanizmi axla<br />
ukve ekonomikuri transformaciisken, soflis meurneobisa da warmoebis<br />
erTdrouli ganviTarebisken, dualizmis strategiis anu rogorc<br />
mao ambobda `or fexze siarulisken~ iyo mimarTuli, raTa daenergaT<br />
Tanamedrove warmoebis procesebi da mieRwiaT ganviTarebisTvis... CineTis<br />
komunistur partias surda CineTis soflebis CamorCenilobiTa<br />
da damatebiTi muSaxeliT sargebloba. maoistebs swamdaT, rom ideologiuri<br />
motivacia ekonomikur Sedegebs moitanda, rom axali suliskveTeba<br />
materialuri waxalisebis gareSe gamoiyenebda adamianuri<br />
energiis aqamde auTvisebel resursebs. 40<br />
didi naxtomis Yyvelaze ufro naTeli da dramatuli simbolo uTvalavi<br />
komunis daarseba iyo, romlebic SedarebiT did, damoukidebel da TviTkmar<br />
socialur, ekonomikur da administraciul erTeulebs warmoadgendnen.<br />
Pkomuna lurma miwebma STanTqa kerZo sakuTreba, magaliTad, qvabi, ta fa<br />
da sxva saojaxo nivTebi saerTo moxmarebis nivTebad gadaiqca. Aamas garda,<br />
ferbenki SeniSnavs:<br />
bevri glexi garkveul dros uzarmazar mouwesrigebel derefanSi Wamda<br />
saWmels. Yyvela muSa kontroldeboda. Yyvela valdebuli iyo TveSi<br />
28 dRe emuSava, bavSvebs dRisiT ZiZebTan tovebdnen. Aes yvelaferi Zalian<br />
efeqtiani unda yofiliyo soflisTvis, mTeli muSaxe li, maT Soris<br />
qalebi, mzad unda yofiliyvnen sruli datvirTviT emuSa vaT. 41<br />
ratom damkvidrda gansakuTrebuli sazomebi, romlebic maos grandiozul<br />
koncefciasTan asocirdeboda? Fferbenkis TqmiT: `imedi hqondaT, rom<br />
Sedegad aSendeboda soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli qalaqebi, sadac
148 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
is gaproletarebuli glexebi icxovrebdnen, romlebic sakuTari miwidan<br />
iyvnen amoZirkvulni~ _ amasTan, arsebobda zogadi Sexeduleba, rom saxelmwifos<br />
unda gaezarda muSaxelze kontroli da Seecvala glexebis damokidebulebebi.<br />
42<br />
swrafi naxtomi gadaiqca totalur saSinelebad, radgan Tavadac cudad<br />
mofiqrebuli iyo da bunebac, rogorc Canda, xels ar uwyobda. 1950iani<br />
wlebis bolos da 1960iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CineTma sakvebis didi nakleboba<br />
da mousavlianoba ganicada. mxolod 1960 wels qveynis mTliani erovnuli<br />
produqti erTi mesamediT Semcirda. momdevno aTwleulis pirvel xanebSi<br />
maos Zalaufleba da gavlena SedarebiT Sesustda. Tumca, es amosunTqvis<br />
mxolod mcire periodi iyo.<br />
19661969 wlebSi diadma proletarulma kulturulma revoluciam<br />
CineTis sazogadoeba Zirfesviand Searyia. danarCeni samyarosTvis es revolucia<br />
saukunis erTerTi yvelaze araordinaluri movlena iyo. is maos<br />
yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba gaxldaT, romlis mizanic revuliciuri suliskveTebis<br />
gacocxlebaSi, burJuaziuli kapitalizmisa da CineTis religiurkulturuli<br />
tradiciis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobda.<br />
kulturuli revolucia ori etapad warimarTa: pirvel etapze CineTis<br />
cxovrebaSi arsebuli yovelgvari `dekadenturis~ Camorecxva moxda. Dam mizniT,<br />
maom yvela skola daxura da Tavis axalgazrda mimdevrebs, romelTac<br />
wiTel gvardias uwodebdnen, mouwoda biurokratiuli xelisuflebisa da<br />
damkvidrebuli privilegiebis bastionze ieriSi mietanaT. mTeli qveynis<br />
masStabiT milionobiT maoisti axalgazrdis mier mowyobili gamosvlebi<br />
mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi aSinebda da arTobda garesamyaros. Tumca, im<br />
droisTvis, rodesac qaosi da dabneuloba dasrulda, revoluciis am fazam<br />
miaRwia imas, rac maos ganzraxuli hqonda: wiTelma gvardiam `respublikis<br />
biurokratiuli institute bis umravlesoba daangria da maT xelisuflebasa<br />
da gamocdilebas Zala daukarga~. 43 wmendebma, sajaro damcirebebma, dasjam<br />
da marTulma anarqiam xalxi gatanja. taZrebi da istoriuli simdidreebi ganadgurebuli<br />
iyo, iseve, rogorc partia, mTavroba da SeiraRebuli Zalebi.<br />
mosalodneli iyo, rom Kkulturuli revoluciis meore etapi nakleb<br />
warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre pirveli. Mmeore etapisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
pirveli metwilad negatiuri iyo im gagebiT, rom mis mizans arsebul sazogadoebriv<br />
da politikur wesrigSi erTgvari arasasurvili elementebis ganadgureba<br />
warmoadgen da. meore etapi pozitiuri qmedebisaken mouwodebda,<br />
raTa warsuli wyoba axliTa da ukeTesiT Secvliliyo. samwuxarod, ekonomika,<br />
gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Zlier Seryeuli iyo. skolebi, romelic maos<br />
axali revoluciuri wyobisaTvis daixura, aRar gaxsnila Tveebis an wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. Sedegad, Cineli axalgazrdobis mTelma Taobam ver SeiZina<br />
is codna da unarebi, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebad ekonomikas aseri gad<br />
sWirdeboda.<br />
kulturuli revoluciis saboloo fasis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.<br />
Tumca erTi faqti naTelia: maos dauRalavi mcdeloba, daemtkicebina, rom<br />
adamianis buneba ukiduresad moqnili iyo da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis<br />
srulyofac dausruleblad SeiZleboda, politikuri realobis kldovan na
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
149<br />
pirs Seejaxa. 1976 wels misi sikvdiliT Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri<br />
istoriis unikalu ri Tavi dasrulda.<br />
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi<br />
stalinuri ruseTis, hitleruli germaniisa da maos CineTis garda, arseboben<br />
sxva totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa dasaxeleba da Seswavla<br />
upriania. marTalia, am naklebtotalitaruli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba<br />
gaq ra an reJimebis mmarTveloba ufro Serbilda, magram maTi saqmianobis<br />
Sedegad saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi Rrma Wrilobebi da rTuli memkvidreoba<br />
darCa.<br />
pol poti kambojas (saxeli gadaerqva da kampuCia ewoda) 1975dan 1979<br />
wlamde marTavda. is da misi momxreebi cdilobdnen radikalurad gansxvavebu<br />
li sazogado e bis Seq mnas, romelic glexobidan SerCeuli kadrebis sada<br />
da spartanul cxovrebaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Zveli wyobilebis yvela<br />
nakvalevi, dawyebuli kalendridan da dasrulebuli ojaxiT, ganadgurda.<br />
pol potma 1978 weli `nulovan wlad~ gamoacxada, rac absurdi iyo, magram<br />
erTgvarad Seesabameboda im SeEdegs, rac misi xanmokle mmarTvelobis bolos<br />
miiRo qveyanam: am wlebSi daixoca 2 milioni kambojeli (7.5 milioniani<br />
mosaxleobidan). isini wmendebis, SimSilis an gasamarTlebis msxverplni<br />
gaxdnen.<br />
totalitari mmarTvelis meore magaliTia eTiopieli mengistu haile<br />
ma riami, romelic qveyanas 1970iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlis maisamde<br />
meTaurobda. men gistu saxelmwifos reorganizacias xalxis diviziebSi gaerTianebi<br />
Ta da ltolvilTa banakebSi ganTavsebiT Seecada, raTa mTavrobas<br />
maTi intensiuri TvalTvalis, propagandis da STagonebis saSualeba miscemoda.<br />
misma mcde lobebma qveynis soflis meurneoba daangria da SimSili<br />
gamoiwvia. marTalia, dasavleTma scada eTiopiaSi bavSvebs sakvebiT daxmareboda,<br />
magram Tavad eTiopiis mTavroba am sakiTxiT aSkarad naklebad iyo<br />
dainteresebuli. maSin, rodesac mi si xalxi SimSilobda, mengistu pompezur<br />
samxedro aRlumebs atarebda, xorbals mezobel saxelmwifoebze yidda da<br />
miRebul Semosavals iaraRis Sesyidvaze xarjavda. 1991 wlis maisSi, roca<br />
misi mTAvroba ajanyebulebis koaliciurma Zalebma alyaSi moamwyvdies, mengistu<br />
qveynidan gaiqca.<br />
totalitari mmarTvelebi mTel msoflioSi modiodnen xelisuflebis sa<br />
Ta veSi. fidel kastro, romelic 1959 wlidan kubis lideria, yvelaze xangrZlivadaa<br />
am Tanamdebobaze. [2008 wels, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, fidel<br />
kastrom qveynis prezidentis posti Tavis Zmas raul kastros gadasca.<br />
mTargmn. SeniSvna.] 1994 wlamde CrdiloT koreas rkiniseburi xeliT mar<br />
Tavda kim ir seni da misi sikvdilis Semdeg es qveyana kvlav totalitarul<br />
saxelmwifod darCa. aziaSi bevrgan, magaliTad CineTsa da vietnamSi, kvlav<br />
iyeneben arademokratiul, adreuli totalitaruli reJimebis meTodebs.
150 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
1979 wlis ianvris revolu ciis Sem deg aia<br />
Tola ruhola xomeinis (19001989) xe l mZR<br />
vanelobiT ira ni Te ok ratiad gardaiqmna,<br />
romelic fundamen talisturi Siituri mus<br />
limuri principebiT ima rTeboda.<br />
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRiniSna, totalitaruli reJimebi sxva<br />
dasxva formas iReben, amis magaliTia iranis fanatikuri me marjvene fundamentalisti<br />
lideri aiaTola ruhola xomeini (197989). xomeinim irani<br />
Teokratiad gardaqmna, mmarTvelobad, romelic religiazea da fuZnebuli da<br />
romelsac sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvaneloben. sabolood iranSi cxovrebis<br />
arc erTi aspeqti ar darCenila mTavrobis kontrols miRma. maswavleblebi,<br />
saxel mZRvaneloebi, ganaTleba, garToba, samarTlebrivi sistema, arSiyoba<br />
da seqsualuri qcevac ki fundamentalistur islamur Sexedulebebs<br />
daumorCiles. reJimma omi gamoucxada sajaro moxeleebs, inteleqtualebs,<br />
saSualo klasis profesionalebsa da mewarmeebs da yvela maT, vinc Tanamdrove<br />
dasavluri cxovrebis wess da kulturas aRiarebda.<br />
xomeneis iranma totalitarul mmarTvelobasTan asocirebuli mravali<br />
Tviseba gamoamJRavna: sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdeloba, diqtatura, romelic<br />
usityvo erTgulebas, morCilebasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda, yovlismomcveli<br />
kredo, romelic awesrigebda, xsnida da asabuTebda sa xelmwifos<br />
qmedebebs, presis cenzura da saidumlo policia, saCvenebli sasamarTloebi,<br />
dasja da wminda omebi. iranis magaliTi kargad aCvenebs, rom totalitarulma<br />
reJimebma, demokratiulisa da tradiciuli diqtatorulis msgavsad, SeiZleba<br />
msoflios sxvadasxva wertilSi sxvadasxva saxe miiRon, mag ram amavdroulad<br />
hqondeT saerTo arsi.<br />
totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni<br />
totalitarul reJimebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli<br />
miznebi da saSualebebi aqvT. Tuki amgvari saxelmwifoebis miznebi xSirad
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
151<br />
RvTivkurT xeulad aris warmodgenili, am miznebis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli<br />
saSualebebi _ institucionalizebuli dasja, wmenda da genocidebi _ eSmakiseulia.<br />
mravali damkvirveblis azriT, nacisturi germaniis sasikvdilo<br />
banakebi da stalinuri ruseTis samuSao banakebi meoce saukunis totalitarizmis<br />
arss ganasaxiereben. es faqtebi gviCvenebs, rogori warmoudgeneli<br />
saSinelebebi SeiZleba gan xorcieldes totalitaruli diqtaturis mmarTvelobisas,<br />
radgan mTAavrobas araferi upirispirdeba Zaladobisa da Tundac<br />
TviTganadgurebis ukiduresi formebis gzaze.<br />
totalitarul represiebis adamianuri msxverplis mokrZalebul Sefasebebs<br />
gvTAavazobs politologi s.u. kasineli hitleris, stalinisa da maos<br />
miseul SedarebiT analizSi. kasinelis TqmiT, `sami revoluciis saxeliT,<br />
daaxloebiT, 110 milioni adamiani daiRupa, xolo fizikuri da fsiqologiuri<br />
tanjva, romelic maT gamoiwvies, adamianur warmodgenas scildeba.~ 44<br />
kasinelis TqmiT, es cifri, romelic meore msoflio omis msxverplsac<br />
moicavs, SesaZloa, realurad naklebi iyos. 45 Semdgom mopovebulma mtkicebulebebma<br />
misi eWvebi daadastura. Tumca, kasinelis mier dasaxelebuli raodenoba<br />
orzec rom gavyoT, monacemebi mainc gansacvifrebelia.<br />
omSi daRupulTa ricxvma `germaniasa da avstriaSi 6 milions miaRwia,<br />
xolo sabWoTa kavSirSi _ 20 milions da erTad aRebul danarCen evropul<br />
saxelmwifoebSi _ 10 milions, rac jamSi 36 milioni gamodis.~ 46 hitleris<br />
<strong>politika</strong>m daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraelis daxocva gamoiwvia,<br />
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT araebraelebze, romelTac hitleri `sazogadoebrivad<br />
arasasurvelad~ miiCnevda. mTlianobaSi, pirdapir Tu iribad adolf<br />
hitleris <strong>politika</strong>s daaxloebiT 42 milioni adamiani Seewira.<br />
1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da misi Semdgomi periodi aranaklebi<br />
msxverp liT gamoirCeodAa. 19181923 wlebSi daaxloebiT 3 milioni sabWoTa<br />
moqalaqe daiRupa tifis, dizinteriisa da qoleris Sedegad, daaxloebiT<br />
9 milionze meti ugzoukvlod daikarga. mravali maTgani 1921 wels Zlieri<br />
gvalvebis gamoc daiRupa, magram umravlesobis sikvdilis mizezi pirdapir<br />
Tu iribad, <strong>politika</strong> iyo.<br />
1920iani wlebis bolos stalinis titanuri industrializaciis periodSi<br />
kulakebi, rogorc klasi, ganadgurda. amas garda, meore damRupveli<br />
SimSilobis periodi daiwyo 1930iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tu koleqtivizaciis<br />
adreuli etapis msxverplT SimSiliT gardacvlilebs davamatebT,<br />
19291934 wlebSi daRupulTa ricxvi ramdenime mi lions aRwevs.<br />
Tumca, yvelaze didi saSineleba jer kidev win iyo. 1934 wlis Semdeg, stali <br />
nis masobrivi wmendebi _ istoriis, albaT, yvelaze sisxliani terori _ gadaizarda<br />
1 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqis mkvlelobaSi da damatebiT 2 milionma `klasobrivma<br />
mterma~ suli dalia cimbirSi arsebul iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi. arc<br />
1938 wlis didi wmendebis Semdeg dasrulebula politikuri angariSsworebebi,<br />
ramac meore msoflio omTan erTad, sabWoTa sazogadoebas uzarmazari Zala<br />
daakargvina. kasinelis gamoTvlebiT, 1938dan 1950 wlamde iZulebiT samuSao<br />
banakebsa da cixeebSi, savaraudod, 12 milioni adamiani mokvda. mTlianobaSi<br />
stalini (da SedarebiT naklebi xarisxiT lenini) pasuxismgebelia milionobiT<br />
udanaSaulo daucveli moqalaqis sikvdilSi, romelTaTvisac `revoluciuri
152 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
samarTali~ samuSao banakebSi nel sikvdils an sadamsjelo aTeulis mier nasrol<br />
tyvias niSnavda.<br />
maoisturi revolucia, msxverplTaA raodenobis mixedviT, ufro `mokrZalebulad~<br />
gamoiyureba, vidre nacisturi an sabWoTa revoluciebi, Tumca,<br />
19271949 wlebSi, CineTSi daaxloebiT 50 000 adamiani daiRupa. maTi sikvdilis<br />
faqtebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo komunisturi kontrolis<br />
qveS moqceul teritoriebze miwis mflobelebisa da mdidari glexebis ganadgurebasTan.<br />
1949 wels komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1957 wlis `didi<br />
naxto mis~ programamde araerTi masobrivi kampania daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri<br />
ZalebTan sabrZolvelad. kasinelis TqmiT:<br />
1949 wlidan 1952 wlamde mimdinare miwis reformis programam ueWvelia,<br />
rom ramdenime milioni `miwismflobeli~ da msgavsi kategoriis<br />
adamiani Seiwira. kontrrevolucionerebis winaaRmdeg 195152 wlebSi<br />
warmoebuli kampaniis gamo, damatebiT milionnaxevari adamiani daiRupa;<br />
banditebis ganadgurebis kampaniis dros, romlis mizans fizikuri<br />
winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexva warmoadgenda, 1949dan 1956 wlamde<br />
uamravi adamiani daiRupa. 195153 wlebSi `sami anti~ da `xuTi anti~ kampaniebis<br />
da 195859 wlebSi antimemarjvene kampaniis Sedegad uamravi<br />
mkvleloba moxda. dabolos, 1957dan 1967 wlamde soflis meurneobis<br />
koleqtivizacias Tan axlda mniSvnelovani danakargebi. zusti informacia<br />
ar arsebobs da saxalxo respublikis pirvel aTwleulSi adamianuri<br />
danakargebis Sesaxeb xSirad informirebuli pirebis varaudebic<br />
naklebia. daaxloebiT 12 milioni sicocxle mokrZalebuli, magram realisturi<br />
Sefasebaa. 47<br />
es monacemebi ar exeba gaWirvebisa da qonebis dakargviT ga mo wveul sikvdilianobas,<br />
romelic yvelaze xSiri iyo 1950ian wlebSi gan xorcielebuli<br />
`di di naxtomis~ dros xalxis sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrisas.<br />
`kulturuli revolucia~ (196669) CineTis istoriis kidev erTi sisxliani<br />
epizodi iyo, Tumca, daRupulTa zusti monacemebis mopoveba Seu<br />
Zlebelia. gacilebiT didi iyo CineTis gulagis sistemis Sedegad gamowveuli<br />
danakargi. savaraudod, 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa iZulebiT samuSao<br />
banakebSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad. roca kasineli politikur mkvlelobebs<br />
ajamebs da mas `sxvadasxva mizeziT gardacvlil 1 milions amatebs~,<br />
is gansacvifrebel monacemamde midis: `daaxloebiT 33.5 milioni.~ 48<br />
marTalia, am ricxvis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram is arsebul faqtebs Seesabameba.<br />
TviT is faqti, rom aRniSnuli ricxvi daujerebeli ar Cans, metyvelebs<br />
amgvari mkvlelobebis masStabebze.<br />
rogorc wesi, totalitarul reJimebs ar surT imis aRiareba, rom nebismieri<br />
mizani _ zneobrivi Tu uzneo _ politikurad miuRwevelia. SesaZloa,<br />
swored am Zalze mcdari koncefciebis Semowmebis surviliT aixsnas is paTologiuri<br />
Zaladoba, romliTac totalitaruli mmarTveloba gamoirCeva.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba<br />
153<br />
adgili ar gveyofa imisaTvis, rom srulad aRvweroT meoce saukunis yvela<br />
totalitaruli reJimis mier Cadenili Zaladoba da despotizmi. Tumca,<br />
mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom omebSi, revoluciebsa da sistematur saxelmwifo<br />
terorSi monawileobiT, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi pirdapir<br />
Tu iribad pasuxismgeblebi arian adamianTa uzarmazari raodenobis<br />
sikvdilsa da wamebaSi.<br />
totalitaruli reJimebi xSirad xmamaRla acxadebdnen pretenzias TavianTi<br />
arsebobis xangrZlivobasa da sicocxlisunarianobaze. magaliTad,<br />
hitleri Tavis imperias aTaswlovans eZaxda. Uufro da ufro meti samxili arsebobs<br />
imis savaraudod, rom totalitaruli reJimebis arseboba xanmoklea.<br />
isini scenaze dramatulad Cndebian, Semdeg Zalian maleve sakuTar Tavs<br />
amowuraven xolme. yvelaze didxans, totalitaruli reJimebi maTi revoluciuri<br />
liderebis sikvdilis Semdeg ramdenime aTwleuls Zleben. ratom<br />
xdeba ase?<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis uecari aRsasruli SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />
sxva erebTan fatalurma omebma, magaliTad gamodgeba meore msoflio omSi<br />
mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier hitleris damarcxeba. agreTve, konkretuli<br />
qarizmatuli da warmatebuli lideris sikvdilma _ magaliTad, stalinis<br />
an maosi _ SeiZleba daaCqaros spiraliseburi daRmasvla. uRimRamo<br />
memkvidreebma, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven Zalisa da teroris<br />
meSveobiT da ara Se TanxmebiT, SeiZleba is ekonomika, mora luri Zala da<br />
politikuri idealizmi daasuston, romlebsac legitimuri politikuri<br />
Zalaufleba realurad efuZ neba. Aamdenad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva<br />
gamowveuli iyo, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom xangrZlivad gagrZelda<br />
ekonomikuri daRmavloba da xalxSi reJimisa da politikuri ideebisadmi<br />
rwmena mTeli qveynis masStabiT daikarga. Ees iyo `totalitarizmis<br />
daRmasvlis~ periodi. 49 Ooficialuri ideologiisadmi (ko munizmis) rwmenis<br />
Sesabamis dakargvas dRes, rogorc Cans, adgili aqvs Ci neTSic.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarizmis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />
sul raRac samocdaaTi weli gagrZelda, xolo CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi<br />
ki TiTqmis xuTi aTeuli wlis Semdegac xeluxlebelia, istoriuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT es periodebi mainc xanmoklea. samwuxarod, gamocdileba<br />
gviCvenebs, rom totalitaruli diqtaturis mcire xniT arsebobac ki didi<br />
zianis momtania.<br />
daskvna<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi utopiuri xedvis realizebasa da axali<br />
politikuri wesrigis Seqmnas cdiloben. Aavtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis<br />
msgav sad, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi arademokratiulebi arian. EreJimis<br />
es ori forma mniSvnelovani TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ker
154 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
Zod, tota litaruli saxelmwifoebi mosaxleobis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis<br />
totalur gakontrolebas eswrafvian da amomrCevlisagan moiTxoven aqtiur<br />
monawile obas da ara pasiur Tanxmobas.<br />
gasuli saukunis samma totalitarulma saxelmwifom (sabWoTa ruseTi,<br />
nacisturi germania, maoisturi CineTi) ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuri<br />
gaiara. Ppirveli etapi Zaladobrivi revoluciebis periodia. warmatebuli<br />
revoluciisTvis xuTi arsebiTi elementia saWiro: qarizmatuli lideri,<br />
ideologia, organi zeba, propaganda da Zaladoba. Mmeore safexurze, romelic<br />
totalitaru li lideris xelSi Zalauflebis konsolidacias gulisxmobs,<br />
opoziciuri partiebi nadgurdeba, partiis erTguli pirebi sakvanZo adgilebs<br />
ikaveben da spoben partiis realur an warmosaxul mtrebs. Mmesame etapze<br />
xdeba sazogadoebis sruli transformaciis mcdeloba. 1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />
stalinma pirveli xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. Nnacistur<br />
germaniaSi hitleris mizanma, moexdina `rasobrivi wmenda~, gaamarTla totalitaruli<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba, romelmac kulminacias meore msoflio omsa<br />
da holokostSi miaRwia. Mmaoistur CineTSi sazogadoebis transformirebis<br />
pirveli mcdeloba `didi naxtomi~ gvian 1950ian wlebSi damarcxda, Tumca mas<br />
`kulturuli revolucia~ (196669) mohyva.<br />
totalitarizmis mier gamowveuli adamianuri danakargi yovelgvar<br />
sa zRvrebs scildeba. Aarsebuli statistikis gadamowmeba xSirad ar xerxdeba,<br />
Tumca yvelaze uxeSi gaangariSebiTac rom vimsjeloT, meoce saukunis<br />
totalitarulma eqsperimentebma milionobiT adamians moutana<br />
wameba da sikvdili.<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mravalgvari formiT Cndebian da aranairi<br />
garantia ar arsebobs, rom amgvari saxelmwifoebi momavalSi aRar gamovlen<br />
asparezze. realurad, axlaxan avRaneTSi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebuli<br />
Talibebis reJimi kvalificirdeba, rogorc totalitarizmis axali forma,<br />
romelmac masobrivi religiis (islamis) damaxinjebuli forma politikur<br />
ideologiad gamoiyena.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
totalitarizmi<br />
masobrivi moZraoba<br />
rektifikacia<br />
gancalkevebis kunZulebi<br />
WeSmariti morwmune<br />
ujredebi<br />
centraluri komiteti<br />
partiuloba<br />
propaganda<br />
saliamis taqtika<br />
momindani<br />
wmenda<br />
gestapo<br />
kulakebi<br />
koleqtivizacia<br />
partiis yriloba<br />
gulagis arqipelagi<br />
asi yvavilis kampania<br />
didi naxtomi<br />
diadi proletaruli kulturuli<br />
revolucia<br />
Teokratia
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
155<br />
1. ra ganasxvavebs totalitarizms mmarTvelobis sxva arademokratiuli<br />
for mebisagan?<br />
2. ra aris saWiro warmatebuli sayovelTao revoluciebisTvis?<br />
3. rogor axerxeben totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi Zalauflebis konsolidacias?<br />
4. ra aris totalitaruli mmarTvelobis sistemis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi?<br />
5. ra iyo stalinis mTavari mizani sabWoTa sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdelobisas<br />
1930ian wlebSi? ra meTodebs iyenebda amisTvis?<br />
6. rogor da ratom cdilobda hitleri germanuli sazogadoebis<br />
gardaqmnas?<br />
7. ra motivacia arsebobda didi naxtomisa da kulturuli revoluciis ukan?<br />
ra meTodebs iyenebdnen maoistebi? rogori sazogadoeba warmoedginaT<br />
maT?<br />
8. adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, ra `Rirs~totalitarizmi?<br />
9. `totalitarizmi dasrulda hitleris, stalinisa da maos sikvdiliT~. axseniT<br />
es fraza.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959),<br />
123.<br />
2. C.W. Cassinelli, Total Revolution: A Comperative Study of Germany, the Soviet<br />
Union under Stalin and China under Mao (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1976),<br />
225.<br />
3. gansazRvreba ekuTvnis hans buqheims, citirebulia Leonard Shapiro, Totalitarianism<br />
(New York: Praeger, 1972), 104.<br />
4. Carl Friedrich da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy,<br />
me2 gamocema (New York: Praeger: 1966), 88.<br />
5. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 231.<br />
6. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 279-339.<br />
7. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New<br />
York: Harper & Row, 1951), 104-105.<br />
8. iqve, 86.<br />
9. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper& Row,1961),<br />
12.<br />
10. citirebulia Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 16.<br />
11. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Holt, 1972), 181.<br />
12. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 172.<br />
13. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, mTargm. R. Manheim<br />
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 179-180.
156 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />
14. iqve, 182.<br />
15. citirebulia David Shub, Lenin (Baltimore: Pelican, 1966), 62.<br />
16. E.Kohr Bramstedt, citirebulia Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism<br />
(New York: Harcourt,1951), 333.<br />
17. iqve.<br />
18. iqve, 335336.<br />
19. citirebulia Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Seattle: University of Washington<br />
Press,1968), 9.<br />
20. Latey, Patterns of Tyranny, 100.<br />
21. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 103.<br />
22. iqve, 186.<br />
23. citirebulia Bracher, German Dictatorship, 257.<br />
24. iqve, 187.<br />
25. W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The experience of a Single German Town,<br />
1930-1935 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965).<br />
26. Peter Drucker, “The Monster and the Lamb” Atlantic (December 1978): 84.<br />
27. iqve.<br />
28. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 374.<br />
29. iqve, 910.<br />
30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (Orlando: Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), xiv.<br />
31. ix. Stalin, Mastering Bolshevism, 10; citirebulia Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is<br />
Ruled, ganaxlebuli gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964),<br />
435.<br />
32. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (New York: Harper &<br />
Row, 1974), 595.<br />
33. Bracher, German Dictatorship, 258.<br />
34. iqve, 259260.<br />
35. iqve, 262.<br />
36. iqve.<br />
37. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 31.<br />
38. Mao Zedong, Selected Works (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1960-1965), 224.<br />
39. Franz Michaels and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World (New York:<br />
Holt, 1964), 479.<br />
40. John King Fairbank, The United States and China, me4 gamocema (Cambridge,<br />
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 409.<br />
41. iqve, 413.<br />
42. iqve.<br />
43. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 195.<br />
44. iqve, 243. rasakvirvelia, monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.<br />
MmagaliTad, rumeli, romelic sxva kriteriumebs iyenebs, hitleris,<br />
Lleninstalinis da maosTvis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul ricxvebs<br />
asaxelebs. Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli mTliani monacemi 105.5 milioni<br />
mokluli adamiani sakmaod axlosaa kasinelis gamoTvlebTan. ix. R.<br />
J.Rummel, Death by Government. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1996 ), 8.<br />
45. magaliTad, manamade gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis 1.5 milioni gverdi
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />
157<br />
(britaneTis mier meore msoflio omis dros gadaWerili germanuli Setyobinebebi,<br />
iseve, rogorc axladgamomzeurebuli rusuli dokumentebi)<br />
cxad yofs, rom hitlerma savaraudod 7 milionamde ebraeli gawyvita (gansxvavebiT<br />
xuTieqvsi milionisa, rogorc amas kasineli da sxvebi varaudobdnen).<br />
Aix. aseve 47e SeniSvnis komentari.<br />
46. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 46.<br />
47 iqve, 186. kasinelis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg aRmoCenili axali faqtebi<br />
cxadyofs, rom es monacemebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aRniSnul<br />
periodSi moklul adamianTa ricxvs. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT,<br />
19591962 wlebSi, mxolod SimSilobis Sedegad, sul mcire 30 milioni<br />
Cineli daiRupa. SimSilobis ZiriTadi mizezi maos <strong>politika</strong> iyo, romlis<br />
mixedviT Cinel glexebs sakuTreba waarTves da komunebad daasaxles. ix.<br />
Jasper Becker, Hungry Goasts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1997).<br />
48. iqve, 187.<br />
49. lakori am koncefcias sabWoTa kavSirs argebs, gansakuTrebiT totalitarizmis<br />
Sesaxeb TavSi. ix. Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed, Reflections on<br />
the Soviet Union (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 77-95, 84.
158
n a w i l i I I<br />
Camoyalibebuli<br />
da ganviTarebadi<br />
demokratiebi<br />
Tavi VI<br />
saparlamento demokratia<br />
Tavi VII<br />
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval<br />
periodSi: axali demokra -<br />
tiebi da aRmocenebadi<br />
bazrebi<br />
Tavi VIII<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebi:<br />
demokratia Tu diqtatur?<br />
159
160<br />
Tavi VI<br />
saparlamento<br />
demokratia<br />
didi britaneTi: nimuSi<br />
Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma<br />
xeli suflebaSi yofnis ganusazRv reli<br />
vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi<br />
ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi? SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara britanuli institutebis<br />
`gadanergva~?<br />
demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva<br />
safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis<br />
winaaRmdeg<br />
mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli<br />
politikuri partiebi konstitucia<br />
qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo<br />
sistema muSaobs Tu ara demokratia<br />
safrangeTSi?<br />
germania: federalizmi militarizmis<br />
winaaRmdeg<br />
vaimaris respublika gayofili germania:<br />
civi omis mini modeli gaerTianebuli<br />
germania: demokratiis triumfi<br />
germanuli federalizmi aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba sakanonmdeb lo xelisufleba<br />
politikuri partiebi<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi<br />
kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?<br />
iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba<br />
konsensusis qveyanaSi.<br />
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali<br />
konstitucia saparlamento demokratia:<br />
garegnuli da realuri partiuli<br />
sistema politikur cvlilebaTAa<br />
Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasa marTlo<br />
xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?<br />
saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi<br />
indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika<br />
prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo<br />
xe lisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da nak lovanebebi konstituciebi<br />
da konteqstebi
saparlamento demokratia<br />
161<br />
konstitucionalizmis cneba (igive kanonis uzenaesoba) Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli<br />
britanul istoriaSi. Tumca, amerikis `dawerili~ konstitucia<br />
mkveT rad gansxvavdeba britaneTis `dauwereli~ konstituciisagan, romelic<br />
efuZneba precedentebs, kanonebs, tradiciebs, da aseve saparlamento uzenaesobis<br />
princips.<br />
maSin roca amerikuli saprezidento sistema racionaluri gansjisa da<br />
azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnil da furcelze gadatanil erTgvari `wesdebis~<br />
praqtikul ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, brita nuli saparlamento sistema<br />
britaneTis politikuri cxovrebis mdidar gamocdilebas efuZneba. britaneTis<br />
politikuri institutebi ganviTarda da TandaTan Camoyalibda samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis erTgvar `laboratoriaSi,~ am ukanasknelis evoluciis<br />
paralelurad. amrigad, britanul `konstitucias~ aqvs sakmaod Rrma istoriuli<br />
fesvebi. britanuli saparlamento sistemis organuli bunebidan gamomdinare,<br />
ismis logikuri kiTxva _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gadanergva<br />
da adaptireba sxva sazogadoebebSi? Tumca, vidre am sakiTxs gavarkvevT,<br />
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis britanuli<br />
formis Taviseburebebi.<br />
didi britaneTi: nimuSi<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis amerikuli eqsperimenti warmoadgenda evropul<br />
avtokratiul tradiciasTan mkveTr gamijvnas, ramac axali politikuri<br />
Teoriebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoSva. magaliTisaTvis, `federalists~<br />
ar gaaCnia britanuli analogi. Tumca, britanuli demokratiis<br />
erTgvari Teoria SesaZloa amoikribos da Seikras edmund berkis (17291797)<br />
werilobiTi naSromebisa da gamosvlebis Sesabamisi fragmentebisagan. berkma<br />
detalurad daaxasiaTa britaneTis politikuri ganviTarebis uwyveti<br />
jaWvi, romlis drosac ekonomikuri Tanasworobisken gadadgmul nabijebs<br />
Tan axlda politikur TavisuflebaTa sferos gafarToeba. monarqiis Sesustebis<br />
paralelurad, britaneTis xelisufleba TandaTan ufro demokratiuli<br />
gaxda da saparlamento sistemisken gadaixara. aseve TandaTanobiT<br />
damkvidrda is tradicia, rom britaneTis monarqi avtomaturad amtkicebda<br />
parlamentis mier arCeul premierministrs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, premierministrma,<br />
rogorc xelisuf lebis qmediTma meTaurma, Caanacvla monarqi.<br />
dReisaTvis, britaneTis premierministri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
eqskluziuri ganmkargavia, maSin roca monarqi mxolod nominaluri figuraa.<br />
Sereuli wyoba<br />
me17 saukunidan britaneTis saparlamento sistema iqca pirvel magali<br />
Tad aristoteles mier daxasiaTebuli Sereuli reJimisa, sadac sxvadasxva<br />
klasebs sxvadasxva institutebi warmoadgenen. me19 saukuneSi parlamentis
162 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
mzardi upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, miuTiTebda im<br />
faqtze, rom parlamentis ori palata warmoadgenda britanuli sazogadoebis<br />
sxvadasxva klasis interesebs. lordTa palata warmoadgenda tradiciuli<br />
mmarTveli klasebis interesebs, maSin roca TemTa palata, Tavisufali<br />
arCevnebis gziT, TandaTanobiT iqca amomrCevelTa sul ufro farTo wreebis<br />
interesebis gamomxatvelad.<br />
didi britaneTis Sereulma reJimma, sxvadasxva klasTa Soris garkveuli<br />
politikuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, istoriulad Seuwyo xeli<br />
stabi lurobas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, es klasebi SesaZloa Riad dapirispirebodnen<br />
erTmaneTs da safrTxe SeeqmnaT mTlianad politikuri sistemisaTvis.<br />
dReisaTvis bevri ram Seicvala. is, rasac xSirad britanul `keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifos~ uwodeben, faqtobrivad SemosavalTa gadanawilebis kargad<br />
gamarTuli sistemaa, romelic miznad isaxavs farTo saSualo klasis Camoyalibebas.<br />
Zlieri da mravalricxovani saSualo klasis ganviTarebam azric<br />
ki daukarga ekonomikurad gancalkevebuli klasebis interesTa tradiciul<br />
warmomadgenlobas, Tumca, konservatuli da leiboristuli partiebi mainc<br />
agrZeleben `maRali~ da `dabali~ socialuri jgufebis interesTa lobirebas.<br />
am tendencias TvalsaCinod asaxavs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
mandatis mqone TemTa palatis istoriulad mzardi upiratesoba aristokratiul<br />
lordTa palatasTan SedarebiT. lordTa palata Sedgeba 1100 warmomadgenlisagan,<br />
romelTac gaaCniaT aristokratiuli titulebi (rome lic<br />
ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT gadaecemaT), magram maTgan mxolod 300mde<br />
monawileobs aqtiurad palatis muSaobaSi. 1 lordTa palatam faqtobrivad<br />
aRiara TemTa palatis upiratesoba 1911 da 1949 wlebis saparlamento<br />
aqtebis damtkicebiT, romelTa mixedviTac lordTa palatas ar ZaluZs<br />
TemTa palatis mier miRebul kanonebze vetos gavrceleba (mas SeuZlia<br />
maqsimum erTi wlis vadiT mxolod gaaWianuros kanonis ZalaSi Sesvla).<br />
ZalauflebaTa Serwyma<br />
britanuli saparlamento sistemis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba,<br />
anu premierministri da kabineti, dakompleqtebulia TemTa palataSi<br />
xmaTa umravlesobiT gamarjvebuli partiis liderebiT. arCevnebis<br />
Semdeg, gamarjvebuli partia asaxelebs axali kabinetis wevrebs (ministrebs),<br />
romelTac amtkicebs parlamenti da niSnavs dedofali. amgvarad yalibdeba<br />
axali mTavroba. mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis<br />
Camoyalibebasa da wardgenaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis yvela<br />
wevrs, maT Soris opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT sruli<br />
ufleba gaakritikon an sulac saeWvo gaxadon sakanonmdeblo iniciativis<br />
marTebuloba, mTavrobas faqtobrivad garanti rebuli aqvs sakanonmdeblo<br />
programis damtkiceba, radganac britanul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris erTgvarovani<br />
umravlesoba.<br />
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba moqmedebs britanuli sistemis<br />
msgavsad, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos
saparlamento demokratia<br />
163<br />
erTgvarovan umravlesobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis mizezi gaxlavT<br />
is, rom saparlamento mmarTvelobis qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo struqtura<br />
dakompleqtebu lia xuTieqvsi sxvadasxva konkurenti politikuri partiiT,<br />
gansxvavebiT britaneTisagan, sadac mxolod ori ZiriTadi partiaa warmodgenili.<br />
Tavis mxriv, mravalpartiul parlamentebSi, xSirad arc erT partias<br />
ar aqvs xmaTa aSkara umravlesoba imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos mTavroba. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba koaliciis Seqmna (ori an meti partiis SeTanxmebiT<br />
da ZalTa gaerTianebiT). zo gierT SemTxvevaSi koaliciuri mTavroba<br />
sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobs, zogjer _ ver amarTlebs. uares SemTxveva<br />
Si, ise rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSia, saparlameto mmarTveloba SesaZloa<br />
iyos arastabiluri da qaosuric ki.<br />
xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi<br />
rodesac 1997 wlis maisSi britaneTis premierministri leiboristi toni<br />
bleri gaxda, igulisxmeboda, rom igi am funqcias momdevno xuTi wlis vadiT<br />
an ufro naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebda. am mimarTebaSic, britanuli<br />
da amerikuli sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. aSSSi saprezidento<br />
arCevnebi yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeba, xolo kongresis (sakanonmdeblo<br />
organo) warmomadgenelTa palata yovel or weliwadSi erTxel<br />
mTlianad gadairCeva, iseve rogorc senatis erTi mesamedi (rotaciulad).<br />
britanul sistemaSi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi faqtobrivad ganusaz<br />
Rvrelia. parlamenti savaldebulod yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel unda gadairCes,<br />
Tumca premierministri uflebamosilia daniSnos vadamdeli arCevnebi,<br />
Tu miiCnevs, rom mocemul momentSi eleqtoratis ganwyoba mmarTveli<br />
partiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia. amis msgavsad, sakanonmdeblo<br />
organosac SeuZlia iZulebiT daiTxovos mTavroba, misTvis `undoblobis~<br />
gamocxadebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, an axali mTavroba yalibdeba Sesabamisad<br />
axali SemadgenlobiT, an dedofali daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs axal<br />
arCevnebs.<br />
axali arCevnebis daniSvnis uflebamosileba britanul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
prerogativaa, radgan is zrdis mmarTveli partiis Sansebs gaixangrZlivos<br />
xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi dadgenil xuT weliwadze meti<br />
xniT. premierministrma margaret tetCerma zedmiwevniT kargad gamoiyena<br />
amgvari SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, 1983 wels _ premierministrobis meo<br />
Txe weliwads _ britanuli partiotizmis erTgvari aRzevebis fonze, rac<br />
provocirebuli iyo folklendis kunZulebis krizisiTa da misi Tanmdevi<br />
xanmokle omiT argentinasTan, man warmatebiT moaxerxa mmarTveli konservatiuli<br />
partiis mandatis gaxangrZliveba damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT. Semdgom,<br />
1987 wels _ isev xelisuf lebaSi meore vadiT yofnis oTxi wlis Tavze<br />
_ man gamoacxada vadamdeli arCevnebi da mmarTveloba kidev damatebiT xuTi<br />
wlis vadiT gaixangrZliva. premierministris funqciis vadaze adre Sewyveta<br />
SesaZloa sxva mizeziTac iyos gamowveuli. kerZod, Tu politikuri<br />
zewola an daZabuloba matulobs, politikuri liderebis Secvla SesaZloa
164 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavli gaxdes. 1992 wels premierministr<br />
margaret tetCeris reitingi mkveTrad daeca qveyanaSi mis mier Zalze<br />
arapopularuli da, bevris azriT, regresuli da usamarTlo individualuri<br />
gadasaxadis mxardaWeris gamo. tetCeri sakuTari partiis SigniTac<br />
mwvave kritikis obieqtad iqca. man arCevnebSi damarcxebas partiis liderisa<br />
da premierministris postis datoveba arCia, mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ki<br />
mis mierve xeldasxmul jon meijors gadasca. margaret tetCers britane<br />
Tis premierministris Tanamdeboba uwyvetad aT weliwadze met xans ekava,<br />
rac am postze yofnis yvelaze xangrZlivi vadaa. konservatorTa (`torTa~)<br />
partiam meijoris TaosnobiT bevris gasaocrad moigo momdevno arCevnebi,<br />
Tumca mcire _ cxra saparlamento mandatis upiratesobiT, ramac `torTa~<br />
mTavrobas SeunarCuna da gauxangrZliva xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 1997<br />
wlis gazafxulamde, roca `tetCeris epoqa~ leiboristTa STambeWdavma<br />
gamarjvebam daasrula.<br />
margaret tetCeris gadadgoma partiis lideris postidan ar yofila uprecedento.<br />
1940 wels konservatori premierministri nevil Cemberleni gadadga,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi partia kvlavac warmoadgenda aSkara umravlesobas<br />
TemTa palataSi. magram, miunxenSi adolf hitlerTan daTmobebze wasvlis gamo,<br />
misi popularoba da reitingi xalxSi imdenad daeca da imdenad Seirya misTvis<br />
miniWebuli `ndobis~ mandati partiis SigniT, rom premieri iZulebuli gaxda<br />
ganze gamdgariyo da posti daetovebina. Tumca, amis Semdgom axali arCevnebi ar<br />
daniSnula, radgan konservatorebs parlamentSi myari umravlesoba hqondaT<br />
da partiis erTerTma gamorCeulma warmomadgenelma TemTa palataSi, uinston<br />
CerCilma, warmatebiT SeZlo britanelTa mobilizeba misi pirovnuli qarizmis<br />
irgvliv.<br />
arsebobs sxva garemoebebic, ramac vadamde, anu dadgenil xuT wlamde,<br />
mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu umravlesobis partia gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli xdeba, an mTavroba<br />
gaexveva raime skandalSi, opozicias SeuZlia isargeblos zemoT naxsenebi<br />
undoblobis votumis uflebiT. am uflebis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv,<br />
moiTxovs umravlesobis rigebidan ramdenime ukmayofilo an mTavrobis<br />
politikiT gaRizi anebuli wevris gadmobirebas da maTi xmebis daxmarebiT,<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba mTavrobis iZulebiT daTxovna. rogorc wesi, roca kabineti<br />
gadadgeba, premierministri mimarTavs dedofals, daiTxovos parlamenti<br />
da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. amgvari ram xSiria mravalpartiul saparlamento<br />
sistemebSi, Tumca did britaneTSi axlo warsulSi es ar momxdara.<br />
dabolos, aris kidev erTi mizezi, ramac SesaZloa mTavrobis vadaze adre<br />
daSla gamoiwvios. amgvari viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, roca umravlesobas<br />
Zalze umniSvnelo upiretesoba aqvs parlamentSi da mesame partiis<br />
mcire warmomadgeloba or ZiriTad partias Soris balansisa Tvis kritikul<br />
mniSvnelo bas iZens. magaliTad, germaniaSi msgavsi viTareba grZeldeba ukve<br />
ocdaaT weliwad ze met xans. mTavrobas SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi<br />
Seeqmnas xelisuflebis stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT an sulac daiSalos,<br />
Tu misi `umcrosi partniori~ meryeobs, icvlis mxareebs an mniSvnelovani<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars acxadebs mxardaWeraze.
`disciplinebuli~ partiebi<br />
saparlamento demokratia<br />
165<br />
britanuli saparlamento sistemis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. disciplinebuli<br />
partiebis arseboba. amgvari partiebi, midrekilni arian<br />
koordinirebuli qmedebebis, erTsulovani xmis micemis principebisken da<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikuli partiebisagan, romlebic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, uf ro decentralizebulni, naklebad mkacrad struqturizebulni da<br />
individeb ze orientirebulni arian. amrigad, britaneTSi konservatuli da<br />
leiboristuli partiebi inarCuneben mdgrad partiul platformebs, romlebic<br />
gansxvavebul filosofiur da tradiciur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba:<br />
kerZod, erTi _ konservatul Rirebulebebsa da biznesze, xolo meore socialistur<br />
ideebsa da muSaTa klasze orientirebul tradiciul politikur<br />
Zalas warmoadgens.<br />
parlamentSi arCevnebis Sedegad mosuli umravlesoba, iRebs ra qveynis<br />
marTvis sadaveebs xelSi, Tavisi wevrebisagan moiTxovs erTsulovan mxardaWeras<br />
saarCevno programis ganxorcielebaSi. parlamentis im wevrebs<br />
(umravlesobidan), romlebic mTavrobis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan kanonproeqts<br />
mxars ar dauWeren, partiis ukmayofileba emuqrebaT, rac ZiriTadad<br />
gamoixateba momdevno arCevnebSi am pirebis partiuli siidan amoRebaSi.<br />
`ukompromisoTa~ mxolod Zalze mcire ricxvi axerxebs am riskis Tavidan<br />
acilebas.<br />
Tumca, mkacri partiuli disciplina sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom parlamentis<br />
wevrebi arasdros gadadian dawesebul zRvars iqiT da sakuTar<br />
xmas ar iyeneben opoziciuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad, an kidev<br />
imas, rom naklebad pompezurma wevrebma yovelTvis uyoymanod Tavi unda<br />
uqnion kolegebs ama Tu im sakiTxis kenWisyrisas da xma miscen mis sasargeblod.<br />
magaliTisaTvis, maT SeuZliaT Zalze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSic<br />
ki, warmatebiT gamoiyenon xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo wevrebs ki SeuZliaT sruladac ganudgnen partias<br />
da Seqmnan axali politikuri organizacia. es praqtikaSi iSviaTad<br />
xdeba, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani politikuri gadajgufebebi<br />
da cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis dasaw yisSi amgvar SemTxvevas hqonda<br />
adgili. kerZod, tradiciuli liberalu ri partia (vigebi) daCrdila da<br />
faqtobrivad Caanacvla mzardi popularobis mqone leiboristulma partiam,<br />
romelmac warmatebiT SeZlo britaneTis muSaTa klasis angariSgasawev<br />
politikur Zalad mobilizeba. 1980iani wlebis dasawyisSi, parlamentis<br />
zogierTma imedgacruebulma leiboristma wevrma datova partia da<br />
Camoayaliba socialdemokratiuli partia, romelic 1987 wlis zafxulSi<br />
SeuerTda Zvel liberalur partias (da Seqmna e.w. aliansi), romelic politikuri<br />
centris dakavebas Seecada. 1990 wels socialdemokratiuli partia<br />
sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiSala.<br />
Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs am saparlamento sistemaSi<br />
e.w. `misi aRmatebulebis /dedoflis/ erTguli opozicia~, rogorc mas xSirad<br />
uwodeben did britaneTSi? imdenad, ramdenadac umravlesobis partias<br />
xelewifeba sasurveli sakanonmdeblo programis `gatana~ parlamentSi sa
166 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
kuTari xmebis meSveobiT, opoziciur partiebs, anu umciresobas, limitirebuli,<br />
Tumca ara umniSvnelo funqciis Sesruleba uwevs. isini akritikeben<br />
umravlesobis mier warmodgenil iniciativebs da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, gavlenasac<br />
axdenen Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze. maSinac ki, rodesac opoziciuri<br />
partiis gavlena umniSvneloa, misi kritika ZiriTadad safuZvliania da<br />
pasuxismgeblobiT ganmsWvaluli, radgan oponentebi `sakuTar Tavze fiqroben,<br />
rogorc momdevno xelisuflebaze, da `keTilgonieri opozicia~ moqmedebs<br />
im farglebSi, romelsac imedovnebs, rom aseve ar gadaaWarbeben misi<br />
momavali oponentebi, roca ZalTa ganlageba Seicvleba.~ 2 aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
britanul saparlamento tradiciaSi opoziciis cneba aranair stigmas ar<br />
ukavSirdeba. rogorc loialur opozicias, umciresobis wevrebs miaCniaT,<br />
rom maTi movaleobaa mTavrobis kritika. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:<br />
britanul politikur cxovrebaSi ukve tradiciad iqca, rom unda arsebobdes<br />
partia, romelic ayalibebs mTavrobas, iseve rogorc partia,<br />
romelic ayalibebs opozicias da romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens<br />
alternatiul mTavrobas. organizebuli opozicia axla ar iTvleba<br />
sabotaJur an moRalateobriv Zalad. 1973 wlidan, opoziciis lideri<br />
iRebs specialur gasamrjelos sajaro fondidan da xalxi xSirad saubrobs<br />
`misi aRmatebulebis opoziciaze~, radgan opoziciis arseboba<br />
moiazreba, rogorc dedoflis xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili. 3<br />
ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?<br />
aSSsagan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTi umaRlesi xelisuflebis piri (prezidenti)<br />
erTdroulad aris saxelmwifos meTauri da mTavrobis meTauri, didi<br />
britaneTi inarCunebs gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis tradicias,<br />
romelic yofs am or funqcias. britaneTis saxelmwifos meTauri aris<br />
gvirgvinosani monarqi. dedofali elisabed IIs, `savaraudod msoflios<br />
yvelaze cnobil adamians,~ ukve xuT aTwleulze metia britaneTis samefo<br />
taxti uWiravs. rogorc saxelmwifos nominaluri meTauri, monarqi ZiriTadad<br />
ceremoniul rols asrulebs saxel mwifo cxovrebaSi, uZRveba erovnul<br />
dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebul saxalxo zeimebsa da ceremoniebs, awyobs<br />
diplomatiur miRebebs elCebisa da sxva qveynebis meTaurTaTvis, garkveul<br />
saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebze warmoadgens saxelmwifos. monarqi nacionaluri<br />
simbolo da erTianobis wyaroa, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos da<br />
ara xelisuflebas.<br />
britaneTis xelisuflebis realuri meTauria saparlamento sistemis<br />
sayrdeni figura _ premierministri, romelic kabinetis ZiriTad wevreb Tan<br />
erTad (xSirad uwodeben Sida kabinets), gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sa ga <br />
reo <strong>politika</strong>s. erovnuli <strong>politika</strong> muSavdeba mTavrobis ZiriTadi gundis<br />
mier, romelic Semdgom waredgineba mTlianad kabinets. kabinetis is wevrebi,<br />
romlebic kritikul sakiTxebsa Tu sakvanZo gadawyvetilebebSi ar eTanxmebian<br />
mTavrobas, rogorc wesi, xmauris gareSe TviTonve toveben Tanamdebobas.
saparlamento demokratia<br />
167<br />
didi britaneTis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema warmodgenilia dedoflis elisabed<br />
IIis (marcxniv) – saxelmwifos meTauris erovnuli simbolosa da premier ministris,<br />
toni bleris (marjvniv) – qveynis xelisuflebis realuri meTauris saxiT (2007<br />
wlidan didi britaneTis premierministri gordon braunia _ mTargmn. Sen.).<br />
bunebrivia, yvela saparlamento sistema ar funqcionirebs britanulis<br />
msgavsad. umetesobas ar gaaCnia saparlamento mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi<br />
istoria da Zlieri tradicia, rac britanuli sistemisaTvis myar<br />
saZirkvels qmnis. amdenad, msgavsi politikuri kulturis arqonis pirobebSi,<br />
britanuli stilis demokratiuli institutebis mqone sxva qveynebis<br />
umravlesoba daweril konstitucias eyrdnoba. samwuxarod, dawerili<br />
konstituciebis umravlesobasac ara aqvs iseTi `xangrZlivi istoria<br />
da Zlieri tradicia,~ rogoric amerikul saprezidento sistemas. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, am ori politikuri sistemis magaliTad gamoyeneba Seicavs<br />
safrTxes, rom mkiTxvelma moaxdinos mcdari gaigiveba demokratiasa da xelisuflebis<br />
stabilurobas Soris. sinamdvileSi, saprezidento Tu saparlamento<br />
demokratiebis umravlesobas xSirad uxdeba arastabilurobis<br />
xanmokle `ryevebTan~ gamklaveba.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?<br />
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba evropaSi Camoyalibda britanuli<br />
nimuSis msgavsad. italia saparlamento mmarTvelobaze meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg gadavida. safrangeTSi saparlamento sistema arsebobda 1876<br />
wli dan (mesame respublikis dasawyisi) 1958 wlamde (meoTxe respublikis<br />
dasasruli). orive qveyanas amgvari mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba<br />
gaaCnia.
168 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
safrangeTsa da italiaSi politikuri partiebi da parlamenti iqca wamyvan<br />
politikur Zalad. britaneTis konstituciur sistemaSi arsebuli premierminitrisa<br />
da kabinetis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi marTvis institutis<br />
roli, am or qveyanaSi Semcirda. tradiciulobiT, TavdaWerilobiTa da<br />
pragmatulobiT gamorCeuli britaneli xalxisagan gansxvavebiT, franguli<br />
da italiuri sazo gadoebebi ufro Rrma socialuri dapirispirebebiTa da<br />
radikaluri po litikuri partiebis mxardaWerisken midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
orive qveyanaSi politizebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo mravalpartiulobis<br />
ganviTarebasa da mcire politikuri dajgufebebis warmoqmnas.<br />
amgvar viTarebaSi, partiuli sistema danawevrda, Sidapartiuli disciplina<br />
faqtobrivad moiSala da mTavroba iqca dausrulebeli sakanonmdeblo<br />
qiSpobis mZevlad. ganzogadebulad SeiZleba iT qvas, rom rac ufro aqtiuri<br />
da rTulad samarTavia sazogadoeba da ramdenadac ufro danawevrebulia<br />
politikuri speqtri, miT ufro qaosuri da aramyari xdeba xelisufleba.<br />
amgvar sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania Zlieri da energiuli aRmasrulebeli<br />
Stos arseboba, romelic safrangeTSi 1958 wlamde ar arsebobda, xolo italiaSi,<br />
faqtobrivad, dRemde ar arsebobs.<br />
amgvarma situaciam politikuri Cixis mdgomareobamde miiyvana orive<br />
qve yana sxvadasxva dros. safrangeTSi, mesame da meoTxe respublikis mmarTvelobis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, verc erTma partiam ver SeZlo adgilebis umravelsobis<br />
mopoveba nacionalur asambleaSi. imave periodSi, safrangeTma 119<br />
mTavroba gamoic vala, romelTa saSualo sicocxlisunarianoba mxolod<br />
weliwads Seadgenda. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki mTavrobaTa xelisuflebaSi<br />
yofna mxolod ramdenime Tve an kvira grZeldeboda. aseTive meryeobiT xasiaTdeboda<br />
politikuri mmar Tveloba italiaSic, sadac 1945dan 1986 wlamde<br />
40 premierministri Seicvala, (saSualod TiToeulis mmarTvelobis weliwadze<br />
naklebi xangrZlivobiT).<br />
ekonomika da eleqtorati<br />
britanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis mdgomareoba did britaneTSi<br />
mTavari politiku ri sakiTxi iyo. germaniis, italiis da safrangeTis mudmivad<br />
ukeTesi maCveneblebi SeSfoTebas iwvevda. leiboristTa xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
XX saukunis 5060ian wlebSi britaneTi ganviTarda keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifos modelad, rogorc mas keTilganwyobili damkvirveble bi uwodebdnen.<br />
1970ian wlebSi britaneTis daRmavali ekonomika `stagflaciam~<br />
(inflaciisa da recesiis yvelaze cudma kombinaciam) daasusta.<br />
konservatori lideri margaret tetCeri didi, Zlieri mTavrobis mkacri<br />
oponenti iyo. 1979 wels, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg tetCerma<br />
saxelmwifo sawarmoebis xelaxa li privatizacia da britaneTis ekonomikis<br />
sistematuri dabalanseba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980ian wleb
saparlamento demokratia<br />
169<br />
Si tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, did<br />
britaneTSi SedarebiT kvlav maRalia umuSevroba, arasaxarbieloa zrda da<br />
pasiuria sawarmoo seqtori. 1992 wels tetCeri sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
gadadga. konservatorebma arCevnebSi rogorRac kidev erTi<br />
gamarjveba moipoves da jon meijorma, tetCeris memkvidrem, qveyanas igive<br />
ekonomikuri kursi SeunarCuna. meijoris xelmZRvanelobiT britaneTis ekonomikam<br />
winsvla daiwyo _ 1996 wels 2.2%, xolo 1997 wels – 3.2%iT gaizarda.<br />
inflacia zomieri iyo, daaxloebiT 2.5%. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis<br />
donec ki Semcirda 6.2%mde (SeadareT safrangeTis umuSevrobis dones, romelic<br />
12%s Seadgenda).<br />
britaneli amomrCevlebi jer isev cud gunebaze iyvnen da 1997 wlis<br />
maisSi, pirvelad Tvrameti wlis manZilze, konservatorebs xelisuflebidan<br />
iSorebdnen. amis erTi mizezi is iyo, rom statistikuri monacemebis<br />
miuxedavad, britaneTis saSualo klasis mravali warmomadgeneli cxovrebis<br />
xarisxis dacemas grZnobda. axlad arCeuli premier ministris toni bleris<br />
winaSe mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri kiTxva dadga evropis ekonomikur<br />
kavSirSi gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifo xarjebi<br />
1979 wels, konservatorebis arCevnebSi gamarjvebis dros, leiboristuli<br />
partiis danatovari gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) daaxloebiT<br />
40% Seadgenda. premierministrma margaret tetCerma gadasaxadebis<br />
tvirTis Semcirebis Sesaxeb danapirebi Seasrula da 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
gadasaxadebi mSps 34%s Seadgenda. magram am uSedego statistikam<br />
muSaTa klass gadasaxadebis tvirTi ver Seumsubuqa. 1994 wels finansTa<br />
saministros monacemebma aCvena, rom jon meijoris konservatorTa mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis saSualo gadamxdeli<br />
199495 wlebSi, 197879 (leiboristTa xelisuflebaSi yofnis bolo weli)<br />
wlebTan SedarebiT, sakuTari Semosavlis ufro met wils Tmobda. arCevnebamde<br />
sociologiurma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom amomrCevlebi axali leiboristuli<br />
xelisuflebisagan gadasaxadebis gazrdas moelodnen, Tumca bevri<br />
ise iyo ganrisxebuli jon meijorze, rom yvelafris miuxedavad leiboristebisTvis<br />
apirebda xmis micemas. Tavis mxriv, toni bleri amomrCevlebs<br />
dahpirda, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ar gaizrdeboda da gaTbobaze<br />
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads (dRg) Sekvecda.<br />
terorizmi da GrdiloeT irlandia<br />
1969 wlidan moyolebuli kaTolike da protestanti eqstremistebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 3<br />
aTasi adamiani daiRupa. 1994 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetamde irlandiis respublikurma<br />
armiam teroristuli Setevebi ganaxorciela, ra Ta britanelebs<br />
CrdiloeT irlandia daetovebinaT: scades rogorc tetCeris, aseve meijoris<br />
mokvla. 1990 wels armiis teroristebma ian gou _ parlamentis konser
170 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
vatori wevri da tetCeris mesaidumle mokles. problemis gadaWrisas unda<br />
gaeTvaliswinebinaT im protestantTa moTxovnebi, romelTac britaneTis<br />
mxardaWera hqondaT da ricxobrivad aWarbebdnen CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />
mcxovreb kaTolikeebs, aseve kaTolikeTa moTxovnebi, romlebic irlandiis<br />
respublikis umravlesobas Seadgendnen. problemis mogvarebis imedi<br />
1998 wlis aprilSi Caisaxa, rodesac dainteresebuli mxareebi mravalmxriv<br />
xelSekrulebaze SeTanxmdnen. xelSekrulebiT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi TviTmmarTveloba<br />
aRdga. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna axali politikuri institutebi,<br />
romelTa mizani kaTolike umciresobaTaTvis meti politikuri xmis mini<br />
Weba da imavdroulad, CrdiloeT irlandiis britaneTis nawilad darCenis<br />
Taobaze protestantTa moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba iyo. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,<br />
daZabulobis Sedegad 2001 wels konfliqti isev gaCaRda da momavali<br />
gaurkveveli gaxada.<br />
Tumca, mcdari iqneboda im daskvnis gamotana, rom saparlamento<br />
sistema arsad muSaobs britaneTis garda. naxevar saukuneze metia es wyoba<br />
dominirebs TiTqmis mTels evropul kontinentze CrdiloeTidan _<br />
skandinaviidan dawyebuli (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania), samxeTiT _ iberiis<br />
naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi da portugalia), iseve rogorc germaniaSi,<br />
avstriaSi, belgiaSi, niderlandebsa da SveicariaSi. saparlameto demokratiebis<br />
ricxvs miekuTvneba aseve fineTi, irlan dia, saberZneTi, poloneTi,<br />
CexeTis respublika, ungreTi, slovakeTi da slovenia, iseve rogorc sxva<br />
ramdenime postkomunisturi qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom saparlamento wyoba aris didi britaneTis saCuqari mTlianad evropisaTvis.<br />
demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva<br />
rogor muSaobs saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma sxva qveynebSi? imuSavebs<br />
Tu ara amgvari forma avtoritaruli tradiciebis qveynebSi? risi Tqma<br />
SeiZleba im qveynebze, sadac adgili aqvs politikur arastabilurobas da<br />
revoluciebsac ki? SesaZloa Tu ara gansxvavebuli politikuri kulturis<br />
pirobebSi demokratiam moikidos fexi?<br />
safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebma<br />
cxadyo, rom demokratia gacilebiT ufro Seguebadia, vidre es TeoretikosTa<br />
umetesobas warmoedgina. es mniSvnelovania, radganac demokratia<br />
TiTqmis yvelgan savaldebulo qebis obieqtad gadaiqca. msoflios<br />
TiTqmis yvela qveyana, raoden tiranuli xasiaTisac unda iyos igi, garegnulad<br />
iZens konstituciurobis elfers da sakuTar Tavs demokratiulad<br />
acxadebs. im qveynebSi, sadac media xelisuflebis mier kontrolirdeba, sadac<br />
ucxoelebisaTvis gadaadgileba da kontaqtebis damyareba SezRudulia,<br />
sadac Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs gamudmebiT policiuri represiebis SiSis<br />
gancda awuxebT, mTavrobas realurad araferi zRudavs imaSi, rom demokra
saparlamento demokratia<br />
171<br />
tiuloulobasa da liberaluri Rire bulebebis erTgulebaze isaubros da<br />
imavdroulad, devnides, amcirebdes da aSinebdes saku T ar moqalaqeebs.<br />
eWvgareSea, rom demokratiis mzardi popularoba arnaxul masStabebs iZ ens<br />
(Tumca, ar aris universaluri) _ CrdiloeT afrikis muslimuri qveynebi,<br />
axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreTi aziis zogierTi saxelmwifo am mxriv gamonaklisia.<br />
yvelaze mkacri diqtatoruli reJimebic ki demokratiulobaze<br />
acxadeben pretenzias. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis<br />
saukeTeso formaa da amas aRiareben kidec?<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar aris martivi. zogierT ers aqvs tradiciebi _ magaliTad,<br />
avtoritaruli politikuri tradiciebi _ romelic demokratias<br />
arabunebrivad da arasasurveladac ki warmoaCens. sxvebis Cveulebebi da<br />
kulturuli memkvidreoba, sruliad SeuTavsebelia demokratiis ideisaTvis<br />
umniSvnelovanes individualizmisa da egalitarianiz mis principebTan. dabolos,<br />
im qveynebSi, romelebsac awuxebs Warbi mosaxleobisa da sakvebze permanentuli<br />
deficitis problemebi, konstitucionalizmi sruliad usargeblo<br />
da abstraqtul cnebad miaCniaT. xalxisaTvis, romelic SimSilis zRvarzea,<br />
nebismieri xelisufleba, romelic SeZlebs maTi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis<br />
problemis Semsubuqebas, ukve TavisTavad kargi xelisuflebaa.<br />
Bbevr qveyanas mouxda sakmaod rTuli kulturuli, socialuri Tu eTnikuri<br />
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis<br />
Camoyalibebis gzaze. sakmaod axlo warsulSi, eqstremalurma individualizmma<br />
da samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis naklebobam saeWvo gaxada demokratiis<br />
mizanSewoniloba safrangeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe respublika ager<br />
ukve meoTxe aTwleulia funqcionirebs, rac swrafi politikuri cvlilebebis<br />
istoriis mqone erisaTvis mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. bevri analitikosi<br />
pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom daarsebuli germaniis vaimaris respublikis<br />
dacemas ukavSirebda germanelTa antidemokratiul miswrafebebs, rac germanul<br />
sazogadoebaSi zedmiwevniTi wesrigisa da disciplinis Camoyalibebis<br />
survils gulisxmobs. magram dasavleT germaniis Semdgomma warmatebam am<br />
Teorias safuZveli gamoacala. aseve, iaponiasac demokratiuli cxovrebis<br />
gamocdileba ar hqonia meore msoflio omamde da misi konsensusis principze<br />
damyarebuli da@ patronklienteluri tipis urTierTobebze agebuli<br />
sazogadoeba sruliad winaaRmdegobrivi Canda demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, iaponia ukve naxe vari saukunea demokratiul mmarTvelobas<br />
axorcielebs. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, indoeTi da israeli aseve qmediT<br />
demokratiebs warmoadgenen pirvel SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mkveTri si<br />
Wrelis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mudmivi dapirispirebebis pirobebSi.<br />
sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es magaliTebi gamonaklisia, Tu marTlac adasturebs,<br />
rom arasworia ganzogadebiTi daskvna demokratiis zogierT sazogadoebaSi<br />
ararelevanturobis Sesaxeb? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa<br />
da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis<br />
saocrad moq nili da adaptirebadi formaa.
172 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg<br />
amerikis saprezidento da brinateTis saparlamento sistemebi warmoadgens<br />
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis or gansxvavebul formas. mexuTe respublikis<br />
periodSi safrangeTi warmatebulad iTavsebs orive sistemisaTvis<br />
damaxa siaTebel elementebs.<br />
mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema<br />
1958 wels mexuTe respublikis Seqmna misi winamorbedebis naklovanebebis<br />
gamosworebis mcdeloba iyo. misma damfuZnebelma Sarl de golma (18901970)<br />
am nakls franguli politikis fataluri kvanZi uwoda_ uZluri aRmasruleblebi<br />
imarTebodnen ficxi kanonmdeblebis mier. xelisuflebis qronikuli<br />
paralize ba da saxalxo imedebis gacrueba konstituciuri wesrigis<br />
sistematuri damxobis provocirebas axdenda. rogorc de goli xSirad<br />
aRniSnavda, respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis pirveli sami mcdeloba<br />
safrangeTSi diqtaturiT damTavrda. safrangeTis istoria 1878 wlidan 1958<br />
wlamde imis mSvenieri ilustraciaa, rac @`federalistis~@ avtorebs kargad<br />
esmodaT: xelmZRvanelobas moklebuli xelisuflebas sakuTar Tavze uaresi<br />
mteri ar hyavs.<br />
meoTxe respublikis periodSi (194658) mTavroba saSualod eqvs TveSi<br />
icv leboda. politikuri partiebis arnaxulma siWarbem, romelTa nawilis<br />
sicocxlisunarianoba Zalian xanmokle iyo, safrangeTis saparlamento<br />
sistema parodiad aqcia. metic, politikuri speqtris sxvadasxva polusze<br />
mdebare partiebi _ memarjvene golistebi da memarcxene komunistebi _<br />
cdilobdnen Ziri gamoeTxaraT meoTxe resublikis konstituciisaTvis.<br />
erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec es ori partia Tanxmdeboda, iyo is, rom meoTxe<br />
respublika ana Temaa, da amitom periodulad TanamSromlobdnen mTavrobis<br />
damxobis mizniT. am or @eqstremistul@ partias erToblivad hqonda sakmarisi<br />
Zala nacionalur asambleaSi, rom daebrkolebinaT arasasurveli sakanonmdeblo<br />
iniciativebi daam gziT gadaeyenebinaT susti koaliciuri mTavrobebi<br />
(aseT qmedebas uaryofiTi veto ewodeba).<br />
safrangeTSi bevrs imedi hqonda, rom 1958 wlis konstitucia qveyanaSi<br />
gamefebul politikur arastabilurobas daasrulebda. axali konstitucia<br />
SedarebiT mokled da gasagebi eniT iyo dawerili. misi debulebebi de golis<br />
politikur Sexedulebebs efuZneboda, risi ZiriTadi principebi man Tavis<br />
cnobil gamosvlaSi konstituciis miRebamde 12 wliT adre ase Camoayaliba:<br />
@aSkaraa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar unda iyos damokidebuli<br />
parlamentze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, orpalatiania da warmoadgens<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba<br />
pasuxismgeblobebis aRrevas, sadac mTavroba sxva araferi iqneba Tu<br />
ara partiuli delegaciebis dajgufeba... safrangeTis xelisuflebis<br />
erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da Sida wesrigi unda iqces mTavar
saparlamento demokratia<br />
amocanad, Torem qveynis mmarTveloba iqceva uunarod da sneulad.<br />
maS rogor unda iqnas miRweuli amgvari erTianoba, koordinirebuloba<br />
da wesrigi, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamomdinarobs sxva<br />
organo dan, romelic wesiT mis dabalansebas unda axdendes da mTavrobis<br />
TiToeuli wevri, romelic qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos<br />
winaSe koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas unda iziarebdes, araferia, Tu<br />
ara sakuTari partiis emisari? amitomac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
unda iyos warmodgenili saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, romelic iqneba<br />
partiebisagan damoukidebeli da airCeva im organos mier, romelic<br />
moicavs parlamentsac, magram masze ufro farToa...<br />
saxelmwifos meTauris prerogativaa sazogado interesebis gan xilva<br />
mis mier SerCeul pirebTan erTad da aseve, parlamentis orientaciis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. misive uflebaa ministrTa nominireba da maT<br />
Soris, pirvel rigSi premierministris dasaxeleba, romelmac unda<br />
war marTos mTavrobis <strong>politika</strong> da muSaoba. misi movaleobaa kanonis<br />
propaganda da gancxadebebis gakeTeba, radganac isini vrceldeba<br />
mTeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze. aseve, is unda xelmZRvanelobdes<br />
kabinets da am funqciiT daicvas erovnuli gangrZobiToba. man unda<br />
Seasrulos arbitris funqciac, romelic yoveldRiur politikur<br />
garemoebebze maRla dgas da uzrunvelyofs kabinetis normalur muSaobas,<br />
an gansakuTrebuli areulobis periodSi, daniSnos arCevnebi,<br />
raTa xalxma gamoavlinos misi suverenuli gadawyvetileba am gziT.<br />
man, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana raime safrTxis winaSe dadgeba, unda<br />
aiRos qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da yvela im xelSekrulebis<br />
Sesrulebis valdebuleba, rasac safrangeTi SeuerTdeba. 4<br />
173<br />
saerTo jamSi, mTavari konstituciuri sistemis sqemaSi, rasac de goli<br />
daJinebiT moiTxovda, iyo Zlieri aRmasruleblis arseboba, romelsac unda<br />
gaewonasworebina gamudmebiT danawevrebuli parlamenti; aRmasrulebeli<br />
xe li suflebis centralur figurad ki moiazreboda saxelmwifos meTauri<br />
(prezidenti) da ara premierministri.<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
sajaro xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli de golis koncefciis<br />
ZiriTadi elementebi 1958 wlis konstituciis TiTqmis yvela<br />
debulebaSia asaxuli. saparlamento modelis Sesabamisad, safrangeTis<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac dayofilia. konstituciis mixedviT, premierministri<br />
aris mTavrobis meTauri, xolo prezidenti ki saxelmwifos<br />
meTauria. britaneli monarqisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivia, safrangeTis<br />
prezidenti arCeulia demokratiuli wesiT da gacilebiT meti politikuri<br />
Zalauflebac aqvs. saf rangeTis prezidenti, romlis farTo uflebebi Tavad<br />
de golis ambiciebs moarges, qveynis wamyvani politikuri figuraa. igi<br />
damoukidebelia saknonamdeblo Stosagan, gaaCnia Zalauflebis mravali
174 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
berketi da saprezidento posts gansazRvruli vadiT ikavebs (Svidi weli<br />
1962dan 2000 ww., amJamad xuTi weli).<br />
konstituciam prezident de gols konfliqturi interesebisa da konkuren<br />
ti politikuri partiebis momrigeblis funqciac SeuTavsa. konstituciam<br />
aseve mianiWa de gols da mis memkvidreebs sagareo politikis sferoSi<br />
upiratesi uflebebi. prezidents SeuZlia daniSnos da gaaTavisuflos premierministri,<br />
daiTxovos sakanonmdeblo organo, daniSnos axali arCevnebi,<br />
gamoacxados sagangebo mdgomareoba, gamosces kanonis Zalis mqone brZanebulebebi<br />
da uxelmZRvanelos kabinetis sxdomebs. garda amisa, prezidentma<br />
SeiZleba Caataros erovnuli re ferendumi qveynisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze.<br />
1958 wlis konstitucia Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda, rom prezidenti<br />
arCeuli unda yofiliyo amomrCevelTa kolegiis mier, romelSic Sevidodnen<br />
adgilobrivi da cetraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, raTa am
saparlamento demokratia<br />
175<br />
gziT prezidenti yoveldRiur <strong>politika</strong>ze maRla damdgariyo. 1962 wels de<br />
golma TviTneburad daniSna referendumi, sadac frang xalxs prezidentis<br />
pirdapiri wesiT arCevis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita (`TviTneburad~ imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac mas konstitucia cvlilebebis Setanis procesSi nacionaluri<br />
asambleis gverdis avlis uflebas ar aZlevda). referendumma, absoluturi<br />
umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT, safrangeTis prezidentis mmarTvelobas<br />
saxalxo mandati mianiWa. de golma kargad icoda, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis<br />
pirobebSi araferi aZlevs politikur liders imxela Zalauflebas<br />
da legitimurobas, rogorc amomCevelTa pirdapiri mxardaWera.<br />
safrangeTSi premierministrs prezidentTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba<br />
da gavlena aqvs, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi am or instituts Soris<br />
gacilebiT meti balansia, vidre de golis mmarTvelobis dros iyo. premieri<br />
prezidentis mier irCeva da emsaxureba mis nebas. rogorc mTavrobis<br />
meTauri, premieri marTavs ministrTa kabinets da sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
winaSe pasuxismgebelia sajaro <strong>politika</strong>sa da erovnul Tavdacvaze. premieri<br />
da misi kabineti Tvalyurs adevnebs da akontrolebs mTavrobisa da<br />
biurokratiis muSaobas. Tumca, mexu Te respublikis konstitucia zustad<br />
arc gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebani da funqciebi aqvs prezidents, da<br />
ra _ premierministrs. de gols, frangul <strong>politika</strong>Si misi mniSvnelobidan<br />
gamomdinare, moswonda konstituciis miseburi interpretirebis SesaZleblobis<br />
arseboba. amitom, de golis mmarTvelobis periodSi, saprezidento<br />
Zalaufleba Zalze moqnili iyo da mocemul momentSi yvela saWiro resursisa<br />
da berketis gamosayenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnida.<br />
de golis Semdgom, arcerTi prezidenti ar yofila ase dominanturi<br />
frangul <strong>politika</strong>Si. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialist fransua miterans<br />
safrange Tis prezidentis posti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava (19811995), misi<br />
reputacia verasdros miuaxlovda de golis reitings. Tumca, miteranis<br />
mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi ZalTa balansi mainc prezidentis sasargeblod<br />
ixreboda premieris sapirispirod. safrangeTs, mexuTe respublikis<br />
daarsebidan 1988 wlamde, ar hyolia iseTi premieri, romelic prezidentis<br />
Zalauflebas daabalansebda an daCrdilavda. 1986 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi<br />
miteranis socialistur partiaze centristulmemarjvene partiis gamarjvebis<br />
Semdgom or weliwadSi safrange Tis premieri am ukanasknelis warmomadgeneli<br />
Jak Siraki gaxda. 1997 wels ki li onel Jospeni gaxda premierministri<br />
mas Semdeg, rac misma socialisturma partiam erovnul arCevnebSi<br />
daamarcxa ori wlis win prezidentad arCeuli Sirakis momxreebi nacionalur<br />
asambleaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis partiis warumatebloba parlamentSi<br />
saprezidento gavlenis Sesustebasa da axali premieris (da mTavari<br />
opoziciuri partiis lideris) Tundac droebiT politikur upiratesobaSi<br />
gamoixata.<br />
erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli<br />
Tuki saprezidento instituti mexuTe respublikis realuri poli
176 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
tikuri monapovaria, garkveulwilad Sesustda saparlamento Sto. igi<br />
or palatad: se natad da erovnul asamblead aris gayofili. safrangeTis<br />
senati, romelsac SezRuduli uflebamosileba gaaCnia, irCeva arapirdapiri<br />
gziT, xolo erovnuli asamblea irCeva pirdapiri wesiT mravalmandatiani<br />
raionebidan ormagi xmis micemiT (oretapiani arCevnebis Sedegad).<br />
erovnulma asambleam unda daamtkicos yvela wardgenili kanonproeqti da<br />
amdenad aRasrulos misi ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. Tumca,<br />
1958 wlis konstituciaSi kanonis cneba sakmaod viwrod aris ganmartebuli.<br />
bevri naxevrad sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetileba aRmasruleblis kompetenciaSi<br />
rCeba, romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, `brZanebulebiTi kanonis~ gamocemis<br />
ufleba aqvs.<br />
erovnuli asamblea ufro saintresoa im uflebamosilebebis ganxilvis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, romelic mas ar gaaCnia, nacvlad imis CamoTvlisa, rac mis<br />
kompetenciaSi Sedis. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gansazRvravs safrangeTis<br />
parlamentis dRis wesrigs. parlaments gaaCnia mxolod komitetebis<br />
SezRuduli raodenoba, mas SeuZlia imuSaos weliwadSi mxolod eqvsi Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi da ara aqvs finansuri kanonproeqtebis wardgenis ufleba.<br />
Tuki is raime mizeziT ver moa xerxebs aRmasruleblis mier wardgenili<br />
biujetis damtkicebas mocemul vadamde, maSin biujeti ZalaSi Sedis aRmasruleblis<br />
dekretis safuZvelze. metic, SesaZloa aRmasrulebelma mosTxovos<br />
parlaments kanonproeqtTa mTel pakets erTdroulad uyaros kenWi.<br />
dabolos, mTavrobas SeuZlia raime konkretul qmedebaze moiTxovos parlamentisagan<br />
ndobis xma. Tu amgvar SemTxvevaSi parlamentis gadawyvetileba<br />
iqneba uaryofiTi, maSin erovnuli asamblea faqtobrivad iTxovs mTavrobis<br />
gadayenebas da prezidents aniWebs arCevanis uflebas, daakompleqtos<br />
alternatiuli mTavroba an daniSnos axali arCevnebi. magram, rogorc wesi,<br />
kanonmdeblebs arcTu ise xiblavT axali arCevnebis idea, miT umetes, Tu maT<br />
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebiT gavleniani prezidentis ukmayofileba<br />
gamoiwvies.<br />
de goli imdenad Sors wavida parlamentze kidev ufro didi upiratesobis<br />
mosapoveblad, rom man sakmaod sainteresod SeakavSira ramdenime calkeuli<br />
kons tituciuri debuleba. misi miTiTebiT, mTavrobas SeeZlo moeTxova<br />
sakiTx Ta paketze kanonmdebelTa mxardaWera erTiani kenWisyris gziT da<br />
Semdgom es mxar daWera sulac ndobis upirobo gamocxadebad eqcia. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac 1969 wels de golma datova <strong>politika</strong>, safrangeTis prezidentebi<br />
erovnul asamb leas SedarebiT ufro meti pativiscemiT epyrobian.<br />
politikuri partiebi<br />
safrangeTSi politikuri partiebis sakmaod didi speqtria. evropis sxva<br />
mravalpartiul sistemaTa msgavsad, safrangeTSic politikuri partiebi<br />
kla sificirebulni arian memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebad. umniSvnelovanesi<br />
memarcxene partiebi arian komunisturi da socialisturi (Sesabamisad,<br />
radikaluri da liberaluri orientaciis).
saparlamento demokratia<br />
177<br />
Jak Sirakma, neogolistma premierministrma 1995 wlis maisSi socialisti prezidenti<br />
fransua miterani Secvala. 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Sirakma axali saparlamento<br />
arCevnebi moiTxova da iZulebuli gaxda socialisti lionel Jospeni daesaxelebina<br />
axal premierministrad, mas mere rac centristuli partiebi memarcxene<br />
partiebTan damarcxdnen. 2002 wlis gazafxulze Jospeni saprezidento arCevnebSi<br />
marcxis Semdeg gadadga.<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1970 wlamde komunisturi partia saSualod<br />
xmaTa 20 procents iRebda erovnul arCevnebSi. Tumca, bolo ori aTwleulis<br />
ganmavlobaSi misi poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. socialisturi partia<br />
iqca memarcxeneTa mxardaWeris ZiriTad mimRebad. 1981 wels socialisturma<br />
partiam STambeWdavi gamarjveba moipova arCevnebSi, xolo misi kandidati, fransua<br />
mite rani safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wlis<br />
arCevnebSi partiis mimarT mxardaWeram iklo, socialistebma poziciebi 1988<br />
wels miteranis xelmeored arCevisas aRidgines da kvlavac wamyvan politikur<br />
Zalad iqcnen parlamentSi (Tumca, maT ar hqondaT mandatebis umravlesoba).<br />
1990iani wlebSi saxalxo mxardaWera centristulmemarjvene Zalebisaken<br />
gadaixara. 1993 wels ki maT absoluturi gamarjveba izeimes da erovnul<br />
asambleaSi daibrunes dominanturi pozicia. ori wlis Semdeg, neogolisti<br />
kandidati _ Jak Siraki arCeuli iqna qveynis prezidentad. Sirakis arCevam,<br />
romelsac da emata imave wels centristulimemarjvene Zalebis triumfi<br />
senatis arCevnebSic, konservatiuli Zalebs marTvis sruli sadaveebi<br />
Caugdo xelT, Tumca ara xangrZlivi vadiT. 1997 wels prezident Sirakis<br />
mierve vadaze adre daniSnulma saparlamento arCevnebma yvela gaakvirva,<br />
gansakuTrebiT TviTon Siraki, rome lic mniSvnelovani saxalxo mxardaWeris<br />
mopovebas eloda misi seriozuli ekonomikuri programis gamo. magram<br />
memarcxene Zalebma, isev socialistTa xelmZRvanelobiT, damajerebeli<br />
gamarjveba moipoves. Siraks aRar hqonda sxva arCeva ni, garda socialisti<br />
lionel Jospenis axal premierministrad gamocxadebisa.
178 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
TavisTavad is faqti, rom Jan mari le penis ultra memarjvene nacionalisturma<br />
partiam 1997 wlis arCevnebSi mxolod erTi saparlamento mandati<br />
miiRo, safrangeTis oretapiani saarCevno proceduris ucnauri Sedegia.<br />
gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad saWiroa arCevnebis meore turis Catareba im<br />
saarCevno olqebSi, sadac pirvel etapze verc erTi kandidati ver miiRebs<br />
gadamwyvet umravlesobas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002 wlis arCevnebSi<br />
le penis STambeWdavma poziciebma saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi<br />
ultramemarjveneebs gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi biZgi misca). xSirad,<br />
urTierTmsgav si politiku ri Sexedulebebis mqone partiebi arCevnebis<br />
pirvel da meore turs Soris ayalibeben aliansebs, sxvadasxva olqSi erTmaneTis<br />
kandidatebis mxar daWeris piro biT, riTac parlamentSi marginaluri<br />
da radikaluri partiebis gavlena mcirdeba.<br />
konstitucia zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda<br />
1964 wels, premierministrma JorJ pompidum (romelic mogvianebiT safrangeTis<br />
prezidenti gaxda, 19691974) mexuTe respublikis rTuli institucionaluri<br />
balansi imgvarad aRwera, rom is dReisTvisac adekvaturia:<br />
safrangeTma airCia Sualeduri mmarTvelobis forma amerikul saprezidento<br />
sistemasa da britanul saparlamento sistemas Soris, sadac<br />
sa xelmwifos meTauris (romelic gansazRvravs saerTo politikur<br />
kurss) Za laufleba saxalxo mxardaWeridan momdinareobs, magram am<br />
Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba mxolod mTavrobasTan erTad SeuZlia,<br />
romelsac Tavadve airCevs da waradgens, Tumca am ukanasknelma, saku<br />
Tari Tavis gadasarCenad, unda SeinarCunos asambleis ndoba. 5<br />
mexuTe respublikam safrangeTs stabiluri demokratia moutana naxevari<br />
saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1958 wlis konstituciaze dafuZnebulma sistemam<br />
ufro kargad imuSava, vidre misma winamorbedebma, ukve oTxjer met xans<br />
gastana vidre meoTxe respublika da gacilebiT ufro nakleb meryevi aRmoCnda<br />
vidre mesame respublika. de golis gavlenam misi prezidentobis Semdegac<br />
did xans gastana. misma memkvidreebma ganagrZes erovnul Rirsebasa da<br />
damoukideblobaze orientirebuli <strong>politika</strong>, romelic emyareboda swrafad<br />
ganviTarebad evropaSi safrangeTis wamyvani rolis degoliseul xedvas, mis<br />
survils, kidev ufro aemaRlebina saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis prestiJi<br />
(maT Soris, rogorc erTerTi birTvuli saxelmwifosi). de golis memkvidreobis<br />
kidev erT ilustracias warmoadgens Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis<br />
modeli, sadac, franguli tradiciiT, aRiarebulia saxelmwifos didi roli<br />
da aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia sabazro ekonomikis principebi.<br />
mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli asambleac mxars uWerda<br />
am <strong>politika</strong>s. mxolod erTi xanmokle gamonaklisi dadga 1981 wlis SedegebTan<br />
erTad, romelmac socialistebs aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo<br />
arCevnebSi gamarjveba moutana. warmatebiT STagonebulma socialistebma,
saparlamento demokratia<br />
179<br />
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gaaZlieres socialuri programebi da franguli<br />
industriis didi nawilis nacionalizacia moaxdines. Tumca, rogorc<br />
ki sabazro ekonomikis sapirispirod gatarebuli memarcxene politikis<br />
Sedegad qveynis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo, amomrCevelma socialistebi<br />
dasaja da1986 wlis arCevnebSi Zalauflebis sadaveebi isev memarjvenecentristebs<br />
daubruna. gzavnili aSkara iyo: sakmarisia, Tavi dagvanebeT.<br />
zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rac ufro moSorebulia prezidenti<br />
sazogadoebrivi azrisagan, miT ufro metad demokratiuli xdeba franguli<br />
sistema im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac igi emsaxureba. iqidan gamomdinare,<br />
rom prezidenti 2000 wlamde Svid weliwadSi erTxel, xolo axali parlamenti<br />
xuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc irCeva, arCevnebis sixSire da masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli mzadeba franguli politikis erTerT mniSvnelovan nawils<br />
warmoadgens. marTlac, 1962dan 1997 wlamde ToTxmetjer Catarda arCevnebi.<br />
erTerTi avtoris TqmiT, `saarCevno taqtikis logikidan gamomdinare,<br />
grZelvadian programebs momentalur Sedegebze gaTvlili <strong>politika</strong> da partiuli<br />
aliansebi sWarbobs~. 6 (arCevnebi kidev ufro meti sixSiriT tardeba<br />
aSSSi, magram warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebi yovel or weliwadSi an<br />
senatis mesamedis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
didi eleqtoraluri interesiT da aqtivobiT ar gamoirCeva).<br />
mexuTe respublikis dasawyisSi arsebobda imis potenciuri safrTxe,<br />
rom safrangeTis gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mniSvnelovan<br />
winaaRmde gobebs Seqmnida im SemTvevaSi, Tu prezidenti da premieri sxvadasxva<br />
politikuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, sxvadasxva politikur<br />
ideologi as gaatarebdnen da gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva eqnebodaT.<br />
dRemde sami amgvari precedenti iyo, Tumca amas raime mniSvnelovani problema<br />
namdvilad ar gamouwvevia. 1986 wels, roca memarjvene Zalebma gaimarjves<br />
erovnul arCevnebSi, socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani iZulebuli<br />
iyo moewvia pari zis neogolisti meri Jak Siraki premierad, romelsac<br />
unda Camoeyalibebina axali mTavroba. 1993 wels, roca socialistebi ganmeorebiT<br />
damarcxdnen saparlamento arCevnebSi memarjvenecentristuli<br />
koaliciis mier, miterani isev iZulebuli gaxda moewvia gamarjvebuli Zalis<br />
warmomadgeneli eduard baladuri premierministrad. dabolos, 1997 wlis<br />
ivnisSi prezidentma Jak Sirakma analogiuri garemoebebis gamo (mxolod amjerad<br />
konservatorebze memarcxeneebis gamarjvebis mizeziT), premierministrad<br />
socia listi lionel Jospeni daniSna, romelmac, sxva Ta Soris, 2002<br />
wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvelive turSi samarcxvino damarcxeba<br />
iwvnia Sirakis kanidaturasTan dapirispirebis gamo.<br />
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis problemam dRis wesrigSi Tanaarsebobis<br />
aucilebloba daayena, roca gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
sxvadasxva partiebis mier kontroldeba. ramdenad kargad muSaoben<br />
erTad prezidenti da premierministri sxva sakiTxia. rogorc aRvniSneT, am<br />
or aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris Zalauflebis formaluri gayofa<br />
xSirad samar cxvino formas iRebs da xelisuflebas CixSi aqcevs. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, `Tanaarsebobis~ xanmokle gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavad sistemas<br />
safrTxe ar eqmneba.
180 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
evropa da msoflio vaWroba<br />
franguli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />
safrangeTi frTxilad agrZelebs evrokavSiris farglebSi gafarToebul<br />
savaWro SesaZleblobebaTa mxardaWeras. miuxedavad amisa, bolodroindeli<br />
gamokvlevebi cxadad adasturebs frangebis umravlesobis Sexedulebas,<br />
rom evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierToba `Zalze bevr msxverpls~ moiTxovs.<br />
prezident miteranis xelmZRvanelobiT safrangeTma mxari dauWira ekonomikuri<br />
integraciis mimarTulebiT svlas. Tumca, safrangeTis bevr tradiciul<br />
produqcuas germaneli da sxva evropeli qveynebis konkurentebis mxridan<br />
safrTxe daemuqra. frangi fermerebi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT moiTxovdnen<br />
proteqcionisturi zomebis miRebas zogjer ga afTrebuli protestebisa<br />
da demonstraciebis (magaliTad, traqtorebiT ZiriTadi quCebisa da gzebis<br />
gadaketva) gamarTviT. evropul savaluto kavSirSi gawevrianebas azrTa<br />
didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva, radgan franguli sazogadoebis didi seqtori<br />
nebismier supranacionalur da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
yovelTvis gaafTrebiT icavda erovnuli suverenitetis ideas. amas garda,<br />
unificirebuli evropuli valutis SemoReba damokidebuli iyo erovnuli<br />
biujetis deficitis mTliani Sida produqciis 3%mde Semcirebaze – standarti,<br />
ramac prezident Sirakis biujetis Sekvecis zomebis mxardaWera ai<br />
Zula. es arapopularuli RonisZiebebi, Tavis mxriv, socialistebisa da sxva<br />
memarcxene partiebis xelSi 1997 wlis ivnisis arCevnebSi Sirakis partiis<br />
damarcxebis iaraRad iqca.<br />
umuSevroba da ekonomika<br />
Tanamedrove frangul sazogdoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli imedgacruebis<br />
mizezebis gamocnoba Zneli ar aris. 1996 wels gadasaxadebma da<br />
umuSevrobam rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia, xelfasebi gaiyina, sazogadoebrivi<br />
danaxarjebi da seqtori Seikveca; erovnuli vali 1993 wlis mSps<br />
45.4%dan 1997 wels daaxloebiT 58%mde gaizarda. franguli ekonomika<br />
1996 wels neli tempiT 0.9%iT, xolo 1997 wels daaxloebiT 2.6%iT gaizarda.<br />
safrangeTi umuSevrobis maRali doniT 12%iT, evrokavSirSi espane<br />
Tis Semdeg meore adgilze iyo. es mudmivi problema kidev ufro amZafrebs<br />
daZabul urTierTobebs profkavSirebSi gaerTianebul muSebsa da xelisuflebas<br />
Soris im qveyanaSi, sadac muSebi xSirad awyoben gaficvebsa da demonstraciebs.<br />
bevri frangi xedavs mWidro kavSirs umuSevrobasa da emigracias<br />
Soris – emigrantebi Tanaxma arian dabal xelfasad imuSaon, qalaqebSi iyrian<br />
Tavs da SezRuduli samuSao adgilebisaTvis konkurenciaSi ebmebian.<br />
ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dabalanseba<br />
umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad frangebs ekonomikuri zrda sWirdebaT. pre
saparlamento demokratia<br />
181<br />
mierministrma lionel Jospenma 1997 wels Tavisi saarCveno kampaniis dros<br />
350 aTasi samoqalaqo mosamsaxuris dasaqmebisa da samuSao kviris 39 saaTidan<br />
35 saaTamde Semcirebis piroba dado xelfasis Semcirebis gareSe. gasagebi<br />
mizezebis gamo am zomaTa popularobis miuxedavad, safrangeTi msoflio<br />
ekonomikur konkurenciaSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda _ franguli<br />
ekonomikisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel grZelvadian ekonomikur<br />
zrdas safrTxe Seeqmna.<br />
emigracia da sazogadoeba<br />
ukiduresi memarjvene erovnuli fronti Jan mari le penis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
yvelaze seriozulad moekida emigraciis sakiTxs. amJamad safrangeTSi<br />
ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afriki dan Camosuli 3 milionze meti arabi da afrikisa<br />
da aziis yofili koloniebidan emigrirebuli mravali adamiani cxovrobs.<br />
umuSevrobam da qalaqebis saxis dakargvam politikuri devnilebis,<br />
ltolvilebis da TavSesafris maZebarTa mimarT tradiciuli franguli<br />
stumarTmoyvareoba Seasusta. sazogadoebis mxridan zewolisa da ukiduresi<br />
memarjveneebis pretenziebis sapasuxod xelisuflebam gaaZliera<br />
moTxovnebi aralegaluri emigrantebis mimarT da po litikuri devnilebis<br />
mier TavSesafris Ziebas meti skepticizmiT moekida. ucxoelebi, turistebis<br />
CaTvliT xSirad Civian, rom maT safrangeTSi gulRiad ar xvdebian. le penis<br />
meore adgilma 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi safrange<br />
Ti (da mTeli evropa) SokSi Caagdo; miuxedavad imisa, rom Sirakma sabolood<br />
sruli gamarjveba moipova, le peni da misi mimdevrebi wamyvani partiebisaTvis<br />
seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen.<br />
sasamarTlo sistema<br />
safrangeTis sasamarTlo sistema dayofilia ori umTavresi tipis sasamar<br />
Tlod: Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo da administraciuli sasamarTlo. miuxedavad<br />
am sakmaod rutinuli klasifikaciisa, safrangeTis iuridiuli sistema<br />
ramdeni me sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo inovacias Seicavs. magaliTad,<br />
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo respublikis prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT ganixilavs<br />
sasamarTlo dawinaurebebisa da disciplinur sakiTxebs. uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaasamarTlos respublikis prezidenti qveynis<br />
RalatisaTvis da xelisuflebis wevrebi sajaro valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas<br />
kriminaluri danaSaulis Cade nisaTvis.<br />
sakonstitucio sabWo Sedgeba cxra mosamarTlisa (romelTaganac sami<br />
respublikis prezidentis, sami _ nacionaluri asambleis prezidentis,<br />
xolo danarCeni sami ki _ senatis prezidentis mier aris dasaxelebuli) da<br />
aseve qveynis yvela yofili prezidentisagan. mas sasamarTlo meTvalyureobis<br />
funqciac aqvs, rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania frangul sistemaSi. igi<br />
zedamxedvelobs prezidentis arCevnebs da aseve ZaluZs winaaRmdegobrivi
182 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
sakanonmdeblo davebis gamoZieba da gadawyveta. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mas<br />
SeuZlia moamzados daskvnebi momavali kanonmdeblobis an ukve ZalaSi Sesuli<br />
kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb. sabWosaTvis gadacemuli saqmeebi<br />
ar atarebs individualuri davebis an mimarTvis xasiaTs (rogorc es aSSSia).<br />
es saqmeebi sabWoSi xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos specialuri mimarTvis<br />
safuZvelze SeiZleba moxvdes. aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxebi, romelsac<br />
sabWo ganixilavs, ZiriTadad politikuria da pirdapir exeba konstituciuri<br />
uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas xeli suflebis sxvadasxva Stosa<br />
Tu struqturis mier.<br />
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi?<br />
safrangeTi msoflioSi erTerTi yvelaze xandazmuli demokratiuli<br />
tra diciebis matarebeli qveyanaa. safrangeTis revolucia amerikis<br />
revolu ciidan mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg moxda da TiTqmis swored im<br />
isto ri ul momentSi, roca amerikeli damfuZneblebi filadelfiaSi ganixilavdnen<br />
msoflioSi pir veli konstituciuri demokratiis modelis Seqmnis<br />
sa kiTxs. orive revoluciam Tavisufleba aRiara umTavres principad da<br />
orivem miiCnia politikuri Tanasworoba (igive demokratia) Tavisuflebis<br />
dacvis saukeTeso, Tu ara erTaderT saSualebad. magram safrangeTis gza<br />
demokratiamde amerikasTan SedarebiT ga cilebiT ufro grZeli da rTuli<br />
aRmoCnda. xuTjer scades frangebma am sistemis warmatebiT awyoba da mar<br />
Tebulad gaTaviseba da marTlac miaRwies amas. dResdReobiT safrangeTs<br />
aqvs Zlieri ekonomika (romelic xandaxan mainc awydeba problemebs), Zlieri<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (romelic drodadro studentebis, fermerebisa Tu<br />
muSaTa jgufebis saprtotesto aqtivobiTac gamoixate ba) da mravalferovani<br />
kultura. safrangeTi axali evropis lideria (evrokavSiri), misi SedarebiT<br />
didi mezoblis (da istoriuli mowinaaRmdegis) germaniis Tanaswori<br />
partniori da CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (natos)<br />
erTerTi wamyvani wevri. qsenofobiuri politikis uaryofa umravlesobis<br />
mier, rac 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis meore turSi Jan mari le penis<br />
damarcxebam cxadyo, safrangeTis eleqtoratis samoqalaqo simwifeze<br />
miuTiTebs. safrangeTSi, yvela Sesaba misi parametris mixedviT, demokratia<br />
funqcionirebs kargad (ramdenadac es saerTod SesaZlebelia idealurisgan<br />
Sors myof msoflioSi).<br />
germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
Tanamedove germaniam Camoyalibeba daiwyo me19 saukunis bolo period<br />
Si, roca ori STambeWdavi samxedro gamarjvebis (1866 wels avstriaze, xolo<br />
1871 wels safrangeTze) Sedegad aRzevda evropul asparezze. meoce saukunis<br />
ganmavlobaSi germaniis mSfoTvare istoriis gasagebad, aucilebelia<br />
misi warumatebeli demokratiuli eqsperimentis ganxilvac.
vaimaris respublika<br />
saparlamento demokratia<br />
183<br />
hitleris mesame raixi aRmocenda vaimaris respublikaSi, romelic Tavis<br />
mxriv germaniaSi konstituciuri demokratiis Camoyalibebis pirveli eqsperimenti<br />
iyo. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom problema iyo ara vaimaris respublikis<br />
warumatebloba TavisTavad, aramed warmatebis Sansis ararseboba.<br />
daarsebisTanave, 1919 wels igi asocirebuli iyo germaniis samarcxvino<br />
da marcxebasTan pirvel msoflio omSi da SezRuduli iyo versalis samSvidobo<br />
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili mkacri pirobebiT. respublikas dakisrebuli<br />
hqonda mZime kompensacia gamarjvebulTa aliansis mxridan, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
mwvave ekonomikuri problemebi, umuSevrobis maRali done, biznesis<br />
Cavardna, swrafi inflacia da Sedegad, vaimaris respublikis Sesusteba.<br />
amgvari daZabuli viTarebis fonze, germanulma sazogadoebam polarizeba<br />
ganicada ukidures memarjvene da ukidures memarcxene mimdinareobebad.<br />
eqstremizmis aRmocenebam ki TavisTavad xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba.<br />
erTerTi eqspertis SefasebiT: `stabiluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba<br />
vaimaris respublikis arsebobis periodSi mudmivad safrTxis qveS imyofeboda.<br />
qveyana imarTeboda... arapopularuli umciresobaTa kabinetebis, Signidan<br />
susti `didi koaliciebis~, an kidev, parlaments miRma avtoritaruli<br />
saprezidento kabinetebis mier.~ 7<br />
Tu warsuls gadavavlebT Tvals, aSkaraa, rom vaimaris respublikis dacema<br />
gardauvali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, Zalian cota demokratia Tu SeZlebda<br />
amgvari winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas. Znelia imis warmodgenac, Sedgeboda<br />
Tu ara demokratia pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi ufro ukeTes<br />
politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi. bolos da bolos, kancler oto fon<br />
bismarkisa (18711890) da vilhelm IIis mmarTvelobis (18881891) periodSi<br />
germa nia demokratiulobis ideisagan namdvilad Zalian Sors idga. am avtoritari<br />
mmarTvelebis dros, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri monawileoba<br />
da partiuli <strong>politika</strong> akrZaluli iyo. metic, mmarTvelisadmi morCileba<br />
germanul Taviseburebad iqca. amdenad, germanuli sazogadoeba 1919 wels,<br />
rogorc Cans, moumzadebeli iyo demokratiisaTvis. Tumca amavdroulad, versalis<br />
SeTanxmebiT dawesebulma araSorsmWvretelma sadamsjelo <strong>politika</strong>m<br />
kidev ufro daamZima demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis isedac araxelsayreli<br />
garemo. am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1949 wels erTi ZiriTadi kiTxva<br />
gaCnda: saerTod, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara demokratiis muSa oba odesme im<br />
qveyanaSi, romelic cota xnis win Tavs uxrida sastik tirans (hitlers), emsaxureboda<br />
totalitarul mTavrobas (nacistur reJims) da Tvals xuWavda,<br />
roca milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians (maT Soris bavSvebs) gazis kamereb<br />
Si xocavdnen?<br />
gayofili germania: civi omis minimodeli<br />
germaniis federaciuli respublikis (dasavleTi germaniis) safuZvlebis<br />
gaanalizeba mniSvnelovania misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesafase
184 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
blad. meore msoflio omma daangria germania. qveyana da misi dedaqalaqi<br />
berlini gayofili iqna aliansis wevrebs (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi<br />
da sabWoTa kavSiri) Soris. Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo saokupacio<br />
zonebis gaerTianeba da maTi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba, magram<br />
sabWoTa kavSirma uari ganacxada mis kontrols qveS myofi segmentis daTmobaze.<br />
es ukanaskneli gamocxadda germaniis demokratiul respublikad<br />
(aRmosavleTi germania), maSin roca dasavleT germaniam danarCeni seqtorebi<br />
gaaerTiana. 1949 wlidan 1990 wlamde germaneli eri gayofili iyo. berlini,<br />
istoriuli dedaqalaqi, iqca aSSsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis Ria<br />
placdarmad. orad gayofili germania msoflios dasavleTisa da aRmosavle<br />
Tis mkveTr politikur dayofas Seaxsenebda, igi safrT xes uqmnida mTlianad<br />
msoflios momavals.<br />
miuxedevad imisa, rom aRmosavleT germania aRmosavleT evropis yvela ze<br />
ganviTarebul komunistur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasavleT germaniis<br />
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba masTan SedarebiT bevrad warmatebuli iyo. dasavleT<br />
germaniis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da misi aRmasvlis daujereblad<br />
swrafi tempi meore msoflio omis damangreveli efeqtis fonze, saswauladac<br />
ki monaTles. 1960 wels dasavleT germania evropis axladCamoyalibebuli<br />
saerTo bazris dasayrdenad iqca, rac Semdgom msoflios umsxviles<br />
savaWro gaerTianebad da TandaTan erTian evropul ekonomikad Camoyalibda.<br />
Cven mas dRes evrokavSi ris saxeliT vicnobT. imavdroulad, dasavleT germaniis<br />
ekonomika kvlavac rCeba evropis yvelaze dinamiur Zalad.<br />
aseve STambeWdavi aRmoCnda demokratiis warmateba dasavleT germaniaSi,<br />
misi aRmosavleli komunisti mezoblisagan, germaniis demokratiuli<br />
respublikisagan gansxvavebiT. uzarmazari gansxvaveba or germanias Soris<br />
gaxda mizezi 1961 wels berlinis kedlis aSenebisa, romelsac aRmosavleT<br />
germanelebis (da sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis) izolireba unda moexdina<br />
dasavleTisagan da dasavleT berlinis gziT maTi dasavleTSi gaqcevis Sesa<br />
Zlebloba aRekveTa. berlinis kedeli ara mxolod dasavleT da aRmosavleT<br />
berlinis wyalgamyofs warmoadgenda, aramed simbolurad gamoxatavda maT<br />
Soris arsebul politikur da ekonomikur gansxvavebebs.<br />
30 wlis Semdeg germania isev gaerTianda. Tumca, manamde, cxovrebis gacilebiT<br />
dabali standartebis mqone aRmosavleT germanelebs ekrZalebodaT<br />
dasavleT germaniaSi emigrireba da vizitic ki. sabWoTa kavSiris liderma,<br />
mixeil gorbaCovma (19851991) axali realiebi Semoitana sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropaSi damyarebuli arapopularuli<br />
da warumatebeli komunisturi reJimebi TandaTan dauZlevel<br />
problemad iqca. gorbaCovis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirs aRar Seswevda am<br />
warumatebeli ekonomikuri sistemebisa da dangrevis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis<br />
aRorZinebis unari. aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis aRsasruli dadga<br />
maSin, roca aRmosavleT evropaSi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis talRa pikSi<br />
iyo: poloneTsa da ungreTs ukve gadadgmuli hqonda mniSvnelovani nabijebi<br />
komunisturi reJimis rRvevis mimarTulebiT. maT didad ar CamorCeboda<br />
Cexoslovakia, rumineTi da bulgareTic.<br />
aRmosavleT germaniis komunizmis rRveva daiwyo masobrivi emigraciebiT.
saparlamento demokratia<br />
185<br />
asobiT aTasi adamiani gaiqca ungreTis, poloneTisa da Cexoslovakiis<br />
mimarTulebiT, sadac iqauri komunisti liderebi uSedegod cdilobdnen<br />
azvirTe bu li talRis Sekavebas. imavdroulad, adgilze darCenili aTasobiT<br />
aRmosav leT germaneli masobriv demonstraciebSi iRebda monawileobas<br />
berlinSi, laif ci g sa da sxva qalaqebSi. amas mohyva berlinis kedlis ngrevis<br />
emociuri epizodebi da aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis rRveva 1989 wels.<br />
gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi<br />
sul ramdenime kviraSi saxalxo zewolis Sedegad daemxo erix honekeris<br />
[aRmosavleT germaniis komunisti lideris _ mTargmn. Sen.] reJimi, ramac gza<br />
gauxsna ori germanuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebas. es gaerTianeba ufro swrafad<br />
moxda, vidre eqspertTa umravlesoba varaudobda. 1990 wlis gazafxulze<br />
germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi Catarebul demokratiul arCevnebSi<br />
umravlesobam mxari ar dauWira aRmosavleT germaniis komunistur partias.<br />
1990 wlis oqtomberSi, ori germania gaerTianda saerTo saxelmwifo sivrceSi<br />
da berlini aRdgenili iqna rogorc axali germaniis dedaqalaqi. sabWoTa kav<br />
Siris daSlis Semdgom ki germania evropis wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca.<br />
Tumca, germaniis gaerTianeba pirdapiri gagebiT Zalian Zviri aRmoCnda<br />
da weliwadSi aTobiT miliardi dolari `dajda.~ aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomikis<br />
reabilitaciisTvis dasavleT germanelebs mouxdaT 7,5 procentiT<br />
gazrdili saSemosavlo da aseve momatebuli brunvis gadasaxadis gadaxda.<br />
gaerTianebas aseve Tan axlda socialuri daZabuloba _ muSaTa gaficvebi,<br />
politikuri demonstraciebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, umuSevrobis<br />
maRali done, imigrant muSaxelTan dapirispireba da aseve, ultramemarjvene<br />
da neonacisti eqstremistebis aRzeveba. 1990iani wlebis miwuruls<br />
germaniis aRmosavleTSi umuSevrobis done kvlavac maRal niSnuls, 21<br />
procents utoldeboda _ anu orjer meti iyo, vidre dasavleTSi. germaniaSi<br />
erTiani ekonomikisa da erTiani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas kidev didi<br />
dro dasWirdeba.<br />
germanuli federalizmi<br />
demokratia namdvilad yvavis germaniaSi. 1989 wlamde germaniis federaciuli<br />
respublika 10 federalur miwas (Länder, mxolobiTSi Land) da berlinis<br />
dasavleT nawils moicavda. mas daaxloebiT aSSis oregonis Statis<br />
Tanazomadi teritoria ekava. gaerTianebam ki federaluri respublikis<br />
struqtura eqvsi axali miwiTa da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi mosaxleobiTa<br />
da teritoriiT gaafarTova. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom gaerTianebuli<br />
germaniis analogiuri te ritoriuli farTobis mqone 25 saxelmwifoc<br />
ki Tavisuflad `daeteoda~ aSSis kuTvnil teritoriul farTobze. Tumca,<br />
germaniis federalizmi, romelic centralur xelisuflebaze mudmiv kontrols<br />
uzrunvelyofs, ufro politikuri movlenaa, vidre geografiuli.
186 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdgom mokavSireebma daadgines germanuli miwebis<br />
sazRvrebi, romlebic faqtobrivad maT istoriul sazRvrebs emTxveoda.<br />
miuxedvad imisa, rom germaniis geografiuli kompaqturoba erTi SexedviT<br />
gamo ricxavs regionul mravalferovnebas, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi<br />
CveulebebSi, midgomebSi, dialeqtSi da a.S. mainc TvalSisacemia. TumcaRa,<br />
amgvari regionuli Tu adgilobrivi mravalferovneba sulac ar axasiaTebs<br />
zogierT mi was da amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom germaniis federaluri<br />
sistemis SigniT am federaluri erTeulebis standartizaciis done ufro<br />
maRalia, vidre aSSis Statebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
miwebi warmoadgens qvakuTxedebs germanuli sistemisa, romelic Seiqmna<br />
politikuri decentralizaciis maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad. miwebis<br />
xelisuflebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba adgilze kanonebis<br />
amoqmedeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba an kultura. mxolod<br />
maT gaaCniaT Sesabamisi berketebi federalur doneze miRebuli kanonebis<br />
aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, maT Soris adgilobriv administraciebSi<br />
Sesabamisi gankargulebebis gacemisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis marTvis
saparlamento demokratia<br />
187<br />
ufleba, iseve rogorc sapolicio Zalaufleba. dabolos, mxolod maT gaaCniaT<br />
presaze limitirebuli, magram mainc garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebis<br />
ufleba.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, federaluri xelisufleba namdvilad ar warmoadgens<br />
germanuli sistemis sust rgols. berlinSi ganlagebul mTavrobas aqvs<br />
eqsklu ziuri sakanonmdeblo uflebebi sagareo, savaluto da fiskaluri<br />
politikis, moqalaqeobis miniWebis, sarkinigzo komunikaciis, safosto momsaxurebisa<br />
da telekomunikaciis, agreTve saavtoro uflebebis sferoebSi.<br />
zogierTi sxva sa kiTxi, kerZod ki samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba<br />
da ekonomikuri re gulaciebi centraluri da regonuli xelisuflebis<br />
saerTo kompetenci e bis sferos ganekuTvneba.<br />
germania ufro federaluria vidre aSS; federaluri miwebi aRWurvilni<br />
arian ufro meti ZalauflebiT da gadasaxadebis proporciulad ufro<br />
didi wilic adgilobriv biujetSi miemarTeba. magaliTisaTvis, kerZo da<br />
korporati uli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi centrsa da miwebs Soris Tanabrad<br />
nawildeba da TiToeuli 40 procents iRebs, danarCen 20 procenti ki qalaqebis<br />
biujetSi mi dis. miwebi aseve iReben damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis<br />
(dRg) erT mesa meds, rac evropaSi udides, magram xSirad dafarul<br />
brunvis gadasaxads warmoadgens. Sedegad, maSin roca berlinidan kidev<br />
garkveuli damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva xdeba federaluri erTeulebisa<br />
da qalaqebis biujetSi, maT ar uwevT ganmeorebiTi mimarTvebis gzavna centrSi<br />
aSSis Statebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad, romlebic cdiloben am gziT<br />
miiRon saWiro dafinanseba vaSingtonidan. 8<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
germania warmoadgens saparlamento mmarTvelobis formas danawevrebuli<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. centraluri samTavrobo figura aris<br />
kancle ri, romelic parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs da aTavisuflebs kabinetis<br />
wev rebs. sagangebo mgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, kancleri xdeba armiis<br />
mTavarsardali da sajaro politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze<br />
pasuxismgebeli piri.<br />
saxelmwifos meTauria prezidenti, romelsac met wilad mxo lod simboluri<br />
funqcia aqvs, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, Tu parlamenti<br />
politikur CixSi moeqceva.<br />
did britaneTSi mefisa Tu dedoflis msgavsad, germaniaSi prezidents<br />
partiuli politikis miuxedavad SeuZlia SeinarCunos Zalaufleba da amdenad<br />
ganasaxierebdes sistemis gangrZobiTobasa da stabilurobas. prezidenti<br />
irCeva arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT xuTi wlis vadiT. parmalentis<br />
qveda palataSi um ravlesobis partiis lideri xdeba qveynis kancleri. im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu verc erTi partia ver moipovebs umravlesobas, da xSirad asec<br />
xdeba praqtikaSi, maSin kanclers irCevs ramdenime partiisagan Semdgari<br />
mmarTveli koalicia.
188 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />
germaniaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba orad aris gayofili: bundestagi<br />
warmoadgens parlamentis qveda palatas da bundesrati _ zeda palatas. iseve<br />
rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, germaniis orpalatian parlamentSic,<br />
qve da palata ufro mniSvnelovania. Tumca, am ori qveynisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
zeda palata (bundesrati) germaniaSi gacilebiT ufro qmediTia da funqciurad<br />
datvirTuli.<br />
bundestagi. bundestagis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis irCeva umravlesobis<br />
partiis liderTagan. proceduruli sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia im normebiT,<br />
romlebic raixstagidan (sakanonmdeblo organo omamde) momdinareobs.<br />
mniSvnelovani gada wyvetilebebi, rogorc aris sakomiteto davalebebis, debatebis<br />
dRis wesrigis da saparlamento muSaobis sxva yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis<br />
gansazRvra, xdeba uxucesTa sabWos mier. es organo Sedgeba bundestagis<br />
prezidentis (Tavmjdomaris), misi moadgileebis da ramdenime sxva wevrisagan,<br />
romelTac irCevs TiToeuli partia.<br />
bundestagis wevrebi demokratiulad irCevian oTxi wlis vadiT, Tumca,<br />
rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi, maTi funqcionirebis vada SesaZloa<br />
Semcirebuli iqnes mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
amgvar viTarebaSi, kancleri unda gadadges da prezidentma unda daiTxovos<br />
parlamenti. Tumca, germaniaSi, sxva saparlamento sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs `undoblobis xmis konstruqciul~ gamoyenebas,<br />
rac imas gulisxmobs, rom kancleri ar SeiZleba daTxovnili iqnas bundestagis<br />
mier `undoblobis xmiT,~ Tu imavdroulad wardgenili da arCeuli<br />
ar aris misi Semcvlelis, axali kancleris kandidatura.<br />
bundestagis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs wamoadgens fraqciebi.<br />
imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos fraqcia, politikurma partiam sul mcire 15 adgili<br />
unda moipovos parlamentSi. bundestagis procedurebiTa da ganawesiT,<br />
mxolod am saparlamento organizaciis meSveobiT SeiZleba deputatebis<br />
wardgena komitetebSi da partiebis formaluri aRiareba parlament Si. imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo samuSao mimdinareobs swored<br />
komitetebis SigniT, partiebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania parlamentSi<br />
adgilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad fraqciis Camoyalibeba.<br />
bundesrati. zeda palatis kompetencias miekuTvneba yvela is sakiTxi, rac<br />
centralur da regionul (miwebis) ZalauflebaTa balansis dacvas Tu<br />
Secvlas gulisxmobs. bundesratis wevrebi arian miwebis xelisuflebis mier<br />
daniSnuli da ara arCeuli deputatebi da blokuri xmis micemis princips<br />
iye neben. amrigad, germanul miwebs gaaCniaT qmediTi da efeqtiani berketi,<br />
raTa Tavi daicvan fe de raluri xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo Seviwroebisagan.<br />
Sedegad, bundesrati msoflioSi erTerTi yvelaze ufro qmediTi<br />
da mniSvnelovani zeda saparlamento palataa. germaniis miwebi umTavres<br />
rols asruleben federaluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi, iseve rogorc
saparlamento demokratia<br />
189<br />
saerTo an gamijnuli kompetenciis sferoebisTvis Sesabamisi politikis<br />
gansazRvraSi, rogorc es ZiriTadi kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.<br />
politikuri partiebi<br />
politikuri partiebis sistema imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom partiebis<br />
raodenoba garkveul zRvars ar gascileboda da mcire eqstremistur<br />
dajgufebebs qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis<br />
Sesrulebis Sansi ar hqonodaT. partiebma unda gadalaxon xuTprocentiani<br />
barieri saerTo arCevnebSi da sul mcire sam saarCevno raionSi moipovon<br />
adgilebi imisaTvis, rom bundestagSi iqnan warmodgenilni.<br />
kidev erTi faqtori, rac ZiriTadi partiebis gaZlierebas kidev ufro<br />
uw yobs xels, aris bundestagis arCevnebis principi. TiToeuli amomrCeveli<br />
orjer aZlevs xmas: erTs _ konkretul kandidats, meores _ partiis mier<br />
gansazRvrul sias. arCevnebis es Tavisebureba saSualebas aZlevs ZiriTad<br />
partiebs gadamwyveti roli SeEasrulon politikuri da sajaro karieris mosurneTa<br />
momavlis gansazRvraSi, radganac bundestagis Semadgenlobis naxevari<br />
proporciuli arCevnebis, anu saarCevno regionebis partiuli siidan<br />
xvdeba parlamentSi. (proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemaSi politikuri<br />
partia ara mxolod gansazRvravs siaSi Casmuli kandidatebis vinaobas,<br />
aramed maT ranJirebasac: siaSi pirvels prioritetulad yvelaze didi San si<br />
aqvs parlamentSi moxvedrisa, ukanasknels ki _ yvelaze naklebi).<br />
1949 wlidan germaniis federalur respublikaSi mxolod ori ZiriTadi<br />
par tia arsebobda: socialdemokratiuli partia (SPD) da konservatiuli<br />
qri s tiandemokratiuli kavSiri/qristiansocialisturi kavSiri (CDU/<br />
CSU). garda amisa, SedarebiT ufro momcro Tavisufaldemokratiuli par tia<br />
(FDP) axerxebda Zalauflebis SenarCunebas, gaaCnda mniSvnelovani strategiuli<br />
funqcia da asrulebda gadamwyvet rols mmarTveli Zalis gansaz<br />
RvraSi Tanabari Zalis mqone or partias Sors erTerTTan koaliciuri erTobis<br />
CamoyalibebiT. TiTqmis Tanabari xmebis mqone ori msxvili partiisaTvis<br />
Tavisufaldemokratebis xmebs xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda bundestagSi.<br />
amitomac, Sedare biT mcire partiis didi gavlena xSirad araproporciulic<br />
ki iyo mis masStabTan mimarTebaSi. igi koaliciur mTavrobaTa<br />
umravlesobaSi umcrosi partnioris statusiT warmatebiT sargeblobda.<br />
axlo warsulSi kidev erTi, mwvaneTa partia damkvidrda rogorc mcire,<br />
magram angariSgasawevi Zala. aRniSnuli partia saTaves iRebs garemos<br />
dacvis sakiTxebze aRzevebuli socialuri moZraobidan. 1998 wels, rodesac<br />
socialdemokratebma daamarcxes qristiandemokratebi arCevnebSi,<br />
magram ver daag roves xmaTa (da Sesabamisad adgilebis) umravlesoba parlamentSi,<br />
maT Seqmnes koalicia mwvaneTa partiasTan mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad,<br />
Sedegad gerhard Sroderi, socialdemokratebis lideri, gaxda<br />
germaniis kancleri, xolo ioSka fiSeri, mwvaneTa lideri _ germaniis<br />
sagareo saqmeTa ministri. garda amisa, mwvaneebma ramdenime sxva postic<br />
daikaves kabinetSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca mwvaneTa partia germaniis<br />
xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda.
190 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime mcire, magram sakmaod aqtiuri ultramemarjvene<br />
politikuri gaerTianeba, romlebic germanuli nacionalizmis<br />
aRzevebisaken miiswrafvian, miuxedavad qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikuri,<br />
rasobrivi Tu religiuri mravalferovnebisa, maT Soris muslimuri<br />
da ebrauli umciresobiT. amgvar partiebs ganekuTvneba: nacionalurdemokratiuli<br />
partia (NPD), germaniis saxalxo kavSiri (GVU) da respublikuri<br />
partia. jerjerobiT es ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebi mxolod mcireodeni<br />
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs Tumca, germaniaSi ultramemarjvene eqstremizmis<br />
gaZliereba TavisTavad Sema SfoTebelia qveynis politikuri warsulis gamo,<br />
romelic hitleris reJimsa da holokostTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
germaniis sxva federaluri institutebis msgavsad, sasamarTlo sistemac<br />
imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom Seekavebina centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
mier Zalauflebis koncentrirebis safrTxe. sasamarTlo sistema,<br />
romlis zemgdom instancias federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo warmoadgens,<br />
muSaobs oTxi specializebuli tribunalis irgvliv. esenia: Sromis<br />
federaluri sasamarTlo, federaluri socialuri sasamarTlo, federaluri<br />
finansuri sasamarTlo da federaluri administraciuli sasamarTlo.<br />
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo struqturas<br />
federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmoadgens, romelic eqskluziurad<br />
konstituciur sakiTxebze muSaobs da uflebamosilia gamoacxados<br />
federaluri Tu miwis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi arakonstituciurad.<br />
aSSSi federalur mosamarTleTa arCevis procedurisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
germaniaSi umaRlesi rangis mosamarTleebi (anu federaluri sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi) airCevian sakanonmdeblo organos mier. bundestagi<br />
irCevs am mosamarTleTa erT naxevars, xolo bundesrati _ meores. Tumca,<br />
mosamarTleTa umravlesoba airCeva sakonkurso sajaro samsaxuris tipis<br />
testirebis safuZvelze da mtkicdeba mTeli sicocxlis vadiT iusticiis<br />
minis t ris mier, romelic Sesabamis daxmarebas Tavis mxriv iRebs federaluri<br />
da miwe bis kanonmdebelTa mier arCeuli nominirebis komitetebisagan.<br />
sasamarTloSi ierarqiuli aRmasvlisaTvis, mosamarTle unda dawinaurdes<br />
ukve sistemis SigniT, msgavsad saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cveulebrivi sajaro<br />
moxelisa. sasamarTlo damoukidebloba garantirebulia mosamarTle<br />
Ta sicocxlis xangrZlivobis vadiT daniSvniT. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba adekvaturad aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom<br />
efeqtianad daabalansos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
Zalaufleba da daicvas samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi.<br />
ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />
samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sferoSi, rogorc germanuli politikis<br />
erTma mkvlevarma ganacxada `Sesabamisi istoriuli gamocdileba miRebu
saparlamento demokratia<br />
191<br />
li iqna mesame raixis dros, roca represiuli reJimis pirobebSi adamianis<br />
yvela Tavisuflebebi SezRuduli da uxeSad darRveuli iyo.~ 9 ZiriTadi kanonis<br />
pirveli cxrameti muxli detalurad aRwers yoveli germaneli moqalaqis<br />
ganuyofel uflebebs. diskriminaciis yvela forma, maT Soris religiuri<br />
da rasobrivi, calsaxad akr Zalulia. sityvis, gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa<br />
da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba garantirebulia, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT,<br />
roca es uflebebi gamo yenebulia `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis xelyofisaTvis.~<br />
es ukanaskne li Caswore ba aSkarad ori radikaluri polusisaTvis<br />
_ erTi mxriv, ultramemarc xene komunizmisa da meore mxriv, ultramemarjvene<br />
nacizmisTvis, iyo gamiznuli, romel Ta aRzevebam seriozuli kvali<br />
daasva germaniis istorias meoce saukuneSi. udavod, es aris omisSemdgomi<br />
periodis gamoZaxili, roca mTel atlantikur sivrces da, gansakuTrebuli<br />
simZafriT, germaniis aRmosavleT nawils komunizmis seni moedo. Tumca,<br />
arc ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis isev gaZlierebis saSiSroebaa mxo lod<br />
moCvenebiTi. amitom, aRniSnuli SezRudva omisSemdgom periodSi `Tavisufali<br />
demokratiuli wesrigis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZiriTad safrTxed<br />
neonacizms gulisxmobs.<br />
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?<br />
ZiriTadi kanonis erTerTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo `axali germaniis~ instituciuri<br />
konstruireba ise, rom gamoricxuli yofiliyo `Zveli germaniis~<br />
ganmeoreba. SezRuduli xelisufleba _ ZiriTadi kanonis Semqmnelebma<br />
germanuli konstituciuri demokratiis mSeneblobisaTvis im saZirkvlad<br />
moiazres, romelic yvela sxva meqanizmze ukeTesad uzrunvelyofda Zalauflebis<br />
centralizaciis potenciurad saSiSi tendenciis Sekavebas,<br />
ramac germaniis axal istoriaSi Semzaravi Sedegebi moitana.<br />
germanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />
yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis<br />
ekonomika da rekonstruqcia<br />
germaniis xelaxla gaerTianeba `Zviri dajda~. yofili aRmosavleT germania<br />
dasav leT Tan SedarebiT ekonomikurad dasustebuli iyo. in f rastruqtura<br />
cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, qarxnebi moZvelebuli manqanada na dgarebiT muSaobda,<br />
muSebs mniSvnelovani unarebi ar hqondaT, sawarmoTa daxurvis gamo umuSevrobis<br />
done maRali iyo da komunisturi epoqis wvri li biurokratia, romelsac<br />
Tanamedrove menejmentis araferi gaegeboda, sakuTar poziciebs ar Tmobda.<br />
ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac gaerTianebuli xelisuflebis<br />
saTaveSi helmut koli movida. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi koli meoTxe vadiT<br />
airCies kanclerad. marTalia, ekonomika 1992 wlidan 1994 wlamde weliwadSi
192 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
78%iT izrdeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomika 1996 wels mxolod<br />
3.5%iT gaizarda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod 1.0%iT zrdas elod nen. amrigad,<br />
unda vivaraudoT, rom germaniis ekonomika, sadac dasavleTi qveynis mTlian<br />
erovnul Sida produqtSi 90%s iTvlis, male ver Seicvleba.<br />
ucxoeli muSebi, aralegaluri emigrantebi<br />
da neofaSisturi reaqcia<br />
maRali umuSevroba (aRmosavleT germaniaSi daaxloebiT 21%) gansakuTrebiT<br />
mtkivneuli iyo aRmosavleT germanelebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi<br />
mmarTvelobis dros srul dasaqmebas, dasaqmebis garantiasa<br />
da dabal samomxmareblo fasebs iyvnen miCveulni. amas garda, aRmosavleT<br />
evropidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan da axlo aRmosavleTidan mravali<br />
droebiTi muSa da aralegaluri emigranti keTildReobis saZebnelad germaniaSi<br />
wavi da. aman politikuri uTanxmoeba, eTnikuri daZabuloba da qsenofobiac<br />
ki gamoiwvia _ germaneli moqalaqebi wuxdnen, rom maT ers ucxoelebis<br />
mier ganadgureba eloda. qsenofobiis yvelaze usiamovno gamovlinebaa neonacistebis<br />
(`sqinhedebis~ CaTvliT), moqmedeba da ucxoelebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli<br />
Zaladobis aqtebi.<br />
evrokavSiris aRmavloba<br />
kolis xelisufleba kvlav ucvlelad uWerda mxars evrokavSirs axali<br />
evropuli savaluto kavSiris Seqmnis CaTvliT. germaniisaTvis saerTo evropis<br />
idea xelsayrelia, radgan amgvari legitimuri struqturis gareSe,<br />
axali germanuli fanatizmis safrTxe dgeba dRis wesrigSi, romlis msgavss<br />
1930ian wlebSi hitlerma Cauyara safuZveli. meore mizezi is aris, rom germaniam<br />
kargad uwyis gaerTianebul evropaSi Tavisi dominanturi Zalauflebis<br />
Sesaxeb. misi Zlieri ekonomika imis garantias iZleva, rom mas sxva wevr<br />
qveynebze politikuri gavlena da konkurentuli upiratesoba eqneba.<br />
aRmosavleTSi investireba<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT germaniis upirvelesi mizani aRmosavleTi<br />
nawilis aRorZinebaa, germanelebi istoriulad da geografiuladac<br />
centralur evropaSi eZeben bazrebs, nedleuls da investirebis SesaZleblobebs.<br />
germania bunebrivi savaWro partnioria poloneTisa da CexeTis<br />
respublikisaTvis, aseve didi interesi aqvs gaafarToos vaWroba yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan.<br />
evropasa da msoflioSi sakuTari rolis xelaxla gansazRvra<br />
Tanamedrove germania gardamaval periodSia. misi mniSvneloba da dinamika<br />
gvkarnaxobs, rom evropasa da mis farglebs miRma is lideris rols<br />
iTamaSebs, Tumca am rolis zusti buneba bundovania. 1990iani wlebis Sua
saparlamento demokratia<br />
193<br />
xanebSi bosniaSi gaerTianebuli erebis mSvidobis misiis Sesrulebisas germaneli<br />
jariskacebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad gagzavnes saz<br />
RvargareT. germania ar Seurigdeba naxevari saukunis winandel samxedro<br />
SezRudvebs. jer ucnobia, kerZod rogori roli eqneba mas evropasa da<br />
msoflioSi.<br />
Tumca, federaluri respublikis demokratiuli cxov rebis naxevarsaukunovani<br />
gamocdileba namdvilad STambeWdavia. vai maris istoriuli ganmeoreba<br />
ar momxdara. Tu vaimaris respublika mZime ekonomikurma krizisma<br />
CixSi moaqcia, 1949 wlis Semdgom dasavleT germaniis swrafi omisSemdgomi<br />
reabilitacia da mgdradi industriuli ganviTareba xSirad ekonomikur<br />
saswauladac ki moixsenieba. federaciuli respublika dasavleT evropis<br />
wamyvan industriul saxelmwifod da `Tavisufali msoflios~ mesame udi des<br />
ekonomikur Zalad iqca, aSSsa da iaponiis Semdeg. ekonomikuri warmateba<br />
erTerTi im ZiriTad mizezTagania, ris Sedegadac demokratia warmatebulad<br />
ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, xolo vaimaris respublika<br />
daem xo. swored dinamikuri ekonomikis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove germanelebma<br />
SeZles sicocxlisunariani da efeqtiani demokratiis Seqmna im miwaze,<br />
sadac erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo demokratiis muSaoba. am warmatebam,<br />
yvela sxva calkeul faqtorze ufro metad, daaCqa ra mezobel aRmosavleTY<br />
germaniaSi komunizmis marcxi.<br />
jer adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra grZelvadian Sedegebs<br />
moitans germaniis gaerTianeba evropisa da mTlianad msofliosaTvis.<br />
Tanamed rove germania warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis erTgulia da misi<br />
ekonomika mzardi evrokavSiris farglebSi viTardeba. eWvi TiTqmis aRaravis<br />
epareba, rom axali germania evropaSi nebismieri axali politikuri Tu<br />
ekonomikuri forma ciis wamyvani Zala iqneba. isic eWvgareSea, rom germaniis<br />
demokratia kvlavac ganviTardeba im rTuli gamowvevis daZlevis Semdgom,<br />
rasac aRmosavleT germaniis momakvdavi diqtaturidan srulfasovan demokratiad<br />
gadaqceva warmoadgenda.<br />
iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba<br />
konsensusis qveyanaSi<br />
msgavsad sxva aziuri sazogadoebebisa, iaponiasac ar hqonda demokratiuli<br />
cxovrebis gamocdileba 1947 wlamde. metic, misi istoria da kultura<br />
zogjer dasavluri demokratiuli ideebs ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec. Tumca,<br />
dReisaTvis, iaponia aziis erTerTi yvelaze xandazmuli saparlamento demokratiaa<br />
(meore amgvari tradiciis qveyana indoeTia, sadac saparlamento<br />
demokratia imave periodSi Camoyalibda Zalian rTul pirobebSi). imisaTvis,<br />
rom kargad <strong>gavigoT</strong> rogor moxda amgvari transformireba, pirvel rigSi,<br />
unda mimovixiloT iaponiis istoria. 10
194 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi<br />
iaponiaSi feodaluri xana 1868 wels meiZis restavraciamde grZeldebo<br />
da. Zveli didebis dabrunebis fonze, taxtze axali imperatori (meiZis<br />
dinastiidan) avida da daiwyo iaponiis modernizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
demokratiuli principebi marginalurad, magram mainc ukve Sesuli iyo<br />
qveyanaSi, meiZis dinastiis iaponia kvlavac oligarqiad rCeboda. marTvis<br />
sadaveebs uxuces saxelmwifo moRvaweTa sabWo, anu genro, flobda. imperatoris<br />
funqcia, rogorc es istorikosebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT,<br />
simbolu ri iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amgvari Sefaseba<br />
arasworia. marTlac, miiCnevdnen ra xorciel RvTa ebad, imperators Tayvans<br />
scemdnen da aRiqvamdnen, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis simbolos. Tumca,<br />
amavdroulad, qveynisaTvis kritikul situaciaSi imperatori realurad aqtiur<br />
saxelmwifo figurad da gadawyvetilebis mimReb xelisuflad iqceoda<br />
xolme. 11<br />
iaponiam am periodis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani Sida progresi ganicada.<br />
modernizebulma elitam waaxalisa ekonomikuri ganviTareba proteqcionizmisa<br />
da subsidirebis gziT. mxolod ZiriTadi an strategiuli mniSvnelobis<br />
industiuli dargebi darCa saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi. ekonomikuri<br />
modernizaciis modeli didwilad dasavluris msgavsad Seiqmna. miuxedavad<br />
miwismflobelTa perioduli winaaRmdegobisa, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>politika</strong> kapitalis ganviTarebis programiT xelmZRvanelobda da miznad<br />
isaxavda mZime mrewvelobis xelSewyobas. qveynis liderebma meiZis dinastiis<br />
mmarTvelobis ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc erTi mkvlevari<br />
aRniSnavs, `gaauq mes feodaluri institutebi, daakanones miwaze kerZo<br />
sakuTreba, aamuSaves dasavluri tipis samarTlebrivi sistema, SemoiRes<br />
savaldebulo ganaTleba, Camoayalibes centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis<br />
axleburi formebi da aRmofxvres legaluri barierebi socialur<br />
klasebs Soris.~ 12<br />
pirveli msoflio omisa da meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg, iaponia politikuri ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. nacionalizmi,<br />
romelsac skolebSic aswavlidnen rogorc disciplinas, erTgvar religiadac<br />
ki iq ca. xelisufalni Zalian swrafad da qaosurad icvlebodnen. Tumca,<br />
iyo demok ratiuli reformebis ganxorcilebis garkveuli mcdelobebi: magaliTisaTvis,<br />
1925 wels moixsna arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis ekonomikuri<br />
cenzi da xmis mice mis uflebiT sargeblobis neba mieca 25 wels gadacilebul<br />
yvela mama kacs. magram, 1930ian wlebSi militarizmis mzardma talRam<br />
axladCamoyalibe buli demokratiuli Canasaxi gadafara. ultranacionalistebi<br />
acxadebdnen, rom demokratiis mesveuri politikosebi iaponiis Zlevamosilebas<br />
akninebdnen da qveyana msoflioSi misi sakadrisi adgilis mopovebas<br />
mxolod Zlieri militaristuli mmarT velobis pirobebSi SeZlebda.<br />
militaristebma gaimarjves, magram maTi gamarjveba iaponias meore msoflio<br />
omSi samarcxvino damarcxebis fasad daujda.
saparlamento demokratia<br />
195<br />
1930ian wlebSi pirveladi demokratiuli reformebis sakmaod swrafi<br />
da umtkivneulo CaSla cxadyofs, rom iaponiaSi realurad arc momxdara<br />
konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideis gatareba. zogadi rwmeniT, suvereniteti<br />
gamomdinareobda imperatoris RvTaebriobisagan da ara xalxisgan. am denad,<br />
omamde pe riodis iaponia demokratiis ideas mxolod zedapirulad<br />
Seexo.<br />
axali konstitucia<br />
iaponiis 1947 wlis konstitucia, romelic meore msoflio omSi iaponiaze<br />
gamarjvebuli aSSis mier iqna SemoRebuli, miznad isaxavda qveynis politikuri<br />
sistemis gardaqmnas. axali konstituciis mixedviT, suverenitetis wyaros<br />
ukve xalxi warmoadgenda da ara imperatori. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa<br />
iaponiis kons tituciaze, gansakuTrebiT mis preambulaze:<br />
Cven, iaponeli xalxi, vmoqmedebT ra erovnul parlamentSi Cven mier<br />
arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, viRebT gadavwyvetilebas,<br />
CvenTvis da Cveni keTildReobisaTvis davamyaroT mSvidobiani Tanam
196 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
Sromloba yvela erTan, davicvaT Tavisufleba am miwaze, aRarasdros<br />
davuSvaT omis ganmeoreba da gamowveva xelisuflebis raime qmedebiT,<br />
vacxadebT, rom Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da vamtkicebT<br />
am konstitucias... xelisufleba aRWurvilia xalxis ndobiT, xelisuflebis<br />
Zala ufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da xelisufleba emsaxureba<br />
xalxs.<br />
iaponiis 1947 wlis konstituciis avtorebi cdilobdnen warmomadgen lobiTi<br />
demokratiis detalurad gawerili sistema SeemuSavebinaT. im fundamentur<br />
uflebebs Soris, romelTac konstitucia iTvaliswinebda, iyo moqalaqeTaTvis<br />
ganaTlebis miRebis Tanaswori ufleba da muSaTa Sekrebisa da<br />
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba. iaponiis konstituciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba<br />
gaxldaT isic, rom igi erTmniSvnelovnad gmobda oms da acxadebda,<br />
rom qveyana arasdros iqoniebda `saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero Zalebs an<br />
omis warmoebis sxva potencials~ (Tumca, am daTqmam iaponiis xelisufleba<br />
mainc ver SeaCera, Seeqmna li mitirebuli `TavdacviTi Zalebi~).<br />
saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri mxareebi<br />
konstituciis mixedviT iaponiaSi saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma damkvidrda.<br />
imperatori qveynis formalur mmarTvelad rCeba, Tumca misi funqcia<br />
mxolod ceremoniulia. premierministri aris qveynis realuri meTauri.<br />
konstituciis avtorebma formaluri xelisuflebis uzenaesoba axal orpalatian<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos mianiWes. es organo, romelsac asamblea ewodeba,<br />
Sedgeba 511 wevriani warmomadgenelTa palatisagan, romelic yovel oTx<br />
weliwadSi erTxel irCeva (SesaZlebelia, arCevnebi ufro xSiradac Catardes<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu palata daTxovnili iqneba da SedarebiT naklebi gavlenis<br />
mqone 252 wevriani mrCevelTa palatisagan, romelic eqvsi wlis vadiT irCeva<br />
(misi naxevari sam weliwadSi erTxel axldeba) [es cifrebi SeiZleba icvlebodes<br />
_ mTargmn. Sen.].<br />
Tavidan, orive palatis wevrebi kenWs iyridnen mravalmandatiani ubnebidan<br />
sayovelTao arCevnebis wesiT, sadac amomrCeveli mxolod erT arCevans<br />
akeTebda. am sistemam 1994 wlamde imuSava, anu vidre saarCevno reformis<br />
mixedviT ar Seicvala saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebi da saarCevno procedura<br />
warmomadgenel Ta palatisaTvis (kerZod, Camoyalibda 300 erTmandatiani saarCevno<br />
erTeuli, xo lo danarCeni 200 mandati proporciul warmomadgenlobaze<br />
gadanawilda).<br />
konstitucia acxadebda, rom saxalxo suverenitetis matarebeli organo<br />
aris asamblea, romelic erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi saxelisuflo institutia.<br />
Tuki adre premierministri da kabineti angariSvaldebulni iyvnen<br />
imperatoris winaSe, axla es valdebuleba parlamentis, `rogorc xelisuflebis<br />
umaRlesi organos~ winaSe daekisraT. iaponiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />
uflebamosili gaxda kanonebi arakonstituciurad gamoecxadebina (rac Zalian<br />
iSviaTad xdeba), mosamarTleebi ki maTi daniSvnis Semdgom yoveli aTi
saparlamento demokratia<br />
197<br />
weliwadSi xelaxla unda yofiliyvnen damtkicebulni amomrCevelTa mier (am<br />
procesma faqtobrivad avtomaturi xasiaTi SeiZina).<br />
rogorc qvemoT gavigebT, iaponias mouxda dasavluri institutebis sakuTar,<br />
sakmaod Zlier da Tavisebur kulturul tradiciebze morgeba. Sedegad,<br />
Camoyalibda unikaluri sistema, romelic axlis (demokratiuli <strong>politika</strong><br />
da sabazro ekonomika) da Zvelis (politikuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri<br />
centra lizacia, sazogadoebrivi disciplina) saintereso kombinaciaa.<br />
partiuli sistema<br />
liberalurdemokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponur <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />
1955dan 1993 wlamde. marTalia, arsebobda sxvadasxva, ufro mcire politikuri<br />
partiebic, magram isini araefeqturni da naklebad gavlenianni iyvnen.<br />
am opoziciur partiebs Soris, socialistebma da komunistebma ramdenjerme<br />
SeZles xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis dagroveba, magram maTi sakanonmdeblo<br />
roli ZiriTadad saparlamento oponirebiT Semoifargleboda. daaxloebiT<br />
oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis realuri marTvis sadaveebs<br />
TiTqmis eqskluziurad flobda liberalurdemokratiuli partia.<br />
Tu erTi partia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs saparlamento<br />
adgilebis umravlesobas Tavisufali arCevnebis pirobebSi, es rogorc<br />
wesi, imaze mianiSnebs, rom am partiam SeZlo socialuri interesebis<br />
farTo speqtris dakmayofileba. liberaldemokratebis warmateba iaponiaSi<br />
ganapiroba iman, rom ldpm viwro partiul interesebze maRla farTo<br />
saxalxo moTxovnebi daayena, gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo ramdenime<br />
specifikuri da yvelaze aqtualuri interesis mimarT, gaaCnda Zalian didi<br />
upiratesoba finansuri da organizaciuli resursebis TvalsazrisiT da<br />
kargad sargeblobda politikuri inerciiT. ori mosazrebis Tanaxmad:<br />
im mizezebis dadgena, Tu ram gamoiwvia konservatorebis xangrZlivi<br />
dominireba, rTuli ar aris. pirvel rigSi, es ganapiroba konservatorebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma, romelTac sazogadoe <br />
bas daanaxes, rom ar xdeboda sruli wyveta warsulTan. damoukideblobis<br />
miiRebisTanave gaatares miwis reforma. is cvlilebebi, rac maT<br />
ganaxorcieles ufro centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sasargeblod,<br />
mimarTuli iyo okupaciuri mmarTvelobis mier daSvebuli aSkara Secdomebis<br />
gamos worebisaken. garda amisa, liberaldemokratebs gaaCn <br />
daT resursebis kontrolis mniSvnelovani berketi, rac maT saWiro<br />
momentSi saWiro ekonomikuri da profesiuli kavSirebis mxadaWeris<br />
mopovebaSi uwyobda xels. partia erTdroulad sargeblobda sameurneo<br />
da biznesjgufebis umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, rac mis pozicias<br />
kidec ufro aZlierebda. is biurokratiasTan Zalian axlos idga. Tumca,<br />
sainteresoa isic, rom mWidrdo kavSirebi biurokratiasTan, biznessazogadoebasTan<br />
an resursebis kontroli ar iyo sakmarisi. 1955<br />
wels liberalurdemokratiulma partiam daiwyo farTo partiuli
198 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
aRmSenebloba wevrebis masobrivi mizidviT. partiam namdvilad rTul<br />
amocanas gaarTva Tavi qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad warmosadgeni iyo regionul<br />
partiul organizacias Caenacvlebina tradiciuli pirovnuli<br />
kulti da gamxdariyo is faqtori, ris garSemoc SeiZleboda sazogadoebrivi<br />
konsolidacia. 13<br />
liberaldemokratebis, rogorc iaponiis umTavresi partiis mier damkvidrebuli<br />
konsensusis miRwevis principi qveynis politikis maxasiaTebel niSnad<br />
iqca. partia ar warmoadgenda monoliTur politikur bloks, igi iyo sxvadasxva<br />
interesjgufebis erTgvari Tavisufali koalicia, sadac Sida konsensusis<br />
miRweva umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda. 1993 wlamde partiis mier arCeuli<br />
Tavmj domare, sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdgom, avtomaturad xdeboda qveynis<br />
premier ministri. partiis lideris arCeva ki, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo sakmaod intensiur molaparakebebsa da garigebebTan partiis Semadgenel<br />
gansxvavebul fraqciebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi liderebi, samoqmedo<br />
programebi da mxardamWeri regionebi hyavdaT.<br />
iaponiis stabiluri, erTi partiis mier dominirebuli sistema Seirya 1993<br />
wlis istoriuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi, liberalurdemokratiulma<br />
partiam TviTon ganapiroba sakuTari damarcxeba. 1990iani<br />
wlebis dasawyisSi partia faqtobrivad daiSala: im gaxmaurebuli politikuri<br />
skandalebis Semdeg, raSic partiis maRalCinosnebi iyvnen CarTuli da ramac<br />
partiis imiji mkveTrad Selaxa, mas gamoeyo ramdenime fraqciis lideri.<br />
politikuri skandalebi kiiCi miiaZavas mTavrobis damxobis katalizatorad<br />
iqca. ufro Rrma da realur mizezs ki sazogadoebaSi uxvad dagrovili socialuri<br />
problemebi warmoadgenda: dRiTidRe mzardi socialuri ukmayofileba,<br />
maRali fasebi, grZeli samuSao dReebi da a.S.<br />
Tumca, mmarTveli partiis damarcxebas ar gamouwvevia gamokveTili alternativis<br />
gaCena: liberaldemokratebi aSkarad damarcxebulebi iyvnen, magram<br />
ar Candnen aseTive aSkara gamarjvebulni. rva centristuli, memarcxenecentristuli<br />
da memarcxene partiis aramyarma koaliciam axalbeda politikosi<br />
morihiro hosokava airCia premierministrad. hosokava manamde patara partiis<br />
_ `axali iaponiis~ lideri iyo, romelmac mxolod 35 mandati moipova parlamentSi<br />
da am parametriT mexuTe adgili daikava liberaldemokratebis (223<br />
mandati), socialdemokratebis (70 mandati), iaponiis aRorZinebis partiisa<br />
(55 mandati) da `sufTa mmarTvelobis~ partiis (51 mandati) Semdeg. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom rvave partia erTiandeboda koaliciaSi liberaldemokratebis<br />
winaaRmdeg, es gaerTianeba ar iyo sakmarisad erTsulovani imisaTvis, rom xangrZlivad<br />
daeWira mxari hosokavas mmarTvelobisaTvis.<br />
amrigad, hosokavas mmarTveloba erT weliwadsac ar gagrZelebula. momdevno<br />
mTavrobam cutoumo hatas xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro mokle xans,<br />
sul raRac or Tves dahyo xelisuflebaSi. hosokavas msgavsad, hatac yofili<br />
liberaldemokrati iyo, romelic gamoeyo partias imisaTvis, rom axali politikuri<br />
organizacia Seeqmna. mis mier Camoyalibebuli partia `axali fronti~<br />
ar aRmoCnda politikurad dRegrZeli, hatam axali politikuri berketi _ nacionaluri<br />
partia Seqmna. am da sxva axali organizaciebis erTdrouli gamoCena
saparlamento demokratia<br />
199<br />
arenaze iaponiaSi mniSvnelovan politikur transformacias moaswavebda. erT<br />
dros Zalze stabiluri partiuli sistema mokle xanSi gadaiqca danawevrebul<br />
da Znelad prognozirebad politikur speqtrad. iaponia partiuli Zalebis<br />
gadajgufebisa da cvlilebebis procesSi aRmoCnda, romlis saboloo Sedegi<br />
sakmaod bundovani iyo.<br />
iaponiis politikuri meryeoba kvlav grZeldeboda. 1994 wlis ivnisSi, liberaldemokratebis<br />
marTuli koaliciis mier iaponiis mTavrobis axal xelmZRvanelad<br />
arCeul iqna socialisturi partiis lideri. amgvari ram, Tundac erTi<br />
wliT adre warmoudgeneli iqneboda. weliwadnaxevris Semdgom ki ruiuitaro<br />
haSimoto, liberaldemokratebis Tavmjdomare gaxda bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iaponiis ukve rigiT mexuTe premierministri. amavdroulad, 1996<br />
wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma moaxdina liberaldemokratebis erTgvari politikuri<br />
reabilitaciac sakanonmdeblo organoSi, sadac maT gaimarjves, Tumca<br />
ara damajereblad (xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba mainc ver SeZles). Ppartia<br />
rCeboda cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege konservatori liderebis kontrolis<br />
qveS da am mouqnelma <strong>politika</strong>m 1990iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri regresi<br />
da Sesaba misad, eleqtoratis mxardaWeris Sesusteba gamoiwvia.<br />
2001 wlis gazafxulze, sakmaod daZabuli politikuri brZolis Sedegad,<br />
qarizmatuli reformisti, Ziunitiro koiZumi gaxda liberaldemokratiuli<br />
par tiis Tavmjdomare. koiZumi partiis uxucesTa da maTi mkacrad<br />
konservatiuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. sainteresoa, rom mas ar<br />
gaaCnda sakuTari partiis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis mxridan sakmarisi<br />
mxardaWera, magram partiaSi garkveuli wreebi da aseve zogadad xalxi<br />
enTuziazmiT Sexvda koiZu mis pirovnul qarizmas, axlebur ideebsa da mizanmimarTulobas.<br />
misi xedva Zireul reformebs gulisxmobda, gansakuTrebiT<br />
qveynis daxuruli da izolirebuli eko nomikuri sistemis reformirebas,<br />
romelmac ganapiroba xangrZlivi ekonomikuri Cavardna, arcTu STambeWdavi<br />
mdgomareoba safondo birJaze (kargad gamoixata Nikkeis indeqsSi [tokios<br />
safondo birJis indeqsi _ mTargmn. Sen.]), da uZrav qonebaze fasebis mkveTri<br />
dacema (1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakuTrebis Rirebuleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />
80 procentiTac ki gaufasurda). Tumca, vidre iaponiis ekonomikur<br />
`Semobrunebas~ uzrunvelyofda, koiZumis mouxda 1993 wlidan inicirebuli<br />
da Semdgom Seferxebuli politikurekonomikuri reformebis bolomde miyvana.<br />
tradiciebis erTgul iaponiaSi es udavod rTul da sapasuxismgeblo<br />
amocanas warmoadgenda.<br />
politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi<br />
Tanamedrove iaponiis demokratia warmodgens adgilobrivi kulturisa<br />
da importirebuli demokratiis unikalur kombinacias. kerZod, 1947 wels<br />
iaponiaSi damyarebulma demokratiulma sistemam SeinarCuna tradiciuli<br />
politikis maxasiaTebeli imgvari elementebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,<br />
patronklienteluri tipis urTierTobebi. es ukanaskneli kargad vlindeba<br />
fraqciuli liderebisa da erTguli momxreebis damokidebulebebSi.
200 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
pirovnuli erTguleba da ndoba aris finansuri daxmarebis, Sidapartiuli<br />
Zalauflebis da calkeuli partiuli lideris avtoritetis mopovebis winapiroba.<br />
Tumca, Znelia imis zustad Tqma, Tu ramdenad Searyia am sistemis<br />
safuZveli liberaldemokratiuli partiis danawevrebam da 1994 wels<br />
ganxorcielebulma saarCevno da antikorufciulma reformebma. aSkaraa,<br />
rom fragmentirebuli partiuli sistemisa da naklebad stabiluri xelisuflebis<br />
pirobebSi, politikuri Zalauflebac ufro aramdgradi da advilad<br />
warmavali gaxda. Tumca, ucnobia, am cvlilebebma ramdenad moaxdina gavlena<br />
klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze xelisuflebas, biurokratiasa da<br />
bizneselitas Soris kuluarul garigebebSi.<br />
liberalurdemokratiuli partiis<br />
lideri, premierministri<br />
Ziunitiro koiZumi 2001 wlis<br />
zeda palatis arCevnebSi sakuTari<br />
partiis STambeWdav gamarjvebas<br />
zeimobs. koiZumim liberalurdemokratiul<br />
partias iaponiis<br />
<strong>politika</strong>Si wamyvani ro li<br />
daubruna.<br />
kidev erTi tradicia, rac mniSvnelovan politikur cvli lebebs SeiZleba<br />
emsxverplos, aris iaponiisaTvis maxasiaTebeli konsensusis principi<br />
gadawyveti lebebis miRebisas. erTerTi eqspertis azriT:<br />
es meTodi emyareba winapirobas, rom erTi jgufis _ magaliTad, soflis<br />
sabWos wevrebma unda ganagrZon diskusia, molaparakeba da kompromisuli<br />
garigebebi manam, sanam konsensusi iqneba miRweuli... demokratiuli<br />
normebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, konsensusiT marTvis tradicia<br />
jer kidev aqtualuria da zogjer iwvevs `umravlesobis tiraniis~ winaaRmdeg<br />
xmamaRal gamosvlebs _ magaliTisaTvis, maSin roca mmarTveli<br />
Zala axdens imgvari sakanonmdeblo iniciativis gatanas, romelsac<br />
opozicia sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba.~ 14<br />
iseve rogorc patronklinteluri tipis urTierTobebi, konsensusis<br />
principi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia iaponiis kulturasa da tradiciaSi da amitom,<br />
naklebad mosalodnelia am Rirebulebebis Canacvleba axlo momaval<br />
Si. Tumca, arsebobs imis garkveuli molodinic, rom mravalpartiulobam<br />
da politikuri arastabilurobis zrdam SesaZloa gaarTulos da moSalos<br />
kidec sazogadoeb rivi konsensusis miRwevis principi da gansxvavebul azrs,<br />
politikur sistema Si faruli TanamSromlobisa da Cumi garigebebis nacvlad,<br />
pirdapiri oponirebisaken ubiZgos.
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura<br />
saparlamento demokratia<br />
201<br />
iaponiis sasamarTlo sistema amerikuli da evropuli gavlenis saintere<br />
so ma galiTs warmoadgens. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa Tundac iaponiis umaR<br />
le si sasamarTlo organos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos dasaxelebaSi. umaRlesi<br />
mo sa marT le, mTavrobis wardginebis Semdgom, iniSneba imperatoris mier.<br />
danarCeni mosamarTleebi iniSnebian pirdapir kabinetis mier imperatoris<br />
yovelgvari formaluri Carevis gareSe. uzenaesi sasamarTlo, misi amerikuli<br />
analo gis msgavsad, uflebamosilia iuridiuli revizia moaxdinos (anu SeuZ<br />
lia ga mo acxados esa Tu is sakanonmdeblo aqti arakonstituciurad). miuxe<br />
da vad imi sa, rom amerikuli sistemisaTvis ucxo ar aris, mainc eqstraordinalu<br />
ria ra modeni me daniSnuli pirisaTvis imgvari Zalauflebis miniWeba, ri<br />
Tac SesaZ le belia 750 arCeuli piris gadawyvetilebis kanongareSed gamocxa<br />
de ba da gauqmeba. konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi mosamarTlee<br />
bi kanonmdebleb ze amgvari upiratesobiT ar arian aRWurvilni.<br />
zogadad, sasamarTlo sistema ufro eropuli modelis mixedviT aris<br />
age buli, magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikul gavlenas ganicdis. kul <br />
turuli TvalsazrisiT ki iaponelebi amerikelebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb<br />
midrekilni arian sxvadasxva davebis sasamarTlo gziT gadawyvetisaken _ ama<br />
Tu im samoqalaqo konfliqtis Tu msubuqi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul<br />
saSualebebze metad socialuri institutebsa da nor mebs mimarTaven. xSirad,<br />
Temis pativsacemi pi ris, oja xis ufrosis an samsaxurebri vi xelmZRvanelis<br />
warmatebuli Careva amgvar SemTxvevebSi saqmis legaluri msvlelobis aucileblobas<br />
xsnis.<br />
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?<br />
miuxedavad ekonomikuri da politikuri ryevebisa ukanaskneli aTwleulis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, demokratia iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi<br />
ZiriTadad stabiluri da myaria. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponias<br />
manamde ar hqonia saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis raime gamocdileba, es miRweva<br />
ufro STambe W davia. iseve rogorc germaniis SemTxvevaSi, iaponiaSic stabiluri<br />
demokrati is CamoyalibebaSi ekonomikam Seasrula wamyvani roli.<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomika Zalian swrafad da dinamiurad ganvi<br />
Tarda, xolo omis Sedegad ganadgurebuli qalaqebi (romelebsac simbolurad<br />
ganasaxierebda hirosima da nagasaki), gadaiqca efeqtiani da inovaciuri<br />
industriuli warmoebis modelebad. reformatori samewarmeo elitis mier<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis mizanmimarTuli dagegmare ba mniSvnelovani iyo iaponiis<br />
swrafi aRmasvlisaTvis. aranaklebi wvlili Seitana am saqmeSi msoflio<br />
savaWro sistemaSi intensiurma da moculobiTma CarTvam, iseve rogorc koreis<br />
omis dros (195053 ww.) masobrivma amerikulma Sesyidvebma. eqsportze<br />
orientirebulma, merkantilisturma ekonomikurma strategiam momdevno<br />
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uzarmazari winsvla ganapiroba mZime mrewvelobis<br />
dargSi _ kerZod manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, avtomatikisa da samomxmare
202 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
blo eleqtronikis warmoebaSi. dResdReobiT iaponia msoflios erTerT<br />
wamyvan ekonomikas warmoadgens miuxedavad `omamde arsebuli teritoriebis<br />
52 procentis dakargvis, kaliforniis Statis farTobis qveyanaSi 5 milionze<br />
meti adamianis dabrunebis, sanaosno Zalebis 80%ze metis ganadgurebisa da<br />
sawarmoTa erTi mexuTedis da mravali didi qalaqis dangrevisa.~ 15<br />
1980iani wlebis Sua periodSi, iaponiis sabazro ekonomikis warmatebis<br />
TvalsaCino niSani gaxda aSSsTan mravalmiliardiani vaWrobidan miRebuli<br />
STambeWdavi mogeba. aSS iaponuri eqsportis mesamedis momxmare bels warmoadgenda.<br />
aman aSSSi iaponiis savaWro strategiis mwvave kritika gamo iwvia.<br />
iaponeli xeli sufalni irwmunebodnen, rom amerikaSi arsebobda mzardi<br />
moTxovna produqciaze iarliyiT `damzadebulia iaponiaSi~ (made in Japan),<br />
radgan amerikuli produqcia xarisxiT Camouvardeboda mas. am tipis daZabuloba<br />
or ers Soris TiTqmis mTeli aTwleuli grZeldeboda da gamoixateboda<br />
iaponiaSi nacionalizmis erTgvari zrdiT, xolo aSSSi `antiiaponuri~, e.w.<br />
`SeiZine amerikuli~ [produqcia] sentimentebis gaZlierebiT.<br />
iaponia aRmocenda rogorc aziis pirveli, xolo msoflioSi rigiT meore<br />
umZlavresi ekonomika, magram axlo warsulis gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom<br />
amgvari jansaRi da Zlieri ekonomikac ki ar aris dazRveuli recesiisagan.<br />
1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iaponiaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi mkveTrad<br />
daeca, ramac stagnacia gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv es ukavSirdeboda bolo 12<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxi ekonomikuri recesiis gavlenas. 1996 wlidan iaponiis<br />
sabanko sistema uzarmazari zewolis qveS aRmoCnda, radgan saxelmwifo<br />
Carevisa da daxmarebis moTxovnam kritikul zRvars miaRwia da amas<br />
Tanave, aziis mravali ekonomika da eca sabanko da kreditebis daudevari<br />
politikisa da finansuri institutebis Zalze araadekvaturi regulirebis<br />
gamo. axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi iaponiis ekonomika ganagrZobda ukusvlas,<br />
rasac Tan axlda qveynis sabanko sistemis CixSi Sesvla, mTavrobisagan<br />
damoukidebelad gaformebuli msxvili biznesgarigebebis Sedegad ganviTarebul<br />
dargebSi gaCenili problemebis gamo. kerZod, imgvari industriebi,<br />
rogoricaa mSenebloba, uZravi qonebis biznesi da sacalo vaWoba, iqcnen<br />
sabanko sistemidan miRebuli uzarmazari sesxebis nakleb gadaxdisunarian<br />
mevaleebad.<br />
iaponiis dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />
xelisuflebis Tanmimdevrulobis aRdgena<br />
1990iani wlebSi iaponiis winaSe mdgari yvelaze mZime politikuri<br />
sakiTxi bunebiT institucionaluri iyo: liberaldemokratiuli partiis<br />
monopoliis mospobis Semdeg, SeZ lebda Tu ara iaponia im politikuri stabilurobis<br />
aRdgenas, romelic ldps mmarTvelobisas hqonda da romlis gareSe<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi `ekonomikuri saocreba~ iqneb arc momxdariyo?<br />
isev iqneboda Tu ara iaponur demokratiaze gavlena xelisuflebis<br />
susti koaliciiebiT ganpirobebul ryevebs, farTo masebis mxardaWeris
saparlamento demokratia<br />
203<br />
mopovebis an SeTanxmebis miRwevis uunarobas im sazogadoebaSi, sadac mudam<br />
fasobda konsensusi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?<br />
konkurentuli upiratesobis SenarGuneba<br />
ukanasknel periodSi aziam aramdgradoba daadastura. Tumca, didi<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi iaponiis upiratesi savaWro mdgomareoba aziaSi ramdenime<br />
mimarTulebiT awydeboda sirTuleebs. sirTuleTa erTi jgufi e.w. axal<br />
samrewvelo qveynebs _ samxreT kKoreas, taivans da singapurs, moicavs (honkongi<br />
am jgufis wevri iyo 1997 wels CineTis kontrolis qveS xelmeored moqcevamde.<br />
misi bedi, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis damoukidebeli aqtorisa<br />
kvlav bundovania). ganviTarebadi aziuri qveynebis meore talRa, tailandisa<br />
da malaiziis winamZRolobiT, aseve ucvlis saxes aziis regionul ekonomikur<br />
urTierTobebs. grZelvadian periodSi iaponuri merkantilizmisaTvis<br />
gacilebiT did aziur safrTxes globa lur ekonomikaSi CineTis swrafad<br />
mzardi dominanturi roli warmoadgens.<br />
SeerTebul StatebTan mWidro urTierTobebis SenarGuneba<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi iaponiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokavSire da<br />
savaWro partnioria. SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc udidesi bazari da investirebisaTvis<br />
upiratesi adgili iaponiisaTvis, sasicocxlod arsebiTia am<br />
ukanasknelis ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis (da piriqiT). wynari okeanis<br />
dasavleT auzSi SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro bazebis arsebobam da amerikulma<br />
birTvulma dacvam (romelic Teoriulad ara mxolod SeerTebul<br />
Statebs, aramed amerikis uaxloes samxedro mokavSireebsac icavs birTvuli<br />
Tavdasxmisagan) saSualeba misca iaponias, samomxmareblo mrewvelobis<br />
maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da sagareo bazrebze gadarTuliyo da<br />
mTliani Sida produqtis 1%ze naklebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, vaWrobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli kamaTis gamo daZabulobam<br />
da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli iaraRis ganviTarebis programis irgvliv<br />
azrTa sxvadasxvaobam mainc iCina Tavi ormxriv urTierTobebSi. SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis xelisuflebis azriT, iaponiasTan mimarTebaSi xangrZlivi<br />
amerikuli savaWro deficitis mizezi iaponiis proteqcionisturi <strong>politika</strong><br />
da Caketili kulturaa, romelic xSirad iaponias potenciuri ucxoeli<br />
konkurentebisaTvis TiTqmis miuwvdomels xdis.<br />
cxovrebis maRali donis SenarGuneba<br />
1990iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli xangrZlivi ekonomikuri<br />
recesiis miuxedavad, iaponia mdidar sazogadoebad rCeba. is patara qveyanaa<br />
mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT; misi miwis udidesi nawili mTiania da<br />
sacxovreblad gamousadegari. iaponiaSi WarbmosaxleobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
iseTi problemebia gavrcelebuli, rogoricaa haeris dabinZureba,<br />
xmauri, sacobebi gzebze, miwis maRali fasi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi ia
204 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
poniasa Tu romelime sxva qveyanas jer ver sTavazobs ekonomikuri WarbganviTarebis<br />
uaryofiT aspeqtebis mogvarebis gzebs.<br />
tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis balansi<br />
iaponuri kultura dRemde did gavlenas axdens iaponuri sazogadoebis<br />
iersaxeze. SemTxveviTi damkvirveblisaTvis iaponia Tanamedroveobis<br />
gansaxierebaa. Tumca sinamdvileSi iaponelTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli<br />
faseulobebi da damokidebulebebia Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari da jiutad<br />
ebRauWebian warsuls. amis gamo, ucxoelisTvis Zalze Znelia iaponiaSi saqmis<br />
dawyeba da warmatebis miRweva. gauTavebeli debatebis Temaa tradicia da Tanamedroveoba.<br />
zogi amtkicebs, rom iaponiam kari unda gauRos sxva xalxebs,<br />
sxvebi ki SiSoben, rom isedac mravalgvari ucxouri gavlena dauSves, rac<br />
safrTxes uqmnis iaponur kulturas. iaponuri ekonomikis daRmavloba kidev<br />
ufro aRrmavebs am arguments da zogs afiqrebinebs, rom iaponiis ekonomikas<br />
saswrafod sWirdeba modernizacia da safuZvliani struqturuli reforma.<br />
im `ekonomikuri saswaulis~ Semdgom, romelic iaponiaSi demokratiis<br />
ganviTarebis sawyis aTwleulebs da 1980iani wlebis ekonomikur bums<br />
daemTxva, da rasac STambeWdavi pikidan swrafi vardna mohyva, sainteresoa,<br />
aRmoCnda Tu ara safrTxis qveS iaponiis saparlamento demokratia?<br />
pasuxia _ ara. miuxedavad 1990iani wlebis Seferxebebisa,<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri pozitiuria: iaponelTa 60 procenti kvlavac<br />
kmayofilia arsebuli cxovrebis doniT, rac imaze miuTiTebs rom es<br />
maCvenebeli sruliadac ar Secvlila im `Zveli kargi drois~ Semdgom,<br />
roca iaponia SesaSurad swrafad viTardeboda da aziisa da mTeli<br />
msoflios mowinave qveynad iqca. amgvari optimizmis arseboba qveynisaTvis<br />
sakmaod rTul etapze garkveulwilad iZleva im rwmenis safuZvels,<br />
rom iaponiaSi demokratia myaria da mas mniSvnelovani safrTxe<br />
ar emuqreba. metic, warmateba TavisTavad Sedegiania. SemTxveviTi sulac<br />
ar aris, rom ekonomikurma warmatebam ganapiroba imgvari politikuri<br />
sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs<br />
yovelgvar avtoritarul mmarTvelobasa Tu samxedro eqspansionizmze<br />
maRla ayenebs.<br />
saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi<br />
Tuki saparlamento sistema muSaobs evropasa da iaponiaSi (sadac am<br />
sistemis danergva iaponiis meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdgom `garedan~<br />
moxda), sainteresoa, ramdenad unariania igi im regionebSi, sadac demokratias<br />
ar gaaC nia adgilobrivi wanamZRvrebi an sulac im qveynebSi, romlebic<br />
mezobleb Tan mudmivi omis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian? indoeTisa da<br />
israelis magaliTebi bevris mTqmelia, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasuxis Semcvelic:<br />
pasuxi ki namdvilad sasiamovno moulodnelobas warmoadgens saparlamento<br />
demokratiis momxreebisTvis.
indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli<br />
saparlamento demokratia<br />
205<br />
indoeTi uZvelesi civilizaciebisa da didi imperiebis, maT Soris mogolebis<br />
(muslimi dampyroblebis) istoriuli samSobloa. igi me19 saukune<br />
Si didi britaneTis koloniad gadaiqca, Tumca meore msoflio omis Semdgom<br />
damoukidebloba aRidgina. mosaxleoba or ZiriTad da gansxvavebul jgufad<br />
iyofa: eseni arian indusebi (Hyvelaze mravalricxovani) da muslimebi,<br />
romelebic meore msoflio omamde cxovrobdnen indoeTis istoriul teritoriaze.<br />
muslimTa yvelaze mWidro dasaxlebebi indoeTis CrdilodasavleT<br />
da aRmosavleT nawilebSia koncentrirebuli, maSin roca maT Soris<br />
mdebare farTo teritoria (romelic britaneTis rajis mmarTvelobis qveS<br />
imyofeboda) dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad indusTa TemebiT. am or religiurad<br />
gansxvavebul jgufs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad britanelebma<br />
koloniis datovebisas teritoria gayves da ori saxelmwifo: indoeTi da<br />
pakistani Camoayali bes. pakistanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebs erTmaneTisagan<br />
maT Soris mdebare indoe Tis teritoria aSoriSorebda.<br />
es geografiuli anomalia, mxolod erTerTia im mravalricxovan problemaTAgan,<br />
romelic britanelebma gadauWreli datoves. garda amisa, arsebobda<br />
aseve indusebisa da muslimebis dapirispireba Tavad indoeTSi. marTalia,<br />
am ukanasknelTa umravlesoba pakistanSi iyo koncentrirebuli, magram sakmaod<br />
didi muslimuri umciresoba darCa axlad Camoyalibebuli indoeTis<br />
damouki debeli saxelmwifos teritoriazec. kidev ufro problematur<br />
Tavi seburebas indoeTisaTvis, rogorc demokratiisaTvis, warmoadgenda<br />
misi eTnikuri da kulturuli siWrele. qveyanaSi Zalian bevri lingvisturi<br />
jgufia, romlebic sxvadasxva da erTmaneTisaTvis sruliad gaugebar enebze<br />
saubroben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT religiur mravalferovnebaze, siqizmis,<br />
jainizmis, qristianobis, induizmisa Tu islamis saxiT.<br />
dabolos, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Tanamedrove indoeTi xasiaTdeba<br />
siRaribis maRali maCvenebeliTa da mosaxleobis feTqebadi zrdis<br />
tempiT. es ori problema e.w. ganviTarebadi msoflios bevr qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan<br />
kav SirSi da erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobs. mosaxleobis raodenobis<br />
mixedviT indoeTi iyo da kvlavac rCeba msoflioSi meore qveyanad<br />
(CineTis Semdgom). dResdReobiT indoeTSi miliardze meti adamiani<br />
cxovrobs. aTobiT milioni werakiTxvis ucodinaria, asobiT milioni soflis<br />
macxovrebeli ki (romlebic mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgnen)<br />
_ Zalian Raribi.<br />
indoeTma araerTi politikuri areuloba da konfliqti gamoiara, maT<br />
Soris omebi mezoblebTan _ CineTTan da pakistanTan. gansakuTrebiT mwvavea<br />
konfliqti pakistanTan qaSmiris sadavo teritoriaze. amasTanave,<br />
indoeTsac da pakistansac gaaCnia atomuri ganviTarebis programebi da,<br />
savaraudod, moqmedi birTvuli iaraRic. or qveyanas Soris daZabulobam<br />
ramdenimejer SeiaraRebuli konfliqtic gamoiwvia, maT Soris uaxles warsulSi,<br />
2002 wels. erTerTi yvelaze kritikuli epizodi Seiqmna 1970iani<br />
wlebis dasawyisSi, roca aRmosavleT pakistani gamoeyo qveynis danarCen<br />
teritorias da damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ bangladeSad Camoyalibda.
206 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
garda amisa, Temebis dapirispireba (indusebis, muslimebis, siqhebis) da<br />
eTnikuri Zaladoba mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnida indoeTis saxelmwifoebriobasa<br />
da stabilurobas.<br />
da mainc, saparlamento demokratia ager ukve naxevar saukuneze metia<br />
funqcionirebs im sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis uamravi da<br />
urTulesi problebis winaSe dgas da sadac erTiani saxelmwifos arseboba,<br />
erTi xelisuflebis kontrolqveS _ ra formisac unda iyos es xelisufleba<br />
_ ukve TavisTavad saocrebaa. erTi SemTxvevis garda (rodesac 1970iani<br />
wlebis bolos premierministrma indira gandim gamoacxada sagangebo mdgomareoba<br />
da SeiTavsa diqtatoruli Zalaufleba), indoeli liderebi (didi<br />
javaharlar nerudan moyolebuli) britanuli stilis saparlamento demokratiis<br />
CarCoebSi moqmedebdnen.<br />
indoeTi federaluri sistemaa arapirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT,<br />
romelsac xelisuflebaSi metwilad ceremonialuri datvirTva aqvs. realur<br />
Zalauflebas flobs xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da premierministri,<br />
romelic arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli umravlesobis lideria (iseve rogorc sxva<br />
saparlamento sistemebSi). premierministri akompleqtebs kabinets da dasamtkiceblad<br />
warudgens parlamentis qveda palatas, romelsac lok sabha<br />
ewodeba. parlamentis zeda palata (rajia sabha) arapirdapiri wesiT irCeva.<br />
igi erTgvarad qveda palatis `meore xmas~ warmoadgens, Tumca ganixilavs da<br />
SeuZlia gaaWianuros kidec kano nis miReba, riTac Tavis wevrebs kanonSemoqmedebisa<br />
da gadawyvetilebis miRe bis procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
israeli: omis respublika<br />
indoeTis msgavsad, israeli meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seiqmna. Tumca,<br />
indoeTisagan gansxvavebiT, israeli ara adgilobriv macxovrebelTa,<br />
aramed axalCasaxlebulTa saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. indoeTisagan ganmasxvavebeli<br />
kidev erTi mkveTri niSani isic aris, rom israelis problema<br />
mosaxleobisa da teritoris ukiduresi simcirea, maSin roca indoeTisaTvis<br />
problemaa am faqtorebis ukiduresi sidide. mtrulad ganwyobili arabuli<br />
saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymuli israeli arsebobis dRidan dapirispirebebisa<br />
da winaaRmdegobebis arealad iqca. metic, TviTon israelis Seqmnac<br />
ZaladobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli _ xangrZliv da sastik brZolebTan,<br />
romelsac israeli adgilobriv palestinel arabebTAn awarmoebda.<br />
israelis saxelmwifo sekularulia, magram sazogadoeba iudeuria. ebraelTa<br />
masobrivi migracia palestinaSi 1930ian wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris<br />
aRzevebasTan erTad daiwyo. Tumca, ebrauli saxemwifosaTvis brZola ufro<br />
adre, 1890ian wlebSi gaiSala. sionizmi (rogorc es moZraoba iwodeboda)<br />
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1917 wels (pirveli msoflio omis dros), cnobili<br />
balfuris deklaraciis Sedegad, romelic britaneTis maSindeli sagareo<br />
saq me Ta ministris saxels ukavSirdeba da romelmac, Tavis mxriv, pirvelad<br />
oficialurad gamoTqva ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea (im dros, pa
saparlamento demokratia<br />
207<br />
lestina faqtobrivad didi britaneTis kolonias warmoadgenda). magram<br />
realurad israelis saxelmwifo nacisturi germaniis mier 19391945 wlebSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli holokostis (ix. V Tavi) pirmSoa. am Semzaravi tragediis<br />
Semdgom, masobrivi lozungebis `aRarasodes ganmeordes~ fonze, da ori<br />
wamyvani qveynis mxardaWeriT, israelis saxelmwifos damaarseblebma 1947<br />
wels gamarjveba izeimes.<br />
israeli omisa da cecxlis Sedegad Seiqmna, Tumca mis legitimurobas<br />
sami wamyvani Zalis _ aSSis, didi britaneTisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis<br />
(erTa ligis `STamomavali~) _ erToblivi mxardaWera uzrunvelyofda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad iyo idea, rom Seqmniliyo ori saxelmwifo: israeli<br />
da palestina, xolo ierusalimi, rogorc sami religiis wminda adgili, yofiliyo<br />
saerTaSoriso qalaqi gaeros egidis qveS. am ideis ganxorcielebis<br />
perspeqtiva CaiSala maSin, roca palestinelma arabebma uaryves amgvari winadadeba<br />
(ebraelebma igi miiRes). amis Semdeg, palestinel arabTa umravlesoba<br />
gaaZeves teritoriidan. gaZevebu lebma Tavi ltolvilTa banakebs Seafares<br />
Razas seqtorSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da libanSi. nawili<br />
ltolvilebisa sxva arabul qveynebSi gaiqca.<br />
am movlenebma sasowarkveTiTa da SurisZiebiT aRsavse Zalian mZime memkvidreoba<br />
datova, ramac waruSleli daRi daasva axlo aRmosavleTis istorias.<br />
israelma sami omi awarmoa egviptesTan da samiveSi gamarjveba moipova:<br />
1956 wlis suecis omi, 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani omi, 1973 wlis iom kipuris omi.<br />
1967 wlis omis Sedegad israelma Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia Razas seqtori<br />
da sinais udab no egvipteSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro<br />
(iordania), siriis golanis maRlobebi. 1973 wlis omSi israelma moipova<br />
imgvari upiratesoba, roca SeeZlo mTeli egviptis dapyroba, magram aSSis<br />
mxridan seriozuli diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, gadaifiqra amis ganxorcieleba.<br />
1978 wels aSSis prezident jimi karteris ZalisxmeviTa da SuamavlobiT<br />
gaformda kempdevidis SeTanxmeba _ zavi israelsa da egviptes<br />
Soris. es istoriuli garigeba aSSis mxridan orive mxarisaTvis gamoyofil<br />
seriozul subsidiebs ukavSirdeboda. samagierod, am SeTanxmebam rea lurad<br />
imuSava: israelsa da egviptes 1973 wlis Semdgom, anu ukve sam aTeul weliwadze<br />
meti xania, aRar hqoniaT SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, axlo aRmosavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT israelis<br />
istoria 1978 wlidan arastabilurobisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi vi<br />
Tardeba. umetes SemTxvevebSi amgvari movlenebis epicentrSi swored israelia.<br />
daZabulobisa da konfrontaciebis am dausrulebel jaWvSi libani,<br />
libia, siria, erayi da irani warmoadgenen israelis ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs.<br />
1980ian da 1990ian wlebSi, okupirebul teritoriebze xangrZlivma<br />
palestinurma ajanyebam _ romelsac arabulad intifada ewodeba _ uamravi<br />
sicocxle Seiwira da aunazRaurebeli tanjva da danakargi gamoiwvia orive<br />
mxares. xSirad or amgvar ajanyebas moixsenieben, Tumca realurad es erTi<br />
xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 1990ian wlebSi samSvidobo garigebis imedad<br />
droebiT Sewyda. magram mSvidobis molodini ar gamarTlda. axlac, israeli<br />
okupirebul teritoriebis palestinelebTan SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imyofeba,<br />
xolo palestinelebi agrZeleben TviTmkvleli teroritebis mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli afeTqebebs serias israelSi.
208 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
yvela am winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, israeli daarsebis dRidan Seferxebis<br />
gareSe funqcionirebda rogorc saparlamento demokratia. didi<br />
britaneTis msgavsad, israels ara aqvs dawerili konstitucia. konstituciuri<br />
principebis werilobiT gaformebas Tavi aari des im mize zis gamo,<br />
rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvisac mniSvnelovania: arsebobs<br />
imis gancda, rom aucilebelia usafrTxoebis eqstremaluri zomebis<br />
gatareba, rac iwvevs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis garkveul SezRudvas da<br />
faqtobrivad 600 000 palestineli arabis sistematiur diskreditacias<br />
(SedarebisaTvis, ebrauli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT, 5,1 milionia). Tumca,<br />
israelis moqalaqeebs Tavisufal arCevnebSi regularuli monawileobis<br />
ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom israeli zogierT SemTxvevaSi zedmetad demokratiulic<br />
ki aris: arCevnebi, romelic Ria sistemas eyrdnoba, Riaa yvelasaTvis<br />
da saSualebas aZlevs Tundac axladCamoyalibebul patara partiebs mandatebis<br />
garkveuli raodenoba moipovon qneseTSi (parlamenti), rac zogjer<br />
qaosur siWrelesac ki qmnis. yalibdeba koaliciuri mTavrobebi, sadac xSirad<br />
SesaZ lebelia erTad vixiloT memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebi, gamomdinare<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebidan, arab mezoblebTan urTierTobebis<br />
mdgomareobidan da bu nebrivia, arCevnebis Sedegebidan. krizisulma situaciebma<br />
da safrTxeebis ga neitralebis mudmivma aucileblobam erTgvarad<br />
gadaarCina kidec sazogadoe ba winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri kulturis<br />
aRzevebis, qaosuri partiuli sistemis Camoyalibebisa da Sedegad, xelisuflebis<br />
arastabilurobisagan.<br />
Tumca, isreali rCeba erTgvarad saocar ekonomikur da politikur fenomenad,<br />
romelic viTardeba daarsebis dRidan misTvis araxelsayrel,<br />
xSirad mtrul garemoSi. da Tuki israels ZaluZs qmediTi saparlamento demokratiis<br />
SenarCuneba, Tundac aSSis uzarmazari saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi<br />
mxar daWeriT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom nebismier sazogadoebas<br />
Sesabamisi kulturuli wanamZRvrebiT, SeuZlia igive.<br />
dasavleTis (gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis) gavlena garkveulwilad,<br />
Tumca ara srulfasovnad, gvexmareba avxsnaT, ra aris demokratiis<br />
war matebis mizezi indoeTSi. am ori qveynis magaliTi, sadac warmoudgenel<br />
pirobebSi mu Saobs saparlamento demokratia, ar amtkicebs imas, rom<br />
saxalxo TviTmmarT veloba yvelgan iqneboda qmediTi, magram namdvilad<br />
cxadyofs, rom igi muSaobs zogjer sruliad warmoudgenel adgilebSic ki.<br />
prezidentebi da parlamentebi:<br />
SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba<br />
sainteresoa, rogor gamoiyureba saparlamento da saprezidento demokratiis<br />
sistemebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi? SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis gamartivebisaTvis<br />
aSSsa da didi britaneTis modelebs gamoviyenebT.
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />
saparlamento demokratia<br />
209<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia nebismier konstituciur demokratiaSi<br />
kanonSemoqmdebeba da kanonis amoqmedebaa. am ZiriTadi saerTo niSnis<br />
garda, britanuli da amerikuli sakanonmdeblo Stoebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT, parlamenti suverenuli<br />
organoa. cnobili britaneli iuristis, ser uiliam bleqstounis<br />
(17231780 ww.) sityvebiT, parlaments SeuZlia `yvelafris keTeba, rac bunebrivad<br />
SeuZlebeli ar aris~. kidev erTi cnobili avtoris Tanaxmad, `saparlamento<br />
suverenitetis koncefcias udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoarCevs<br />
britaneTs demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobisagan. parlaments SeuZlia<br />
miiRos nebismieri kanoni, romelsac is miiCnevs mizanSewonilad da arc erT<br />
sxva organos ar ZaluZs am kanonis ugulebelyofa misi arakonstituciurad<br />
gamocxadebis an arasasurvelad miCnevis motiviT.~ 16 amerikuli sistema konstitucias<br />
kongresze maRlac ki ayenebs. 1803 wlis `marberi medisonis winaaRmdeg~<br />
saqmis Semdgom, aSSis uzenaesma sasamarTlom warmatebiT daamkvidra<br />
sakuTari ufleba da movaleoba kongresis mier damtkicebuli nebismier kanoni<br />
`daZiros,~ Tu mas arakonstituciurad miiCnevs. 17<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo Stos bevri msgavsi funqcia<br />
aqvs. magaliTad, es arCeuli organo orive sistemaSi uflebamosilia miiRos<br />
an `Caagdos~ esa Tu is kanoni, daamtkicos ministrebi aseve, orives gaaGCnia<br />
ufleba, moiTxovos an moikvlios informacia umaRlesi aRmasruleblis da<br />
aseve kabinetis wevrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca es ufleba ufro aSkarad da masStaburad<br />
britanul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba, vidre amerikulSi. garda amisa, es<br />
organoebi orive qveyanaSi warmoadgens forums qveynis yoveldRiurobaSi<br />
yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva saparlamento demokratiebs<br />
(garda israelisa) gaaCnia dawerili konstitucia. rogorc wesi, konstituciis<br />
mierve Seqmnili parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili daarRvios<br />
uzenaesi kanoni an misiT manipulireba moaxdinos. Sesworebebis Setana, ra<br />
Tqma unda, SesaZ lebelia, magram es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTuli da<br />
winaaR mdegobrivia. konstitucia iTvaliswinebs specialuri sakonstitucio<br />
sasamar Tlos Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, rogorc es, magaliTad, germaniaSi,<br />
safrangeTsa da espaneTSia, mas miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gamoacxados esa<br />
Tu is kanoni an samTavrobo aqti arakonstituciurad.<br />
sakanonmdeblo Stos damoukidebloba. marTalia, kongresis Zalau f l eba<br />
SezRudulia konstituciiT, magram aSSis kanonmdeblebs damoukideblad<br />
manevrirebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro farTo asparezi aqvT britanel kolegebTan<br />
SedarebiT, radgan amerikeli warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebisa<br />
da senatorebis arCevisas pirovnuli faqtori gacilebiT mniSvnelovan<br />
rols TamaSobs, vidre `partiuli bileTi.~ kongresi faqtobrivad 500ze<br />
meti potenciuri popularuli lideris asambleas warmoadgens. politikur<br />
partiebs udavod aqvT garkveuli gavlena, magram aSSSi naklebad Zlevamosilni<br />
arian imisaTvis, rom mtkice da mkacri kontroli ganaxorcielon.
210 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
aseve, imis realuri SesaZlebloba, rom kongresis erT palataSi erTi partia<br />
dominirebdes, xolo meoreSi ki sxva, kompromiss aucileblobadac ki<br />
aqcevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs mkacri partiuli disciplinisa Tu<br />
morCilebaerTgulebis raime saWiroebas. amave al baTobiT, SesaZlebelia<br />
kongress akontrolebdnen, magaliTad, demokratebi, xolo TeTr saxls<br />
_ respublikelebi (rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba), rasac igive efeqti aqvs. 18<br />
dabolos, kongresmenebi ZiriTadad konkretul da lokalur interesebze<br />
ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre saqveyno masStabis saerTo sa kiTxebze.<br />
isini arCeulni arian swored konkretuli Statisa da saarCevno olqis mier<br />
imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi interesebis lobireba moaxdinon, maT Soris, im<br />
gavleniani interesjgufebisa, romelic TiTqmis yvela arCeul kandidats<br />
sWirdeba winasaarCevno kampaniis mxardaWerisa da dafinansebisaTvis da amitom<br />
gamarjvebis Semdgom `valSi~ arian maTTan. rogorc warmomadgenelTa<br />
palatis yofilis spi keri tip o’nili xumrobiT aRniSnavda, `yvela <strong>politika</strong><br />
adgi lobrivia,~ rac garkveulwilad simarTlis marcvalsac Seicavda erT<br />
dros. Tumca, dResdReobiT vaSingtonSi nebismieri <strong>politika</strong>, ramdenad `adgilobrivic~<br />
unda iyos igi garegnulad, finansdeba politikur qmedebaTa<br />
komitetis (PAC) [ix. Tavi X. mTargm. Sen.] mier, naclad nebismieri erTeuli<br />
Statis Sida resursisa. amitomac, xSirad swored finansebi yovelgvar partiul<br />
kuTvnilebaze metadac ki gansazRvravs kanonmdebelTa gadawyvetilebebs<br />
sakiTxebis umetesobis irgvliv.<br />
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba, aSSsTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT<br />
ufro mkacr partiul disciplinas da wesrigs emyareba, gansakuTrebiT im<br />
qveynebSi, sadac proporciuli saarCevno sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos deputatebi airCevian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqeb<br />
Si partiuli siis mixedviT. imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is kandidati arCeuli<br />
iqnas, saWiroa kargi urTierTobebi hqondes partiasTan da mis gavlenian<br />
gundTan, romelic wyvets, Casvas Tu ara kandidati saarCevno siaSi da ra<br />
nomrad (anu, siis dasawyisSi, bolos Tu Sua nawilSi). siis dasawyisSi myof<br />
kandidatebs yvelaze didi Sansi aqvT iyvnen arCeulni.<br />
struqturuli sirTule. gavlenisa da Zalauflebis dayofa kongresSi mis<br />
struqturas britaneTis parlamentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro kompleqsurs<br />
xdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom britaneTis TemTa palataSi mxolod eqvsi<br />
mudmivi komitetia, romelic 20dan 50mde deputats aerTianebs da ar gaaCnia<br />
specia lizacia, anu ganixilavs kanonproeqtebis mTel rigs Tematikis<br />
miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, komitetebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiwvion specialuri<br />
mosmena an moiTxovon saeqsperto ganxilva da aseve ar SeuZliaT<br />
Tavi aaridon ganxilvas. yvelaze meti, rac maT SeuZliaT, garkveuli teqnikuri<br />
da lingvisturi cvlilebebis Setanaa proeqtSi. sakomiteto muSaoba<br />
amitom sakmaod mosawyeni da trivialuric ki SeiZleba iyos, Tumca is limitirebul,<br />
magram mainc garkveul saSualebas iZ leva lobizmisaTvis.<br />
amdenad, britaneTis parlamentis sakomiteto sistema Zalian gansxvavdeba<br />
aSSis kongresisagan. warmomadgenelTa palataSi, iseve rogorc senatSi,<br />
TxuT metze meti specializebuli komitetia, romlebic qmnian politikur
saparlamento demokratia<br />
211<br />
landSafts. am komitetebs gaaCnia mravalricxovani qvekomitetebi kidev<br />
ufro viw ro speci alizaciiT. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis programebisa<br />
da saqmianobis ga moZiebis SemTxvevaSi, komitetebsa da qvekomitetebs Seu<br />
ZliaT specialuri mosmenis mowveva da mowmeebis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis<br />
moTxovna. kargad struqturirebuli sakomiteto sistema didwilad gansaz<br />
Rvravs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac deputatebi<br />
ver iqnebian erTdroulad yvela sakiTxis eqspertebi, isini irCeven<br />
konkretul specializacias _ iqneba es soflis murneoba, sagareo <strong>politika</strong>,<br />
SromiTi urTierTobebi da a.S. amasTanave, amgvari specializacia sakmaod<br />
did dros moiTxovs. politologebi xSirad saubroben erTgvar sakvalifikacio<br />
sistemaze kongresis orive palataSi. zogadad, yvelaze gavleniani da<br />
qmediTi kanonmdeblebi arian isini, vinc ukve garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
floben mandats da Sesabamisad, kargad erkvevian ama Tu im sakiTxSi.<br />
maT mosazrebas da pozicias gansakuTrebuli wona aqvs.<br />
kongresis mxridan mudmivi monitoringisa da kontrolis funqcia sxva da <br />
sxva formiT gamoixateba. Secdomebs SesaZloa adgili hqondes kanonSemoqmedebi<br />
Ti procesis ama Tu im etapze (magaliTad, sabiujeto procesis avtorizaciis<br />
da asignebis fazaSi, an sakiTxis mokvlevisa da sakomiteto mosmenis dros).<br />
is kanonmdeblebi, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis profesionali kadrebi<br />
hyavT, regularulad axorcieleben programis Sefasebasa da politikis<br />
revizi as. es kadrebi ki xSirad gavleniani funqcionerebi arian `kulisebidan~,<br />
romelTa rCevebsa da eqspertizas eyrdnobian.<br />
britanuli saparlamento sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba am kuTxiT. angariSvaldebulebis<br />
gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmia SekiTxvebis<br />
saa Ti, romelic kviris ramdenime dRes tardeba da sadac calkeuli ministrebi<br />
parlamentarTa mier miRebul SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi TavisTavad<br />
SeiZleba iyos rogorc mwvave xasiaTis, ise sakmaod trivialuri,<br />
SesaZloa miznad isa xavdes mTavrobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobebis Sexsenebas,<br />
sajaro yuradRe bis miqcevas konkretul sakiTxze, da/an damatebiTi<br />
informaciis miRebas. SedarebisaTvis, amerikuli kongresisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
specializacia TiTqmis srulad ignorirebulia angariSvaldebulebis<br />
saparlamento sistemaSi.<br />
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebli funqciebis SekavSireba. kidev erTi<br />
Tval Sisacemi gansxvaveba or politikur sistemas Soris gaxlavT is, Tu ra<br />
do ziT monawileobs sakanonmdeblo organo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
dakompleq tebaSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saparlamento sistemaSi parlamenti<br />
gadamwyvet rols asrulebs axali administraciis (kabinetis) CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
premierministri aris saparlamen to umravlesobis partiis lideri<br />
da kabinetis danarCeni wevrebis SerCevac partiis liderTa rigebidan xdeba.<br />
radganac saparlamento sistemaSi `wyalgamyofi xazi~ aRmasrulebel da<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris arc ise mkafioa, Znelia imis zustad<br />
Camoyalibeba, sad iwyeba erTis da mTavrdeba meoris Zalaufleba.<br />
ZalTa amgvar gaerTianebas adgili ara aqvs saprezidento sistemaSi.<br />
senatorebisa da warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, prezidents gaaCnia
212 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
naciona luri saxalxo mandati da misi Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs konstituciis<br />
cal ke segmentidan. TumcaRa, kongress mainc gaaCnia garkveuli<br />
gavlenis moxdenis berketi aRmasruleblis dakompleqtebaze, radgan misma<br />
orive palatam unda daamtkicos warmodgenili Semadgenloba da aseve gadawyvitos<br />
sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnis sakiTxi. Tu aRmasruleblis<br />
esa Tu is qmede ba winaaRmdegobrivia an eWvs iwvevs, sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
Sesabamis komitets, konstituciis mier miniWebuli makontroleblis<br />
funqciis gamoyenebiT, SeuZ lia moiTxovos aRmasrulebeli pirebis da/an sxva<br />
mowmeebis sasamarTlo dakiTxva. amdenad, adgili aqvs mudmiv urTierTqmedebas<br />
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrule bel Stoebs Soris. Tumca, britaneTis<br />
parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, aSSis kongress ar SeuZlia aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis daTxovna `undoblobis gamocxadebis~ uflebiT. im SemTxveva<br />
Sic, Tu kongresi ar miiRebs TeTri saxlis mier warmodgenil raime sakvanZo<br />
mniSvnelobis programas, prezidenti darCeba Tanamdebobaze sruli oTxwliani<br />
vadiT (eqstraordinaruli SemTxvevebis _ impiCmenti, gardacvaleba,<br />
an gadadgoma _ gamoklebiT).<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto warmodgenilia mTavrobis meTauriT<br />
da saxelmwifos meTauriT, kabinetiT da biurokratiuli aparatiT.<br />
Zalian bevr msgav sebasTan erTad, ori politikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas axasiaTEebs zogierTi gansxvaveba, romlebsac Cven ganvixilavT.<br />
upirvelesad, aSS prezidenti aris mTavrobis meTauri da saxelmwifos<br />
meTauri, maSin roca britaneTSi es funqciebi gayofilia premierministrsa<br />
da monarqs Soris. am ori uflebamosilebis SeTavseba aSSis prezidentis<br />
instituts ufro gavleniansa da prestiJuls xdis britanuli premierministris<br />
institutTan SedarebiT. prezidenti ara mxolod uZRveba<br />
mTavrobas da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT, ara med, britaneTis premierisgan<br />
gansxvavebuiT, arCeulia personalurad sa er To erovnul arCevnebSi.<br />
aSSis prezidentis fiqsirebuli samoqmedo vadac sakmaod daculia.<br />
bri taneTis premieris pozicia ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia imaze,<br />
Tu ramdenad SeZlebs igi TemTa palataSi umravlesobis mxardaWerisa da<br />
ndobis SenarCunebas. sakmaod xSirad yofila premierministris postidan<br />
daTxovnis precedentebi, saxalxo ukmayofilebis an parlamentSi sakvanZo<br />
umravleso bis dakargvis gamo.<br />
mxolod amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT moqmedi prezidentis gadayeneba, Tu ar<br />
CavTvliT aseve eqstraordinaruli garemoebebs. amerikis arc erTi prezidenti<br />
ar yofila impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli (endriu jonsons da uiliam<br />
klintons kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam gamoucxada impiCmenti, magram<br />
arc erT SemTxvevaSi senats ar daudasturebia es gadawyvetileba). di di<br />
albaTobiT, riCard niqsoni SesaZloa realurad gam xdariyo prezidenti,<br />
romelsac impiCmentis wesiT gadaayenebdnen, magram amgva ri Sedegis dadgomamde<br />
igi Tavad gadadga.
saparlamento demokratia<br />
213<br />
saprezidento postis kidev erTi upiratesoba meti avtonomiurobaa<br />
gada wyvetilebis miRebis pro cesSi. aSSis kabinetis wevrebs ZiriTadad<br />
administra ciuli da sakonsultacio funqciebi aqvT da prezidents Sexedulebisamebr<br />
SeuZlia gamoiyenos an ar gamoiyenos maTi rCeva ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebi sas. britaneTis premierministri ki kabinetSi moqmedebs,<br />
rogorc `pir veli TanasworTa Soris~. TumcaRa am tradiciam didwilad dakarga<br />
Zala, premieri ZiriTadad mainc kolegialur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs<br />
[kabinetis danarCen wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT]. imave logikiT moqmedebs<br />
koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principic, romelic faqtobrivad gamoricxavs<br />
kabinetis wevrebis mxridan xelisuflebis politikis nebismieri<br />
aspeqtis kritikas, an saerTo pasuxismgeblobis aridebas.<br />
dabolos, prezidenti qveynis mxedarTmTavaria, aseve mTavari kanonmdebeli<br />
(ara mxolod misi vetos uflebidan gamomdinare, aramed aseve mis mier<br />
wardgenili mravalricxovani sakanonmdeblo proeqtebis gamo) da mTavari<br />
diploma tic. aSSis prezidents uWiravs posti, romelsac demokratiulad<br />
arCeul mTavar aRmasruleblebs Soris faqtobrivad yvelaze meti Zalaufleba,<br />
uflebamosileba da avtoriteti gaaCnia.<br />
Tumca, erT aspeqtSi britaneTis premierministris uflebamosilebebi<br />
mainc aWarbebs aSSis prezidentisas. marTalia, prezidenti imavdroulad<br />
partiis lideric aris, magram es funqcia mniSvnelovanad SezRudulia partiebis<br />
decentralizebuli, susti struqturis gamo. britaneTis premierministri<br />
ki gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre mmarTveli partiis tituliani<br />
lideri. did britaneTSi partiis xelmZRvaneloba udides rols asrulebs<br />
partiuli programisa da politikis warmatebis saqmeSi. premieri swored<br />
partiis meSveobiT axorcilebs marTvas. maSin, roca, amerikul sistemaSi<br />
partiebs ZaluZT garkveuli gavlenis moxdena maT Tanapartiel konkretul<br />
pirebze warmomadgenelTa palata Si an senatSi, britaneTis sistemaSi partiebi<br />
orientirebulni arian TemTa palataSi kenWisyrisas maTi deputatebis<br />
politikuri qcevis [xmis micemis] saerTo kont rolze. sxva demokratiuli<br />
sistemebis umravlesoba am TvalsazrisiT brita nul sistemasTan ufro axlos<br />
dgas, vidre amerikulTan.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
miuxedavad mniSvnelovani struqturuli gansxvavebebisa amerikul da<br />
britanul sasamarTlo sistemebs Soris, maT aerTianebT e.w. saerTo samar-<br />
Tlis (common law) tra dicia. saerTo samarTali emyareba mosamarTleTa<br />
gadawyvetile bebs, nacvlad werilobiTi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
normebisa. es tradi cia XII saukunidan iRebs saTaves, kerZod mefe henri IIis<br />
mcdelobidan daemkvidrebina sistema, sadac mosamarTleebi valdebulni<br />
iqnebodnen aResrulebinaT mefis kanoni adgilobrivi Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
davebis gadawyvetisas, TiToeuli mosamarTle amzadebda moxsenebas<br />
sasamarTlo procesis mimdinare obis Sesa xeb da agzavnida londonSi.<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, msgavs saqmeTa Sesa xeb moxsenebebidan gamomdinare,
214 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
konkretuli midgomebi da iuridiuli principebi Camoya libda. ramdenadac<br />
precedentuli samarTali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi formulirde boda, ramdenime<br />
cnobili da gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegad<br />
moxda misi popularizacia. droTa ganmavlobaSi, iuridiulma komentatorebma<br />
(maT Soris yvelaze cnobili Carlz blakstouni gaxldaT) moaxdines am<br />
gadawyvetilebebis prece den tebis kodificireba. maTi meSveobiT, amgvari<br />
normebi farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris amerikul koloniebSic.<br />
prezidenti, rogorc mTavrobisa da saxelmwifo<br />
meTauri yovelwliur moxsenebas amzadebs<br />
qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kongresis wevrebisa<br />
da amerikeli xalxisaTvis.<br />
saerTo samarTlis wanamZRvrebs Soris msgavsebas Tu ar CavTvliT, britanuli<br />
da amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan:<br />
mosamarTleTa SerCevis wesiT, sasamarTlos organizaciiT,<br />
sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebiT da sxva sakvanZo struqturuli<br />
aspeqtiT.<br />
mosamarTleTa SerCeva. did birtaneTSi ori tipis samarTlis skola arsebobs.<br />
qveda donis skolebSi xdeba studentis kvalificireba solisitorad,<br />
[iuriskonsulti], anu sasamarTlo moxeled, romelic amzadebs saqmeebs<br />
sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, konsultacias uwves klientebs, adgens<br />
kontraq tebs, anderZebs da sxva samarTlebriv dokumentebs. eqskluziuri<br />
skolebi ki amzadeben baristerebs [umaRlesi donis advokati], romelTac<br />
SeuZliaT solisitoris yvela funqciis ganxorcieleba da amavdroulad,<br />
aqvT sasamarTloSi gamosvlisa da saqmis warmoebis ufleba. mosamarTleebad<br />
iniSnebian mxo lod baristerTa rangis mqone pirebi. metic, imisaTvis, rom<br />
baristeri daniSnuli iqnes mosamarTled (romelic aSSis federaluri donis<br />
msgavsad mTeli sicocxlis vadiTaa), mas unda hqondes umaRlesi kvalifikacia<br />
samarTlis skolidan da amasTanave gaaCndes warmatebuli iuridiuli<br />
praqtikis mravalwlia ni gamocdileba.<br />
amerikaSi sasamarTlos dakompleqtebis principi ufro politikuria.<br />
aqac, mosamarTled SeiZleba daniSnuli iyos piri prestiJuli iuridiuli<br />
skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis an gamorCeuli da xangrZlivi praqtikuli<br />
sasamarTlo gamocdilebiT, Tumca yovelTvis ara. ufro xSirad, federalur<br />
doneze mosamarTleTa SerCeva aSkara politikuri gaTvlebiT aris
saparlamento demokratia<br />
215<br />
ganpirobebuli _ iqneba es konkretuli pirisaTvis garkveuli damsaxurebebis<br />
gamo erTgvari jildo, gavleniani kongresmenis Tu adgilobrivi<br />
partiuli xelmZRva nelis interesis dakmayofileba, Tu garkveuli geografiuli<br />
balansis miRweva mosamarTleTa wamomadgenlobaSi. Statisa da<br />
adgilobriv doneebze mosamarTlis posti xSirad arCeviTia.<br />
federaluri sasamarTloebi unitarulTan mimarTebaSi. amerikuli sasamarTlo<br />
sistema federalur safuZvelzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom<br />
igi moicavs 51 sasamarTlo sistemas. federaluri sasamarTlo ganixilavs im<br />
saqme ebs, sadac erTerT mxares warmoadgens federaluri xelisufleba an<br />
miesadageba federaluri kanoni. federaluri sasamarTlo iyofa qvesistemad,<br />
romelic warmodgenilia saolqo sasamarTloebiT _ sadac ZiriTadad<br />
iwyeba kidec saqmeTa gan xilva, saapelacio sasamarTloebiT _ romelic<br />
apelaciis safuZvelze ganixilavs saolqo sasamarTloebis mier warmoebul<br />
saqmeebs da uzenaesi sasamarTloTi _ romelic faqtobrivad funqcionirebs<br />
rogorc umaRlesi ins tanciis sasamarTlo, iRebs ra gadawyvetilebebs<br />
im gansakuTrebul saqmeebze, sadac winaaRmdegobriv iuridiul interpretacias<br />
an konstituciasTan Sesa bamisobis dadgenis saWiroebas vawydebiT.<br />
federalur sasamarTlo erTeulTan erTad funqcionirebs kidev ormocdaaTi<br />
Statis sasamarTlo, romelTa umravlesobas msgavsi samsafexuriani<br />
struq tura gaaCnia. Statis sasamarTloebi federaluri sasamarTlosagan<br />
srulad gancalkevebuli ar aris. aSSs uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad ganixilavs<br />
Statis umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlodan wamosul saqmes im SemTvevaSi,<br />
Tu iuridiul sakiTxebs konstituciuri Sinaarsi aqvs.<br />
aSSsgan gansxvavebiT, britanuli sasamarTlo sistema ufro sworxazovania,<br />
rac britaneTis unitaruli wyobis gamoZaxilia. Statis sasamarTloebis<br />
analogis ararseboba britanul sistemas amerikuli sistemisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli iurisdiqciuli da proceduruli sirTuleebisagan aTavisuflebs.<br />
sasamarTlo kontroli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkveTri politikuri<br />
gansxvaveba or sasamarTlo sistemas Soris sasamarTlo gadasinjvis (kontrolis)<br />
ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba, anu sasamarTlos uflebas Tvalyuri<br />
adevnos da kanongareSed gamoacxados aRmasrulebeli Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis<br />
qmedeba/gadawyvetileba. aSSSi orives, Statis da federalur<br />
sasamarTlos aqvs xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis aqtebis ganxilvis ufleba,<br />
pirvels _ Statis konstituciasTan, xolo meores _ federalur konstituciasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
sasamarTlo gadasinjvis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis dawerili konstituciis<br />
arseboba, radgan igi wamoadgens mkveTr sazoms, ris mixedviTac<br />
fasdeba Cveulebrivi (statuturi) kanonebi. garkveulwilad, federalurma<br />
wyobam rogorc aseTma, TavisTavad ganapiroba sasamarTlo kontrolis<br />
aucilebloba. Tu Statis sasamarTloebs eqnebodaT imis ufleba, moexdinaT<br />
federaluri kanonis survilisamebr interpretireba, iurisprudenciis<br />
nacionaluri organos arseboba dakargavda yovelgvar mniSvnelobas. 19 iu
216 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
ridiuli erTgvarovnebis saWiroebisa da im saerTo kanonieri principebis<br />
mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, romelTac nebismier doneze warmodgenili xelisuflebis<br />
qmedebebi unda daeqvemdebaros, warmoadgens sasamarTlo kontrolis<br />
arsebobis safuZvels ara mxolod aSSSi, aramed konstituciuri<br />
demokratiebis umravlesobaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba britanel mosamarTleebs, isini mxolod marginalurad monawileoben<br />
qveynis marTvaSi. maSin roca aSSSi kanonmdeblisa da aRmasruleblis<br />
nebismieri gadawyvetileba aqtiurad ganixileba konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis<br />
kuTxiT, did britaneTSi sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs parlamentis mier miRebuli<br />
aqtebis gauqmeba. maT, amerikeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT<br />
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis `konstituciuri mcvelebis~ funqcia, maSin roca<br />
amerikeli mosamarTleebi ama Tu im sakanon mdeblo aqtze individis uzenaesi<br />
uflebebis mtkicebisas, xSirad swored am ampluaSi gvevlinebian. iSviaT SDem<br />
TxvevebSi, britaneli mosamarTleebi mxolod mianiSneben aRmasulebels Tu<br />
igi gascdeba moqmedebis kanonier CarCoebs. erTerTi SefasebiT:<br />
britaneTis mTavrobis Zalaufleba SezRudulia samarTlis forma luri<br />
institutebis miuxedavad da ara maT mier. ingliselebi ufro nakle bad<br />
asaCivreben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an kanonieri samarTlebrivi<br />
procesis ugulvebelyofas, vidre im qveynebis moqalaqeebi, romelTac<br />
gaaCniaT dawerili konstitucia, adamianis uflebaTa bili an mkveTrad<br />
gansazRvruli sasamarTlo kontrolis procedura. 20<br />
aSSis uzenaesi sasamarTlo damoukidebeli organoa, romelic gamiznulad<br />
daculia politikuri cxovrebis gavlenisagan. britaneTis sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebas ki saTaveSi udgas kabinetis wevri _ cnobili lordi kancleris<br />
statusiT, romelic amavdroulad aris lordTa palatis Tavmjdomare<br />
da iZ le va rekomendaciebs sasamarTlo daniSvnebTan dakavSirebiT. Teoriulad,<br />
britaneTis umaRles sasamarTlos lordTa palata warmoadgens. praqtikulad<br />
ki es erToba warmodgenilia palatis mxolod ramdenime iuridiuli<br />
kvalifikaciis mqone gamorCeuli wevriT. ZalauflebaTa gaerTianeba,<br />
romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia britaneTis saparlamento sistemisaTvis,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba parlamentis zeda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis SeTavsebiT, iseve rogorc es xdeba mis qveda<br />
palataSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel funqciebs Soris.<br />
ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi<br />
erTerTi amerikeli avtoris SefasebiT, `saparlamento sistema [avtomanqana]<br />
`kadilakia~ saxelisuflo formebs Soris.~ igive avtori amerikul saprezidento<br />
sistemas fordis `modeli T~s adarebs. 21 saparlamento sistemebi iTvaliswinebs<br />
xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis maRal dones amomrCevlis winaSe.<br />
politikuri partiebi saarCevno kampaniebs gansxvavebul da kargad Camoyalibebul<br />
politikur platfor mebze ageben. Tu arCevnebis Sedegebi Zlieri<br />
mandatiT aRWurvavs erT romelime partias, maSin am ukanasknels parlamen
saparlamento demokratia<br />
217<br />
tis mxardaWeriT sakuTa ri programis ganxorcielebis didi Sansi aqvs. Tu<br />
mTavrobis <strong>politika</strong> arapopularuli, arapraqtikuli an winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
aRmoCndeba, SesaZlebelia premierministris an mmarTveli partiis Secvla<br />
mTEeli politikuri sistemis ryevis gareSe. da bolos, zogierTi analitikosi<br />
miiCnevs, rom britaneTis partiebis disciplinirebuloba ufro efeqtians xdis<br />
mis saparlamento sistemas aSSis saprezidento sistemasTan SedarebiT.<br />
rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, aSSis saprezidento wyoba xSirad awydeba<br />
dilemebs, rac misi samganStoebiani stuqturis gawonasworebisa da<br />
dabalansebis (checks and balances) principidan gamomdinareobs. Zalian xSirad,<br />
erTi partia warmoadgens saprezidento xelisuflebas, xolo meore akontrolebs<br />
kongress. metic, Zalian rTulia arakompetenturi da Tundac arapopularuli<br />
prezidentis daTxovna. garda amisa, orpartiuli aramoqnili<br />
sistema bevr gansxvavebul interesTa jgufs kongresSi warmomadgenlobis<br />
saSualebas ar aZlevs. bolos, e.w. prezidentis saxalxo arCevnebi sakmaod<br />
iluzorulia: saqme isaa, rom prezidents realurad irCevs aSSis xmis micemis<br />
uflebis mqone mosaxleobis mxo lod daaxloebiT 25 procenti. kritikosTa<br />
mosazrebiT, maJoritarul principze (winner-takes-all) damyarebuli<br />
amomrCevelTa kolegiis arCevis ukve dromoWmuli praqtika xSirad imgvar<br />
suraTs qmnis, rom realuri umravlesobis neba ar sruldeba _ magaliTisaTvis<br />
gamodgeba 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac kandidatma al gorma<br />
miiRo xmebis realuri umravlesoba, magram jorj buSi umcrosi gamocxadda<br />
gamarjvebulad.<br />
saprezidento sistemis momxreebi ki aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad aris Sem<br />
Txvevebi, roca saWiro da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi swored vaSington <br />
Si miiReba da ara sxvagan (SegviZlia gavixsenoT lindon jonsonisa da ronald<br />
rei ganis sawyisi sakanonmdeblo warmatetebi). maTive azriT, legalurad<br />
fiqsirebuli saprezidento vada swored rom uparatesobaa. miuxedavad<br />
sirTuleebisa, rasac xandaxan prezidentis impiCmentis uaRresad rTuli<br />
procesi qmnis (maga liTad, riCard niqsonis gadayenebis proceduruli<br />
sirTule, miuxedavad mis mier Zalauflebis gadametebis faqtis TvalsaCinoobisa),<br />
prezidentisaTvis garantirebuli vadis arseboba pozitiur maxasiaTebels<br />
warmoadgens. magaliTad, hari trumeni, romelic dResdReobiT<br />
amerikis erTerT udides prezidentad miiCneva, misi mmarTvelobis umetes<br />
periodSi sakmaod arapopularuli iyo. aseve, prezidents gaaCnia krizisul<br />
viTarebaSi qveynis marTvis efeqtiani konstituciuri berketebi, maSinac ki,<br />
roca sazogadoebrivi interesi mas ubiZ gebs arapopularuli nabijebis gadadgmisaken.<br />
es SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc saprezidento sistemis<br />
aSkara upiratesoba.<br />
konstitucia da konteqsti<br />
saparlamento mmarTvelobebis Sedegianobis empiriuli Seswavla, maTi<br />
gan sxvavebulobidan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel adasturebs jer kidev ar
218 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
istoteles mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom politikuri swavlebebi Sesa<br />
Zloa Zalian abstraqtuli gaxdes. aristoteles mixedviT, mTavaria ara is,<br />
Tu ra aris umjobesi, aramed is, ra aris SesaZlebeli arsebul garemoebebSi.<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi saparlamento wyoba amarTlebs, zogan ki _ ver. amdenad,<br />
aristoteles mosazrebani dResac aqtualuria:<br />
daskvna<br />
Cven ar unda vfiqrobdeT mxolod imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos idealuri<br />
konstitucia. Cven unda vifiqroT imazec, rac praqtikulia [anu,<br />
saukeTeso mocemuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT] _ da amasTan erTad,<br />
ad vilad ganxorcielebadi da zogadad ufro Sesaferisic... konstituciuri<br />
sistemis imgvari forma unda iqnas SerCeuli, rac xalxs advilad<br />
daarwmunebs ukve arsebuli sistemis nacvlad misi da nergvis<br />
aucileblobaSi da SeaZlebinebs kidec amis ganxorcielebas. 22<br />
britanul saparlamento models axasiaTebs ZalauflebaTa Serevisa da<br />
gaerTianebis principi, mmarTvelobis ganusazRvreli vadebi, disciplinirebuli<br />
partiebi, da ormagi aRmasrulebeli. konstituciuri demokratiis<br />
es modeli ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi (garda laTinuri amerikisa),<br />
vidre amerikuli modeli. igi gansakuTrebiT dominanturia evropaSi, sadac<br />
britaneTis magaliTis mixedviT Camoyalibda amJamindeli konstituciuri<br />
demokratiebis umrvalesoba.<br />
safrangeTi konstituciuri demokratiis hibridul formas warmoadgens,<br />
romelic aerTianebs britanuli da amerikuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
germania saparlamento demokratiaa, magram gansxvavdeba rogorc<br />
britanuli, ise franguli sistemebisagan imiT, rom is ara unitaruli, aramed<br />
federaciuli sa xelmwifoa (da moicavs federalur miwebs). iaponiac<br />
saparlamento demokratiaa, da evropisagan ara imdenad politikuri struqturiT,<br />
ramdenadac politikuri kulturiT gansxvavdeba. iaponiis konsensusis<br />
principze aRmocenebul sazogadoebas, araformalur da didwilad<br />
pirovnul kavSirebze damyarebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mqone da patronaJul<br />
urTierTobebze agebuli politikuri struqturebi gaaCnia, romlebic,<br />
zedapiruli ganxilvisas SesaZloa misi evropuli analogiebisTvis<br />
migvemsgavsebina (Tumca, es institutebi realurad ame rikaSi Seiqmna, aSSis<br />
mier meore msoflio omSi iaponiis damarcxebis Semdeg).<br />
indoeTi da israeli is ori SemTxvevaa, sadac, erTi SexedviT, respublikuri<br />
wyobis arseboba warmoudgenelic ki unda iyos, sinamdvileSi ki orive<br />
qveyanaSi saparlamento demokratia ukve naxevari saukunea arsebobs. indoe<br />
Tisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom britanuli modeli moqnili<br />
da adaptirebadia imgvar adgilebSic ki, sadac arCevnebis Catareba da stabiluri<br />
xelisuflebis SenarCuneba warmoudgenladac ki gveCveneba Zalze<br />
rTul pirobebSi.
saparlamento demokratia<br />
219<br />
amerikuli da britanuli sistemebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba msgavsebebic<br />
da sakmaod provokaciuli gansxvavebebic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli<br />
da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis struqturirebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Tumca Znelia calsaxad imis Tqma, romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. amaze<br />
pasuxi TiToeuli qveynis gansakuTrebuli konteqstisa da arsebuli garemoebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
saparlamento sistema<br />
Sereuli reJimi<br />
undoblobis votumi<br />
disciplinebuli partiebi<br />
erTguli (loialuri) opozicia<br />
gaormagbuli aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuf leba (dual executive)<br />
nacionaluri asamblea<br />
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
Tanaarseboba (kohabitocia)<br />
vaimaris respublika<br />
civi omi<br />
bundestagi<br />
bundesrati<br />
meiZis dinastiis aRorZineba<br />
mogolebi<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
britaneTis raji<br />
qaSmiri<br />
lok sabha (qveda palata)<br />
raja sabha (zeda palata)<br />
palestineli arabebi<br />
palestina<br />
sionizmi<br />
balfuris deklaracia<br />
kemp devidis SeTanxmeba<br />
intifada<br />
qneseTi<br />
saparlamento suvereniteti<br />
SekiTxvebis saaTi<br />
saerTo samarTali<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlo<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />
sasamarTlo gadasinjva<br />
1. ratom ganixileba britanuli politikuri sistema xSirad saparlamento<br />
demokratiis nimuSad?<br />
2. rogoria saparlamento sistemis ZiriTadi samuSao principebi?<br />
3. rogor cxovroben britanelebi dauwereli konstituciis gareSe?<br />
4. rogor da ra garemoebebSi warmoiSva Tanamedrove franguli respublika?<br />
5. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa safrangeTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi<br />
britaneTis demokratiebs Soris? (mimaniSnebeli SekiTxva: romeli qveyana<br />
gamoiyena safrangeTma sakuTari politikuri sistemis modelad?)<br />
6. rodis da ra garemoebebSi SemoiRo iaponiam saparlamento sistema?<br />
7. SeadareT iaponiis demokratia safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis demokratiebs.
220 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
8. rogoria Tqveni mosazrebebi saparlamento demokratiis mniSvnelobaze<br />
indoeTsa da israelSi.<br />
9. SeadareT saparlamento da saprezidento xelisuflebis upiratesobebi<br />
da naklovanebebi.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. 1958 wlis the Life Peerage Act (warCinebulTa titulis sasicocxlod miniWebis<br />
aqti) mixedviT, monarqi uflebamosilia premierministrTan konsultaciis<br />
safuZvelze, mianiWos araaristokratiuli warmoSobis pirebs warCinebulis<br />
tituli mTeli sicocxlis vadiT, Tumca is memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema<br />
mis STamomavals. am iniciativis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda partiebis<br />
balansis SenarCuneba da lordTa palatis qmediTi wevrebis raodenobis<br />
gazrda. lordTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi da lordTa palatis aqtiur wevrTa<br />
procentulad kidev ufro didi Semadgenloba swored am gziT flobs war<br />
Cinebulis tituls.<br />
2. Sidney Bailey, British Parliamentary Democracy, me3 gamocema (Westport, Conn.:<br />
Greenwood, 1978), 130.<br />
3. iqve, 131.<br />
4. Suzanne Berger, The French Political System, 3rd ed.<br />
(New York, Random House, 1974), 368.<br />
5. Berger, French Political System, 368.<br />
6. Roy Macradis, red., Modern Political Systems: Europe, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-<br />
Hall, 1986), 120.<br />
7. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, (New York: Holt, 1970), 75.<br />
8. Michael Roskin, Countries and Concepts: An Introduction to Comparative Politics, (En-<br />
glewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 190.<br />
9. Guido Goldman, The German Political System (New York: Random House, 1974), 56.<br />
10. ix. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, (New York:<br />
Norton, 2000).<br />
11. ix. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan<br />
(New York: HarperCollins, 2000).<br />
12. Franz Michael and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World,<br />
(New York: Holt, 1964), 263.<br />
13. iqve, 607.<br />
14. Nobutaki Ike, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, me2 gamocema<br />
(New York: Knopf, 1972),<br />
15. Michael and Taylor, Far East in the Modern World, 603.<br />
16. iqve, 5.<br />
17. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803).<br />
18. ronald reiganis prezidentobis periodi (19811987 ww). kongresis or<br />
palatis amgvari gaxleCvis magaliTia, roca respublikelebi senats, xolo
saparlamento demokratia<br />
221<br />
demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontrolebdnen; miuxedavad amisa,<br />
ufro gavrcelebulia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebis<br />
`gaxleCvis~ SemTxvevebi. rogorc wesi, demokratebi sakanonmdeblo<br />
Stos akontrolebdnen maSinac ki, roca prezidenti respublikeli iyo,<br />
magram 1994 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma kongresis orive<br />
palataSi kontrolis ufleba demokrat bil klintonis prezidentad ar<br />
Cevidan ori wlis Semdeg moipoves.<br />
19. ix. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816).<br />
20. Richard Rose, “Politics in England”, wignSi Comparative Politics Today: A World View,<br />
red. Gabriel Almond (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 148.<br />
21. Edward Courtier, Principles of Politics and Government (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981),<br />
84.<br />
22. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1962), 1288b-89a, 155-56.
Tavi VII<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
gardamaval<br />
periodSi<br />
axali demokratiebi da<br />
aRmocenebadi bazrebi<br />
komunizmis kraxi<br />
ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia<br />
(Tu mxolod areuloba?)<br />
gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis<br />
marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia<br />
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi<br />
bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lideri?<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivebi<br />
aRmosavleTi evropa: tranziciuli<br />
gzagasayarze: mokvdeba Tu ara odesme<br />
Zveli Cvevebi<br />
CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze<br />
(ra iqneba Semdeg?)<br />
mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufalTa<br />
cvla dominanti partia<br />
ideologiis Sesusteba bazarze<br />
orientirebuli reformebi gazrdili<br />
pirovnuli Tavisufleba<br />
ax ali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi<br />
politikuri da religiuri<br />
represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis<br />
safrTxe amomavali<br />
saxelmwifoebi<br />
azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da<br />
Tavisuf lebac?)<br />
samxreTi korea taivani<br />
aziis vefxvebi<br />
laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?)<br />
reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika<br />
222
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
223<br />
1991 wlis dekembris bolo dRes, sabWoTa kavSirma, erTerTma im or supersaxelmwifoTagan,<br />
romlebic dominirebdnen msoflio <strong>politika</strong>Si TiTqmis<br />
naxevari saukunis manZilze, arseboba Sewyvita. am komunisturi `monstris~<br />
sikvdili XX saukunis erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikuri<br />
movlenaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi aRsasruli sakmaod moulodnelad<br />
dadga, es ar momxdara winapirobebis gareSe; piriqiT, 1985 wlidan moyolebuli,<br />
sabWoTa kavSirs mimzidveli, Tumca mSfoTvare cvlilebebis periodi<br />
daudga, rodesac mixeil gorbaCovma, qveynis axalma qarizmatulma liderma,<br />
reformebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo.<br />
sabWoTa wyobilebis dezintegraciam saTave daudo axal epoqas msoflio<br />
<strong>politika</strong>Si. man aseve gamokveTa gardamavali periodis prob leme bi, rac<br />
aRmosavleT evropaSi disfunqciuri politikurekonomikuri sistemebis<br />
winaSe idga. am qveynebSi tranziciis problemebi, nawilobriv, xelaxali<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucileblobiTaa ga mowveuli.<br />
tranzicia da ganviTareba (romelic am TavSi iqneba ganxi luli) erTmaneT<br />
Tan mWidro kavSirSia; tranziciis sakiTxebs gadakveTis mravali wertili<br />
aqvs gardamaval procesSi myofi sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan.<br />
ufro metic, rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, cneba `saxelmwifoebi tranziciis<br />
(gardamaval) periodSi~ dRes bevr qveyanas miesadageba msoflios faqtobrivad<br />
yvela regionSi. yofili ko munisturi qveynebis problemebis gacnobis<br />
Semdeg, Cven mokled SevexebiT azii sa da laTinuri amerikis sxva dasxva<br />
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabazro libera luri demokratiis mimarTulebiT<br />
gadasvlis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebian.<br />
komunizmis kraxi<br />
is, rasac erT dros `komunistur samyaros~ uwodebdnen, ukve aRar arsebobs.<br />
komunizmma, rogorc politikurma Zalam, rogorc erovnul, aseve<br />
saerTaSoriso doneebze, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, msoflioSi arseboba<br />
Sewyvita. 1988 wels, civi omis dasrulebamde, TxuTmeti saxelmwifo klasificirdeboda<br />
rogorc komunisturi. 2002 wlisTvis maTi raodenoba 56<br />
saxelmwifomde Semcirda (CineTi, kuba, laosi, CrdiloeT korea, vietnami<br />
da, savaraudod, kamboja); TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebel <strong>politika</strong>s axorcielebs,<br />
Sesabamisad dRes `komunistur banakze~ saubari yovelgvar azrs<br />
moklebulia. ra moxda? 1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT<br />
adre, aRmosavleT evropam moulodnelad uaryo komunisturi mmarTveloba.<br />
am droidan moyolebuli, demokratia da privatizacia (saxelmwifos mier<br />
marTuli sawarmoebis gadasvla kerZo seqtorSi) poloneTSi, ungreTsa da<br />
CexeTis respublikaSi. es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT poloneTsa da ungreT<br />
Si, garkveuli politikuri zigzagebiT xasiaTdeboda. am qveynebis amomrCevlebma<br />
xelisuflebaSi kvlav yofili komunistebi moiyvanes, Tumca, daiwyo<br />
amavdroulad, uaryves centralizebuli, gegmiani ekonomika dasavluri,<br />
sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli politikuri kursis<br />
sasargeblod. rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTsa da albaneTSi demokra
224 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
tizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba bevrad neli iyo, Tumca mainc SeiniSneboda.<br />
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas yofili aRmosavleT germania warmoadgens,<br />
romelic 1990 wels dasavleT germaniasTan gaerTianda.<br />
komunisturi reJimebi aziaSi ufro myari gamodga. 1976 wels, maos gardacvalebis<br />
Semdeg, CineTis saxalxo respublikam Searbila totalitaruli re<br />
Jimi da ekonomikis garkveuli liberalizacia moaxdina, Tumca, igi mainc<br />
rCeba represiul saxelmwifod. is agrZelebs reformebs sabazro ekonomikis<br />
mimarTulebiT, ramac xeli Seuwyo swraf ekonomikur zrdas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
mis samxreT sanapi ro regionebSi. CrdiloeT korea, stalinisturi marTvis<br />
meTodebis erTguli qveyana, amJRavnebs nacnob tendencias qsenofobiis,<br />
yvelafris gasaidumloebisa da TviTdawesebuli izolaciis mimarTulebiT.<br />
vietnami da laosi rCebian komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS, magram CrdiloeT<br />
koreisagan gansxvavebiT, orive maTgani msubuq saerTaSoriso gavlenas<br />
ganicdis da ufro miRebulia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi. dabolos,<br />
kambojaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis xangrZlivi mcdeloba xeli<br />
Seewyo am saxelmwifoSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, uSedego aRmoCnda<br />
1997 wels han senis mier organizebuli gadatrialebisa da iq diqtatoruli<br />
mTavrobis Camoyalibebis gamo.<br />
kubaSi fidel kastro ebRauWeba politikur Zalauflebas [(2008 wlidan<br />
qveyanas oficialurad fidelis Zma raul kastro marTavs _ mTargm.<br />
Sen.)]. igi cdilobda Caenacvlebina dakarguli sabWoTa daxmareba da amavdroulad,<br />
gamklaveboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dawesebuli<br />
ekonomikuri embargos Sedegebs. kubaSi, gansxvavebuli azrisadmi aratolerantuli<br />
policiuri saxelmwifos pirobebSic ki, gaxSirda perio duli saxalxo<br />
demonstraciebi, ramac kastros mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sa xalxo<br />
ukmayofilebis Zlieri nakadi gamoamJRavna. 1998 wels romis papis, ioane<br />
pavle IIisa da 2002 wels amerikis yofili prezidentis, jimi karteris istoriuli<br />
vi zitebi _ orive pirveli SemTxveva iyo kubis revoluciis Semdeg _<br />
aRq muli iqna rogorc SesaZlo nabijebi religiuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
mimarTulebiT da rogorc niSani imisa, rom asakovani diqtatori<br />
rbildeboda. Tumca, sxva eqspertebi eWvobdnen, rom am procesebs safuZvliani<br />
reformebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda da miiCnevdnen, rom erTaderTi<br />
ram, rac kastros adardebda, dagrovili politikuri problemebis fonze<br />
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba iyo.<br />
ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia<br />
(Tu mxolod areuloba?)<br />
1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio imperiebs Soris<br />
bolo imperias warmoadgenda. is batonobda dapyrobil xalxebsa da kulturebze,<br />
Tumca didi Sida daZabulobebis fonze. SeZleben Tu ara aseTi<br />
imperiebi arsebobas im msoflioSi, sadac izrdeba nacionalizmis, egalitarizmis<br />
gavlena da TviT gamorkvevis rwmena? Tu yvela aseTi imperia samudamod<br />
ganwirulia?
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
225<br />
stalinisturi saxelmwifo, romelic 1991 wlamde arsebobda, totalitaruli<br />
mmarTvelobis yvela Taviseburebas amJRavnebda, maT Soris: centralizebuli<br />
kontroli samxedro Zalebze, masmediasa da ekonomikaze; gabatonebuli<br />
monopolisti partia; oficialuri ideologia; sistemuri terori<br />
saeWvo politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg da reJimisaTvis uvargisad an<br />
saSiSad miCneuli udanaSaulo adamianebis masobrivi mkvlelobebi. sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris totalitaruli warmomavloba arsebiTi safuZvelia dRevandeli<br />
ruseTis politikis bunebis gasagebad.<br />
1991 wels, Zveli sabWouri reJimis marcxis Sedegad, axali Semcirebuli<br />
rusuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. postsabWoTa mTavrobam boris elcinis me<br />
TaurobiT gawyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Tavdapirvelad konstituciuri<br />
de mokrati is dafuZnebas Seecada. Semdeg man Seqmna Zalian susti konfederacia,<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT), romlis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Sevida ruseTi da yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, baltiispireTis<br />
qveynebis _ litvis, latviisa da estoneTis gamoklebiT (ix. sqema 71).<br />
sqema 7-1. ruseTi da respublikebi<br />
wyaro: Based on Milton F. Goodman, Global Studies: Russia, Eurasia, and Central/Eastern Europe, 5th ed. Copyright<br />
(c) 1994, the Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., Guilford, Conn. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />
gorbaGovis tranzicia<br />
1985 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi komunisturi par tiis erTerTi<br />
yve laze axalgazrda generaluri mdivani gaxda 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi. mis<br />
winaSe bevri politikuri da ekonomikuri problema idga. gorbaCovs swamda,<br />
rom am problemebis mogvareba mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
reformebis gareSe ver moxerxdeboda da radganac politikuri sistema sxva<br />
araferi iyo, Tu ara komunisturi partiis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis anarekli,<br />
man miiRo sabediswero da amavdroulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba:<br />
gardaeqmna komunizmi da partia orive maTganis SenarCunebis mizniT. gor
226 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
baCovma am mizniT ganaxorciela qmedebebi, rac dasavleTSi perestroikis,<br />
glastnostis da demokratizaci is saxelebiT gaxda cnobili.<br />
ratom gariska gorbaCGovma. leninis mier 1917 wels Zalauflebis mopovebis<br />
Semdeg, ekonomika sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo gegmuri, an sxvanairad, mbrZa neb luri,<br />
sadac yvela mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba (ra da ramdeni unda<br />
ewarmoebinaT da a.S.) komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi miiReboda.<br />
konkurencia, sargeblisaken swrafva da kerZo sakuTrebis umravlesi formebi<br />
akr Zaluli iyo, rogorc SeuTavsebeli komunistur principebTan.<br />
centraluri dagegmvis am sistemam sabWoTa kavSiri pirveli xarisxis samxedro<br />
Zalad aqcia, Tumca didi sabiujeto deficitis fasad. garda amisa,<br />
1980iani wlebis Sua xanebSi aSkarad gamoCnda, rom centralurma dagegmvam<br />
ekonomikuri stagnacia gamoiwvia, ramac sabWoTa kavSiri konkurentunarianobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT arasaxarbielo pirobebSi Caayena iseT industriul, demokratiul<br />
qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />
iapo nia da ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifo. 1 1985 wlisTvis, qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis tempi 2 procentamde daeca da Seadgina daaxloebiT na xevari imisa,<br />
rac aTi wlis win iyo. cxra industriuli sawarmodan sul mcire erTi da saxelmwifo<br />
meurne obebis TiTqmis mesamedi kotrdeboda. sakvebi, sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlebis mSeneb loba, samkurnalo saSualebebi da transporti moTxovnebis<br />
sruliad araadekvaturi iyo, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad.<br />
sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umetesobis cxovreba zogadad gausaZlisi iyo. rac<br />
sabWoeTSi komfortad da xelsayrel pirobebad miiCneoda, dasavleTisTvis<br />
Cve ulebrivi movlena iyo. maRaziebi xSirad uxeirod an saerTod ar maragdeboda.<br />
garkveuli saxis saTadarigo nawilebis Sovna xSirad SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo. erTerTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, miRebul normas warmoadgenda is faqti,<br />
rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, dReSi or saaTs, kviris Svidive dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
rigebSi atarebdnen. 2 1980iani wlebis bolosaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis<br />
28 procenti oficialurad miCneul siRaribis zRvars qveviT<br />
cxovrobda. 3<br />
soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakvebis warmoeba Zlivs uwyobda fexs<br />
mosaxleobis zrdas da miuxedavad am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli uxvi investiciebisa,<br />
mTavroba bevrs xarjavda importirebul xorcsa da marcvleulSi.<br />
amasTanave, soflis meurneobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris sainvesticio<br />
prioritetebi aSkarad asaxavda saSineli dagegmarebis arsebobas. produqciis<br />
meurneobebidan bazrisaken gadaadgileba, sacavebad gankuTvnili<br />
sawarmoebi, sakvebis gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da sacalo gayidva absoluturad<br />
ugulebelyofili iyo. sabWoTa ekonomistebma daiangariSes, rom<br />
marcvleulis mTeli mosavlis daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi yovelwliurad<br />
bazarze moxvedramde ikargeboda. gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom 1988 wels<br />
danakargi daaxloebiT 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis importirebuli<br />
marcvleulis raodenobas utoldeboda. amis Sedegad, Cveulebrivi<br />
sabWoTa mo qalaqis mier xorcisa da rZis produqtebis moxmareba,<br />
or aTwleulze ufro mci re droSi, 30 procentiT Semcirda. 4
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
227<br />
sabWoTa ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis dace<br />
mis fonze, gauaresebulma socialurma problemebma safrTxe sabWoTa<br />
sazogadoebis safuZvels Seuqmna. yvelaze did problemebs Soris iyo alkoholizmi<br />
da korufcia. alkoholizmi didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
yvelaze myar da Zvir problemas warmoadgenda. alkoholis miReba mavne gavlenas<br />
axdenda ada mianis janmrTelobasa da ojaxur cxovrebaze, amcirebda<br />
produqtiulobas da Sromisunarianobas, zrdida Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobas<br />
(fexmZimobisas alkoholis miRebis gamo), amcirebda cxovrebis xangrZlivobas<br />
da didwilad ganapirobebda axalgazrdebSi damnaSaveobis zrdas.<br />
amasTanave, korufciac yvaoda. samomxmareblo saqonlis qronikuli ararseboba<br />
da saxelmwifos mier fase bis kontroli Savi bazris ayvavebas iwvevda.<br />
sabWoTa cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawili biurokratizirebuli iyo da<br />
nebismier sakiTxze oficialur saxelmwifo Tanxmobas saWiroebda, ramac<br />
gavlenebis araoficialuri sistemis ganviTareba gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom<br />
daeCqarebinaT oficialuri Tanxmoba an biurokratiisgan sasurveli mopyrobisaTvis<br />
mieRwiaT, sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis nebismieri me Todis gamoyeneba<br />
Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.<br />
sxva kritikul problemas 19701980ian wlebSi gaRrmavebuli teqnologiuri<br />
CamorCeniloba warmoadgenda _ kompiuteruli revolucia ascda sab<br />
WoTa moqalaqeebs maSin, roca maTi ekonomikuri konkurentebi gardaqmna. am<br />
sferoSi fulis dabandeba menejerebisTvis araxelsayreli iyo da partiac<br />
SiSobda, rom misi farTo moxmareba politikur oponentebs gaaZlierebda.<br />
amgvari damokidebu lebis Sedegad sabWoTa industriisa da infrastruqturis<br />
modernizacia SeuZlebeli xdeboda.<br />
am problemaTa umetesi nawilis safuZvels centraluri dagegmva<br />
war moadgenda, romelic ar uwyobda xels axal iniciativebs, radganac<br />
qarxnebis mmarTvelebi da saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis<br />
direqtorebi cent ra lur gegmaze rCebodnen mibmulni, romelic qarxnisa da<br />
meurneobebis war moebaze mkacr kvotebs awesebda. gegmis Sesruleba sabWoTa<br />
ekonomikis yvela ad ministratoris umTavres prioritets warmoadgenda.<br />
stalinisturma siste mam xarisxi Seswira raodenobas. garda amisa, zevidan<br />
wamosuli instruqciebiT moq medi menejmentisaTvis ar arsebobda sakmarisi<br />
iniciativa Tu SesaZlebloba axali teqnologiebis dasanergad. masalebisa<br />
da aRWurvilobebis mi wodebis SewyvetiT gamowveulma problemebma mou lodnelad<br />
Seaferxa aRmSeneblobiTi proeqtebi da qarxnisa da meurneobebis<br />
warmo e ba Seamcira. warmoebis ambiciur kvotebis miRwevis mizniT da<br />
dausrulebeli ze wolis gamo, direqtorebi arsebuli Cavardnebis dasafarad<br />
xSirad sxvadasxva xrikebs iyenebdnen.<br />
mmarTvelTa cinizmi erwymoda sabWoTa muSaxelis dabal morals. igi iyo<br />
arasaTanadod dasaqmebuli, uxalisod muSaobda, an romelsac, ubralod sa <br />
muSao motivacia ar gaaCnda. sando da efeqtiani muSaxelis ararsebobis pir <br />
dapiri Sedegi iyo saSinlad dabali produqtiuloba. muSebis cinizmi kargad<br />
Canda iseT popularul sabWoTa gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa, `partia<br />
Tavs ikatunebs, TiTqos gvixdis da Cvenc Tavs vikatunebT, rom vmuSaobT~.<br />
es cinizmi ikvebeboda partiuli muSakebis TvalTmaqcobiT, romlebic mxars
228 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
uWerdnen ega litarul idealebs, magram cxovrobdnen simdidreSi, maSin<br />
roca proletariati, romelsac isini adidebdnen, purisa da sxva pirveladi<br />
moTxovnilebis nivTebis SesaZenad grZel rigebSi idga. moxda yvelaze uaresi:<br />
bevrma sabWoTa kavSir Si sakuTari politikuri sistemis mimarT<br />
rwmena dakarga. 5<br />
reaqciuli Zalebi, nacionalistebi da nomenklatura. adamianebs, vinc<br />
flob dnen Tanamdebobebs da gavlenas sabWoTa sistemaSi, nomenklaturas uwodebd<br />
nen. sabWoTa kavSirSi es adamianebi privilegirebul elitarul klass<br />
Se ad gendnen. 6 maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri biurokratiis<br />
wevrebi (e.w. aparatCikebi), ufrosi ekonomikuri mmarTvelebi da samecniero<br />
administratorebi, aseve konkretuli mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, kosmonavtebi,<br />
aTletebi da generlebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos da<br />
aZlierebdnen mis reputacias.<br />
nomenklaturis arseboba ori mizeziT iyo mniSvnelovani. pirveli:<br />
kargad ganviTarebuli, eqskluziuri da umeteswilad SeniRbuli keTilmowyobili<br />
binebis infrastruqtura, specialuri maRaziebi, sanatoriumebi,<br />
saavadmyofo ebi, klinikebi, kurortebi da skolebi, am fenas ara<br />
marto ganze ayenebda Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqisagan, aramed sruliad<br />
ewinaaRm degeboda Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis marqsistul da<br />
komunistur ide alebs, romelsac komunistebi xSirad qadagebdnen. meore:<br />
nomenklatura, ara efeqtiani iyo da ufro metad ainteresebda sakuTari<br />
Zalauflebis SenarCunebiT, vidre saxelmwifo politikis Sesruleba. 1980iani<br />
wlebis Sua periodisaTvis, aravin iyo ise Sefiqrianebuli politikuri<br />
elitis mier ekonomikuri ganvi Tarebis Seferxebis perspeqtiviT, rogorc<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideri, mi xeil gorbaCovi.<br />
reformis <strong>politika</strong>. gorbaCovis sami reformistuli programis _ peres troikis,<br />
glastnostis da demokratizaciis mizans warmoadgenda komunizmis<br />
gadarCena da ara misi dangreva. perestroikis mizani centraluri dagegmvis<br />
dogmaturi sistemis gamococxleba iyo. gorbaCovi am ambiciuri miznis<br />
miRwevas qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur sa<br />
Taveebze ieriSis mitaniT imedovnebda _ rac niSnavda nomenklaturisa da<br />
aparatCikebis gavlenis Semcirebas da amavdroulad, sabWoTa muSaxelis<br />
efeqtian omis zrdas. sabediswerod, verc gorbaCovi xvdeboda, an kidev<br />
Tvals ar usworebda qveynis ekonomikur struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebis<br />
gatarebis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad, perestroikis idea ufro mimzidvel<br />
politikur slogans warmoadgenda, vidre Tanmimdevrul ekonomikur<br />
<strong>politika</strong>s.<br />
gorbaCovis damsaxureba iyo nawilobrivi reformebis gatarebis mcde lo ba,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavda individualuri iniciativis amaRlebas. xelfase bis<br />
gamomuSavebis, ganawilebisa da faswarmoqmnis sistemis reformirebis, zeda<br />
eSelonis biurokratebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas, adgilobrivi menejeruli<br />
Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da muSebis mflobelobaSi<br />
arsebuli sawarmoebisa da kooperativebis waxalisebis gziT. ga
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
229<br />
tarda aseve sxva saxis sabazro orientaciis reformebic, magram verc erTma<br />
maTganma SeZlo fundamenturad Seecvala ekonomikuri sistema saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebisa da centraluri dagegmvidan<br />
kerZo sakuTrebisa da individualuri iniciativis mimarTulebiT.<br />
fotoze mixeil gorbaCovisa da misi meuRlis raisas fineTSi vizitia asaxulia 1989<br />
wels. gorbaCovma mmarTvelobis periodSi, 1985 wlis martidan 1991 wlis agvistomde,<br />
komunizmisa da komunisturi partiis reformirebis radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>politika</strong> SeimuSava. saboloo jamSi am wamowyebebma stalinisturi saxelmwifos<br />
erozia gaaRrmava da mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis damxobas Seuwyo xeli.<br />
1989 wlisTvis, sabWoTa ekonomika swraf dezintegracias ganicdida da<br />
or weliwadSi igi srul depresiaSi aRmoCnda; 1991 wlisTvis, sabWoTa kav<br />
Siris ekonomika yovelwliurad 10 procentiT mcirdeboda. daisva kiTxva,<br />
ra unda mo e moqmedaT? mmarTveli elita or nawilad iyo gayofili. radikaluri<br />
refor mis momxreebi mxars uWerdnen centraluri da mbrZanebluri<br />
ekonomikidan mkveTr tranzicias sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT. Zveli<br />
kursis momxre konservato re bi (gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc samxedro da saidumlo<br />
po liciasTan asocir debodnen) ewinaaRmdegebodnen aseT revoluciur<br />
cvli lebebs. sabWo Ta mmarTveli elita cdilobda gamklaveboda mzard ekonomikur<br />
kriziss, Tumca, gansxvave biT den si aopinis droindeli CineTisagan,<br />
mas arasodes Camouyalibebia momavlis zusti xedva da ar gaerTianebula kompleqsuri<br />
reformebis aucileblobiT.<br />
am areulobis fonzec ki, gorbaCovis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi gaurkveveli<br />
rCeboda. Tanamdebobaze yofnis bolo TveebSi aSkara gaxda, rom perestroikam<br />
(romelic miznad isaxavda gamoecocxlebina centraluri dagegmva
230 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
da ko munizmi) ar gaamarTla da revoluciuri ekonomikuri cvlileba (romelic<br />
sabediswerod Tavad perestroikis mier iyo wamowyebuli) Cqar deboda.<br />
kerZo sakuTreba da ekonomikuri winapirobebi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda<br />
maSin, roca ekonomikuri areuloba da uimedoba matulobda.<br />
glastnosti. gorbaCovis ufro metad gaxmaurebulma `glastnostis~ (sajarooba)<br />
<strong>politika</strong>m gaaZliera perestroika da sabWoTa istoriaSi mediasaSualebebze<br />
cenzu ra arnaxulad Seamcira. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, am<br />
<strong>politika</strong>m gamoiwvia gorbaCovis mimarT didi simpaTia da warumatebeli ekonomikuri<br />
reformebisgan mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana.<br />
glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxili hqonda sabWoTa sazRvrebs miRma; man<br />
gorbaCovi msoflio presisaTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr<br />
qveyanaSi popularul figurad aqcia.<br />
miuxedavad misi sagareo politikuri warmatebebisa, glastnosti, pirvel<br />
rigSi, Sida politikis instrumenti iyo. mis sawyis ganzraxvas oficialuri<br />
korufciisa da arakompetenturobis gamoaSkaraveba warmoadgenda, rasac<br />
gorbaCovi sabWoTa ekonomikis arasrulyofilebis erTerT mizezad miiCnevda.<br />
mas surda masiuri cvlilebis mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa biurokratiis Seryeva<br />
da muSaTa klasis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mSromelebs ar hqondaT, erTi<br />
mxriv, muSaobis stimuli da, meore mxriv, gaficvis ufleba, ris gamoc apa<br />
Tiasa da alkoholizmSi Cafluliyvnen. realurad, es bolo, epidemiuri xasiaTis<br />
proble ma _ gaxrwnili sazogadoebis tragikul simptoms warmoadgenda.<br />
glastnosti mWidro kavSirSi iyo perestroikasTan: is iyo im komunisturi<br />
sazogadoebis gamococxlebis saSualeba, romelsac mamoZravebeli<br />
Zala gamoecala da romelmac arsebobis mizani dakarga. politikur liberalizacias<br />
unda Seeqmna amaRlebuli ganwyoba, rac sazogadoebas energiuls<br />
gaxdida, miecemoda ra mas Zveli, muSaobis araefeqtian maxasiaTeblebisa<br />
da mmarTvelobis kritikis uflebas. glastnostma swrafad SeiZina<br />
sakuTari mimarTuleba, mas Semdeg, rac adre akrZaluli wignebi da filmebi<br />
bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Tumca, yvelaze gasaocar faqts sabWoTa<br />
mediis saxelmwifo politikis moqnili instrumentidan sazogadoebrivi<br />
kritikis meqaniz mad gardaqmna warmoadgenda. popularuli axali satelevizio<br />
arxebi sabWoTa oficialuri korufciisa da Zalauflebis uzurpaciis<br />
mxilebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, sabWoTa gazeTebi da Jurnalebi ki yavlgasuli<br />
politikuri principebisa da wesebis Sesaxeb kritikul statiebs<br />
aqveynebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Tavi realurad erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gardaqmna. qveyna, romelic ar uSvebda aranair kritikas, iqca im<br />
qveynad, sadac kritika swrafad aclida legitimurobas komunistur partiasa<br />
da politikur sistemas, rac didi xnis manZilze misi mmarTvelobis<br />
instrumentebs warmoadgenda.<br />
demokratizacia. iseve rogorc perestroikis SemTxvevaSi, zustad arc is<br />
iyo cno bili, Tu ras gulisxmobda gorbaCovi rusul enaze demokratizaciis<br />
xsene bisas. demokratizacia, minimum, moiazreboda rogorc politikuri<br />
sistema, sadac arCevnebi iqneboda nebadarTuli, Tumca ra doziT _ gaurkveve
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
231<br />
li rCeboda. es xedva asaxuli iyo 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT<br />
Catarebul saka nonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCevels uflebas<br />
aZlevda xma mieca opoziciisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis winaRmdeg,<br />
rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa istoriaSi. amavdroulad, gorbaCovi<br />
marTavda rogorc sabWoTa prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanamdeboba,<br />
romelic man SemoiRo, rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawili)<br />
da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani. demokratizaciis<br />
Sedegad gamowveuli politikuri cvlilebebi sakmaod gansacvifrebeli iyo<br />
da mianiSnebda ufro demokratiuli momavlisaken. is moicavda:<br />
. opoziciis, gavleniani arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovnebebis<br />
da partiebis gaCenas, romelTaganac zogierTi centralur<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoSi airCies;<br />
. komunisturi partiis Sida disciplinis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba<br />
(ra sac mis rigebSi urTierTqiSpisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis zrda<br />
sdevda Tan) sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT partiis wevrebis ricxvis<br />
Semcirebis fonze;<br />
. centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis xarjze respublikebis<br />
gavlenisa da Zalauflebis zrda;<br />
. reformebi mTavrobis SigniT, romelsac ara partiis generaluri mdivani,<br />
aramed arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da prezidenti marTavdnen<br />
da romelic SeZlebda komunisturi partiisagan realuri, damoukidebeli<br />
Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
reformis marcxi: sistema iSleba<br />
gorbaCovis mcdeloba _ moexdina sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
sistemebis cvlileba, marcxiT damTavrda. faqtobrivad, mis mier<br />
Zalauflebis mopovebis sawyis etapze arsebuli yvela sazogadoebrivi,<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri problema gacilebiT gamwvavebuli iyo im droisaTvis,<br />
roca man, daaxloebiT 6 wlis Semdeg, Tanamdeboba datova. mosaxleobis<br />
molodinis zrdis paralelurad, dramatulad mcirdeboda cxovrebis<br />
done, rac qmnida politikurad aramdgrad situacias. am yvelafers Tan daerTo<br />
axali problema _ swrafi inflacia, ramac kidev ufro Seasusta mTavrobisadmi<br />
ndoba. saxalxo mRelvareba gamoixata sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis iseTi<br />
axali fenomenis gaCeniT, rogoricaa muSaTa gaficvebi. sazogadoebrivi<br />
mRelvarebis eskalaciasTan erTad, gorbaCovis popularuloba da misi gavlena<br />
partiuli da saxelmwifo biurokrati is rigebSi Semcirda.<br />
sabWoTa reJimis ukanasknel dReebSi Sida aramdgradobis mTavari mizezi<br />
iyo saukunovani erovnuli problema. ricxobrivad yvelaze didi Cvidmeti<br />
erovneba sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 90%ze mets Seadgenda, maT Soris,<br />
rusebi 50%ze odnav meti, xolo ukrainelebi 16%ze odnav naklebi wiliT<br />
294 milioniani mosaxleobis 2/3s Seadgendnen 1991 wels. garda amisa, sabWo<br />
Ta kavSirSi daaxloebiT 20 erovnuli jgufi cxovrobda, romelic calcalke<br />
1 mln adamianze mets iTvlida. am msxvil jgufebs Soris iyo 15 erovneba,
232 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
romelTa saxelebi ewodeboda respublikebs; aseve, TaTrebi, polonelebi,<br />
germanelebi, ebraelebi, CuvaSebi, baSkirebi da mordovelebi (ix. cxrili<br />
7.1). sul yofil ssrkSi 100ze meti sxvadasxva erovneba cxovrobda da 130mde<br />
enaze saubrobdnen.<br />
cxrili 7.1<br />
ZiriTadi erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi misi daSlis dros (1989)<br />
erovnebebi<br />
procentuli<br />
Semadgenloba a<br />
erovnebebi procentuli<br />
Semadgenloba<br />
rusebi 50.78 moldovelebi 1.17<br />
ukrainelebi 15.47 litvelebi 1.07<br />
uzbekebi 5.84 Turqebi 0.95<br />
belorusebi 3.50 yirgizebi 0.85<br />
yazaxebi 2.84 germanelebi 0.71<br />
azerbaijanelebi 2.38 CuvaSebi 0.64<br />
TaTrebi 2.32 latvielebi 0.51<br />
somxebi 1.62 ebraelebi b 0.50<br />
tajikebi 1.48 baSkirebi 0.50<br />
qarTvelebi 1.39 polonelebi 0.39<br />
a. monacemebi aRebulia sabWoTa kavSiris bolo oficialuri saxalxo aRweridan.<br />
b. yofili sabWoTa kavSiri ebraelebs calke erad gamoyofda.<br />
wyaro: Population Today, November 1991, Population Reference Bureau. ibeWdeba<br />
nebarTviT.<br />
istoriulad, sabWoTa mTavroba ararusi jgufebis asimilirebisaTvis<br />
Zaladobas mimarTavda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo politikis erTerT mTavar<br />
instruments ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgenda: sabWoTa kavSiris yvela<br />
skolis yvela moswavle valdebuli iyo Seeswavla rusuli.<br />
amis Sedegad, ori enis floba Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda sabWoTa respublikebSi<br />
_ ararusi mosaxleobis umravlesobas SeeZlo gamarTuli rusuliT<br />
esaubra. magram sabWoTa kavSiris ulmobeli mcdeloba, daenerga rusebis<br />
kulturuli dominantoba, xSirad sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. komunisturi<br />
partiis zeda eSelonebSi eTnikuri rusebi dominirebdnen, romlebic<br />
mmarTveli elitis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
kidev ufro zrdida eTnikuri umciresobebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
warumatebelma mcdelobam, moexdina eTnikuri umciresobebis sruli asimilireba,<br />
msoflios erTerT ukanasknel imperias safuZveli ga moacala.
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
233<br />
moskovs sakmaod kargi safuZveli hqonda efiqra, rom `erovnuli<br />
sakiTxi~ adre Tu gvian sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezi gaxdeboda. ironiulad,<br />
swored gorbaCovis reformebma Seqmna iseTi situacia, rodesac<br />
ararusi erovnebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo gaebeda TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukideblobis<br />
moTxovniT moZraobis dawyeba. glastnostma, garkveulwilad,<br />
centraluri mTavrobisa da komunisturi partiis kritika waaxalisa.<br />
gorbaCovis sabediswero gadawyvetilebam _ neba daerTo yofili `sateliti<br />
saxelmwifoebisaTvis~ (poloneTi, aRmosavleT germania, Cexoslovakia,<br />
ungreTi, bulgareTi da rumineTi) daetovebinaT sabWoTa gavlenis sfero,<br />
aseve gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. pirvelad damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba<br />
baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo, sadac litvam, latviam da<br />
estoneTma (romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen 1939 wlamde, sanam stalinma<br />
maTi xelSi Cagdeba ar moaxerxa hitlerTan samarcxvino paqtis dadebis<br />
Semdeg) reformebs sul sxva simZafre da mimarTuleba misca, vidre gorba<br />
Covs hqonda ganzraxuli. baltiis saxelmwifoebi litvis winamZRolobiT,<br />
pirvelebi gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSirs. erovnulma demonstraciebma da amboxebebma<br />
gadauara sabWoTa imperias, da respublikebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT<br />
acxadebdnen damoukideblobas.<br />
1991 wlis bolosTvis sabWoTa kavSiri TavisiT daiSala. gorbaCovis<br />
yvela mcdeloba, gadaeWra sabWoTa kavSiris fundamenturi politikuri da<br />
ekonomikuri problemebi, marcxiT dasrulda. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, gorba<br />
Covi Zalauflebad Camoacila komunisturi partiis rvakacianma jgufma,<br />
romelsac samxedroebTan da e.w. sukTan (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti)<br />
hqonda kavSiri, magram gadatrialeba marcxiT dasrulda: demokratiisa da<br />
sabazro reformebisaTvis mebrZolma boris elcinma, romelic moskovSi<br />
alyaSemortymuli ruseTis parlamentis SenobaSi imyofeboda da STaagonebda<br />
quCaSi gamosul uzarmazar masas ebrZola demokratiisaTvis, winaaRmdegoba<br />
gauwia saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobas. elcinis daJinebiT,<br />
gorbaCovma kvlav daikava Tavisi yofili Tanamdeboba, 1991 wlis bolos, sab<br />
WoTa kavSiris formalur daSlamde, Tumca ruseTs ukve axali gmiri hyavda.<br />
boris elcini: postsabWoTa ruseTis pirveli prezidenti<br />
1991 wlis ivnisSi ruseTis respublikis saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarjvebis<br />
mopovebis Sedegad boris elcini pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti<br />
gaxda ruseTis istoriaSi. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1991 wlis agvistoSi, man<br />
CaaCuma reaqciuli Zalebi, romelTac saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT<br />
daamxes sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris prezidenti mixeil<br />
gorbaCovi. dramatul momentSi, rodesac Sedegi jer kidev gaurkveveli rCeboda,<br />
elcini avida tankze da waikiTxa axla kargad cnobili manifesti, romelic<br />
saxelmwifo gadatrialebas aralegitimurad acxadebda da moiTxovda<br />
konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas, maT Soris prezident gorbaCovis xelisuflebaSi<br />
dabrunebas.
234 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
es situacia sakmaod ironiuli iyo. boris elcini sabWoTa <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />
Tavis grandiozul aRmasvlas gorbaCovs umadloda.<br />
1980iani wlebis Sua xanebSi elcini<br />
iyo ucnobi partiuli muSaki sverdlovskSi,<br />
rodesac gorbaCovma igi<br />
moskovSi partiis adgilobrivi organizaciis<br />
xelmZRvanelad gadaiyvana.<br />
magram elcini maleve daupirispirda<br />
mas; brals sdebda gorbaCovs imaSi,<br />
rom igi realuri reformebis<br />
gatarebis saqmeSi fexs iTrevda, Tvi<br />
Ton ki ufro radikaluri liberalizaciis<br />
<strong>politika</strong>s uWerda mxars. elcinis mkacri da saxalxo kritikiT<br />
gaRizianebulma gorbaCovma gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone es adamiani politbiuros<br />
1987 wels CamoaSora.<br />
magram elcini ar danebda. igi brZolas agrZelebda DADAda bevri momxrec<br />
gaiCina mSobliur ruseTSi. 1991 wlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT elcinma<br />
daCrdila gorbaCovi, romelic arasodes yofila saxalxod arCeuli da Sesabamisad,<br />
akl da ndobis is mandati, romelic elcins gaaCnda. elcinma gadamwyveti<br />
roli Seasrula gorbaCOovis gaurkveveli, da, savaraudod, fataluri<br />
momavlisagan gadarCenaSi, ramac sabolood elcini upirates poziciaSi<br />
Caayena gorbaCovTan mimarTebaSi, romlis ndoba da prestiJi da, Sesabamisad,<br />
Zalauflebac gaqra sa xelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis Semdeg. bolos,<br />
gorbaCovi ara mxolod mixvda, rom daetovebina komunisturi partiis generaluri<br />
mdivnis Tanamdeboba da ganecalkevebina partia mTavrobisagan, aramed<br />
aseve saWirod CaTvala Segu eboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. gorbaCovma<br />
prezidentis Tanamdeboba 1991 wlis 25 dekembers datova.<br />
elcini darCa ruseTis mTavrobis saTaveSi,<br />
magram gaRrmavebuli socialuri da<br />
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi mas uwevda<br />
saparlamento opoziciasTan gamklaveba.<br />
elcinis Seusabamo da sastikma damokidebulebam<br />
ruseTis separatistuli regionis,<br />
CeCneTis mimarT ver gaaumjobesa misi Selaxuli<br />
imiji, verc qveynis SigniT da verc<br />
mis gareT. misi popularoba, ramac igi uZleveli<br />
gaxada 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi,<br />
1996 wlis ivnisSi, axali saprezidento ar<br />
Cevnebis win Zalian dacemuli iyo. elcins<br />
mouxda Sejibreba prezidentobis komunist kandidat evgeni ziuganovTan,<br />
da meore turSi mciredi upi ratesobiT mainc gaimarjva. misi triumfi janmr<br />
TelobasTan dakavSire bulma prob lemebma gaafermkrTala. 1996 wlis bolos<br />
elcinma gulis operacia gai keTa. 1997 wlisTvis is gamojanmrTelda, Tumca<br />
ar iyo iseTive qmediTi, rogorc wina wlebSi. 2000 wels vladimer putini air
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
235<br />
Cies mis memkvidred. putinis winaSec seriozuli problemebi idga, maT Soris:<br />
dasneulebuli ekonomika, korufciuli sazogadoeba, sastiki damna<br />
Saveoba da CeCneTSi aalebuli omi.<br />
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi<br />
moicavs ra yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 75, mosaxleobis 50 da<br />
mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 60 procents, ruseTi rCeba evraziis<br />
gabatonebul Zalad. ruseTis uzarmazari gavlena dsTs sivrceze bevr<br />
fundamentur kiTxvas wamoWris: iqneba Tu ara dsT meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
axa li damoukidebeli respublikebi ganimtkiceben TavianT damoukideblobas,<br />
Tu is iqneba struqtura, romliTac ruseTi daSlili imperiis aRdgenas<br />
Seecdeba? 1990iani wlebis Sua periodSi aSkara niSnebi ikveTeboda meore<br />
scenaris sasargeblod, radgan ruseTi Zveli ruseTis imperiisa da slavuri<br />
evropis teritoriebze dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda.<br />
rusuli jari ganlagebuli iyo bevr yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi, maT<br />
Soris latviaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da<br />
taji keTSi. konfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi _ azerbaijanSi, tajikeTsa da<br />
saqarTveloSi moskovma samxedro intervencia `samSvidobo~ safuZvlebze<br />
gaamarTla, rodesac axal damoukidebel respublikebSi, an maT Soris, rogorc<br />
Sida, aseve sagareo uTanxmoebebi warmoiSva.<br />
danarCeni msoflio gansakuTrebulad Sefiqrianebuli iyo im faqtiT,<br />
rom ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi da belorusia maT teritoriebze ganTavsebuli<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis memkvidreebi iyvnen. amis Sedegad<br />
msoflioSi moulodnelad gaCnda ramdenime axali birTvuli saxelmwifo da<br />
es maSin, roca birTvuli iaraRi kidev ufro amwvavebda daZabulobas axal<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri motivebiT ruseTi yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar arsenalSi moqcevas Seecada.<br />
ukrainamac da yazaxeTmac piroba dades, gadaecaT es iaraRi ruseTisaTvis,<br />
Tumca amavdroulad, am nabijis gadadgmamde, moskovisagan ekonomikur da<br />
finansur daTmobebs moiTxovdnen, xolo dasavleTisgan _ usafrTxoebis<br />
garantiebs. 1996 wlisTvis yvela birTvuli iaraRi, maT Soris belorusiaSi<br />
arsebulic, ruseTSi iqna gadatanili. ruseTis uzarmazari masobrivi ganadgurebis<br />
biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRis arsenalis usafrTxoebac dasavleTis<br />
didi Sefiqrianebis sagans warmoadgenda. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers<br />
amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis<br />
Semdeg es problema kidev ufro gamwvavda, ramdenadac arsebobda saSiSroeba,<br />
rom zogierTi am momakvdinebel nivTierebaTagan (maT Soris antraqsi)<br />
SeiZleboda avRaneTSi da sxvagan dabinavebul saerTaSo riso teroristul<br />
dajgufebebs CaegdoT xelSi.<br />
ruseTis ganviTarebis procesSi myof politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtia.<br />
Tumca, SeuZlebelia viwinaswar metyveloT misi momavali perspeqtivebi.<br />
is faqti, rom ruseTi rCeba mniSvnelovan da Zlevamosil sa xelmwifod, eWvs
236 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
ar iwvevs. ruseTis warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mis unarze, gaumklavdes<br />
sul mcire sam gamowvevas: ekonomikur vardnas, eTnikur fragmentacias da<br />
saxelmwifo mSeneblobas.<br />
ekonomikuri vardna. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mudmivma ekonomikurma<br />
problemebma did gasaWirSi Caagdo dsTs saxelmwifoebi. arc ruseTi<br />
warmoadgenda am mxriv gamonakliss: misi susti ekonomika ganapirobebs Cveulebrivi<br />
moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur duxWir cxovrebas. 1991 wlis Semdeg,<br />
dsTis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis msgavsad, ruseTma samrewvelo warmoebaSi,<br />
sacalo gayidvasa da erovnul SemosavalSi gansacvifrebeli vardna<br />
ganicada. gaizarda sabiujeto deficiti. Tavdapirvelad am ekonomikur Cavardnebs<br />
Tan axlda farTod gavrcelebuli inflacia.<br />
am droidan moyolebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis niSnebi gamoCenas<br />
agvianebda. ekonomikurma vardnam, romelic asocirdeboda sabWoTa Zalauflebis<br />
kolafsTan da elcinis mTavrobis mier Tanmimdevruli da energiuli<br />
ekonomikuri reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas gancdil marcxTan, warmoebis<br />
masStabebi 1990iani wlebis Sua periodSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda. 7<br />
magram aqve zogierTi dadebiTi simptomic SeimCneoda, maT Soris: fasebis<br />
gaTavisuflebiT sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mcdeloba, Tavdacvis<br />
dafinansebis Semcireba, distribuciis Zveli centralizebuli sistemis<br />
uaryofa, vauCeruli privati zaciis farTomasStabiani programis gatareba,<br />
kerZo bankebis daarseba da sagareo vaWrobis demonopolizacia.<br />
1996 wlisTvis elcinma inflaciis Semcirebisa da rublis stabilizirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiTac warmatebas miaRwia. miuxedavad am nabijebisa, ekonomika kvlav<br />
daRmavlobas ganagrZobda. mTliani Sida produqti da samrewvelo warmoebis<br />
moculoba 6 procentze metiT daeca. 8 (Tumca, vardna ufro neli iyo<br />
vidre ori wlis win, rodesac is 15 procents Seadgenda.) amaSi nawilobriv ruseTSi<br />
privatizaciis SedarebiT dabali done (CexeTis, poloneTisa da ungre<br />
Tis ufro warmatebul ekonomikebTan SedarebiT) SeiZleba davadanaSauloT,<br />
magram sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobisa da sagareo investiciebis waxalisebis<br />
mizniT myari samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebac ver moxerxda,<br />
rac ekonomikuri vardnis aseve mniSvnelovani gamomwvevi faqtoria. sxva<br />
faqtorTa Soris iyo aqcionerTa zustad gansazRvruli uflebebis, miwis bazrebis<br />
ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis qselis<br />
ararseboba, rac sawarmoebs muSebisaTvis SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis<br />
tvirTisagan gaaTavisuflebda.<br />
mniSvnelovan ekonomikur problemas mudmivad aqvs mniSvnelovani socialuri<br />
Sedegebi. dRes rusebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi mdgomareoba<br />
wleb Tan erTad uaresdeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jandacvis problemebi<br />
(nawilobriv gamowveuli mTavrobis uunarobiT, xeli Seewyo sazogadoebrivi<br />
jandacvis programisaTvis), arsebuli xelfasebis Semcireba (inflaciis<br />
gamo), saxelfaso davalianebisa da umuSevrobis swrafi zrda kvlav rCeba<br />
rusebis SeSfoTe bis mTavar mizezebad. 1990iani wlebis Sua periodSi, daaxloebiT<br />
36.6 milioni rusi, anu mosaxleobis erTi meoTxedi, siRaribis zRvars<br />
qvemoT cxovrobda. erTaderT naTel wertils inflaciis tempis Sem
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
237<br />
cireba warmoadgenda _ 1998 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 10.2 procentamde. 2001<br />
wels, inflaciam kvlav imata (daaxloebiT 20 procenti), magram rusuli ekonomika,<br />
prezident vladimer putinis Zlieri xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT,<br />
aRorZinebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. 9 [Semdeg wlebSi ruseTis ekonomikis gajansaRebas<br />
ganapirobebda navTobze maRali fasebi _ mTargmn. Sen.]<br />
eTnikuri fragmentacia. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Zveli imperiis<br />
bevr nawilSi samoqalaqo omi, religiuri devna da eTnikuri amboxebebi axlda<br />
Tan. ruseTi rCeba eTnikurad mravalferovan qveynad, romelic jer kidev<br />
cdilobs gadalaxos konfliqturi eTnikuri jgufebis Zlieri centridanuli<br />
Zala, miT umetes, rom zogierT maTgans suverenuli damoukidebloba<br />
surs. am jgufebis rusul saxelmwifoSi warmatebuli integracia daum<br />
Tavrebel saqmed darCa axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.<br />
1993 wlis konstituciiT eTnikuri jgufebi ruseTis federaciaSi 21<br />
res publikis safuZvels qmnian. es federaluri erTobebi (msgavsi Statebis<br />
mmarTve lobisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc respublikebi<br />
ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palataSi. Tumca, verc<br />
erTi konstitucia ver SeZlebs gadaWras eTnikuri daZabuloba ruseTis SigniT<br />
_ dro, urTi erT pativiscema da ekonomikuri warmateba dominantur rusul<br />
da peri ferieb ze mcxovreb erovnebebs Soris grZelvadiani stabiluri<br />
urTierTobis nebismie ri receptis aucilebeli ingredientebia (es exeba rogorc<br />
ruseTis sazRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebul viTarebas).<br />
politikur saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli erovnebebis integraciis problemis<br />
daZleva sxva sirTulesac ukavSirdeba. tradiciulad, sabWoTa kav<br />
Siri biurokratiulad moskovidan regionuli administraciuli erTobebis<br />
(ob lasti) da eTnikuri (an erovnuli) respublikebis meSveobiT imarTeboda.<br />
ormagi iurisdiqciis es sistema ruseTSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kvlav<br />
agrZelebda funqcionirebas. magram centraluri mTavrobis Zalaufleba<br />
komunizmis marcxis Sedegad Semcirda, maSin roca regionebis Zalaufleba<br />
gaizarda. daTrgunulma eTnikurma siamayem da rusuli dominantobis mimarT<br />
protestis grZnobam respublikebSi gansxvavebul erovnul jgufebsa da<br />
centralur xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis ali aanTo. amavdroulad,<br />
res publikebi metoqeobas uwevdnen oblastebs ruseTis politikur sistemaSi<br />
Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mopovebisaTvis.<br />
ruseTis eTnikuri respublikebis mier gamowveulma politikurma problemebma<br />
wina planze 1994 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwia, rodesac ruseTma samxedro<br />
Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul, eTnikurad<br />
muslimur respublikaze, CeCneTze, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Sav da<br />
kaspiis zRvebs ASoris mdebareobs. adre CeCneTma ruseTisagan damoukidebloba<br />
gamoacxada. gadawyvita ra bolo moeRo CeCneTis daumorCileblobisaTvis,<br />
ruseTis prezidentma elcinma amboxebis CasaxSobad iq rusuli jari<br />
gaagzavna. omis msvlelobisas ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebma sastikad<br />
dabombes CeCneTis dedaqalaqi _ grozno. CeCeni jariskacebi Zalian motivirebulebi<br />
iyvnen, maSin roca rusi jariskacebi, asaxavdnen ra farTod<br />
gavrcelebul saxalxo skepticizms, naklebad mondomebulebi iyvnen brZo
238 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
laSi Casabmelad (albaT, axsovdaT sastiki omi avRaneTSi 1980ian wlebSi) da<br />
did danakargebsac ganicdidnen.<br />
gaWianurebuli `binZuri~ omis Sedegad dasjili ruseTi iswrafvoda mSvidobisaken.<br />
1996 wlis bolos xelmowerilma zavma faqtobrivad separatistuli<br />
meamboxeebis gamarjveba aRiara. man ruseTs misca saSualeba 2001 wlamde<br />
gadaewyvita, rogor mopyroboda CeCneTis mier damoukideblobis moTxovnas.<br />
amavdroulad ZalaSi rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi:<br />
. SenarCundeba Tu ara cecxlis Sewyveta?<br />
. miscems Tu ara ruseTi CeCneTs gamoyofis uflebas?<br />
. mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom ruseTSi arsebulma ramdenma sxva eTnikurma<br />
jgufma mibaZos CeCnebs da moiTxovos damoukidebloba?<br />
. Caefloba Tu ara uzarmazari birTvuli iaraRis mqone ruseTi<br />
anarqiaSi?<br />
eTnikurad mravalferovani ruseTis SenarCuneba da Sida marTva mxolod<br />
erTi problemaa; Tumca, sxvadasxva eTnikuri dapirispireba, romelic gavlenas<br />
axdens sagareo politikur urTierTobebsa da politikur kavSirebze ruseTsa<br />
da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris bevr axal damoukidebel respublikas Soris,<br />
gansxvavebuli saxis problemebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom ukraina da ruseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis organizaciis<br />
wevrebi arian, maT Soris garkveulma uTanxmoebam mainc iCina Tavi. am<br />
problemis erTi nawili istoriulia. ukraina (gansakuTrebiT kievi) ruseTis<br />
istoriuli dabadebis adgilia (kievis ruseTi). is, 40 milioniani mosaxleobiT,<br />
aRmosavleT evropis erTerTi yvelaze didi qveyanaa (uxeSad rom vTqvaT,<br />
mezobeli poloneTis zomis). ukrainis kuTvnil strategiul naxevarkunZulze,<br />
romelic yirimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, aris Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli<br />
uZravi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. yirimis dRevandel mosaxleobas<br />
didi rusebi [ukrainelebs mcirerusebs uwodeben _ mTargmn. Sen.] warmoadgenen,<br />
romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, yirimeli TaTrebi<br />
mas Semdeg, rac stalinma isini cimbir Si gadaasaxla 1930ian wlebSi. rodesac<br />
1994 wlis ianvarSi prorusuli nacionalisti airCies yirimis prezidentad,<br />
igi imuqreboda, rom ukrainisagan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis<br />
moTxovniT referendums Caatarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom referendumi ar<br />
Ca tarebula, ukrainis gayofis albaTobas dasavleT (ukrainul) da aRmosavleT<br />
(rusul) nawilebad, ver gamovricxavT.<br />
krizisi warmatebiT mowesrigda 1990iani wlebis Sua periodSi. dawesda<br />
ormagi kontroli yofil sabWoTa sazRvao sawarmoebsa da samxedro Zalebze<br />
samxreT ukrainis saporto qalaq se vastopolSi (yirimis naxevarkunZulze),<br />
rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs momavali konfliqtis SesaZleblobaze ruseTsa<br />
da ukrainas Soris. krizisi amoizarda am or yofil partniors Soris arsebuli<br />
ambiciuri da konfliqturi interesebidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris Savi<br />
zRvis sazRvao teqnikis mflobelobis sakiTxis garSemo. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom uTanxmoeba mSvido bianad gadawyda 1997 wels (ruseTma miiRo flotis 80<br />
procenti, Tumca daTanxmda, rom Tavad porti ukrainas ekuTvnoda), es kidev
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
239<br />
erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom es ori didi slavuri saxelmwifo dRes ufro metoqeebi<br />
arian, vidre Zmebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnikurobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da imave ojaxis xis<br />
ori ganStoeba).<br />
aseTive aqtiuri an potenciuri konfliqtis mravali sxva magaliTi arsebobs.<br />
magaliTad, 1997 wels yazaxeTSi (romelic ruseTs esazRvreba) mosaxleobis<br />
51 procenti iyo yazaxi da 32 procenti rusi. dapirispireba or<br />
jgufs Soris yazaxeTis sazogadoebriv mSvidobas emuqreba imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi ruseTis intervenciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba.<br />
eTnikuri da politikuri dapirispireba moxda moldovaSi, saxelmwifoSi,<br />
romelic esazRvreba rumineTs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvarze.<br />
ruseTis mier moldovaSi eTnikuri rusebis mier wamoyene buli teritoriuli<br />
moTxovnebis mxardaWeram (romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis 13 procents<br />
Seadgenen), gamoiwvia uTanxmoebebi, er Ti mxriv, moldovel rusebsa da adgilobriv<br />
moldovelebs (romlebic mosaxleobis 65 procentia) da meore mxriv,<br />
ruseTisa da moldoveTis mTavrobebs Soris.<br />
saxelmwifos mSenebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, diskreditirebu<br />
li komunisturi partiis Casanacvleblad axali samTavrobo struqturebi<br />
da mTavrobebi gaxda saWiro. axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs axali<br />
samTavrobo struqturebi sWirdebodaT samarTavad, miT ufro araxelsayreli<br />
ekonomikuri garemosa da eTnikuri daZabulobis fonze.<br />
ruseTma unda gadaWras saxelmwifo mSeneblobis seriozuli problemebi<br />
imisaTvis, rom momavali politikuri stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo arCevnebi Catarda 1993 da 1995 wlebSi, xolo<br />
saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa 1996 da 2000 wlebSi [saparlamento arCevnebi<br />
aseve Catarda 1999, 2003, 2007 wlebSi,xolo saprezidento 2004 da 2008 ww.<br />
_ mTargmn. Sen.], demokratia ruseTSi kvlav ganviTarebis sawyis etapze rCeba.<br />
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sirTuleebi, romelsac ruseTi politikuri stabilurobis<br />
miRwevis mizniT unda gaumklavdes, Semdegia:<br />
. myife konstitucia: 1993 wels miRebulma ruseTis konstituciam gaaZliera<br />
prezidenti parlamentTan mimarTebaSi, ramac elcins saparlamento<br />
opoziciaze warmatebis mopovebis saSualeba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
igi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri dokumentia, jerjero biT ar<br />
warmoadgens sakadrisi pativiscemis obieqts, rasac, rogorc wesi, aseTi<br />
donis dokumentebi imsaxureben.<br />
. danawevrebuli partiuli sistema: ruseTis partiuli sistema Zalian danawevrebulia.<br />
1995 wlis dekemberSi dumis, ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos federaluri asambleis qveda palatis arCevnebSi 42 partia dafiqsirda.<br />
es partiebi saucxood gamoxatavdnen profesiuli, ideologiuri da<br />
eTnikuri interesis mTel speqtrs; maT Soris zogierTi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa:<br />
ekologiuri partia, ruseTis qalebi, muslimuri moZraoba,<br />
ruseTis advokatTa asociacia da TviT ludis msmelTa partiac ki. ruseTis<br />
wamyvani politikuri partiebi warmoadgens or politikur speqtrs _<br />
nacionalistebs, romlebic mxars uWeren Zveli ruseTis imperiis aRorZine
240 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
bas da komunistebs, romlebic ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis<br />
tempis Semcirebis an saerTod gauqmebis momxreebad gvevlinebian. aseTma<br />
uTanxmoebam gamoiwvia politikur CixSi Sesvla da radikalizmi _ rac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, politikuri SeSfoTebis mizezia.<br />
. gaurkveveli federalizmi: ruseTis oficialuri saxelwodeba _ ruse<br />
Tis federacia, gamoxatavs Zalauflebis danawilebas centralur da adgilobriv<br />
mTavrobebs Soris. amasTan, konstitucia naTlad ver gamosaxavs<br />
centrsa da federaciis wevrebs Soris arsebul uflebamosilebebs. zogierTi<br />
damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom ZalTa balansi centraluri xelisuflebidan<br />
adgilobrivi mTavrobebis sasargeblod inacvlebs. 1993 wlis<br />
konstituciis miRebam da Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam, romelic federaciis<br />
sabWoSi (federaluri asambleis zeda palata) msxdomi adgilobrivi<br />
liderebis arCevnebs awesebda, gavleniani liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
regionuli Zalis centrebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moskovi veRar SeZlebs<br />
gamodevnos daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mTavrobebi; axla mas mouwevs<br />
molaparakebebi gamarTos liderebTan qveda doneebze [putinis dros ganxorcielda<br />
reforma, romelmac centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebas<br />
Seuwyo xeli da regionebis moskovis kontrols dauqvemdebara _ mTargmn.<br />
Sen] . 11<br />
. organizebuli danaSaulis zrda. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucileblobas<br />
kvazisamTavrobo funqciis Sesrulebis msurveli mopaeqre organizaciebis<br />
gavlenisa da raodenobis zrdac asaxavs, romlebic am miznis<br />
miRwevas damoukideblad an arsebuli samTavrobo struqturebis meSveobiT<br />
cdiloben. erTerTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, organizebul damnaSaveobaSi<br />
dRes daaxloebiT 3 milioni adamiania CarTuli da man rogorc ruseTis, aseve<br />
sxva respublikebis policiasa da biurokratiaSic ki SeaRwia. qurduli samyaros<br />
gavlena yvelganaa: `dasavleTs aSfoTebs misi SeWra yvela sferoSi:<br />
warmoSobis stadiaSi myof Tavisufal bazarze, privatizaciaSi, ganiara<br />
RebaSi, samxedro sferoSi, sagareo humanitarul Semweobasa da finansur<br />
daxmarebaSi da TviT saxelmwifos savaluto da oqros rezervebSi.~ 12 1995<br />
wlis martSi, mafiis mier cnobili Jurnalistis mkvle lobis Semdeg, elcinma<br />
ganacxada, rom organizebuli damnaSaveoba seriozul safrTxes uqmnis ruseTis<br />
politikur stabilurobas. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma<br />
gamoxates SeSfoTeba, rom rusul mafias, agreTve im mecnierebs, inJinrebs<br />
da teqnologebs, romlebic sakmaod dazaraldnen samsaxurebidan gaTavisuflebebiT<br />
da xelfasebis mkveT ri SemcirebiT, SeiZleba moparuli birTvuli,<br />
qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi Sav bazarze teroristuli dajgufebebisa<br />
da urCi saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieyidaT (iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT<br />
saerTaSoriso aralegalu ri vaWroba did bizness warmoadgens).<br />
. kanonis mimarT upativcemulobis zrda: organizebuli damnaSaveobis<br />
zrda, adgilobrivi politikuri bosebis gaCena, korufciis farTod<br />
gavrceleba da iseTi sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa Cveulebrivi<br />
damnaSaveoba, prostitucia da narkotikebis moxmareba, sazogadoebrivi<br />
struqturis xarjze ikvebeboda. farTod gavrcelebuli damna<br />
Saveobac asaxavs mTavrobis uunarobas _ daicvas kanoniereba da wesrigi.<br />
am problemebis erTi Sedegi aris zogadad kanonis ideis upativcemuloba,<br />
romelsac `ruseTis yvelaze did gasaWirs~ uwodebdnen. 13
olosdabolos, gamoGnda lideri?<br />
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
241<br />
1999 wlis agvistoSi, imdroindelma prezidentma boris elcinma vladimer<br />
putini, yofili sukis oficeri da politikurad ucnobi adamiani, axal<br />
premierministrad daasaxela. elcinis oTx wina premierministrTagan<br />
didi xniT arc erTi darCenila am Tanamdebobaze, Sesabamisad putinis moulodneli<br />
da winaureba SesaZloa didi ambavi sulac ar yofiliyo. realurad<br />
ki es marTla didi garigeba aRmoCnda: rva Tvis Semdeg putini ruseTis<br />
axlad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda.<br />
Tu elcini saprezidento Tanamdebobaze putinis memkvidreobas gegmavda,<br />
maSin 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda.<br />
putinma, Tavis mxriv, ori ram gaakeTa, ramac gaamyara misi poziciebi amomrCevlebSi.<br />
pirvel rigSi, CeCneTis omTan mimarTebaSi mkacri kursis aRebis<br />
Sedegad, man swrafad moipova bevri rusis mxardaWera. misi winamorbedebi am<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veranair gadawyvetilebas<br />
ver iRebdnen (winamorbedebSi, ra Tqma unda, prezidenti elcinic igulisxmeba).<br />
meo re, man gabedulad dauWira mxari or moulodnelad gamoCenil partias<br />
_ erTobas (mas aseve uwodebdnen medveds, rac daTvs niSnavs), romelic bolo<br />
wuTis koalicias warmoadgenda da aravin icoda misi politikuri prog rama<br />
da memarjvene ZalTa kavSirs, liberalreformatorTa partias. erToba<br />
lamis pirvel adgilze gavida da mcirediT CamorCeboda komunistebs, maSin<br />
roca memarjvene ZalTa gaerTianeba meoTxe adgilze gavida. erTad am orive<br />
partiam amomrCevelTa xme bis mTeli raodenobis erTi mesamedi moagrova da komunistebTan<br />
SedarebiT odnav naklebi adgili miiRo dumaSi. ruseTis parlamentSi<br />
erTmaneTis pirispir pirve lad aRmoCnda ori bloki warmodgenili _<br />
erTi centridan marcxniv, xolo meore centridan marjvniv. xdeboda Tu ara<br />
ruseTis politikuri partiuli sistema bolos da bolos naklebad qaosuri,<br />
SesaZloa, ufro normaluric?<br />
mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. axlad arCeuli dumis pirvel Sekrebaze, komunistebma<br />
da erTobam (ZiriTadma proputiniseulma partiam) ucnauri<br />
aliansi Sekres, erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen ra mTavari komitetebis Tavmjdomareebis<br />
Tanamdebobebs. komunistebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen:<br />
maT SeinarCunes dumis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da miiRes cxra komitetis<br />
Tavmjdomaris posti. samagierod, maT mxardaWera aRuTqves putinis mier<br />
SeTavazebuli premierministris kandidaturas da axal mTavrobas, aseve<br />
reformis programas. opoziciurma partiebma wesebis darRvevaze gamoTqves<br />
ukmayofileba (yofilma premierministrma, evgeni primakovma, am garigebas<br />
`wabilwva~ uwoda). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ruseTis axalgazrda demokratiisaTvis<br />
es pirveli garigeba iyo: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas arasdros<br />
hyolia gamokveTili umravlesoba parlamentSi.<br />
retrospeqtulad, elcinis gadawyvetileba gaexada putini premierministri<br />
1999 wels, warmoadgenda pirvel scenas dramis saboloo aqtSi, romelic<br />
daaxloebiT aTi wlis win daiwyo. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg<br />
putinma swra fad scada ruseTis Sida da sagareo politikisaTvis Tavisi<br />
`xelwera~ daetyo. qveynis SigniT man wamoiwyo moZraoba organizebuli damna
242 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
Saveobisa da ruse Tis cnobili `oligarqebis~ (mdidari finansuri magnatebi,<br />
romelTac elcinis dros moipoves kontroli sabWoTa ekonomikis uzarmazar<br />
nawilze) winaaRmdeg; qvey nis gareT, man ruseTis sagareo <strong>politika</strong>s axali<br />
ieri misca, Seamcira ra Tavidan daZabulo ba yofil sabWoTa respublikebTan,<br />
daxura ruseTis mosasmeni posti vietnamSi da sazRvao baza kubaSi, ganaaxla<br />
msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevriane bis moTxovna da myarad dauWira<br />
mxari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kampanias terorizmis winaaRmdeg 2001<br />
wlis bolos.<br />
putinma aseve jerovani yuradReba dauTmo ekonomikur reformebs, maT Soris<br />
cvlilebebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaR mdeg<br />
sabrZolvelad finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris Seqmna. 1990iani wlebis<br />
bolos navTobze gazrdili fasebis wyalobiT amotivtivebuli ruseTis<br />
ekonomika ga mococxlebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. amaSi mas 1998 wels rublis<br />
gaufasurebac daexmara. magram ruseTis proteqcionistuli, karteluri<br />
ekonomikis struqtura ucvleli darCa, maT Soris misi mTavari seqtorebi:<br />
sawarmoebi, bankebi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi.<br />
arc politikuri landSafti Secvlila fundamenturad: regionebSi kvlav<br />
gamefebulia intriga da korufcia, biurokratia aris imperiuli da SeuRwevadi,<br />
damoukidebeli presa saxelmwifosagan TiTqmis daucvelia (muqarebi<br />
Jurnalistebis misamarTiT romlebic Jurnalistur gamoZiebas awarmoeben,<br />
ar warmoadgens UuCveulo movlenas da ar SeiZleba amis ugulebelyofa).<br />
sabolood, komunisturi mmarTvelobis safarvelis mocilebidan aTi<br />
wlis Semdegac, dasavleTisa da msofliosaTvis ruseTi kvlav gamocanas<br />
warmoadgens. putinis swrafi gaZliereba da myari mmarTveloba adasturebs<br />
or rames: rogorc araprognozirebadobas, aseve ruseTis mier demokratiis<br />
sakuTari eqsperimentis dawyebas.<br />
momavlis perspeqtivebi<br />
dReEs ismis kiTxva: ruseTi daqveiTebis, daqucmacebisa da anarqiis procesSi<br />
myofi didi imperiis narCenia Tu igi moaxerxebs stabilizacias da<br />
msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod da imperiad xelmeored aRmocenebas?<br />
rogor daasrulebs ruseTi tranziciis process: rogorc demokratiuli Tu<br />
rogorc avtoritaruli saxelmwifo? es ori kiTxva gansazRvravs nebismier<br />
varauds ruseTis momavlis Sesaxeb.<br />
ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da politikuri uwesrigobis pirobebSi, ruseTi<br />
itanjeba identobis krizisiT. rwmenaTa romeli sistema miscems azrs mosaxleobis<br />
cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT, arasaxarbielo politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi?<br />
komunizmma, rogorc gavlenianma rwmenaTa sistemam, TandaTanobiT<br />
dakarga ndoba stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg da sabolood, marcxi ganicada. rusuli<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesia bevrs sTavazobs nugeSiscemas, Tumca miuxedavad<br />
komunizmis marcxisa, mainc ibrZvis farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri<br />
gavlenisa gan gaTavisuflebisaTvis. rogorc vnaxeT, zogierTs rusuli<br />
mafia sTavazobs Zalaufle bis sacdurs da gavlenis moxveWas. albaT, yvelaze
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
243<br />
sanukvari xati aRdgenili, Zlieri, impe rialisturi ruseTia, romelic far<br />
Tod gavrcelebuli nostalgiiTa da ruseTis istoriaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli<br />
samSoblos siyvaruliT aris motivirebuli. rogorc Cans, putini swored patriotizmis<br />
am Tandayolil grZnobasa da erovnul siamayes mimarTavs demagogiuri<br />
mowodebebisa Tu ukidures memarjveneTa gulis mogebis gareSe.<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi despotizmisa da centralizebuli marTvis gamo<br />
demokratia ruseTSi yovelTvis gaurkvevel perspeqtivas warmoadgenda.<br />
jer kidev 1990ian wlebSi optimistebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTi demokratiis da<br />
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT moZraobda. mogvianebiT imave<br />
aTwleulSi, waawyda ra uamrav kulturul, politikur da ekonomikur dabrkolebas,<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizacia Soreul imedad iqca.<br />
sanam ruseTis momavali uwonadobis mdgomareobaSia, demokratia kvlav myife<br />
rCeba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis arsebobis fonze, romelTaTvisac<br />
eTnikuri aratolerantuloba da warsulis nostalgia saerTo maxasiaTeblebia.<br />
ruseTis liberalurdemokratiuli konstitucia qaRaldze sakmaod<br />
damaime deblad gamoiyureba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogor gamoiyureba<br />
konstitucia qaRaldze, aramed is, Tu rogor muSaobs igi praqtikaSi.<br />
aSkaraa, rom momaval wlebSi demokratias ruseTSi bevri mkacri gamocdis<br />
Cabareba mou wevs. Tu ruseTs gadawyvetili aqvs daasrulos tranzicia Ria<br />
da liberaluri sazo gadoebis SeqmniT, es, erTi mxriv, ganpirobebuli una<br />
iyos brZnuli da gabedu li mmarTvelobiT da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis<br />
uzarmazari SeupovrobiT.<br />
Cven axla mokled gavecnobiT aRmosavleT evropas. es aris regioni tranziciis<br />
procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebiT. Tqven ver naxavT or qveyanasac<br />
ki, romlebsac gardaqmnis procesSi absoluturad msgavsi politikuri da<br />
ekonomikuri problemebi hqondea. Sesaba misad, yvelaze warmatebul da warumatebel<br />
saxelmwi fo ebs Soris Zalian didia zRvari.<br />
aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze<br />
(mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)<br />
am regionis axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi oTx aTwleulze met<br />
xans komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS imyo feboda. sabWoTa `didi Zmis~ msgavsad,<br />
maTac centralizebuli dagegmili ekonomikis uReli edga. centralurma<br />
dagegmvam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ver gaamarTla rogorc sabWoTa<br />
kavSirSi, aseve sxvaganac. rodesac komunizmi sabolood gaqra, aRmosavleT<br />
evropis didi xnis manZilze natanj xalxs ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCnda.<br />
ocnebebi TiTqmis yvelgan maleve daingra da eiforia imedgacruebam Secvala.<br />
es fenomeni universaluri iyo regionSi, magram imedgacruebis masStabi<br />
da siRrme ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pirdapirproporciulad icvleboda.<br />
dReisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomikebis mqone<br />
sa xelmwifoebi, sadac yvelaze mkacri reformebi gatarda, aris poloneTi,<br />
Ce xeTis respublika da ungreTi. poloneTi moulodnelad gadaeSva ekonomikur<br />
reformebSi 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac iq `Sokuri Terapiis~ saxelwo
244 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
debiT cnobili ekonomikuri politikis mTeli seria wamoiwyes, romelic<br />
miznad isaxavda moqmedi bazrebis Seqmnas da komunisturi mmarTvelobis<br />
danatovari araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizacias. marTalia<br />
poloneTs mcire kerZOo seqtori komunizmis pirobebSic ki hqonda, magram<br />
dRes iq or milionamde oficialurad registrirebuli biznesia.<br />
poloneTis mtkice midgomam reformisadmi 1990ian wlebSi STambeWdavi<br />
Sedegebi gamoiRo. regionis bevri aRmocenebadi bazrisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
(maT Soris ungreTisa da CexeTis respublikis CaTvliT), poloneTma aicila<br />
vardnebi da savaluto krizisi. amavdroulad, poloneTis ekonomika ufro<br />
swrafad viTardeboda, vidre misi yofili komunisturi mezoblebis: 1995<br />
da 2000 wlebs Soris ekonomikuri zrda yovelwliurad saSualod xuT procentze<br />
mets Seadgenda. poloneTma aseve moaxerxa daeZlia inflacia, romelic<br />
regionis masStabiT socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis mTavar<br />
safrTxes warmoadgenda. gasul wlebSi am ekonomikurma nabijebma poloneTSi<br />
didi raodenobiT sagareo investiciebis Sedineba gamoiwvia.<br />
meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan problemas gazrdili umuSevroba warmoadgenda,<br />
gansakuTrebiT im qveynisaTvis, sadac komunisturi mmarTvelobis<br />
oTx aTwle ulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi samsaxuri yvela axalgazrdisaTvis<br />
garantirebu li iyo. mzardi uTanasworoba mdidar da Rarib, qalaqisa da soflis<br />
mosaxleo bas Soris aseve seriozul sakiTxs warmoadgenda, radganac ga<br />
Raribebuli soflis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro CamorCeboda qalaqis saSualo<br />
fenis mosaxleobas. poloneTis mosaxleobis ukiduresad Raribi fenebi<br />
dResac dasaqmebulia soflad arsebuli SinameurneobebSi. 14 mniSvnelovania<br />
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom poloneTis soflis meurneobas koleqtivizaciis procesi<br />
ar Sexebia.<br />
poloneTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan regionSi, aris SemaZrwunebeli ur TierTdamokidebuleba,<br />
erTi mxriv, uTanasworobasa da siRaribes, xolo meore<br />
mxriv, damnaSaveobas Soris. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom polonelTa umetesoba poloneTs<br />
sacxovreblad usafrTxo adgilad aRar miiCnevs. garda amisa, oficialurma<br />
korufciam mTavrobisadmi sazogadoebis ndobas Ziri gamouTxara. ar<br />
aris gasaocari, rom oTxi poloneli amomrCevlidan da gadasaxadis gadamxdelidan<br />
sami miiCnevs, rom qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTaArdeba.<br />
CexeTis respublikaSi premierministri vaclav klausi qebas asxamda<br />
sabazro ekonomikis Rirsebebs da vauCerizaciis ambiciuri gegma ganaxorciela,<br />
rac CexeTis yvela moqalaqes Teoriulad axlad privatizirebuli<br />
(adre saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli) sawarmoebis wilebis miRebis<br />
uflebas aZlevda. magram ganawileba ganxorcielda adekvaturi garantiebis<br />
gareSe da ver SeZlo uzrunveleyo misi erTerTi mTavari mizani _ mieca<br />
CexebisaTvis fsoni axal sabazro ekonomikaSi. realurad, biurokratebma miisakuTres<br />
ZiriTAdi saaqcio kapitali (romelTa umetesoba arasodes yofila<br />
xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebisaTvis) da gamoiyenes kavSirebi, rom xelSi CaegdoT<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani qoneba. sabediswerod, reformis gatarebis am<br />
areuldareulma mcdelobam, nacvlad imisa, rom ganemtkicebina sazogadoebrivi<br />
mxardaWera, rogorc es Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli, gamoiwvia Cexebis apaTia<br />
demokratiisa da kapi talizmis mimarT. inflaciam, samsaxuris dakargvis
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
245<br />
SiSma, korufciam maRal Tanamdebobebze, mzardma zRvarma mdidrebis jgufsa<br />
da umravlesobas Soris, imis mtkivneulma Segnebam, Tu rogor CamorCnen<br />
dasavleTs aRmosavleT evropelebi da, kerZod, Cexebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava<br />
imedgacrueba bneli mewarmeebisa da TviTgandidebuli politikosebis<br />
mimarT, vinc xalxis TvalSi sistemasTan gaigivdnen.<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli saxalxo ukmayofilebis miuxedavad cxovrebis<br />
zogadi donis gaumjobesebis tempiT, CexeTi mainc Semdgari respublikaa<br />
(Cexoslovakia Seiqmna I msoflio omis Semdeg, rogorc srulmasS tabiani<br />
saparlamento demokratia _ saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis erTaderTi magaliTi<br />
aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlamde). garda amisa, CexeTis ekonomikam,<br />
romlis ganviTareba TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze iyo Seferxebuli, 1997<br />
1999 wlebis recesiis Semdeg aSkara ganaxleba moaxerxa. struqturulma reformebma<br />
(magaliTad, sabanko seqtorSi) xeli Seuwyo am Sedegebis miRwevas.<br />
Tumca, rac zemoT iTqva poloneTis SemTxvevaSi, aseve vrceldeba CexeTis<br />
respublikazec: Cexebis umravlesoba ukmayofiloa im mimarTulebiT,<br />
rac dRes aqvs qveyanas arCeuli. amavdroulad, is arc imdenad didia, rom<br />
mosaxleobis umravlesobas komunizmis, centraluri dagegmvis da totalitaruli<br />
saxelm wifos nostalgia gauCndes.<br />
ungreTi iyo pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac ekonomikuri<br />
reformebi komunizmis marcxamde wamoiwyo. 1968 wels, CexoslovakiaSi<br />
praRis xmauriani gazafxulis Tanadroulad, ungreTis komunisturma mTavrobam<br />
Seqmna axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi, romelic miznad isaxavda ekonomikis<br />
SezRudul decentralizacias da sabazro mimarTulebis mqone sxva<br />
reforme bis gatarebas. axali ekonomikuri meqanizmis sawyis fazaSi zomieri<br />
warmatebis miRweva gaxda SesaZlebeli. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba<br />
(rac, yovelTvis naklebad prioritetuli iyo sabWouri tipis ekonomikebSi)<br />
gaizarda da ungrele bis cxovrebis done zogadad gaumjobesda. magram reaqcioneri<br />
komunistebi Sin da gareT (kerZod sabWoTa kavSirSi) am reformebs<br />
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. 1980–ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi gaauqmes.<br />
marTAlia ekonomikis ganviTareba am drois ganmavlobaSi swrafad Semcirda,<br />
ungreTi maleve miubrunda dasavleTs savaWrod, daxmarebisa da investirebisaTvis.<br />
libera lizacia, romelic Tan sdevda am <strong>politika</strong>s, uSvebda<br />
kerZo bizness da saerTaSoriso mravalerovnul kompaniebTan TanamSromlobas.<br />
ase rom, ungreTis SezRudulma mcde lobam reformis mimarTulebiT<br />
mas kargi sastarto mdgomareoba misca im droisaTvis, rodesac komunizmma<br />
TviTon mouRo bolo sakuTar Tavs 1980iani wlebis dasasruls.<br />
1989 wlis Semdeg ungreTis axalma liberaldemokratiulma mTavrobam<br />
daaCqara Tavisufali bazris reformebis tempi. kerZod, rogorc wamyvanma<br />
aRmocenebadma bazarma regionSi, ungreTma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
pirdapiri sagareo investiciebis naxevarze meti miizida, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom ungreTis mosaxleoba (daaxloebiT 10 milioni) wamoadgenda<br />
poloneTis mosaxleobis (40 milioni) mxolod 25 procents da ruseTis 147<br />
milionian mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. postkomunisturma<br />
ungreTma swrafad moaxdina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli<br />
sawarmoebis privatizacia: 1993 wlisaTvis kerZo seqtoris wilma mTlian
246 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
Sida produqtSi 50 procenti Seadgina. privatizaciis tempi TandaTan Semcirda,<br />
rodesac socialis tebma moipoves umravlesoba parlamentSi 1994<br />
wels, magram momdevno wels imave parlamentma gamosca kanoni, romelsac<br />
unda daeCqarebina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis privatizacia,<br />
agreTve moemzadebina gasayidad sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da foladisa<br />
da eleqtroenergiis strategiuli sawarmoebi. miuxedavad restruqturizaciis<br />
am seriozuli mcdelobebisa, ung reTi ganicdida inflaciisa da<br />
umuSevrobis iseT maRal dones, romelic komuni zmis dros ar arsebobda.<br />
dadebiTi kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, dRes ungreTi myarad aris damkvidrebuli<br />
evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalurdemokratiul kategoriaSi. 1989<br />
wlidan pirvel sam Tavisufal arCevnebSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva<br />
partiam moipova kontroli mTavrobaze _ rac, Tavis mxriv, partiuli<br />
konkurenciisa da politikuri pluralizmis arsebobis niSania. ufro metic,<br />
am cvlilebebs ar gamouwvevia mkveTri gadaxrebi marcxniv an marjvniv da<br />
arc politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis wyaro gamxdara. sabolood, ungreTis<br />
ekonomika aCvenebs, rom igi stabiluri ganviTarebis gzaze dgas.<br />
Tu am sam qveyanaSi tranziciis procesebi dausrulebelia, maSin sxva bevri<br />
yofili komunisturi respublika, maT Soris ukraina, bulgareTi da rumineTi<br />
ufro cud mdgomareobaSia. slovenia, adre yofili iugoslaviis federaciis<br />
nawili, aris erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelic Crdilavs<br />
da narCen qveynebs (maT Soris poloneTs, ungreTs da CexeTis respublikas).<br />
zogadi keTildReobiT slovenia aRemateba evropis kavSiris or wevrs, saberZneTsa<br />
da portugalias da mcirediT CamorCeba evrokavSiris kidev erT<br />
wevrs _ espaneTs. slovakeTi (adre Cexoslovakiis nawili) da xorvatia(aseve<br />
iugoslaviis nawili mis daSlamde) axlos arian sam wamyvan qveyanasTan da<br />
sakmaod win zozina qveynebTan SedarebiT. belorusia, moldova, makedonia<br />
da albaneTi am regionSi warumatebel qveynebs Soris arian. rac Seexeba serbeTsa<br />
da montenegros, am saxelmwifoebs merve TavSi ganvixilavT.<br />
am nawilSi aRmosavleT evropis ori subregioni imsaxurebs mokled aRniSvnas.<br />
baltiis saxelmwifoebi _ latvia, litva da estoneTi liderebsa da<br />
CamorCenilebs Soris Tavsdebian. samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo _ saqar<br />
Tvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani _ slavur aRmosavleT evropasa da Turqul<br />
axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur azias Soris bundovan geografiul da kulturul<br />
zonaSi mdebareoben. tranziciis SejibrSi isini bolo rigebis siaxloves<br />
dganan, magram mdidari navTobis sabadoebi kaspiis zRvaSi am regions<br />
strategiul Rirebulebas aniWebs, rac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi ar eqneboda.<br />
jamSi, komunizmi gauCinarda evropis rukidan, Tumca komunisturi partiebi<br />
(xSirad axali saxelebiT) kvlav arsebobs. Tavisufali da samarTliani<br />
arCevnebi tardeba TiTqmis yvelgan da WeSmariti saparlamento demokratiebi<br />
mTavrobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens. magram yvela am<br />
qveyanam aRmoaCina, rom bevrad martivia ganaxorcielo politikuri cvlilebebi<br />
institucionalur doneze, vidre Secvalo politikuri kultura. maT<br />
aseve iswavles, rom arCevnebis Catareba ufro martivia, vidre inf laciisa<br />
da deficitis moTokva da rom politikuri struqturebis Secvla bevrad<br />
martivia, vidre ekonomikuris. iqac ki, sadac tranzicia politikuri plu
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
247<br />
ralizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors wavida, xalxi<br />
gamoxatavs zogad ukmayofilebas reformebis tempiTa da mimarTulebiT. ase<br />
rom, komunizmis marcxis ambavi savsea moulodnelobebiT. dREeisaTvis is kvlav<br />
sanaxevrod dawerilia, misi dasasruli saidumloebiTaa moculi manam,<br />
sanam gardamavali epoqa sabolood ar dasruldeba _ sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, komunizmi mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg dasruldeba.<br />
CineTi: marTvad kapitalizmze gadasvla<br />
(ra iqneba Semdeg?)<br />
axla, roca sabWoTa kavSiri da `msoflio socialisturi sistema~ (rogorc<br />
mas moskovi uwodebda) istorias Cabarda, CineTi erTaderT mTavar<br />
komunistur saxelmwifod rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom iaponiasTan, samxreT<br />
koreasa da singapurTan SedarebiT CineTi Raribi qveyanaa, is iafi muSaxelis<br />
(misi mosaxleoba 1.3 miliardia) udidesi mimwodebeli da Zlieri ekonomikis<br />
mqone qveyanaa, rac windaxeduli optimizmis ori mizezia. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba<br />
Tanxmdeba imaze, rom CineTma memkvidreobiT miiRo maoisturi totalitaruli<br />
mmarTveloba (ix. Tavi 5); mxolod zogierTisaTvis aris sakamaTo,<br />
rom is represiul, avtoritarul saxelmwifod rCeba.<br />
Zalauflebisaken gza, romelic mao Zedunis CineTis komunisturma partiam<br />
airCia, mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda leninis bolSevikebiseuli gzisagan.<br />
maos gamarjveba iaponiisa da Can kaiSis CineTis erovnuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg<br />
gaWianurebul partizanul oms mohyva. armiam gacilebiT didi roli<br />
iTamaSa maoseuli revoluciis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, vidre leniniseulSi.<br />
roca Cineli komunistebi 1949 wels xelisuflebaSi movidnen, armia da partia<br />
erT organizaciad iyo Serwymuli. virtualuri xelisuflebis rolSi<br />
armias ara marto brZola, aramed administrirebac evaleboda, rac moicavda<br />
kanonisa da wesrigis dacvas, mSeneblobasa da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas,<br />
ekonomikis marTvas, ganaTlebasa da ideologiur muSaobas. arsebiTad armia<br />
saxalxo respublikis birTvi gaxda, CineTis axali xelisufleba.<br />
mao xelisuflebaSi<br />
1950iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTis saxalxo respublika (Csr) mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
iyo damokidebuli sabWoTa kavSiris politikur, ekonomikur da<br />
samxedro daxmarebaze. es damokidebuleba kidev ufro gazarda koreis omma<br />
(195053). ssrk, romelsac xandazmuli stalini marTavda, daJinebiT moiTxovda,<br />
rom pekinis axalbeda komunistur xelisuflebas staliniseuli modeli<br />
gadaeRo. amrigad, CineTis saxelmwifos politikuri struqtura iseve, rogorc<br />
misi ekonomikuri da sagareo <strong>politika</strong> Zalze hgavda sabWoTa kavSirisas.<br />
yvelaferi, dawyebuli soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciiT, samrewvelo<br />
investiciebze calsaxa aqcentiT da damTavrebuli sabWoTa ganaTlebis<br />
sistemiT, TiTqmis cvlilebis gareSe iqna gadaRebuli.
248 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
gardatexis momenti dadga, rodesac stalinis memkvidrem, nikita xruS<br />
Covma 1956 wels moxseneba gaakeTa partiis XX yrilobaze, romelzec man<br />
aRiara stalinis danaSaulebani da ganacxada dasavleTTan mSvidobiani<br />
Tanaarsebobis epoqis dasawyisis Sesaxeb. im droidan dawyebuli CineTis<br />
komunistebma maos eqscentriuli mmarTvelobiT sakuTari uCveulo gziT<br />
gaagrZeles svla.<br />
G1958 wels dawyebuli G`didi naxtomis~ <strong>politika</strong> warmoadgenda maos<br />
gancxadebas samrewvelo ganviTarebis sabWouri modelisagan damoukideblobis<br />
Sesaxeb. staliniseul mZime mrewvelobaze, gansakuTrebiT farTomasStabian<br />
mopovebiT da metalurgiul kompleqsebze aqcentis nacvlad<br />
didma naxtomma xazi gausva decentralizebul samrewvelo warmoebas, raTa<br />
warmatebiT gamoeyenebina Cine Tis udidesi bunebrivi resursi _ adamianuri<br />
Sroma. uamravi mciremasStabiani moZvelebuli foladsadnobi Rumeli am<br />
Sromatevadi midgomis simbolo xdeba.<br />
maoseulma `masobrivi mobilizaciis~ midgomam, romlis mixedviT yvelafris<br />
miRweva SeiZleba glexTa masebis STagonebuli ZalisxmeviT, Caanacvla<br />
sabWoTa partiis saxelmwifo biurokratia, rogorc sazogadoebis revoluciuri<br />
gardaqmnis (transformaci is) mamoZravebeli Zala. didi proletarulkulturuli<br />
revolucia – maos mier STa gonebuli reaqcia nebismieri<br />
biurokratiis winaaRmdeg, am midgomis kulmina cia iyo. CineTisaTvis sabWo<br />
Ta sistema kontrrevoluciis modeli gaxda.<br />
xelisufalTa cvla<br />
saxalxo rspublikis ori didi fuZemdeblis CJou enlaisa da mao Zedunis<br />
gardacvalebam 1976 weli Tanamedrove CineTis istoriis wyalgamyofad aqcia.<br />
erTerTi Cineli mecnieris azriT, `maos sikvdili epoqis dasasruli iyo; bundovani<br />
iyo, momaval eraSi vin gauZRveboda CineTs da ra mimarTulebiT~. 15<br />
Seferxebuli reformebidan ori wlis Semdeg qveyanas den siaopini marTavda<br />
(is maom orjer amxila moCvenebiTi revoluciuri suliskveTebis braldebiT),<br />
romelmac wamoiwyo ZiriTadi kampania ideologiuri dogmis ukugdebisa<br />
da pragmatizmis adaptirebis mizniT. am kampaniis simbolo iyo lozungebi:<br />
`praqtika WeSmaritebis erTaderTi kriteriumia~ da `veZeboT WeSmariteba<br />
faqtebSi~. 16 ekonomikurma ganviTarebam Caanacvla klasTa brZola,mtavrobam<br />
kari gauxsna investiciebisa da savaWro kavSirebis dasaleTidan. uaryves<br />
masobrivi kampaniebi, damkvreluri programebi, gmiris (pirovnebis) kulti<br />
da ideologiuri fanatizmi, rogorc maoizmis simboloebi.<br />
vaWrobis gafarToeba, gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo demokratiis mqone<br />
qveynebTan, pekinis diplomatiis principul miznad iqca. denis ekonomikuri<br />
reformebi TandaTanobiT gatarda 19781982 wlebSi, roca man frTxilad da<br />
moTminebiT moaxdina sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidacia mmarTveli politbiuros<br />
farglebSi. 1982 wlis SemodgomisaTvis reformebis sulisCmdgmel<br />
dens sruli Zalaufleba hqonda.
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
249<br />
deni sikvdilamde CineTis umaRlesi xelisufali iyo. is 92 wlisa gardaicvala<br />
1997 wlis 19 Tebervals. Tavdapirvelad misi adgili denis yofili<br />
oTxi Tanapartielis koleqtiurma mmarTvelobam Secvala, romelTa Soris<br />
Zian Zeminma gaimarjva da komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani da qveynis<br />
prezidenti gaxda. profesiiT inJineri Ziani 1989 wels komunisturi partiis<br />
liderobamde Sanhais meri iyo. qveynis liderad gaxdomis Semdeg Zianma<br />
detaluri miTiTebebi gasca denis politikuri da ekonomikuri politikisa<br />
da institutebis gagrZelebis Taobaze. am politikisa da institutebis<br />
gamorCeuli Taviseburebebi Semdeg qveTavSia aRwerili.<br />
dominanti partia<br />
CineTs isev komunisturi partia marTavs. is daaxloebiT 57 milion wevrs<br />
_ CineTis mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 5 procents aerTianebs. partiis<br />
wevrebi politikur elitas Seadgenen, romelTac gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi<br />
aqvT. amas garda, maRali rangi partiaSi politikuri Zalauflebis winapirobad<br />
rCeba.<br />
mmarTvelobis mTel periodSi deni komunisturi partiis xelSewyobas<br />
cdilobda. maosagan gansxvavebiT, romelic xSirad yuradRebis centrSi<br />
yofnas cdilobda da romlis socialuri da politikuri aRmasvlebi Zirs<br />
uTxrida CineTis komunistur partias, deni mSvidad idga scenis miRma da<br />
Tavis ormag rols asrulebda _ qveynis didi stabilizatorisa da partiis<br />
damcvelisa. misi memkvidre Zian Zemini denis cxovrebis wess agrZelebda.<br />
amrigad, im dros, roca zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebda, rom CineTi<br />
samarTavad ufro da ufro rTuli qveyana xdeba, komunistur partias Seswevs<br />
Zala myarad eWiros CineTis politikis sadaveebi. 17<br />
ideologiis Sesusteba<br />
1978 wlamde marqsizmis maoseuli adaptacia CineTis oficialuri ideologia<br />
iyo. 1978 wlis Semdeg upiratesi gaxda denis pragmatuli xedva, rom<br />
ekonomikuri zrda da ara klasTa brZola unda iyos rogorc partiis, ise<br />
qveynis warmatebis sazomi. partias aRar sWirdeba marqsistuli ideologiis<br />
moSvelieba sakuTari programebis an politikis gasamarTleblad an partiis<br />
mmarTvelobis dasakanoneblad. 18<br />
marTlac rom saintereso movlenaa komunisturi partia, romelic sakuTar<br />
Tavs komunizmisgan Sors iWers. utopiur dapirebebze moraluri<br />
imedis nacvlad CineTis komunisturi partia sakuTar rols pragmatulad<br />
gansazRvravs: myari politikuri wesrigis dacva da warmatebuli ekonomikis<br />
xelSewyoba. politikuri legitimurobis da xSirad sastiki mmarTvelobis<br />
gamarTlebis safuZvels dRes calkeuli tendenciebi ufro qmnis, vidre komunikaciuri<br />
ideologiis koreqtivebi.
250 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
bazarze orientirebuli reformebi<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maos sikvdilis Semdeg denis orientireba ekonomikur<br />
ganviTarebaze arsebiTi cvlileba iyo, romelic radikalurad<br />
gascilda marqsistul models. igi akeTebda aqcents SedarebiT Tavisufal<br />
bazrebze, biznesis kerZo sakuTrebas da sabazro stimulebze, mogebis CaTvliT.<br />
am politikis gasatareblad pekini TavgamodebiT cdilobs ucxouri<br />
sesxebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mopovebas, upiratesad<br />
dasavleTidan (da amrigad, arRvevs myar ideologiur tabus). dasavleTTan<br />
urTierTobebisadmi CineTis axleburi `Ria karis~ midgomis mizani qveynis<br />
ekonomikis (rogorc soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis) rac SeiZleba<br />
swrafi modernizeba iyo. am midgomam gaamarTla, rogorc ki dasavluri investiciebi<br />
da sesxi Sevida qveyanaSi 1980ian 1990ian wlebSi da uzrunvelyo<br />
CineTi modernizebisaTvis Zalze saWiro kapitaliT (ix. sqema 72).<br />
sqema 7-2 ucxouri kapitalis Semodineba (mlrd dolari)<br />
*1998 wels jamuri 42.6 mlrd dolari moicavs rogorc ucxour sesxebs, aseve pirdapir<br />
ucxour investiciebs.<br />
wyaro: Economist, 22 Tebervali, 1997, gv. 22; 2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC:<br />
World Bank, 2000), gv. 56.<br />
ucxouri sesxi<br />
pirdapiri ucxouri<br />
investicia<br />
ucxouri sesxi da<br />
pirdapiri ucxouri investicia<br />
amave dros, mniSvnelovani transformacia moxda soflis meurneobaSic.<br />
arsebiTi sityva iyo – dekoleqtivizacia – soflis meurneobaSi saxelmwifo<br />
sakuTrebis uaryofa da saojaxo meurneobaze damyarebul fermerobaze mibruneba.<br />
mravali eqsperimentis Semdeg reJimi SeCerda iseT sistemaze, sadac<br />
saxelmwifo xelSekrulebebs debs individualur saojaxo meurneobebTan<br />
gansazRvruli produqciis Sesyidvaze. reforma warmatebuli aRmoCnda,<br />
radgan fermerebma rekorduli mosavali miiRes da kerZo bazarze gayides.<br />
mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSic CineTi win sabazro Zalebze dayrdnobiT miiw<br />
*
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
251<br />
evda. gansakuTrebiT aRsa niSnavia erTi statistikuri monacemi: 1978 wels<br />
CineTSi arc erTi kerZo biznesi ar arsebobda; daaxloebiT 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mTeli biznesis erTi mesamedi kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo (ix. sqema 73).<br />
CineTis soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi momxdari revoluciis<br />
Sedegebi STambeWdavi iyo. maos mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli uwesrigobis aTwleulebis<br />
Semdeg CineTis ekonomika gamococxlda. faqtobrivad, dRes CineTs<br />
msoflioSi erTerTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika aqvs, Tumca is<br />
kvlavindeburad Raribia erT sul mosaxleze simdidris mixedviT. magali<br />
Tad, CineTis mTliani Sida produqti germaniis naxevars udris, Tumca germaniis<br />
mosaxleoba CineTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT erTi meTeqvsmetedia.<br />
am pirobebSic ki, zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 150200 milionma<br />
adamianma (dasavleT evropis mosaxleobis naxevris toli) Tavi daaRwia<br />
ukidures siRatakes. maSin roca umiwo CinelTa sami meoTxedi kvlav Raribi<br />
rCeba, sasoflo sameurneo reformebis gatarebis kvaldakval fermebis Semosavali<br />
mkveTrad izrdeba. 19<br />
sqema 7-3 aRmocenebadi (ganviTarebadi) kerZo seqtori<br />
biznesis kerZo mflobeloba CineTSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
kerZo<br />
Sereuli<br />
* nawilobriv saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli.<br />
wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis mosaxleobis<br />
fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti<br />
da dante Cini.<br />
© 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />
maos sikvdilis Semdeg meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gadadgmuli<br />
uzarmazari nabijebis miuxedavad, CineTi Rarib qveynad rCeba (SedarebiTi<br />
monacemebisaTvis ix. cxrili 72). miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTma 1990ian wleb<br />
Si oficialurad aRiara siRatakeSi mcxovrebi 80100 milioni adamiani, sxva<br />
Sefasebebis mixedviT, magaliTad, msoflio bankis mier, es cifri 350 milions<br />
udris. 20 Semosavlebis indikatorebi umravlesobis, iseve rogorc moqalaqe<br />
Ta cxovrebis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis xarisxis indikatorTa mixedviT<br />
(rogoricaa CvilTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli), CineTi klasificirdeba<br />
rogorc ganviTarebadi qveyana an rogorc aRmocenebadi bazari.
252 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
arsebobda sxva ekonomikuri sirTuleebic. maRali inflacia zogjer<br />
aferxebs qveynis ekonomikas. amas garda, CineTSi Semosavlis mkveTri uTanasworobac<br />
arsebobs. TvalSisacemi uTanasworoba uamrav soflel Rarib<br />
glexsa da mzardi raodenobis SedarebiT mdidar qalaqel Cinels (mdidari<br />
mewarme elitis CaTvliT) Soris, romlebic CineTis swrafad mzard sanapiro<br />
qalaqebSi cxovroben. mzardi axali klasi CineTis sezonur migrantebTan<br />
Tanacxovrobs, romelic 100 milioni umuSevris an minimalurad dasaqmebuli<br />
adamianisagan Sedgeba. isini provinciebidan qalaqebSi Cadian samuSaosa<br />
da ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi. aRmosavleTis sanapiro provinciebi gacilebiT<br />
swrafad izrdeba, vidre centraluri da dasavleT CineTi. oficialuri<br />
statistikis mixedviT maT amJamad Sida provinciebTan SedarebiT 24jer<br />
meti Semosavali aqvT. 21<br />
Sanxai ekonomikuri eqspansiis gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi magaliTia _<br />
1997 wels mas, msoflios udides qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
erTerTi yvelze maRali tempi hqonda. uZvelesi saporto qalaqi mdinare<br />
ianZis piras mdebareobs centralur aRmosavleT CineTSi. misi upiratesoba<br />
imaSia, rom pirdapiri kvSiri aqvs aziis sxva mniSvnelovan portebTan da<br />
swrafad viTardeba msoflio mniSvnelobis safinanso da savaWro centrad.<br />
cxrili 7.2<br />
CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi _ cxovrebis donis<br />
SedarebiTi indikatorebi<br />
cxovrebis donis indikatorebi CineTi SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
mosaxleobis wliuri zrda<br />
qalaqis mosaxleoba<br />
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba (wlebi)<br />
CvilTa sikvdilianoba (1000<br />
axalSobilze)<br />
Sobadoba (bavSvi erT qalze)<br />
mSp erT sul mosaxleze (1998)<br />
safondo birJis kapitalizacia (1998)<br />
eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT sulze<br />
kilovati (1998)<br />
werakiTxvis mcodne<br />
erTi telefoni mosaxleobaze<br />
erTi televizori mosaxleobaze<br />
personaluri kompiuteri 1000 adamianze<br />
(1998)<br />
1,203,097,268<br />
1.04%<br />
30%<br />
68.08<br />
52.1<br />
1.84<br />
3,051 aSS<br />
dol.<br />
330 mlrd.<br />
dol.<br />
714<br />
78%<br />
36.4<br />
6.7<br />
8.9<br />
284,796,887<br />
1.02%<br />
76%<br />
75.99<br />
7.88<br />
2.08<br />
29,240 aSS dol.<br />
13.451 tril. dol.<br />
11,822<br />
97%<br />
1.3<br />
1.2<br />
458.6<br />
wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritijis<br />
fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti<br />
da dante Cini. © 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />
2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), gv. 5051; U.S. Census Bureau,<br />
www.census.gov, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
253<br />
dabolos, Tavisufali bazris principebi da marTvadi kapitalizmi Tanamedrove<br />
CineTSi rogorc Semosavlebis, aseve uTanasworobis stimuli gaxda.<br />
mniSvnelovani kiTxva kiTxvad rCeba: ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides CineTis<br />
Tavisufali mewarmeoba? CineTSi privatizacia neli tempiT mimdinareobs,<br />
udidesi firmebi _ araefeqtiani, intensiurad subsidirebuli da valebSi<br />
Cafluli _ isev saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia. saxelmwifo ar apirebs xelidan<br />
gauSvas yvelaze strategiuli mrewveloba, maT Soris manqanaTmSenebloba<br />
da iaraRis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis. CineTs arasrul yofili progresi aqvs<br />
privatizaciis mimarTulebiT (ix. sqema 73). aTi wlis win warmoudgeneli<br />
iyo, rom Cinur kompaniaTa aqciebi niu iorkis safondo birJaze gaiyideboda<br />
(rogorc dRes iyideba). CineTis ufro liberaluri ekonomikisaken mibrunebas<br />
SeerTebulma Statebma imiT upasuxa, rom winaaRmdegoba aRar gauwia CineTis<br />
gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi (mso); 2001 wels CineTi<br />
formalurad gawevrianda msoSi. Jurnal `ekonomistis~ mixedviT `CineTis<br />
gawevrianeba msoSi. . . qveynis udidesi nabijia ekonomikuri sistemis kapitalistur<br />
dasavleTTan integraciisaken mas Semdeg, rac 50 welze meti xnis<br />
win daiwyo komunisturi mmarTveloba~. 22<br />
gazrdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba<br />
CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi totalitarizmis dasasrulis erTerTi<br />
niSani is aris, rom CineTi `mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba~. 23 adamianebs SeuZliaT samsaxuris<br />
Se cvla, qveynis erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadasvla, ufro meti individualobis<br />
gamomJRavneba Cacmulobasa da sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi, aqvT Tavisufali<br />
arCevani iseT mniSvnelovan pirovnul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa qorwineba<br />
da gayra. aseTi individualuri Tavisuflebebi Znelad warmosadgeni iyo<br />
maos CineTSi. es axali Tavisuflebebi jer kidev Zalze Sors aris dasavle<br />
TisTvis Cveuli konstituciuri uflebebisagan. magaliTad, xelisuflebis<br />
SezRudviT wyvils mxo lod erTi Svili unda hyavdes. rogorc vnaxavT, ar<br />
arsebobs politikuri da religiuri Tavisuflebebi.<br />
axali sazogadoebrivi problemebi<br />
saocaria, magram CineTs zogierTi iseTi problemac awuxebs, romelic<br />
gavlenas axdens dasavlur demokratiaze. erTi eqspertis azriT, `avtoritetis<br />
tradiciuli formebis Sesustebis Sedegad CineTSi danaSaulis talRa<br />
gaizrda~. 24 qalaqebSi gavrcelebuli qurdoba da yaCaRoba, narkotikebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli danaSaulisa da prostituciis zrda _ CineTis ekonomikuri<br />
eqspansiis uaryofiTi Sedegebia.<br />
korufcia CineTis cxovrebis wesi xdeba. saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs<br />
Soris zRvris waSlasa da CineTis mzard ekonomikaSi fulis udidesi masis mimoqcevasTan<br />
erTad biznesisa da politikisaTvis Cveuli xdeba meqrTameoba,<br />
nepotizmi da `araoficialuri favoritizmi~.
254 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
politikuri da religiuri represiebi<br />
ekonomikasa da sazogadoebriv sferoebSi liberalizaciis miuxedavad,<br />
CineTSi ar wydeba politikuri da religiuri devna. CineTis amJamindeli xelisufalni<br />
araviTar miniSnebas ar iZlevian am aSkarad Seusabamo kursisagan<br />
Tavis daRwevis Taobaze, romelsac safuZveli den siapinma Cauyara.<br />
dengis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi iyo raRac momenti, roca TiTqos ra Racis<br />
Secvla SeiZleboda. 1978 wels demokratiis kedlis saxelwodebiT cno bi lma<br />
fenomenma msoflio yuradReba miipyro. am kedelze, romelic pekinis centrSi<br />
idga, oficialuri kursis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi,<br />
arsebuli sistemisa da liderebis uxeSi kritikis CaTvliT, xelisuflebis<br />
Cumi sanqciiT gamoCnda. demokratiis kedelTan presis am uprecedento Tavisuflebis<br />
garda sityvis axlad aRmoCenilma Tavisuflebamac gaSala frTa.<br />
magram 1979 wels xelisuflebam gadawyvita gansxvavebuli azrisaTvis bolo<br />
moeRo. Semd gomma dapatimrebebma, saCvenebelma sasamarTlo procesebma da<br />
politikuri represiebis sxva sayovelTaod cnobilma formebma cxadyo, rom<br />
CineTis komunisturi partia ar apirebda rkinis marwuxebis modunebas poltikuri<br />
Zalauflebis berketebze.<br />
aTi wlis Semdeg tiananmenis moedanze momxdarma Jletvam gamoaaSkarava<br />
CineTis xelisuflebis mtroba adamianuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg. 1989 wels<br />
studentebma da muSebma masobrivi gamosvla moawyes pekinSi partiis privilegiebisa<br />
da kopufciis gasaprotesteblad da demokratiuli reformebis<br />
moTxovniT. protesti gamZafrda mas Semdeg, rac demonstratebi tiananmenis<br />
moedanze dabanakda da sityviT gamosvlebi da lozungebis Zaxili daiwyes.<br />
msoflio aRfrTovanebuli yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebs,<br />
roca dasavleTis satelevizio kamerebis win drama ganviTarda. im faqtma,<br />
rom mixeil gorbaCovi `komunizmis reformis~ mama pekins swored im TveSi<br />
(sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi pirvel CinursabWour samitze) stumrobda<br />
drama kidev ufro gaamZafra. rodesac mRelvareba mTel CineTSi gavrcelda,<br />
pekinma savsebiT usargeblo samxedro mdgomareoba gamoacxada.<br />
3 ivniss CineTis dedaqalaqSi tankebiTa da iaraRiT Sevida armia. male<br />
aSkara gaxda, rom Zalis demonstrireba blefi ar iyo. damsjelma RonisZiebebma<br />
demokratiuli moZraoba sisxlian dasasrulamde miiyvana. asobiT<br />
(SesaZloa aTasobiT) protestanti daiRupa an daiWra, kidev ufro meti daapatimres.<br />
Semdeg usafrTxoebis Zalebma Tavi mouyares aTasobiT disidents<br />
da sul mcire 31 awames da sikvdiliT dasajes. uiaraRo moqalaqeebis mimarT<br />
sisastikem cxadyo, rom CineTi jer kidev represiuli saxelmwifo iyo.<br />
tiananmenis movlenebi CineTSi kritikosebisa da disidentebis devnis simbolo<br />
iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc gabedavda da partiis umaRles liderebs<br />
gaakritikebda. meore sakiTxi iyo, rogor epyrobodnen politikur patimrebs.<br />
bevri maTgani monasaviT qancis gawyvetamde muSaobda fabrikebSi, sadac saeqsportod<br />
iaffasian saqonels awarmoebdnen sagareo vaWrobisaTvis.<br />
kidev erTi problema iyo CineTis xelisuflebis mier religiuri jgufebis<br />
gamudmebuli devna. garkveulwilad mTavrobis mier religiis mimdevarTa<br />
dapatimreba religiis mimarT marqsizmis ideologiuri undoblobisa da
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
255<br />
mtrobis naSTi iyo. ufro metad ki, is asaxavda partiis gamudmebul gancdas,<br />
rom religia politikur safrTxes warmoadgenda reJimis mTlianobisa da sijansaRisaTvis.<br />
mTavroba akontrolebs religias religiuri institutebis (eklesiebis,<br />
monastrebis, meCeTebis da sxv.) licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobis<br />
gziT. budistebs, muslimebsa da qristianebs lamis sakuTari rwmenisaTvis<br />
apatimreben. Cinelebi gansakuTrebiT daundoblebi iyvnen tibetSi, sadac<br />
maT daxures budisturi monastrebi, daapatimres da gaasamarTles morwmuneebi<br />
da gadaasaxles tibetis religiuri lideri dalai lama. 1997 wlis<br />
dasawyisSi antiCinuri masobrivi areulobebi tibetis Crdilodasavle<br />
TiT mdebare upiratesad muslimur provincia sinZianSi CineTis xelisuflebis<br />
mxridan represiebis mizezad iqva [igive ganmeorda 2009 wels _<br />
mTargmn. Sen.].<br />
CineTis mier adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva SeumCneveli ar darCa SeerTebul<br />
Statebs. iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa qristianTa koalicia gansakuTrebiT<br />
kritikuli iyo CineTSi qristianTa devnis mimarT. CineTis mier<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva. is sakiTxi daisva SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi<br />
maT mier, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda CineTisTvis upiratesi xelSewyobis<br />
savaWro reJimis aRdgenas, rac gaafarToebda CineTis eqsports SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi iseTive SedarebiT dabali tarifiT, romliTac amerikis savaWro<br />
partniorebi sargeblobdnen.<br />
cinikuria, rom statusis aRdgenis Taobaze debatebis centri SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi idelistebsa da pragmatistebs Soris disputi iyo. oponentebi amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom ekonomikuri zewola yvelaze naTlad gamoxatavda moralur<br />
gakicxvas da imavdroulad CineTs realurad azRvevinebda adamianis uflebaTa<br />
Selaxvis gamo. upiratesi xelSewyobis savaWro statusis miniWebis<br />
momxreebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom amgvari poziciiT mxolod amerikuli biznesi<br />
dazaraldeboda, maSin roca msoflios sxva qveynebi didi siamovnebiT daakavebdnen<br />
aSSs bazris wils. mxardamWerebi aseve acxadebdnen, rom grZelvadian<br />
periodSi vaWroba da ara ekonomikuri izolacia Seasustebda politikur<br />
devnas CineTSi. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma<br />
CineTisTvis keTilsasurveli eris (MFN) statusis miniWeba damokidebuli<br />
gaxada. mas Semdeg Cinur imports aRar emuqreba satarifo diskriminaciis<br />
gameoreba SeerTebuli Statebis uzarmazar bazarze.<br />
politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxeSi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom komunisturi partia kvlav mkacrad akontrolebs<br />
sazogadoebas, Sida problemac uxvad aqvs. 25 erTerTi sirTule CineTis<br />
Soreul regionebSi arsebuli daZabulobaa. meore _ vaWrobis pirobebis<br />
Sesaxeb kamaTi bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar qveynis centrSi mdebare provinciebsa<br />
da sanapiro provinciebs Soris, romlebic mza produqcias awarmoeben<br />
da hyidian. kidev erTi problemaa isic, rom CineTis provinciebi da<br />
olqebi drodadro savaWro barierebsa da tarifebs aweseben konkurenciisa
256 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
gan adgilobrivi mrewvelobis dacvis mizniT. magaliTad, 1997 wels Sanxais<br />
municipalurma mTavrobam folksvagenis mwarmoebeli adgilobrivi manqanaTmSenebeli<br />
qarxanis sasargeblod axali standartebi daawesa (Zravis zoma,<br />
sabargulis tevadoba da a.S.) im manqanebisaTvis, romlebic taqsis funqcias<br />
asrulebdnen. CineTi kvlav agrZelebs adgilobrivi liderebis rotaciuli<br />
wesiT moZraobas mTeli qveynis masStabiT, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilos<br />
maT mimarT adgilobrivi simpaTiebisa da loialurobis gaCena.<br />
amomavali zesaxelmwifo<br />
garda imisa, rom ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi CineTi regionis<br />
dominanturi saxelmwifo xdeba, is aseve swrafad yalibdeba globaluri Zaladac.<br />
msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT CineTis saxalxo<br />
respublika Zalze advilad SeZlebs axalwveulebis moZebnas Tavisi Seiara<br />
Rebuli ZalebisaTvis, romelic isedac 3 milion jariskacs iTvlis. 1970iani<br />
wlebis miwurulidan CineTi sakuTari samxedro SesaZleblobebis modernizebas<br />
cdilobs. dRes mas msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT<br />
SeiaraRebaze yvelaze mzardi xarje bi aqvs. CineTma msoflio yuradReba imi<br />
Tac miipyro, rom agrZelebs birTvuli iaraRis gamocdasa da uaxlesi SeiaraRebis<br />
gayidvas saerTaSoriso bazarze (zog jer im momxmareblisaTvis,<br />
romelsac SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da<br />
wesrigis safrTxed miiCnevs).<br />
amerikis vaWroba CineTTan: problema Tu SesaZlebloba?<br />
SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs Soris vaWroba diskusiis sagania. didi<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli biznesi CineTs erT uzarmazar, ganuviTarebel<br />
bazrad miiCnevda: 1 miliardi Cineli mouTmenlad eloda amerikuli saqonlis<br />
SeZenas. mravalma amerikulma mravalerovnulma korporaciam ZalRone<br />
ar daiSura imisaTvis, rom gavlena moexdina saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze da<br />
amerikis mTavrobis lobirebiT CineTTan kargi urTierToba SeenarCunebina.<br />
Zalze saintereso tendencia ganviTarda. SeerTebul Statebis savaWro<br />
balanss CineTTan maRali deficiti hqonda (rac imas niSnavs, rom SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi gacilebiT met saqonels yidulobs CineTisagan, vidre CineTi<br />
SeerTebuli Statebisagan). 1990iani wlebis miwuruls SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
savaWro deficiti CineTTan iaponiasTan deficits gautolda (romelTanac<br />
SeerTebul Statebs savaWro balansis udidesi deficiti hqonda) da zogierTi<br />
ekonomisti varaudobda, rom male CineTi gauswrebda iaponias. CineTs<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi udidesi upiratesoba aqvs: is iafad awarmoebs saqonels,<br />
radgan dabal xelfass uxdis Cinel muSebs.<br />
emuqreba Tu ara SeerTebuli Statebisa da CineTis savaWro urTierTo
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
257<br />
bebs iseTive daZabuloba, rogoric SeerTebul Statebsa da iaponias aqvs?<br />
SeiZleba, ara! acxadebs zogierTi eqsperti. safeiqro nawarmis garda Cinu ri<br />
saqoneli pirdapir konkurencias ver uwevs amerikul saqonels; Cinu ri produqcia<br />
dabalteqnologiuria (magaliTad, tansacmeli, safeiqro nawar mi,<br />
saTamaSoebi da nedleuli), maSin roca iaponia maRalteqnologiur produqcias<br />
awarmoebs (manqanebs, kompiuterebs, eleqtrosaqonels da telesakomunikacio<br />
mowyobilobas). garda amisa, iaponiisagan gansxvavebiT, Cine Tidan<br />
Semosuli yvela saqoneli Cinuri ar aris, rac imas niSnavs, rom savaWro balansis<br />
maCveneblebi arasaimedoa. ratom? imitom, rom CineTidan eqsportirebuli<br />
saqonlis daaxloebiT 50% im sawarmoebSi iwarmoeba, romelsac<br />
erToblivad floben an marTaven araCinelebi. rogorc Cans, dabali danaxarjebi,<br />
romelic mimzidvels xdis Cinur eqsports SeerTebul StatebSi, aseve<br />
mimzidvels xdis CineTis biznesSesaZleblobebs araCineli mewarmeebisa da<br />
biznesisaTvis.<br />
CineTis mzardi samxedro Zalaufleba SeumCneveli ar darCa arc aziasa da<br />
arc mTel msoflioSi. 26 indoeTis winaaRmdegoba uari erTqva birTvuli iara<br />
Ris sakuTar programebze SesaZloa nawilobriv CineTis mimarT misi frTxili<br />
damokidebulebiTac iyos gamowveuli. imave mizeziT, iaponiis liderebi CineTis<br />
samxedro modernizacias cudad SeniRbuli gangaSiT uyureben. vietnamelebs<br />
ar daviwyebiaT 1979 wels CineTTan sasazRvro omi da periodulad<br />
samxreTaRmosavleT aziis usafrTxoebis aliansis Seqmnis mcdelobas iwyeben<br />
CrdiloeTis kolosis winaaRmdeg. filipinebs, wynari okeanis dasavleTSi<br />
amerikis Zvel erTgul mokavSires, gadauWreli dava aqvs CineTTan samxreT<br />
CineTis zRvaSi mdebare potenciurad navTobiT mdidari kunZulebis Taobaze.<br />
yvelaze saSiS mdgomareobaSi taivani imyofeba, romelsac pekini CineTis<br />
nawilad miiCnevs da romlis SemoerTebis survili aqvs.<br />
CineTis perioduli samxedrosazRvao wvrTnebi am SiSs aZlierebs, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom taivani simtkicis SenarCunebas cdilobs SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis samxedrosazRvao flotis mxardaWeriT. kidev erTi potenciurad<br />
feTqebadi sakiTxi gadaiWra incidentis gareSe, roca 1997 wels didma britaneTma<br />
formalurad daabruna honkongi CineTis kontrolis qveS. es aqti,<br />
romelmac wertili dausva TiTqmis saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi britanul<br />
mmarTvelobas xmaurian saerTaSoriso savaWro da finansuri centrze, pekinma<br />
msoflio <strong>politika</strong>Si CineTis axali statusis niSanad.<br />
CineTi amomavali zesaxelmwifoa, ara ubralod ekonomikuri, aramed samxedro<br />
TvalsazriTac (ix. sqema 74). zogierTi damkvirvebeli miiCnevs, rom<br />
XXI saukuneSi CineTi SesaZloa SeerTebuli Statebis metoqedac ki mogvevlinos.<br />
ase rom, amerikuli perspeqtividan mniSvnelovani kiTxva ikveTeba:<br />
iTanamSromleben da SeinarCuneben Tu ara CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi<br />
karg ur TierTobebs, Tu metoqeobisaTvis, an SesaZloa mtrobisTvisac ki<br />
arian isni ganwirulni?
258 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
CineTi<br />
indoeTi<br />
CrdiloeT korea<br />
ruseTi<br />
SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi<br />
sabrZolo<br />
TviTmfrinavi<br />
5 224<br />
700<br />
730<br />
4500<br />
4 971<br />
samxedro<br />
gemi<br />
110<br />
39<br />
26<br />
299<br />
237<br />
tanki mln<br />
jariskaci<br />
9 400<br />
3500<br />
4.200<br />
17 000<br />
12 500<br />
3.0<br />
1.1<br />
1.1<br />
1.5<br />
1.5<br />
birTvuli<br />
qobini<br />
300 +<br />
25<br />
n/a<br />
6.000<br />
6.000<br />
mSpSi<br />
samxedro<br />
xarjebis<br />
%li wili<br />
5.7<br />
2.5<br />
25.2<br />
7.4<br />
3.8<br />
sqema 7-4 CineTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizeba denis erTerTi prioriteti iyo,<br />
rac safiqrals aCenda, rom `mzard CineTs~ aziis samxedro balansis darRveva SeeZlo.<br />
wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 28. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritiqis<br />
fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti da dante Cini.<br />
© 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />
azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia<br />
(da Tavisuflebac?)<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTi aziis giganturi saxelmwifoAa, yvelaze STam <br />
beW davi ekonomikuri miRwevebi am regionSi mainc sxvagan dafiqsirda. iaponiis<br />
Semdeg yvelaze warmatebuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
strategiebi Semdegma saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves: samxreT koream,<br />
taivan ma, hon kongma (CineTis naxevrad damoukidebeli nawili 1997 wlidan) da<br />
singapurma. am oTxi saxelmwifos mier miRweulma warmatebebma, romelTac<br />
xSirad oTx patara drakons an aziis vefxvebs uwodeben, dasabami misca saxelmwifoTa<br />
axali kate go riis _ axali industriuli qveynebis (NIC) _ warmoSobas.<br />
aziis sxva saxelmwifoebmac, maT Soris tailandma, malaiziam da indoneziam,<br />
kursi Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri reformebisaken aiRes, im<br />
mizniT, rom sagareo investiciebi miezidaT da eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
SeewyoT xeli. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am etapze samx reT korea da taivani<br />
moeqceva, radgan isini saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis konkurencias iaponias<br />
uweven da amavdroulad, politikuri libera lizaciis mimarTulebiTac gadadges<br />
nabijebi. am mxriv, isini mkveTrad gansxvavdebian regionis uzarmazari<br />
saxelmwifosagan, CineTisagan, romelic yovelTvis ewinaaR mdegeboda<br />
fundamentur politikur cvlilebebs.<br />
nax. 4<br />
samxreTi korea<br />
samxreT koreis ekonomikuri transformacia Raribi, soflis meurneobaze<br />
damokidebuli qveynidan Zalamokrebil, teqnologiurad dawinaurebuli<br />
mewarmeobis seqtoris mqone Tanamedrove industriul saxelmwifod XX saukunis<br />
miwurulisaTvis dasrulebul faqts warmoadgenda. samxreT koreis
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
259<br />
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mas<br />
imave doneze ayenebs, ra donezec portugalia da saberZneTia, orive evrokavSiris<br />
wevri. ra Tqma unda, es ukanasknelni evropis mdidar saxelmwifoebTan<br />
SedarebiT RaribTa ricxvSi Sedian. ukeTesad rom warmovaCinoT samxreT koreis<br />
miRwevebi, sakmarisia mxolod aRvniSnoT, rom samxreT koreis mTliani<br />
Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze metia laTinuri amerikis yvelaze mdidari<br />
qveynis, argentinis Sesabamis maCvenebelze da orjer meti braziliis, Ciles,<br />
meqsikis da venesuelis, regionis oTxi wamyvani sa xelmwifos maCveneblebze,<br />
romlebic aseve tranziciis procesSi imyofebian.<br />
1990ian wlebSi, rodesac samxreT koreis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo,<br />
mTavrobam prezident kim de iungis meTaurobiT gabeduli reformebis<br />
prog rama wamoiwyo. tradiciulad, samxreT koreis ekonomikaSi uzarmazari<br />
industriuli konglomeratebi da regulirebisagan Tavisufali didi<br />
bankebi dominirebdnen: specifikuri interesebis gavlenis gazrdam Sedegad<br />
konkurenciis CaxSoba moitana. 1990iani wlebis bolos aziuri gripis<br />
saxelwodebiT cnobili aziis finansuri krizisi marTalia samxreT koreaSi<br />
ar dawyebula, magram iqac gamanadgurebeli gavlena hqonda. didma bankebma<br />
fuli didi biznesis warmomadgenlebs yovelgvari finansuri garantiebis<br />
gareSe asesxes. am situaciam da qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis zogadma<br />
saWiroebam daarwmuna saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti, rom aucilebeli<br />
iyo agresiuli saxelmwifo Careva ganexorcielebina _ SewinaaRmdegeboda<br />
mTavrobis mier ekonomikis kontrols da amavdroulad, moqmedebis meti<br />
Tavisufleba sabazro ZalebisaTvis mieca. Sedegad, gvian 1990ian wlebSi<br />
samxreT koreis mTavrobam tranziciis meore ZiriTadi procesi wamoiwyo,<br />
romelic moicavda sxvadasxva didi industriuli konglomeratebis restruqturizacias<br />
da sabanko reformebs, ramac Zalian dadebiTi Sedegebi<br />
gamoiRo. 2000 wels samxreT koreis ekonomika Zlier aRmavlobas da dabal<br />
inflacias ganicdida.<br />
ramdenad iyo es meore tranzicia politikuri da amavdroulad ekonomikuric?<br />
eWvgareSea, rom <strong>politika</strong>m mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. aziis sxva<br />
sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, koreelebic mudam avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mier<br />
imarTebodnen. CrdiloeT korea meore msoflio omis periodidan iyo (da aris)<br />
komunisturi, maSin roca samxreT korea, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axlo<br />
mokavSire saxelmwifo, antikomunisturia. miuxedavad amisa, samxreTkoreuli<br />
`demokratia~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara prodasavluri politikis mqone saxelmwifos<br />
fasadi. magram 1997 wels, gaprezidentebis wina ori warumatebeli<br />
mcdelobis Semdeg, kim de iungi gaxda samxreT koreaSi pirveli opozicioneri<br />
kandidati, romelic prezidentad airCies, (iseve rogorc, visente foqsi gaxda<br />
pirveli arCeuli opozicioneri prezidenti meqsikaSi, sadac mis arCevamde<br />
sul raRac sami wliT adre erTpartiuli sistema iyo gabatonebuli). opozicioneri<br />
kandidatis prezidentad arCeva garRvevaa nebismier qveyanaSi, romelic<br />
liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT politikuri<br />
tranziciis procesSi imyofeba. rogorc vnaxavT, 2000 wels aseTi garRveva<br />
kidev sul mcire erT adgilas moxda.
260 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
taivani<br />
taivani damoukidebeli II msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac Cinelma<br />
komunistebma, mao Zedunis meTaurobiT, daamarcxes Can kaiSis nacionalistebi.<br />
1972 wlamde, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebda taivans,<br />
rogorc CineTis legitimur mTavrobas, Tumca isic aSkara iyo, rom qveynis<br />
kontinentur nawils pekinis komunisturi reJimi akontrolebda. 1972<br />
wlidan taivani gaxda damoukidebeli, Tumca mas suverenul sa xelmwifod<br />
ar aRiareben. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom CineTis saxalxo respublikam<br />
miaRwia eRiarebinaT misi moTxovna, rom taivani aris CineTis nawili, rom<br />
arsebobs mxolod erTi CineTi da rom pekini aris CineTis dedaqalaqi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, taivani inarCunebs mWidro ekonomikur kavSirebs aSS<br />
Tan, kvlav sargeblobs misi samxedro ZlierebiTa da diplomatiuri keTili<br />
nebiT. taivanis ekonomika erTerTi yvelaze dinamikuria aziaSi, didi tempiT<br />
uswrebs ra samxreT koreas. realurad, taivani evropaSi rom iyos, erT<br />
sulze mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT ufro win iqneboda,<br />
vidre portugalia da saberZneTi da imave ligaSi, sadac aris espaneTi. am<br />
`ekonomikur saswaulSi~ araferia axali, magram taivanis bolodroindeli<br />
moZraoba liberaluri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wesrigisaken namdvilad<br />
axalia.<br />
1988 wels, li tenhui gaxda pirveli adgilobrivi taivaneli lideri, romelmac<br />
moipova prezidentoba da amavdroulad iyo pirveli saxalxod arCeuli<br />
prezidenti taivanis istoriaSi. lim, misi Tormetwliani prezidentobis<br />
dros, gaatara radikaluri politikuri reformebi, agrZelebda ra 1980iani<br />
wlebis SuaxanebSi Tavisi winamorbedis, Can Cinkuos (Can kaiSis vaJi) mier<br />
wamo wyebul procesebs. nacionalisturi partiis rkinis xelis CamoSorebis<br />
yvelaze didi Sedegi iyo 2000 wlis arCevnebSi opoziciis kandidatis, Cen<br />
Suibinis gama rjve ba. esec erTerTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo taivanis politikur<br />
istoriaSi.<br />
aziis vefxvebi<br />
samxreT koreasa da taivanSi dRes arsebuli politikuri libera lizacia mas<br />
Semdeg daiwyo, rac ekonomikurma cvlilebebma am ori sazogadoebis transfor<br />
macia moaxdina. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis aseTi forma, garkveuli mniSvnelo<br />
va ni politikuri cvlilebis gareSe, damaxasiaTebelia mTeli aziisaTvis.<br />
realu rad, aziis yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikas qalaqsaxelmwifo singapuri<br />
warmoadgens, romlis mmarTveloba mTlianad uaryofda dasavluri tipis<br />
libe ralurdemokratiul institutebs. filipinebmac da tailandmac da<br />
SedarebiT naklebad malaiziam da indoneziam, liberalizaciis reformebi<br />
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT ganaxorcieles. magram iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa<br />
CrdiloeT korea, vietnami, laosi da mianma (birma) Caflulni rCebian im struqturebsa<br />
da sistemebSi, ra mac fundamenturi ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi<br />
SeuZlebeli gaxada.
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
261<br />
maSin roca tranziciis procesi aziis saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri refor<br />
mebiT daiwyes, laTinurma amerikam igive procesi politikuri cvlilebiT<br />
daiwyo. 1980ian wlebSi laTinuri politikis demokratizaciis procesi swrafi<br />
iyo da myari, magram laTinuri amerika kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri aRorZine bis<br />
receptis Zebnis procesSi myof regionad.<br />
laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia<br />
(da keTildReobac?)<br />
me19 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi mopovebuli damoukideblobidan moyolebuli<br />
samxedrobiurokratiuli mmarTveloba saukuneebis manZilze<br />
laTinur amerikaSi tradicias warmoadgenda. laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebi<br />
(adre portugaliis an espaneTis koloniebi) damoukidebelni gaxdnen<br />
didi xniT adre, vidre msoflios sxva nawilebSi evropuli koloniuri imperiebi<br />
daiSlebodnen. samxedro diqtatura praqtikaSi da liberalurdemokratiul<br />
Rirebulebebi TeoriaSi didi xani Tanaarsebobdnen. saxalxod<br />
arCeuli samoqalaqo mTavroba 1980 wlamde mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi iyo<br />
_ kolumbia, venesuela da kostarika. magram viTareba Seicvala _ sakmarisi<br />
cvlilebebi moxda imisaTvis, rom daiw yos axa li epoqa laTinuri amerikis istoriaSi,<br />
axali gverdi laTinu ri amerikis <strong>politika</strong>Si da savaraudod, axali<br />
etapi laTinuri amerikis ekonomi kur ganviTarebaSi.<br />
reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Gile)<br />
1980ian wlebSi samxedro diqtaturebi erTi meoris miyolebiT tovebda<br />
politikur arenas da adgils demokratiulad arCeul samoqalaqo mTavrobas<br />
uTmobda. dRes, regionSi faqtobrivad yvela mTavroba liberalur<br />
demokratias warmoadgens. politikuri tranziciebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi<br />
erTmaneTs daemTxva, rac gulisxmobda, rom laTinuri amerika momwifebuli<br />
iyo politikuri reformisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur cvlilebas<br />
Zala ekonomikuri reformebis saWiroebam SesZina, rasac am regionis mravali<br />
saxelmwifos uzarmazari sagareo valic adasturebda. valebis simZimem,<br />
gaerTianebulma moZvelebul ekonomikur struqturebTan da arakonkurentunarian<br />
sawamoebTan, maRal inflaciasTan, masobriv umuSevrobasTan,<br />
farTod gavrcelebul siRaribesTan da Sokis momgvrel uTanasworobas<br />
Tan mdidarsa da Rarib fenebs Soris, regionSi TviTrwmenis krizisi da moxmarebis<br />
arnaxuli vardna gamoiwvia (milionobiT adamians, gansakuTrebiT<br />
kampesinoebs [glexebs _ mTargmn. Sen.] soflebSi, gadarCenisaTvis brZola<br />
saarsebo minimumis pirobebSi uwevT).<br />
Cilem gezi sakuTari ekonomikis reformirebaze aiRo. faqtobrivad, Ci le<br />
gamonaklisia laTinur amerikaSi, radgan qveyanam sabazro reformebi sakuTari<br />
politikuri sistemis demokratizaciamde ganaxorciela. augusto pinoCetis<br />
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (19741990), Cile erTerT yvelaze mkveTrad
262 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
gamokveTil samxedro diqtaturas warmoadgenda, magram sabazro Zalebis mier<br />
stimulirebuli Ciles ekonomika mainc gamococxlda. amis msgavsi warmateba<br />
sxvagan laTinur amerikaSi ar momxdara, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba avxsnaT<br />
1980ian wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobis dacemis mizezebi.<br />
braziliaSi 1985 wels samxedro mmarTvelobam gza samoqalaqo mTavrobas<br />
dauTmo da sami wlis Semdeg man axali konstitucia miiRo, romelmac prezidentis<br />
pirdapiri arCevenebis Catareba uzrunvelyo. braziliis mTAvroba<br />
ekono mikis restruqturizaciasa da reformirebas cdilobs. qveyanas mZime<br />
tvir Tad awevs didi sagareo valebi, qronikuli sabiujeto deficiti, eqstensiuri<br />
siRaribe soflad da aSkara uTanasworoba. brazilias saswrafod<br />
sWirdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis arsebiTi gadaxedva da sagadasaxado<br />
reforma, raTa gaawonasworos sazogadoebis mdgomareoba. magram<br />
es zomebi qveyanaSi, sadac konstituciuri demokratia jer kidev misi siWabukis<br />
(Tu ara Cvilobis) asakSia, politikurad urTules sakiTxs warmoadgens.<br />
argentinis samxedro mmarTvelebi gaecalnen qveyanas mas Semdeg, rac<br />
isini britaneTTan folklendis kunZulebisaTvis omSi samarcxvinod damarcxdnen<br />
(1982w). saprezidento demokratia _ argentina erT sul mosaxleze<br />
mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblis mixedviT umdidres qveyanas<br />
warmoadgens samxreT amerikaSi. Tumca, argentinis ekonomikuri qmedebebi<br />
aseve imedgacruebas iwvevda. imisaTvis, rom SeekavebinaT inflacia da<br />
sabiujeto deficiti, argentinis valebiT datvirTulma mTavrobam gadawyvita<br />
wasuliyo mkacr sabiujeto ekonomiaze (maRali gadasaxadebi da Sez<br />
Rudvebi xarjvaze). amis Sedegad, umuSevroba daaxloebiT 15 procents<br />
Seadgenda gasul wlebSi, mag ram `muxruWze fexis aSvebis SemTxvevaSi~,<br />
mTavroba SiSobs, rom ucxoel investorebs daafrTxobs.<br />
problemebi, romlis winaSec dganan brazilia da argentina, mTeli danar<br />
Ceni regionisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. laTinur amerikaSi politikuri<br />
reforma (demokratizacia) aRmoCnda ufro martivi, vidre ekonomikuri reforma<br />
da aRorZineba. amis mizezi bevri da gansxvavebulia; yvelaze ufro<br />
gadauWreli problemebi arsebiTad socialuri da kulturuli problemebia.<br />
laTinur amerikuli sazogadoeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo zedmetad<br />
elitisturi da usamarTlo. uTanasworoba imdenad didia da simdidre imdenad<br />
aris koncentrirebuli, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ara aqvs sakmarisi<br />
msyidvelobiTi SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom iyos momxmarebeli, am<br />
sityvis yvelanairi mniSvnelobiT. myarad mzardi ekonomika yovelTvis asocirdeba<br />
masobrivi moxmarebis fenomenTan. laTinur amerikaSi masebs xSirad<br />
ar gaaCniaT kargi samsaxuri an mdgradi Semosavali da Sesabamisad ver CaerTvebian<br />
im saxis moxmarebaSi, romelic, eqsportTan erTad, swraf ekonomikur<br />
ganviTarebas iwvevs. ase rom `simdidris ganawileba~ ara mxolod zneobrivi<br />
imperativia, aramed ekonomikuri imperativicaa _ simdidris mudmivi cirkulacis<br />
pirobebSi, rodesac am proces Si mTeli sazogadoeba araa CarTuli,<br />
rTulia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, daasrulo tranzicia sasoflo tipis, neli tempebiT<br />
mzardi, proteqcionistuli ekonomiki dan Tanamedrove, bazarze dafuZnebuli,<br />
saqalaqoindustriuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis<br />
mimarTulebiT. Tumca, sabolood rogorc Cans, laTinuri amerika mainc mi
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
263<br />
aRwevs am mizans, magram regionis gaRaribebul masebs iq misasvlelad didi<br />
dro dasWirdebaT.<br />
meqsika<br />
bolos, Cven mivubrundebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTel<br />
mezobels _ meqsikas. meqsika aris kargi magaliTi im istoriuli winaaRmdegobisa,<br />
romelic laTinuri amerikis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi SeimCneva _ romantikuli<br />
mikuTvnebuloba demokratiuli idealebisadmi, romelic respublikis<br />
mantiaSi gamowyobil avtoritarul reJimTan Tanaarsebobda. I msoflio<br />
omidan moyolebuli meqsika warmoadgenda liberalur demokratias, oRond<br />
qaRaldze. realobaSi ki, 2000 wlamde meqsikaSi konkurentuli arCevnebis<br />
msgavsi araferi yofila. sabolood, instituciur-revoluciuri partiis<br />
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis aTwleulebis Semdeg, meqsikel amomrCevlebs<br />
realuri arCevani da realuri SesaZlebloba miecaT. arCevani iyo instituciur-revoluciuri<br />
partiis kandidatsa da opoziciis sxva kandidatebs<br />
Soris. es iyo pirveli SesaZlebloba meqsikaSi _ Tavisufali da samarTliani<br />
arCevnebi. Sedegi iyo gamaognebeli: opoziciis kandidatma visente foqsma,<br />
romelic erovnuli qmedebis partias warmoadgenda, gamarjveba moipova.<br />
1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi meqsika amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da<br />
kanadasTan erTad SeuerTda CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />
SeTanxmebas (NAFTA), ramac biZgi misca meqsikis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
perspeqtivas. Tumca, araefeqtiAani saxelmwifo kompaniebis (magaliTad,<br />
sanavTobo monopolisti PEMEX) …myarad momagrebuli interesebis da korumpirebuli,<br />
sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili biurokratiis<br />
pirobebSi Sida sabazro reformebis gatareba sakmaod rTulia.<br />
CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi wevroba meqsikas<br />
uxsnis gzas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bazrebTan. is aseve aZlevs aSSs<br />
meqsikis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebs imisaTvis, rom man ekonomikuri<br />
reformebi daaCqaros. roca prezident foqsi xelisuflebaSi movida,<br />
igi pirobas debda, rom zustad amas gaakeTebda. es ar iqneba ufro advili<br />
meqsikaSi, vidre iyo mTels danarCen laTinur amerikaSi, magram meqsikas,<br />
sxva arCevani arc aqvs Tu mas surs konkurencia gauwios amerikis SeerTebul<br />
Statebsa da kanadas, rogorc NAFTA-s Tanasworma wevrma.<br />
regionis masStabiT laTinurma amerikam politikuri pluralizmisa da<br />
liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT mkveTri Semobruneba moaxdina. magram<br />
liberalizaciis ekonomikuri sargebeli jer kidev gansaxorcielebelia<br />
da elodeba sul mcire or rames: pirveli, gabedul reformebs umaRles xelisuflebasa<br />
da fesvgadgmul biurokratias Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis<br />
da cvlilebis momxreebsa da mdidar miwaTmflobel elitas Soris konfliqtis<br />
fonze; meore, saarCevno uflebaminiWebuli da gaZlierebuli glexebis mobilizacias,<br />
visac pirvelad mie ca sistemaSi sakuTaAri sityvis Tqmis SesaZlebloba.
264 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
daskvna<br />
komunisturma xelisuflebam TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi marcxi ganicada.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla am fenomenis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, ramdenime saxelmwifom _ gansakuTrebiT CineTma _ gaagrZela komunisturi<br />
mmarTveloba. komunizmis marcxi yuradRebas miapyrobs yofili sabWo<br />
Ta blokis saxelmwifoebis tranziciis problemebze. sxva qveynebi, rogoricaa<br />
samxreT korea da taivani aziaSi da argentina, brazilia da Cile laTinur<br />
amerikaSi aseve gadian politikuri da ekonomikuri tranziciis process.<br />
tradiciulad, sabWoTa sistema iyo totalitaruli, stalinis imijis Sesaferisad<br />
Seqmnili. mixeil gorbaCovamde mxolod nikita xruSCovma scada<br />
misi Serbileba. sabWoTa sistemaSi marTavda komunisturi partia da Tanamdeboba<br />
partiaSi iyo saukeTeso indikatori pirovnebis politikuri Zalauflebis<br />
Sesafaseblad. rodesac gorbaCovi dawinaurda komunisturi partiis<br />
wamyvan Tanamdebobaze 1985 wels, mis winaSe idga rogorc rTuli ekonomikuri,<br />
aseve socialuri problemebi, romelic centraluri dagegmvis marcxiT<br />
iyo gamowveuli. damatebiT, mas aseve unda daeZlia sabWoTa elitis,<br />
nomenklaturis TviTkmayofileba da winaaRmdegoba. komunisturi sistemis<br />
reorganizaciis mcdelobisas, gorbaCovma gaatara ekonomikuri reformebi<br />
(perestroika), politikuri liberali zacia (glastnosti) da demokratiul<br />
politikuri reformebi (demokratizacia). es zomebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda<br />
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gadasarCenad.<br />
ruseTi (boris elcinis mmarTvelobis dros) da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />
Tanamegobroba, sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. elcinic<br />
saSiSi politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe idga, maT Soris: mudmivi ekonomikuri<br />
uwesrigoba, eTnikuri fragmentacia da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucilebloba.<br />
Tu ramdenad warmatebulad Sexvdeba ruseTi am gamowvevebs, amazea<br />
damokidebuli am qveynis momavali, aseve, iqneba Tu ara igi demokratiuli.<br />
samxreTi korea da taivani tranziciis procesSi myofi aziuri sazogadoebis<br />
ori magaliTia. orive qveyanam tranzicia ganaxorciela jer sabazro<br />
(Tumca naxevrad proteqcionistuli) ekonomikis mimarTulebiT da<br />
Semdeg miubrunda politikur reformebs. samxreT koream axlaxan wamoiwyo<br />
reformis axali programa, romelic miznad isaxavda bolo moeRo ganviTarebis<br />
Semaferxebeli monopolisturi struqturebisa da saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
taivans aqvs erTerTi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomika aziaSi, magram bolo<br />
dromde is nacionaluri partiis erTpartiul diqtaturas warmoadgenda.<br />
politikurma reformebma 2000 wels opoziciis kandidatis Cen Sui binis ar<br />
Ceva gamoiwvia.<br />
tranziciis procesi laTinur amerikaSi warmoadgens aziis Sebrunebul variants.<br />
argentina, brazilia, Cile da meqsika regionis oTxi ZiriTadi qveyanaa.<br />
tranzicia liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT am qveynebSi, garda<br />
meqsikisa, ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebamde ganxorcielda. laTinuri<br />
amerika politikuri ekonomiis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi `tranziciasa~ da `ganviTarebas~<br />
Soris waSlili zRvris ilustraciaa. sanam laTinuri amerikis
saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />
265<br />
qveynebi Zalian mdidre bad (umciresoba) da Zalian Raribebad (umravlesoba)<br />
dayofili sazogadoe bis tranzicias daasruleben, SesaZloa ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba Seferxdes.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba<br />
(dsT)<br />
nomenklatura<br />
perestroika (gardaqmna)<br />
glastnosti (sajarooba)<br />
liberalizacia<br />
demokratizacia<br />
federaluri asamblea (ruseTis<br />
federaciis sakanonmdeblo organo)<br />
federaciis sabWo (ruseTis federaciis<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
zeda palata)<br />
duma (saTaTbiro, ruseTis federaciis<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
qveda palata)<br />
politbiuro (komunisturi partiis<br />
centraluri aRmasrulebeli<br />
oragno)<br />
axali industriuli qveynebi<br />
aziuri gripi<br />
CrdiloT amerikis Tavisufali<br />
vaWrobis xelSekruleba (NAFTA)<br />
1. ra problemebis winaSe idga sabWoTa kavSiri 1985 wels?<br />
2. rogor daupirispirda prezidenti gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris problemebs?<br />
ramdenad warmatebuli iyo igi? axseniT.<br />
3. erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelic dRes dgas ruseTis winaSe,<br />
aris Semdegi: SeZlebs Tu ara igi stabilur demokratiad Camoyalibebas?<br />
gaakeTe komentari ruseTis tranziciis problemebze.<br />
4. aqamde romelma qveynebma moaxdina yvelaze warmatebuli tranzicia?<br />
5. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur<br />
amerikaSi.<br />
6. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. Thomas M. Magstadt, Nations and Governments: Comparative Politics in<br />
Regional Perspective (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 226-235.<br />
2. Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 83.<br />
3. ixileT, Susan Dentzer, Jeff Triamble, and Bruce Auster, `The Soviet Econ-
266 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
omy in Shambles,~ US News&World Report, November 20, 1989, 25-29,32,<br />
35-37, and 39.<br />
4. iqve., 25 da 26 gv.<br />
5. Walter Laquer, The Dream That Failed (New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1994), 71-73.<br />
6. ixileT, Milovan Djilas, The New Class ( New York,: Praeger, 1957); and<br />
Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 30-67.<br />
7. `Russia,~ World Factbook (electronic edition), Central Intelligence Agency,<br />
1996, 6.<br />
8. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, March 15, 1997, 108.<br />
9. ix. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, April 13, 2002,104.<br />
10. Vera Tolz, `Thorny Road toward Federalism in Russia,~ Radio Free Europe/Radio<br />
Liberty Research Report 48 (December 1993): 1.<br />
11. `Russia’s Regions: Fiefs and Chiefs,`Economist, January 25, 1997, 47.<br />
12. Claire Sterling, `Redfellas: The Growing Power of Russia’s Mob,~ New Republic,<br />
11 aAprili, 1994, 19.<br />
13. Xan Smiley, `Russia’s Wobbles Ahead,`The World in 1997 (ekonomistis<br />
weliwleuli)., 39.<br />
14. ix. Matthew Valencia, `Lipming Towards Normality: A Survey of Poland,~<br />
The Economist, October 27, 2001, 3-16<br />
15. A. Doak Barnett, `Ten Years after Mao,~ Foreign Affairs (Summer 1986): 38.<br />
16. iqve, 39.<br />
17. ix. Peter Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist Party,~ Journal of<br />
International Affairs 49, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 478-492.<br />
18. `Deng’s China,~ Economist, February 22,1997,21.<br />
19. iqve. ix. aseve Johanna McGeary, `The Next China,~ Time, March 3,1997, 52-53.<br />
20. es 1996 wlis monacemebia. gansxvaveba aixsneba im faqtiT, rom msoflio<br />
banki siRaribis standartad miiCnevs dReSi 1 aSS dolaris gamomuSavebas.<br />
CineTis standarti gansazRvravs ramdeni Cinelia Raribi CineTis keTildReobis<br />
standartis mixedviT. ix. World Bank News, October 25, 1996, 5. ix.<br />
aseve msoflio bankis presrelizi # 96/41 EAP.<br />
21. `China’s Feuding Regions,~ Economist, April 20,1996,27.<br />
22. `China Learns the World’s Rule,~ The World in 2001 (London: The Economist Newspaper<br />
Limited, 2000), 85-86.<br />
23. Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist party,~ 483.<br />
24. iqve, 478.<br />
25. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba `China’s Feuding Regions,~ 27-28.<br />
26. ix., `Charting the Deng Revolution,~ Newsweek, March 3,1997,26-27.<br />
27. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and communist systems (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:<br />
Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.
Tavi VIII<br />
ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebi<br />
demokratia Tu<br />
diqtatura<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla<br />
kolonializmis memkvidreoba<br />
politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi<br />
gamowveva<br />
demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli<br />
strategiebi demokratia<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSi:<br />
tendencia Tu iluzia?<br />
ganviTarebis Tavsatexi<br />
ganviTarebis motivebi ganvi<br />
Tarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi<br />
ganviTarebis winaSe mdgari<br />
fsiqologiuri barierebi<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi<br />
ganviTarebis marcxi<br />
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:<br />
somali iugoslavia sieraleone<br />
avRaneTi<br />
ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri<br />
msjeloba?<br />
WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara<br />
bin Zu ri saidumlo<br />
267
268 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi arc erisaxelmwifod da arc zeaxelmwifod<br />
meoce saukunemde ar Camoyalibebula. geografiulma izolirebam,<br />
ener giulma xalxma, uxvma bunebrivma resursebma da uzarmazarma teritoriebma<br />
xeli Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas, brZenma damfuZneblebma da iRbalma ki<br />
msoflio lide robisaken misi saboloo aRmasvla ganapiroba. ekonomikurad<br />
sakmaod mdidari aSSs sazogadoeba industriuli da samecniero kuTxiT ganviTarebulia:<br />
ameri k eli xalxis mniSvnelovani procenti inawilebs qveynis<br />
simdidres, aris nakiT xi da ganaTlebuli da sakuTar Tavs didi sazogadoebis<br />
wevrad miiCnevs. politikurad _ aSSs mTavroba kargad Camoyalibebulia, igi<br />
efeqtianad qmnis politikuri Zalauflebis gadacemis winapirobas da uzrunvelyofs<br />
sayofacxovrebo mom saxurebasa da individualur usafrTxoebas.<br />
amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (romlebsac agreTve naklebad<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebs, modernizirebad an mesame samyaros erisaxelmwifoebs<br />
uwodeben) ver akmayofileben erT an ramdenime CamoTvlil<br />
krit eriums. xSirad, yovelive amas dramatuli xasiaTi aqvs. amgvari warumateblobis<br />
mtkivneuli Sedegebia: siRaribe, eTnikuri, religiuri da<br />
traibaluri (tomTaSorisi) konfliqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli gaunaTlebloba, politikuri areulobebi da mniSvnelovani<br />
klasobrivi dayofa. dRes mravali afrikuli, aziuri da laTinuramerikuli<br />
eri miiswrafvis imgvari ayvavebulobisa da stabilurobisaken, romelic<br />
aqvs evropisa da wynari okeanis sartyelis qveyne bs (avstralia, axali zelandia<br />
da iaponia), agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas. egreT<br />
wodebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
ganviTarebisaken mimaval saxifaTo bilikze udides dabrkolebebs<br />
awydebian. yvelaze cud SemTxvevebSi, ekonomika ganicdis mkveTr vardnas,<br />
mTavroba uaRresad warumatebelia, sazogadoeba nawilebad ixliCeba da<br />
mTeli mosaxleoba CaTreulia swored imgvar koSmarul samoqalaqo omSi,<br />
romelsac cnobili ingliseli politikis filosofosi Tomas hobsi meCvidmete<br />
saukuneSi moiazrebda rogorc `yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~. amgvari<br />
saSineli winaswarmetyveleba realobad iqca iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa<br />
yofili iugoslavia, avRaneTi, afrikis qveynebi (maT Soris somali, ruanda,<br />
kongo da sieraleone). imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad <strong>gavigoT</strong> is eqstremaluri<br />
sirT uleebi, romle bsac ganviTarebadi qveynebi awydebian, saWiroa ufro<br />
axlodan SevxedoT egreT wodebuli `mesame samyaros~ (termini, romelic kvlav<br />
moxerxebulia, magram drois Se saferisi aRaraa) politikur konteqsts.<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia<br />
adamianebi pirobiT aRniSvnebs an Jargonebs, rogorc semantikur instruments,<br />
yoveldRiur saubrebSi xSirad iyeneben. amasTan, es terminebi banalurobis<br />
elfers iZens, xSirad maTi gamoyeneba sasargeblo ar aris. swored<br />
amgvar Se mTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ganviTarebadi qveynebis `mesame samyarod~<br />
moxseniebisas. es termini civi omis dros popularuli klasifikaciis sqemidan<br />
momdinareobs, rodesac pirveli samyaro Crdiloamerikis, dasavleT
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
269<br />
evropis, iaponiis, avstraliis da axali zelandiis mowinave industriuli<br />
demokratiebisagan Sed geboda, xolo meore samyaro komunistur qveynebs<br />
aerTianebda da moicavda yofil sabWoTa kavSirs, mis satelitur qveynebs<br />
centralur da aRmosav leT evropaSi, sxvadasxva komunistur saxelmwifoebs<br />
aziaSi, kubasa da CineTs. yvela sxva danarCeni qveyana, romelic arc<br />
ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da arc komunisturi iyo, mesame samyarod<br />
iwodeboda. asea Tu ise, komunizmis kraxisa da yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi<br />
transformaciis dawyebis Sedegad (ix. Ta vi VII) mesame samyaros<br />
cnebas azri daekarga _ Tuki meore samyaro gaqra, mesame rogor iarsebebs<br />
(Tu mesame samyarom meoris adgili daikava maSin, roca meore jerac ar Serwymia<br />
pirvels?). termini kvlav gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukve iSviaTad.<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebs `samxreTsac~ uwodebdnen, rac ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT<br />
mdebare ganviTarebul industriul qveynebsa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebs Soris udides uTanasworobas asaxavs. zogierT damkvirvebels<br />
miaCnia, rom CrdiloeTis mdidari erebi ekonomikur eqspluatacias<br />
uweven samxreTis Rarib erebs, rasac `CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis~ konfliqtsac<br />
ki uwodeben. amgvari kategorizacia damabnevelia. `CrdiloeTad da<br />
samxreTad~ dayofis sityvasityviT ganmarteba gulisxmobs ara marto samxre<br />
Tis ekonomikurad Rarib qveynebs, aramed agreTve avstraliasa da axal zelandiasac<br />
_ or qveyanas, romlebic aSkarad igive kategorias miekuTvnebian,<br />
rasac dasa vleT evropis mdidari liberaluri demokratiebi. erovnuli<br />
simdidris, politikuri institutebis da saerTaSoriso statusis mixedviT,<br />
iseTi gans x vavebu li qveynebi, rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi, samxreT<br />
afrika da brazilia ar Seesabamebian CrdiloeTis da samxreTis paradigmas.<br />
aseve samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi da singapuric.<br />
Cven vuyurebT ganviTarebad samyaros da gviCndeba kiTxva `vin?~. romelia<br />
im samyaros qveynebi, romelic ganviTarebis sirTuleebs gadis? sinamdvileSi,<br />
yvela qveyana an viTardeba, an ingreva. is, rac zogadad termin `ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi~ igulisxmeba, aris Semdegi: msoflios xalxTa (erTa)<br />
umetesobas ara aqvs ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, dasvenebis, mogzaurobis an<br />
Warbi moxmarebis saSualeba, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli<br />
(ara marto dasavleTis, aramed iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiisa<br />
da ramodenime sxva qveynisTvisac). ufro metic, mravali qveyana<br />
ver daikvexnis kargi mTavrobiT, anu pasuxismgeblobis mqone, stabiluri<br />
da sufTa (arakorumpirebuli) mTavrobiT. Sedegad, rodesac vambobT, rom<br />
qveyana viTardeba, vgulisxmobT, rom is jer araa WeSmaritad modernizebuli<br />
(dasavleTis qveynebis analogiurad) da vvaraudobT, rom rodesac (Tu) es<br />
qveynebi ganviTardebian, isini ufro da ufro me tad daemsgavsebian SeerTebul<br />
Statebs (urbanizaciis, sekularizaciis, materializmisa da teqnologiebze<br />
damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT).<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis martivad ganzogadeba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze<br />
rTulia. ar arsebobs im qveynebis kategoriebad dayofis advili gza, romle
270 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
bic dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis naxevars faraven da msoflios mosaxleobis<br />
daaxloebiT 60 procents Seadgenen 1 (ix. cxrili 81). uxeSad rom vTqvaT,<br />
dedamiwaze arsebuli 190 qveynidan 115s SeiZleba ganviTarebadi ewodos;<br />
amaTgan mTeli 40% saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaze modis; TiTqmis 25%<br />
laTinur amerikaze, xolo danarCeni sruliad Tanabrad nawildeba aziis,<br />
wynari okeanis auzis da arabuli samyaros qveynebze (axlo aRmosavleTi da<br />
CrdiloeT afrika). sinamdvileSi, mravalferovneba ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
erTerTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. zogierTi maTgani uzarmazaria<br />
_ braziliis teritoria sam milion kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens (ufro<br />
didia, vidre kontinenturi SeerTebuli Statebi), xolo mosaxleoba ki _ 160<br />
milions; indoeTSi ki milion kvadratul kilometrze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba<br />
miliards aWarbebs.<br />
es gigantebi kontrastulad gansxvavdebian iseTi Zalian patara kunZu li<br />
saxelmwifoebisagan, rogoricaa barbadosi (teritoria 166 kvadratuli<br />
ki lometri; mosaxleoba 252 aTasi) karibis zRvaSi; kiribati (teritoria<br />
266 kvadratuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 61 aTasi) wynar okeaneSi. wynari<br />
okeanis kunZuli nauru albaT yvelaze `juja~ saxelmwifos prizs miiRebda.<br />
aq 8000 adamiani cxovrobs aT kvadratul kilometrze. nauru SeiZleba<br />
pataraa, magram ara Raribi: fosforis eqsportiT erT sul mosaxleze misi<br />
yovelwliuri Semosavali 20.000 dolars aWarbebs.<br />
nauru ganviTarebad samyaroSi gamonaklisia _ aq, zogadad, siRaribe<br />
batonobs. gan viTarebadi ekonomikebis umetesoba jer kidev uSualod aris<br />
damokidebuli soflis meurneobaze. mxolod ramodenime maTganis ekonomika<br />
eyrdnoba mineralur resursebs, ZiriTadad sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdidari<br />
qveynebi (bahreini, quveiTi, omani, saudis arabeTi da arabeTis gaer<br />
Tianebuli saamiroebi).<br />
mcire gamonaklisis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebze modis msoflios<br />
mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi tempi (msoflios mosaxleobis yovelwliuri<br />
zrdis tempi daaxloebiT 1.48%ia; am tempiT, igi ormocdarva weliwadSi<br />
gaormagdeba). mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda ekonomikur, socialur da politikur<br />
struqturebs SeiZleba uzarmazar tvirTad daawves da xeli SeuSalos<br />
maT ganviTarebas.<br />
Sedarebebi xSirad siurprizebs gvTavazobs. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikis<br />
mosaxleoba daaxloebiT iseTive siswrafiT izrdeba, rogorc indoeTisa.<br />
aziaSi, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia,<br />
msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procenti cxovrobs, magram mxolod<br />
misi teritori is 18 procentze. aziisa da egviptis garda, romlis mosaxleobac<br />
mdinare nilosis gaswvrivaa gansaxlebuli, mosaxleobis simWidrove<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia. afrikis mosaxleobis saSualo<br />
simWidrove mxolod 24 adamiania kvadratul kilometrze, gansxvavebiT indoeTisa<br />
(sadac es maCvenebeli 296ia) da singapurisagan (5571). israelSi mosaxleobis<br />
zustad iseTive simWidro vea, rogorc indoeTSi, Tumca israeli<br />
jer kidev miesalmeba emigrantebs. amas gar da, amgvari cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
im faqts, teritoriis ra nawilia sacxov reblad vargisi (magali<br />
Tad, urbanizaciis SemTxvevaSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikas SedarebiT Ymeti
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
271<br />
saxnavsaTesi miwa aqvs erT sul mosaxleze, vidre nebismier sxva ganviTarebad<br />
regions. amavdroulad, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi saharis mimdebare afrikis<br />
qveynebSi (maT Soris somali, uganda, kongo, nigeria, angola da burkinafaso)<br />
erTerTi yvelaze maRalia. msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi mosaxleoba<br />
mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier<br />
okupirebul teritoriebzea; iemeni da avRaneTi, Sesabamisad, meore da mesame<br />
adgilebzea. mTlianobaSi, islamuri da arabuli mosaxleoba demografiuli<br />
afeTqebis msgavss ganicdis. muslimTAa raodenoba CrdiloeT afrikaSi, axlo<br />
aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziis qveregionSi, zogierTi gamoTvlis mixedviT,<br />
1,5 miliards uaxlovdeba.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ekonomikuri socialuri da politikuri ganviTareba<br />
mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi ar xdeba. marTlac, erTdrouli<br />
ganvi Tareba da daRmasvla mTeli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli _ arcerTi<br />
maTgani ar aris statikuri. magram ganviTareba araTanabrad xdeba;<br />
zogierTi eri, rogoricaa avRaneTi, bangladeSi, burundi, Cadi, kongo, eritrea,<br />
eTiopia, gvineabisau, mali, malavi, mianma, ruanda, sieraleone, somali<br />
da sudani, uaRresad Raribi da gaWirvebulia (yuradReba miaqcieT, am<br />
RaribTa Soris uRari bes qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSi ramdeni mdebareobs saharis<br />
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi). es globaluri uTanasworoba konfliqtebisa<br />
da Zaladobis potenciuri wyaroa, iseve, rogorc ufro maRali kategoriis<br />
moraluri sakiTxi.<br />
ratom arian Raribi qveynebi Raribebi? ganicdian Tu ara isini resurse bis<br />
naklebobas? iqneb es bunebis sastiki xumrobaa? iqneb, dasavleTia damnaSave (kolonializmi<br />
da neokolonializmi)? es kiTxvebi Semdeg TavebSia ganxiluli.<br />
kolonializmis memkvidreoba<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis orgnizaciis dRevandel wevrTagan 1800 wels mxo <br />
lod 23 qveyana iyo damoukidebeli. am saxelmwifoTa naxevarze meti evropaSia;<br />
sias avRaneTi, CineTi, eTiopia, iaponia, irani, nepali, omani, ruseTi,<br />
tailan di, TurqeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi agvirgvinebs 2 . mas Semdeg damoukidebel<br />
sa xelmwifoTa ricxvi rvajer (da ufro metadac) gaizarda. meore<br />
msoflio omi (19451949) warmoadgenda mijnas, vinaidan man evropuli koloniuri<br />
imperiebi swraf daSlamde miiyvana. dRes arsebuli qveynebis naxevarze<br />
meti ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis manZilze warmoiSva da maTi umravlesoba<br />
SeiZleba ganviTarebad qveynad CaiTvalos.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam uSualod gamoiwvia axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis<br />
Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da centralur<br />
azia Si. meore talRa zogierTi ukve damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dezintegraciis<br />
an dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmna (magaliTad Cexoslovakia da iugoslavia).<br />
1994 wlisT vis, dezintegraciis procesis Sedegad daaxloebiT 25 axali<br />
damoukidebeli saxel mwifo Seiqmna. 3 saukuneebis manZilze evropis zesaxelmwifoebi<br />
msoflios uSo res kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli, susti da teqnologiurad<br />
naklebad ganviTarebu li xalxebisa da teritoriebis koloniur mpyrob
272 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
elobaSi, marTvasa da gamgebloba Si ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. es koloniuri<br />
samflobeloebi ara mxo lod prestiJis, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania)<br />
ekonomikuri upirate sobis wyarosac warmo adgenda. mizezTa da mizezTa gamo<br />
afrika kolonizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo da evropulma Zalebmac<br />
mecxramete saukunis bolomde faqtobri vad mTeli afrika dainawiles<br />
da miiTvises. meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia,<br />
germania, portugalia, holandia, italia da espaneTi (ise ve, rogorc Turqe<br />
Ti) kolonializmis an imperializmis erTgulni iyvnen. saxe lis miuxedavad, es<br />
evrocentruli sistema adgilobrivi afrikeli, azieli da laTinoamerikeli<br />
xalxis TvalSi `fermkrTali ucxoelebis~ mier daqvemdebarebisa da eqsploataciisa<br />
sinonimad iqca.<br />
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kolonializmi<br />
sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara evropelebis batonoba adgilobriv xalxze da rom<br />
igi efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobisa da religiuri swrafvebis Ria da<br />
dafa rul warmodgenebs. asea Tu ise, kolonizatorTa Zalebis mier gamoyenebul<br />
meTodeb sa da saSualebebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba arsebobda. magaliTad,<br />
britanuli midgoma xazs usvamda kanonis uzenaesobas da bevrad ufro rbili<br />
iyo, vidre espanu ri koloniuri mmarTveloba, romelic sisastikiT gamoirCeoda.<br />
portugalielebi da frangebi cdilobdnen koloniuri xalxebis asimilirebas<br />
(magaliTad, frangebi alJirelebs erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi da<br />
nacionalur kabinetSi adgilebiT ajildovebdnen), maSin roca holandielebi<br />
nebas rTavdnen adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. britaneTi<br />
orive am strategias misdevda, iTvaliswinebda ra adgilobrivi avtoritetebis<br />
Sexedulebebs, raTa maT SeenarCunebinaT samarTlianoba da wesrigi<br />
da, amave dros, adgilobrivi mosaxleo bis niWier warmomadgenlebs sajaro administraciaSi<br />
karieris gakeTebis, britanul skolebsa da universitetebSi<br />
swavlis saSualebas aZlevda. 4<br />
miuxedavad amisa, koloniuri xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis Semzaravi iyo<br />
imis gaazreba, rom Soreuli qveynis mier xar marTuli. maT sabolood, Ziri<br />
TaAdad, Zaladobis mravali formis gamoyenebiT moipoves damoukidebloba.<br />
indoeTSi mahaTma gandi waruZRva araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis saerToerovnul<br />
kampanias (satiagraha) es meTodi, romelsac agreTve samoqalaqo<br />
daumorCileblobas uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT, 1960ian wlebSi martin luTer<br />
king umcrosis, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis didi<br />
lideris mier iqna ga moyenebuli (sainteresoa, rom orive, gandic da kingic,<br />
mokles).<br />
kolonializmis saboloo memkvidreoba winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba. pozitiuri<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs evropelebis mier modernizaciis zogierTi elementis<br />
gavrcelebas, rac jandacvis (saavadmyofoebi), ganaTlebis (skolebi) da<br />
transportis (gzebi) umniSvnelo gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, am cv lilebaTa gavlena xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri TviTkmarobis, agreTve cxovrebis tradiciuli gzebis<br />
xarjze xdeboda. amasTan, nebismieri mogeba danakargebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
izomeba. danakargebi ki Zalian didia: Seuracxyofa, Cagvra, avadmyofobebi<br />
(evropelebis mier gavrcelebuli epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelsac adgi
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
273<br />
lobrivi mosaxleoba ewireboda), _ es yvelaferi koloniur mmarTvelobas<br />
ukavSirdeba. 5<br />
sadavo xdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi damoukideblobis<br />
mopovebis Semdegac mdidari dasavluri qveynebis eqsploataci<br />
is qveS rCebian. magaliTisTvis, e.w. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebi amtkicebd<br />
nen, rom ganuviTarebloba araa bunebrivi movlena, igi dasavluri<br />
eqsploataciis Sedegia. isini askvnian, rom jer bunebrivi resursebis iafad<br />
miRebiT, Sem deg ki samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT<br />
am resursebis ZviradRirebul produqtebad gardaqmniT industriulma<br />
qveynebma ara marto eqs ploatacia gauwies ganviTarebad qveynebs, aramed<br />
yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaT vis, rom isini sustebad da Raribebad darCeniliyvnen.<br />
sxva mkvlevarebi uaryofen am mosazrebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
mZime mdgomareobis mizezad iseT endemur faqtorebs miiCneven, rogorebicaa<br />
klimati da bunebrivi resursebi, saxnavsaTesi miwa, mosaxleobis ricxovnoba<br />
da misi zrda, epidemiebi, eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebi da Rirebulebebi.<br />
kolonializmis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSic gvxvdeba. koloniuri<br />
imperiebi manamde arsebuli eTnikuri identobebis, teritoriuli saz<br />
Rvrebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis loialurobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe<br />
Seiqmna. rodesac evropulma Zalebma ukan daixies, maT warmoSves uazro,<br />
axali, naglejnagleji saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazRvrebic sruliad gauazrebeli<br />
iyo, vinaidan isini tradiciul religiebs, eTnosebs da tomobrivteritoriul<br />
xazebs kveTdnen. mosalodnelma Sedegmac ar daayovna: qroniku li<br />
politikuri arastabiluroba, gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, samoqalaqo<br />
omebi da TviT genocidic ki. kolonializmis am mware memkvidreobam gasul<br />
wlebSi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo daRupa, maT Soris angola, burundi,<br />
kamboja (yofili kampuCia), kongo (yofili zairi), eTiopia, liberia,<br />
nigeria, ruanda, sieraleona da Srilanka.<br />
politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi sirTule<br />
qveynebi, romlebic modernizaciis strategiebs misdeven, cdiloben daafuZnon<br />
stabiluri mTavroba; uzrunvelyon sajaro momsaxureba (policia,<br />
sa xanZro samsaxuri, ganaTleba, jandacva da sanitaruli pirobebi); daamkvidron<br />
samarTlebrivi sistema (kanonebi da sasamarTloebi). es elementebi<br />
politikuri ganviTarebis minimaluri da socialuri da ekonomikuri<br />
progresis winapirobaa. Tumca, am miznebis miRweva, farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
korufciis, siRaribis, gaunaTleblobis da uTanxmoebis pirobebSi, imgvar<br />
sirTuled iqceva, romelsac Zalian cota ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo Tu<br />
arTmevs Tavs.<br />
vinaidan ganviTarebis procesi TavisTavad ryevebiT xasiaTdeba, mravali<br />
ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mTavroba xSirad qronikulad arastabiluria.<br />
es mTavrobebi TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoritarulia, midrekilia gadatrialebebisaken<br />
da krizisebiTaa garemoculi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe,<br />
rogorc wesi, oTxi fundamenturi sirTulea: eris Camoyalibeba, saxelmwifos<br />
mSenebloba, monawileoba (CarTuloba) da gadanawileba. 6
274 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
am sirTuleTagan umTavresi eris mSeneblobaa, procesi, romlis Sedegadac<br />
mocemuli teritoriis yvela macxovrebeli, miuxedavad TiToeuli<br />
maTganis eTnikuri, tomobrivi, religiuri an lingvisturi gansxavebebulobisa,<br />
sakuTari Tavis identificirebas saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan<br />
axdens da saerTo bedis gancdas iziarebs. Teoriulad, erovnulobis<br />
axali gancda, rasac axali eri hqvia, procesis bolos yalibdeba. magram,<br />
praqtikulad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, udidesi mravalferovnebis<br />
gamo es mizani uaRresad rTulad miRwevadi rCeba.<br />
zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ver gaumklavda am sirTules, rasac Sedegad<br />
mtanjveli samoqalaqo omebi da zogi qveynis daSlac ki mohyva. aseTi qveynis magaliTebia<br />
pakistani (bangladeSi 1971 wlamde aRmosavleT pakistani iyo) da kongo<br />
(yofili zairi). samoqalaqo omebma gaaCanaga agreTve nigeriis, Cadis, angolis,<br />
ruandas da somalis sazogadoebebi _ da es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia.<br />
xSirad politikuri liderebi Sida dapirispirebebisaken am gamaognebel<br />
mid rekilebas kolonializmsa da imperializms abraleben. aseve, xSirad damoukideblobisaTvis<br />
brZola TavisTavad xdeba saerTo mizeziT axali eris<br />
ga erTianebis saSualeba. droSebi, aRlumebi da TviT erovnuli aviaxazebic ki<br />
(romelic SeiZleba mxolod erTi an ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavisagan Sedgebodes,<br />
romelsac zed qveynis saxeli da ferebi eqneba gamoxatuli) SeiZleba<br />
erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaCenas exmarebodes. mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa<br />
gan momdinare safrTxe _ realuri, moCvenebiTi Tu gamogonili _ SeiZleba<br />
agreTve sasargeblo aRmoCndes. dabolos, qarizmatuli erovnuli lideris<br />
arseboba erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi cvladia. sagulisxmo magaliTebia egvipteli<br />
gamal abdel naseri (romelic qveyanas1954 wlidan 1970 wlamde mar<br />
Tavda), keniis jomo keniata (19631978), indoeTis javaharlal neru (194764),<br />
indonezie li axmed sukarno (194965) da libieli muamar kadafi, romelic kvlav<br />
xelisufle baSia.<br />
politikuri ganviTarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia saxelmwifos<br />
mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, kerZod ki centraluri<br />
mTavrobisa, romelic mTel sazogadoebaze SeZlebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
politikuri SeRwevis es tipi iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa infrastruqturis<br />
Seqmna (gzebi, xidebi, satelefono xazebi) xels uwyobs integrirebuli<br />
erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel ekonomikur ganviTarebasa<br />
da sazogadoebriv erTobas. amgvari infrastruqturis Seqmnis dasafinanseblad<br />
mTavrobas, ro gorc minimumi, gadasaxadebis daweseba da Segroveba unda<br />
SeeZlos (efeqtiani mTavro bis maxasiaTebeli). magram ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
mTavrobebs xSirad ar SeuZliaT gadasaxadebisagan adekvaturi Semosavlebis<br />
miReba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom dasabegri araferia (an arasakmarisadaa).<br />
esaa `mojadoebuli wre~, romlisagan Tavis daRwevac mxolod ucxouri kapitalis<br />
SemodinebiT SeiZleba (vaWroba, daxmareba da, rac mTavaria, investiciebi).<br />
magram ucxouri investiciebi (gare cvladi) damokidebulia politikur<br />
stabilurobaze (Sida cvladi). ganviTarebad qveynebSi `mojadoebul wreTa~<br />
yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba.<br />
kidev erTi sirTule, romlis winaSe ganviTarebadi qveynebi jer kidev<br />
dganan, monawileobaa. imisaTvis, rom axali sazogadoebebi ekonomikurad
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
275<br />
gaizardos da ayvavdes, xalxi ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad unda iyos<br />
Cabmuli. ganviTarebis nebismieri, kargad gaazrebuli strategiis aucilebeli<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia xalxis mobilizeba, sazogadoebis erTi konkretuli<br />
mimarTulebiT wasayvanad. magram mobilizacia politikur dilemas<br />
aCens: vinaidan mobilizebuli xalxi ufro aqtiuradaa Cabmuli <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />
da ganicdis mTavrobis (karg an cud) zegavlenas, is mmarTvelis arCevasa da<br />
mmarTvelobis formis gansazRvraSi ufro meti xmis uflebas iTxovs. Tuki<br />
monawileobis saxalxo moTxovna win uswrebs institutebis ganviTarebasa da<br />
mTavrobis SesaZleblobas _ moaxdinos pozitiuri reagireba, saxelmwifos<br />
epizoduri da qronikuli arastabilurobis seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, monawileobis gamowvevaa: rogor iqnes gamoyenebuli saxalxo<br />
energia ise, rom ar amoZravdnen politikuri dezinteg raciisa da revoluciis<br />
Zalebi.<br />
azriani monawileoba politikur organizacias saWiroebs. agrarul sazogadoebebSi<br />
saxalxo monawileobis manadme arsebuli modelebi xSirad naTesaur<br />
kavSirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT aziaSi) patron-klientelur urTier-<br />
Tobebzea dafuZnebuli. am ukanasknelSi, `patronebi~ gavleniani figurebia,<br />
romle bic TavianT statuss, simdidresa da politikur kavSirebs erovnul da<br />
provinciul doneebze iyeneben, raTa uzrunvelyon materialuri sargebeli`<br />
klientebisTvis~ (samsaxurebi, skolebi, gzebi da a.S). sapasuxod, `klientebi~<br />
mxars uWeren `patronebs~, rac am ukanasknelT politikuri saqmianobisaTvis<br />
esaWiroebaT. amgvar damokidebulebaSi igulisxmeba loialuri mxardaWera,<br />
fizikuri dacva, naturaluri gadaxda (magaliTad, moxaliseTa Sroma), da<br />
saarCevno xmebi. vinaidan socialuri sistema ierarqiulia, erT doneze `patronebi~<br />
meore doneze `klientebi~ arian. ganviTarebas ki iwvevs urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
personaluri loialurobis CaxlarTuli qseli, rac naTesaur,<br />
kulturul an geografiul kavSirebs efuZneba. amgvarad, iqmneba eqskluziuri<br />
interesTa jgufebi, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri moTxovne bi,<br />
instruqciebi da gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gadaicemodes rogorc vertikalurad,<br />
aseve horizontaluradac. `patronklienteluri~ urTierTobebis<br />
eqskluziuri da partikularuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, viTardeba qselebis<br />
sistema, romelSic TiToeuli qseli ayalibebs daxarisxebis politikur `meqanizms~.<br />
am struqturaTagan Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis prototipi<br />
SeiZleba Seiqmnas (Tumca, dasavleTis samarTlebrivi politikuri kulturisgan<br />
sapirispiro principebze dafuZnebuli).<br />
meoTxe miSvnelovani sirTule ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebisaTvis<br />
aris gadanawileba _ imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes simdidris, sakuTrebisa<br />
da Zalauflebis zedmeti koncentrireba, rac xSirad axasiaTebs<br />
tradiciul da gardamaval sazogadoebebs. resursebis amgvar zedmet koncentrirebas<br />
usamarTlobis gancdis gavrceleba da masiuri amboxebis gamowveva<br />
SeuZlia (ix. Tavi XIV). usamarTlobis amgvari gancda xSirad dakavSirebulia<br />
grZnobasTan, rom sazo gadoebrivi sikeTeebi usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli<br />
(mdidrebi eqspluatacias uweven Raribebs) da rom revolucia realuri cvlilebebis<br />
moxdenis erTaderTi gzaa. marqsistuli Teoriisa da ideologiis<br />
gavlena xSirad igrZnoba ara mxo lod komunistur CineTsa da vietnamSi, ar
276 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
amed agreTve iseT Soreul da mou lodnel adgilebSi, rogorebicaa iemeni,<br />
angola, eTiopia, kamboja, laosi, indonezia, filipinebi, Cile, kuba, nikaragua,<br />
el salvadori da kolumbia (es grZeli CamonaTvalic ki arasrulia).<br />
mTavrobebi gadanawilebis gamowvevas zogjer miwis reformis meSveobiT<br />
pasuxoben. amis Semdgom isini axdenen sagadasaxado tvirTis koreqtirebas<br />
da SeiZleba TviT socialuri keTildReobis kanonmdeblobac ki aamoqmedon.<br />
magram amgvari nabijebi damokidebulia ekonomikuri warmatebis maCveneblebze,<br />
romlebic yofil koloniebs xSirad ar wyalobs.<br />
demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, politikur ganviTarebas ufro farTo politikuri mo nawileobisken<br />
mivyavarT. magram moiTxovs ki igi xelisuflebis demokrati ul<br />
formas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTareba da konstituciuri demokratia<br />
aucileblad moiTxovs erTmaneTs Tu ara? aris Tu ara demokratiuli<br />
xelisuf leba politikuri ganviTarebis TavisTavadi niSani? rogorc III TavSi<br />
aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba konstituciuri demokratiis Tvisebaa.<br />
Tumca demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mainc SezRudulebi arian zogierT<br />
uflebasTan, wesTan, kanonTan da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebriv azrTan dakavSirebul<br />
qme debaSi. ase rom, demokratiis da ganviTarebis Tanaarseboba<br />
xSirad advili ar aris.<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba arc demokratiu <br />
lad aris arCeuli da arc samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tavgadakluli damcvelia.<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebis umravlesobas samxedroebi marTaven<br />
an akontroleben. samoqalaqo xelisuflebebi ki, rogorc wesi, avtoritarulia<br />
da (damfuZnebeli) mamamarCenalis iseTi figuris garSemoa Semokrebili,<br />
rogorebic iyvnen jomo keniata (kenia), joSua (kvame) nkruma (gana), gamal abdel<br />
naseri (egvipte), javaharlal neru (indoeTi) da axmed sukarno (indonezia).<br />
dasavleli damkvirveblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis mixed viT<br />
demokratia politikuri ganviTarebis niSnad aRiqmeba. demokratiul saxelmwifo<br />
Ta umravlesoba ganviTarebuli eria, Tumca ara yvela; arc yvela ganviTarebuli<br />
eria aucileblad demokratiuli, Tumca umravlesoba aris. magram faqti<br />
saxezea _ warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia erTerTia im mraval maxasiaTebels<br />
Soris, romlebic politikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi xSirad gvxvdeba.<br />
demokratiis korelatebi<br />
stabiluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac efeqtiani marTva See<br />
Zleba, advili amocana ar aris. demokratiuli xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba<br />
gansakuTrebiT garTulebulia im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic modernizaciis<br />
gamowvevebs waawydnen. imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisunariani iyos, demokratia<br />
garkveuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas moiTxovs. ganviTarebadi<br />
eris mier demokratiis miRwevis potencialis gazomvis erTerT gzas war
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
277<br />
moadgens demokratiis korelatebze (dakavSirebul cnebebze) fokusireba.<br />
sadac es korelatebi yvelaze didi ricxviTi mniSvnelobiTa da sididiT arsebobs,<br />
iq demokratiis albaToba yvela ze didia; da piriqiT, sadac maTi seriozuli<br />
naklebobaa, iq demokratias warmate bis yvelaze mcire Sansi aqvs. 7<br />
ekonomikuri korelatebi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania:<br />
. erovnuli simdidre. keTildReoba zogadad kavSirSia demokratiasTan.<br />
siRaribe ki, piriqiT, demokratias xels ar uwyobs. magram<br />
Tu demokratia is fufunebaa, romelic Raribi erebisTvis<br />
araa gankuTvnili, rogor avxsnaT indoeTis SemTxveva, romelic<br />
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg demokratiuli, metismetad<br />
mravalferovani da Zalian Raribia?<br />
. sabazro an Sereuli ekonomika. sabazro ekonomika iTvaliswinebs<br />
warmoebis da ganawilebis faqtorebis rogorc kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo<br />
sakuTrebas. aseTi tipis ekonomikur sistemaSi mosaxerxebelia<br />
sabazro ekonomikis elementebis Serwyma sxvadasxva<br />
formis da xarisxis saxelmwifoebriv intervenciasTan. yvelaze<br />
mTavari is aris, rom aseT sistemaSi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi,<br />
romlebic produqciis da momsaxurebis warmoebas da ganawilebas<br />
exeba, mTlianad kerZo mesakuTreebis da momxmareblebis<br />
mier miiReba. msgavs gadawyvetilebebSi farTo masStabis<br />
centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmareba araviTar rols<br />
ar TamaSobs. . saSualo fena. es korelati ufro sazogadoebaze simdidris gadanawilebas<br />
usvams xazs, vidre mis zogad uTanasworo ganawilebas.<br />
socialur fenebs Soris mkveTri gansxvavebebi xels ar uwyobs<br />
demokratiis stabilurobas.<br />
politikuri korelatebia:<br />
. komunikaciis Tavisufleba. demokratia moiTxovs gamWvirvalobas<br />
(mxolod ukiduresad aucilebeli informacia unda iyos<br />
gasaidumloebuli). amdenad, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Tavisufali<br />
gaSuqeba, presis Tavisufleba da informaciis Tavisufali<br />
gacvla demokratiis mniSvnelovani korelatebia.amis<br />
sapirispirod, iq, sadac presaze cenzura xorcieldeba da Jurnalistebs<br />
emuqrebian an apatimreben, demokratiis ganviTareba<br />
SeuZlebelia.<br />
. stabiluri partiuli sistema. es politikuri korelati xazs usvams<br />
politikuri partiebis arsebobis saWiroebas, raTa moxdes<br />
sxvadasxva individTa da jgufebis interesebis reprezentacia.<br />
sistemis efeqtianobisaTvis aucilebelia erTze meti partiis<br />
arseboba; amavdroulad, TiToeul partias unda hqondes moq
278 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
medebis Tavisufleba da ar unda ganicdides zewolas da muqaras<br />
saxelmwifos mxridan.<br />
. samoqalaqo kontroli samxedro seqtorze. vinaidan samxedro seqtori<br />
ganvi Tarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad miiswrafis Zalauflebisken,<br />
is samoqalaqo wesrigisTvis realur safrTxes warmoadgens.<br />
. Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisufleba. demokratiis<br />
efeqtianad funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis<br />
da umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, rac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis arsebobazea<br />
damokidebuli. . politikuri da socialuri pluralizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
qveynis SigniT mkveTrma politikurma da socialurma dayofam<br />
SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas demokratiis ganviTarebas, xSirad<br />
miiCneva, rom gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebi da nebayoflobiTi<br />
gaerTianebebi (profkavSirebi, savaWro samrewve lo<br />
gaerTianebebi, inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo da religiuri<br />
dawese bu lebebi, amxanagobebi, samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi,<br />
romelTa mizania samoqalaqo ganaTlebis donis amaRleba da<br />
mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis gazrda) warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
demokratiuli politikuri kompromisisaTvis legitimur da<br />
aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens. 8<br />
ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqokulturuli korelati aris:<br />
. gansxvavebul individTa da jgufTa mimarT tolerantuloba. Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom demokratia moiTxovs sxvaTa uflebebis<br />
aRiarebas, socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis pativiscema<br />
demokratiuli mTavrobis mniSnelo van korelats warmoadgens.<br />
SeuZlebelia demokratiis ganviTareba gavrcelebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
undoblobis pirobebSi, romlis mizezi gamokveTili<br />
eTikuri, religiuri da traibaluri gansxvavebebia.<br />
. demokratiis mtkice rwmena. es korelati axnas ar saWiroebs:<br />
xalxs ver aiZu leb, rom Tavisufali iyos.<br />
bolo wyvili istoriuli, anu garemoebiTi korelatebisaa:<br />
. demokratiis adrindeli gamocdileba. zogierT saxelmwifos,<br />
magaliTad, Ci les, ekvadorsa da urugvais aqvsdemokratiuli<br />
mmarTvelobis gamocdileba. aq demokratiul xelisuflebas<br />
periodulad cvlidnen avtoritaruli mTavrobebi. im qveynebSi,<br />
sadac demokratiuli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis koleqti ur<br />
mexsierebaSia SemorCenili, demokratiis ganviTarebis albaToba<br />
sagrZnoblad izrdeba.<br />
. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mezobloba. mezobeli warmate
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
279<br />
buli qveynebis mmarTvelobis formebs dadebiTi gavlenis moxdena<br />
SeuZliaT. espaneTsa da portugaliais xSirad asaxleben im<br />
erebis magali Tad, romelTa politikur momavalze didi gavlena<br />
iqonia evropaSi warmatebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis<br />
arsebobam.<br />
erTma politologma demokratiis korelatTa yovlismomcvel Teorias<br />
Za lauflebis resursebis ganawilebis Teoria uwoda. 9 es indeqsi moicavs eqvs<br />
specifikur korelats, romelTa mizania eris SigniT ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri<br />
resursebis ganawilebis gazomva (am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro<br />
di dia gadanawileba, miT metia demokratiis ganviTarebis Sansi). erTerTi<br />
aseTi sazomi damokidebulia urbanizaciis doneze. Teoriulad, rac ufro<br />
maRalia urba nizaciis done, miT ufro mravalferovania ekonomika, dasaqmebis<br />
SesaZleblobe bi da unarCvevebi da, Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs Semosavlebis<br />
ufro mravalfero van da farTo gadanawilebas. meore sazomi, romelic ekonomikuri<br />
resursebis sasurvel ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, damokidebulia<br />
saojaxo meurneobaTa procentze. ufro rTuli sazomebi zomaven araagraruli<br />
ekonomikis decentralizaciis dones. dabolos, inteleqtualuri<br />
resursebis ganawilebis gasazomad xdeba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da<br />
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba.<br />
demokratiuli strategiebi<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis danergva advil amocanas<br />
ar warmoadgens. ra strategia unda gamoiyenos demokratiuli tradiciis<br />
armqone saxelmwifom? am SekiTxvis aqtualobas 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi awydebodnen. sakiTxavia, jer<br />
politikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere unda moxdes ekonomikis<br />
restruqturizacia sabazro ekonomikad (`glastnostis~ pirveladobis<br />
modeli) Tu jer ekonomikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes (`perestroikis~<br />
pirveladobis modeli)? 10 erTi mxriv, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis<br />
magaliTi, romlebmac jer politikuri reformebi gaatares da ukidures<br />
socialur da ekonomikur siZneleebs waawydnen da, meore mxriv, meqsikis,<br />
Ciles, samxreT koreis, CineTis, taivanis, singapuris, tailandis da malaiziis<br />
SedarebiTi warmateba, rasac am qveynebma Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri<br />
reformebis ganxorcielebiT miaRwies, amtkicebs, rom jer ekonomikuri reformebis<br />
gatareba unda moxdes. amis ori mTavari mizezi arsebobs: pirveli,<br />
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mTvarobis ufro fundamentur<br />
valdebulebas warmoadgens, vidre politikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
Tu xalxi mSieri, avadmyofi da usaxlkaroa, samoqalaqo uflebebi<br />
mas saerTod ar ainteresebs. meorec, ekonomikis ganviTareba ufro<br />
adre axdens pozitiur gavlenas cxovrebis doneze, socialur momsaxurebaze,<br />
infrastruqturasa da ganaTlebis SesaZleblobeb ze, vidre politikuri<br />
struqturebis reformireba.
280 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi:<br />
tendencia Tu iluzia?<br />
19741990 wlebSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis, laTinuri amerikis<br />
da aRmosavleT aziis ocdaaT saxelmwifoze meti avtoritarulidan demokratiul<br />
mmarTvelobaze gadavida. erTerTma cnobilma mecnierma am movlenas<br />
globaluri revolucia da meoce saukunis meore naxevris yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani mov lena uwoda. 11 yvelaze dramatuli cvlilebebi 1980ian<br />
wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi moxda, sadac samxedro diqtaturebi erTimeo ris<br />
miyolebiT Seicvala sayovelTao arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli mTavrobebiTa<br />
da mravalpartiuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobebiT. aseT cvlilebebs adgili<br />
hqonda braziliaSi, argentinaSi, CileSi da sxva qveynebSi. nikaraguasa<br />
da panamaSic moxda diqtaturis Canacvleba arCeuli mTavrobebiT. meqsika <br />
Si, sadac mravali aTwleulis manZilze dominirebda instituciurrevo luciuri<br />
partia, 2000 wels preziden tad arCeuli iqna visente foqsi; prezidenti<br />
foqsi bolo samocdaaTi wlis manZilze pirveli opozicioneri iyo,<br />
romelic qveyanas Caudga saTaveSi.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi paralelurad warimarTos ganviTarebisa<br />
da demokratizaciis laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis saboloo triumfze<br />
laparaki jer Zalian adrea, radgan zogierT SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebi<br />
mwvave winaaRmdegobas awydebian. regions mTavrobebis umravlesobas xan<br />
erTi, xanac meo re saxis destabilizaciasTan uwevs gamklaveba. didi sagareo<br />
valis garda saxelmwifoebs did dartymas ayenebs umuSevroba, inflacia,<br />
savaluto krizisi da sxva uaryofiTi movlenebi. 1990ian wlebSi terorizmi<br />
destabilizacias qmnida perusa da meqsikaSi. kolumbia, romelsac ufro xangrZlivi<br />
demokratiuli tradiciebi aqvs vidre laTinuri amerikis qveynebis<br />
umravlesobas, ZiriTad siZneleebs narkobarone bis didi gavlenis da memarcxene<br />
partizanebis gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis gamo awydeboda.<br />
istoriac gviCvenebs, rom laTinuri amerikis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb<br />
Tamami gancxadebebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. regionSi bolo dromde mTavar<br />
rols samxedro Zala TamaSobda. 1980ian wlebamde laTinuri amerikis Zalian<br />
cota qveyanaSi Tu iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xSirad, sayovelTao ar<br />
Cevnebi plebiscits emsgavseboda, riTac avtoritaruli mmarTvelobisTvis<br />
mandats iRebda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, kaudilo (Zlieri lideri) samxedro maRal<br />
Cinosnebis xuntebi ubralod auqmebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs da Zalauflebas<br />
ukanonod itacebdnen.<br />
adreul 1990ian wlebSi `defeqtiani~ demokratia gavrcelda saharis<br />
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSic. 12 1990 da 1991 wlebSi am regionis sul cota<br />
cxra qveyanaSi, maT Soris beninSi, kaboverdesa da gabonSi gaimarTa Tavisufali<br />
arCevnebi, rac am qveynebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli SemTxveva<br />
iyo. 1991 wlis martSi beninis prezidenti generali meTiu kereku gaxda<br />
pirveli afrikeli lideri, romelic mosaxleobam gadairCia. regionis sxva<br />
qveynebma, maT Soris mozambikma da kongom, gaatares gamiznuli reformebi<br />
demokratiu li mmarTvelobis gaZlierebisaTvis. 1990ian wlebSi samxreT<br />
afrikis respublikam gansacvifrebeli cvlilebebi ganicada. Savkaniani um
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
281<br />
ravlesobis mmarTvelobam Secvala burebis (holandielebis) TeTrkanianTa<br />
upira tesobaze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba. 1997 wlisaTvis benini, bocvana,<br />
gvineabisau, madagaskari, mali, namibia da san tome, iseve rogorc samxreT<br />
afrikis respublika, namdvilad mravalpartiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac<br />
adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema da kanonis uzenaesoba arsebobda. 13<br />
saharis samxrTiT mimdebare afrikis `demokratiuli romansi~ uaRresad<br />
mouxeSavi da uwesrigo aRmoCnda. nigerielma samxedro mmarTvelebma 1993<br />
wels gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi. kotdivuaris mTavrobamac igive gaakeTa<br />
(nigeriam swori mimarTulebiT svla sabolood 1999 wels daiwyo, rodesac<br />
olusegun obasanjo 1983 wlis Semdeg qveynis pirveli demokratiulad ar<br />
Ceuli prezidenti gaxda). 1992 da 1993 wlis arCevnebs keniaSi, kamerunsa da<br />
gabonSi areulobebma da korufciam miayena Crdili. ruanda 1994 wels genocidis<br />
asparezad iqca. 1996 wels samxedro mTavrobebi CadiSi, gambiasa da nigeriaSi<br />
nacionaluri arCevnebiT manipulirebdnen, raTa sasurveli SedegisaTvis<br />
mieRwiaT. arc sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebebia gamorCeulad<br />
stabiluri (da demokratiisaTvis xelsayreli). liberiam da sieraleonem sakmaod<br />
sisxliani samoqalaqo omebi gadaitanes, xolo kongos demokratiuli<br />
respublika (yofili zairi) 1990 wlebis bolosaTvis anarqiam moicva. klanobrivi<br />
da tomobrivi dapirispirebebi safrTxes uqmnis Sida stabilurobas<br />
saharis samxreTiT afrikis mraval saxelmwifoSi, sadac nebismieri tendencia<br />
demokratiisaken mZlavr sawinaaRmdego tendencias awydeba. 14<br />
ganviTarebis Tavsatexi<br />
politikuri ganviTareba, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebis Senar<br />
Cunebis Zalisxmevasac moicavs, modernizaciis jer kidev mtkivneuli da<br />
dausrulebeli procesis nawilia. xalxTa Soris tradiciul kavSirebs Ziri<br />
eTxreba, xalxi sakuTar fesvebsaa mowyvetili, xolo kulturis saxecvlileba<br />
xSirad Seuqcevadi procesia. sakvebis ukmarisoba da socialuri ukmayofileba<br />
xSirad industrializaciis Tanmdevi movlenebia. maS ratom surT<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis liderebs modernizaciasTan dakavSirebul riskebze<br />
wasvla?<br />
ganviTarebis motivebi<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebs xSirad modernizaciis garda sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT.<br />
mxolod cotaa iseTi iRbliani, rogorc, magaliTad, yatari (arabeTis<br />
naxevarkunZulze), romelsac uxvad aqvs navTobi da mcire mosaxleobac yavs.<br />
venesuelac navTobis didi maragis mflobeli. imisaTvis, rom es bunebrivi<br />
resursebi fulad eqciaT, TviT venesuelasa da yatarsac ki dasWirda Wabur<br />
Rilebis gaTxra, gzebis gayvana, navTobis specialistebis gamozrda, navTobgadamamuSavebeli<br />
da sawyobi infrastruqturebis ageba, navTobsadenebis<br />
gayvana, sabanko sistemis dafuZneba, saeqsporto bazrebis ganviTareba, anu,<br />
sxva sity vebiT rom vTqvaT, modernizeba.
282 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
naklebad iRbliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTareba<br />
gabatonebuli siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi imedia. am qveyanaTa<br />
umetesoba Raribia. RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveynebSi, romlebsac xandaxan<br />
yvelaze ganuviTarebel qveynebs uwodeben, yovelwliuri Semosavali<br />
erT sul mosaxleze 250 dolarze naklebia. TviT is erebic, romlebic SedarebiT<br />
ganviTarebulni arian, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribiT itanjebian.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, 1990iani wlebis Sua periodSi erT sul mosaxleze wliuri<br />
Semosavali afrikis da aziis mxolod ramodenime qveyanaSi aRemateboda<br />
1000 dolars.<br />
ganviTarebis kidev erTi stimuli Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis nebismier<br />
fasad SeZenis survilia, rac erovnul siamayes ukavSirdeba. meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela omi mesame samyaroSi mimdinareobda. 15 mesame samyaros<br />
qveynebis dapirispirebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia iranisa<br />
da erayis, pakistanisa da indoeTis, vietnamisa da CineTis, libiisa da Cadis,<br />
eTiopiisa da somalis omebi, laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana agreTve<br />
Cabmulia mezoblebTan konfliqtSi. magaliTisaTvis, Cile Caeba samxedro<br />
SetakebebSi samive mezobel saxelmwifosTan: argentinasTan, boliviasa da<br />
perusTan. amas garda, perus ekvadorTan sasazRvro dava hqonda. urTier<br />
Tobebi kolumbiasa da venesuelas Soris sazRvris sakiTxis mougvareblobis<br />
gamo drodadro mwvav deboda. ra Tqma unda, saomar moqmedebebs, izidavs<br />
ra xelisuflebis mTel yuradRebas, SeuZlia Seafrexos, an saerTod SeaCeros<br />
saxelmwifos ganviTareba da bolomde amouwu ros isedac SezRuduli<br />
resursebi.<br />
Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebis<br />
stimulis gaCenas. Tanamedrove globaluri komunikaciebi, satransporto<br />
sistema da msoflio urTierTdamokidebulebis sul ufro metad gaRrmaveba<br />
calkeuli erebis Zalasa da simdidres kidev ufro TvalSisacems xdis.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, mravali industriuli saxelmwifos warmateba dasabams<br />
udebs (rogorc amas Cveulebriv uwodeben) mzardi molodinebis revolucias,<br />
sazogadoebrivi, romlis miznebis ganxorcielebac mxolod ganviTarebis<br />
meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
ra konkretul problemebs unda gaumklavdnen ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />
rom farTomasStabiani ganviTareba warmatebiT ganaxorcielon? adre ganxiluli<br />
politikuri gamowvevebis garda, ganviTarebis gzaze xSiria agre T ve<br />
socialuri, ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri winaRobebi.<br />
ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi<br />
mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo yofili koloniuri samflobeloebisagan<br />
warmoiSva da moklebulia mocemuli teritoriis geografiul Tu istoriul<br />
Sinaarss, agreTve adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv Tu lingvistur<br />
modelebs. yovelive amis Sedegad, kulturuli mravalferovneba mesame<br />
samyaros mra vali qveynisaTvis TvalSisacemi maxasiaTebelia. zogjer es mravalferovnebac<br />
axali `erovnuli~ politikuri kulturis kategoriaSia ayvani
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
283<br />
li, Tumca, ufro xSirad, igi eTnikur davebsa da samoqalaqo omebs iwvevs.<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganviTareba aCens damafiqrebel problemebs. fragmentirebuli<br />
mosaxleobis pirobebSi, rac erisaxelmwifos koncefciaSi ar jdeba,<br />
esaa eris idea. warmatebuli ganviTarebis erTerTi umTavresi elementia<br />
erTi erovnuli identobis gamoWedva da saerTo politikuri bedisweris gancda.<br />
uf ro metic, zogierTi meomari jgufi an moZraoba SeiZleba socialuri integraciisa<br />
da mSvidobiani modernizaciisadmi mtruladac ki iyos ganwyobili.<br />
magaliTisaTvis, islami Cveulebriv, modernizaciis dabrkolebad aris miCneuli,<br />
vinaidan mis mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba RvTismosaobaze, erTgulebaze<br />
da alahze, agreTve yoveldRiuri locvebi (xuTjer dReSi) iseve rogorc<br />
misi moraluri qcevis mkacri wesebi, religias Seuwynarebels xdis sekularizaciis,<br />
seqsualuri revoluciis, materializmisa da yovelgvari siamovnebis<br />
mimarT, rac evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi da yvelgan Tan axlda socialur<br />
cvlilebebs. sabolood, aRniSnul eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv an lingvistur<br />
gansxvavebulobaTa gamo, arabuneb rivia, rom mocemuli ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma umravleso <br />
bam arsebuli mTavroba legitimurad aRiqvas.<br />
specifikuri magaliTebi saukeTesod aRwers mosaxleobis mravalfe rovnebiT<br />
gamowveul praqtikul problemebs. nigeria da indoeTi ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebia uaRresad mravalferovani mosaxleobiT.<br />
nigeria. dasavleT afrikis es didi qveyana ramodenime, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul<br />
eTnikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa gavlena qveynis sxvadasxva<br />
nawilebSi vrceldeba. 16 garda amisa, arsebobs mravali patara tomi. isini<br />
erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben (daaxloebiT 400<br />
damoukidebeli ena). gansakuTrebuli daZabulobaa qristianebsa da muslimebs<br />
Soris. religiuri, eTnikuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebiT ganpirobebulma<br />
mtrulma damokidebulebam qveyana 1967 wlis samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana,<br />
rodesac nigerias aRmosavleT nawili gamoeyo da biafras damoukidebel<br />
saxelmwifod gamocxadda. omma, romelic sami weli grZeldeboda da biafrelebis<br />
damarcxebiT dasrulda, 600 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.<br />
1967 wlidan nigerias umetesad korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi mar<br />
Tavda. miuxedavad saxelmwifos kuTvnili navTobis maragebisa, romlis eqsportsac<br />
qveynisTvis sakmaod didi Semosavali mohqonda, nigeriis ekonomika<br />
sul ufro da ufro metad efloboda WaobSi da nigeriis mosaxleobis udidesi<br />
umravlesoba (106 milioni 2000 wels) sakvebis fuls Zlivs Soulobda. nigeriaSi<br />
erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali, romelic daaxloebiT 300 dolars<br />
Seadgenda, orjer naklebi iyo indoneziis maCvenebelze, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom indoneziis mosaxleoba nigeriisas orjer aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
nigeria, yvela standartis mixed viT, yovlad uunaro ekonomikis mqone qveynad<br />
iTvleboda.<br />
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom? pasuxi sakmaod naTelia. amis pirveli mizezi cudi<br />
mTavrobaa. 1967 wlidan TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv qveyanas korumpirebuli samxedro<br />
reJimebi marTavda. moqmedi diqtatorebi xSirad iZleodnen sayovel<br />
Tao arCevnebis gamarTvis pirobas da ramodenime SemTxvevaSi Caatares kidec
284 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
arCevnebi, magram, rogorc wesi, Sedegebs an winaswar adgendnen, an Tu samxedro<br />
generlebs ar moewonebodaT, saerTod auqmebdnen, rogorc es 1993 wels<br />
gaakeTes. nigerieli generlebis sisastikis da ulmoblobis wyalobiT qveyana<br />
1990 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso borotebis kerad gadaiqca, romelic odnav Tu<br />
CamorCeboda Sav siaSi moxvedril saxelmwifoebs: irans, erays da CrdiloeT<br />
koreas. didi roli iTamaSa saerTaSoriso zewolam, romlis gavleniTac bolos<br />
da bolos nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi arCevnebis Catarebaze daTaxmdnen<br />
da aRiares misi Sedegebi. am arCevnebSi, pirvelad oci wlis manZilze,<br />
prezidentobis popularulma kandidatma gaimarjva [nigeriaze ix.Tavi IV _<br />
mTargmn. Sen.].<br />
indoeTi. es qveyanac bevri gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba,<br />
romlebic gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben. indoeTi mosaxleobis mixedviT<br />
msoflioSi meore adgilzea (1 miliardze meti adamiani). igi amave dros<br />
erTerTi yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa. indoeTis konstitucia Teqvsmet<br />
enas aRiarebs, magram aRweris mixedviT indoeTSi, dialeqtebis CaTvliT,<br />
1500ze met enaze saubroben. sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo<br />
enebia: inglisuri, hindi, urdu. hindize indoeTis mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi<br />
laparakobs. inglisuri elitaruli mosaxleobis enas warmoadgens,<br />
masze ZiriTadad sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi laparakoben.<br />
urdu ki indoeli muslimebis enaa, romlebic qveynis yvelaze did umciresobas<br />
warmoadgenen.<br />
eTnikuri da lingvisturi gansxvavebebis garda, indoeTi religiuri niSniTac<br />
mkveTrad dayofili qveyanaa. induizmi indoeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobis<br />
religiaa, magram muslimuri mosaxleobis ricxvic sakmaod didia<br />
(mTliani mosaxleobis 11%). arian sxva mniSvnelovani religiuri umciresobebi<br />
(siqhebi, jainebi, parsiebi, budistebi da qristianebi). indoeTis mier<br />
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg periodulad adgili hqonda mowinaaRmdege<br />
religiurTemebs Soris dapirispirebas. zogjer erTerT religiuri<br />
jgufis warmomadgeneli meore jgufis wevrebs xocavda. aseTi SemTxvevebi<br />
indusebs da muslimebs erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda. msgavsi dapirispirebebi<br />
xdeboda indusebsa da siqhebs Sorisac. 1984 wels siqhma piradma<br />
mcvelma mokla indoeTis indusi premierministri indira gandi. 1991 wels<br />
mokles indoeTis yofili premier ministri, indira gandis vaJi rajiv gandi,<br />
romelic premierministris postis xelaxla dasakaveblad saarCevno kampanias<br />
awarmoebda. ZaladobiT aRsavse warsuli amZafrebs uaryofiT damokidebulebas<br />
da xels uSlis Serigebas da kompromiss.<br />
indoeTSi arsebuli tradiciuli kasturi sistema ganviTarebisTvis damatebiT<br />
bariers warmoadgens. am sistemaSi yvela ibadeba ama Tu im socioekonomikur<br />
kastaSi da mTeli cxovreba iq rCeba. cxadia, rom aseT sistemaSi<br />
SeuZlebelia socialuri mobiloba, rac aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens<br />
tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasasvlelad. tradiciul indoeT<br />
Si yvelaze dabali klasis warmomadgenlebs _ miukareblebs _ araviTari<br />
uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. indoeTis mTavrobam axlaxan akrZala<br />
`miukarebloba~, magram Zveli Sexedulebebis gavlena indoeTis tradici
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
285<br />
ul soflis sazogadoebebSi Zalian nela sustdeba (mosaxleobis 7580% patara<br />
soflebSi cxovrobs).<br />
indoeTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis minimum kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli<br />
imsaxurebs yuradRebas: tendenciuri socialuri dayofebi Sesustebis nacvlad<br />
kidev ufro mZafrdeba. indoeli muslimebi mxolod TavianT gansxvavebul religias<br />
ki ar misdeven, aramed isini agreTve TavianT Caketil teritoriebze cxovroben,<br />
aqvT gansxvavebuli eTnikuri memkvidreoba da saubroben sakuTar enaze.<br />
TiTqmis igives Tqma SeiZleba siqhebze, ianebze da sxva jgufebze. indoeTis<br />
socialuri jgufebis mier maT saTemo dayofis gacnobierebas uamravi faqtori<br />
ganapirobebs, amave dros igi Zirs uTxris centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelobas,<br />
Seqmnas erovnuli erTobis gancda. xSirad es dayofebi separatizms iwvevs,<br />
risi magaliTic aris siqhebis mier CrdilodasavleT indoeTSi damoukidebeli<br />
saxelmwifos gamocxadeba (sadac isini kkompaqturad cxovroben).<br />
Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT nigeriasa da indoeTze. aseTive problemebi<br />
mravali sxva ganviTarebadi qveynisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad,<br />
Srilanka gaxleCilia sinhalelebis umravlesobasa (74%, romlebic umetesad<br />
budistebi arian) da tamilebs Soris (18%, romelTa umetesobac induizmis<br />
mimdevaria da qveynis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia dasaxlebuli).<br />
mavrebi, evropelebi da vedebi aborigeni Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis<br />
darCenil 8 procents. ta milTa mebrZoli jgufebi gamoyofisaken iswrafvian,<br />
teroristul aqtebs awyo ben da partizanul oms awarmoeben centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
winaaRmdeg (mas Semdeg, rac 1983 wels adgilobriv TEemSi momxdar<br />
areulobebs 2000 tamilis sicocxle Seewira). 17 Srilanka, indoeTis msgavsad,<br />
mkveTri sazogadoebrivi dayofis mqone kulturuli mravalferovnebis models<br />
warmoad gens.<br />
afrikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas da mraval aziur Tu laTinuramerikul<br />
saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi mravalferovnebis maRAli done axasiaTebs.<br />
132 qveynis kvlevam aCvena, rom 53 maTganis (anu 40 procentis) mosaxleoba<br />
xuTze met msxvil jgufad iyofoda. 18 ase rom, mesame samyaroSi<br />
`mozaikuri sazogadoebebi~ sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es mravalferovneba<br />
xSirad mniSvelovan barierebs uqmnis ganviTarebas.<br />
ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi<br />
individis identobis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc<br />
individis urTierToba socialur jgufTan, aseve am jgufis statusi sazogadoebaSi.<br />
es urTierTobebi aseve gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu ramdenad aigivebs<br />
xalxi Tavs erovnul xelisuflebasTan da aRiarebs misi mmarTvelobis uflebas<br />
(mis legitimurobas). am kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mocemul kulturaSi<br />
fesvgamd gar Cvevebsa da rwmenebsac. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
saWiroa, rom Seicvalos fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba da individTa moraluri<br />
Rirebulebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. vnaxoT, ratomaa ase.<br />
amerikelebis umetesoba Tanamedroved azrovnebs. amis gamo, amerikelebs<br />
xSirad uWirT gaugon sxva kulturis xalxebs, gansakuTrebiT, ganvi
286 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
Tarebad erebs. magaliTad, adamianebi amgvar tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,<br />
gansazRvrebidanve gamomdinare, Zlier damokidebulni arian yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebis Zvelebur wesze. amerikelebi (ufro metad, vidre dasavleTSi<br />
mcxovrebTa umetesoba) arad agdeben tradiciebs.<br />
is soflebi, romlebic tradiciuli cxovrebiT cxovroben, rogorc wesi,<br />
Znelad eguebian cvlilebebs, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cveulebebi maT<br />
Tvis usafrTxo da saimedoa, xolo axlisa da uCveulosi xSirad eSiniaT.<br />
gaurkvevlobis da siaxlis SiSisadmi Tavis aridebis tendencia gasagebia,<br />
rodesac gare mo xifaTiT aRsavse uamravi gaurkvevlobiTaa savse. tradiciulad<br />
ganwyobili adamianebi bunebas mokrZalebiT da mowiwebiT uyureben,<br />
isini bunebis keTil ganwyobis mopovebas misi TayvaniscemiT cdiloben.<br />
tradiciuli xalxebi naklebad endobian ucnobebs (anu yvelas, visac<br />
isini ar icnoben). ra Tqma unda, maT iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba ucnobebTan;<br />
zogadad, maTi socialuri urTierTqmedeba izRudeba ojaxiT, klaniT Tu<br />
maTive soflis macxovreblebiT. ucnobebis SiSis, bunebis stiqiebis Sesaxeb<br />
fatalisturi warmodgenebis da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis uqonlobis gamo<br />
tradiciuli wesebiT mcxovrebi soflis mosaxleobas ar uyvars gariskva.<br />
advili warmosadgenia, rogor aferxebs ganviTarebas msgavsi Cvevebi.<br />
frTxil da konservatiulad ganwyobil adamianebs naklebi midrekileba<br />
aqvT siaxleebisadmi, iqneba es kulturuli, Tu agrokulturuli teqnologiuri<br />
siaxleebi. es adamiane bi Znelad eguebian da xSirad ganicdian identobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul problemebs, rodesac ganviTarebis procesi maT<br />
qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas da im soflis datovebas aiZulebs, sadac<br />
maT da maTma winaprebma cxovrebis udidesi nawili gaaatares.<br />
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli SeiZleba iyos sxva tradiciuli Cvevebic. tradiciul<br />
adamianebs naklebad aqvT drois gancda, iSviaTad gegmaven winaswar<br />
TavianT saqmianobas da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena, gansxvavebiT im adamianebisgan,<br />
romlebic miCveulni arian Tanamedrove cxovrebas. individualuri<br />
miRwevebis, socialur kibeze maRla moZraobis, piradi damsaxurebis da interesTa<br />
dakmayofilebis ideebi ucxoa maTTvis, vinc SezRudulia tradiciuli<br />
RirebulebebiT da CveulebebiT. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs tradiciuli<br />
sazogadoebebis midrekilebidan askriptiuli sazogadoebebisaken (risi<br />
yvelaze mkafio magaliTicaa indoeTis kasturi sistema) _ rac gulisxmobs<br />
imas, rom pirovnebis statusi da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba<br />
misi religiis, asakis da a. S. mixedviT. statusi da mdgomareoba aseve mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
damokidebulia sqesze mamakacebis socialuri da politikuri<br />
upiratesoba gacilebiT ufro aSkarad gamokveTilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi,<br />
romelTac axasiaTebT dabali teqnologiuri done, dawyebuli mZime teqnikis<br />
uqonlobiT da damTavrebuli Sobadobis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebobiT,<br />
axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblebiT da tradiciuli<br />
genderuli rolebiT da CveulebebiT. amrigad, ganviTarebad erebSi, piradi<br />
Tavisuflebis ideebi da individualuri miswrafebebi xSirad iTrguneba wes<br />
CveulebebiT da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Temuri bunebiT.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
287<br />
ganviTarebad erebs Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli simdidris<br />
ganawilebis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,<br />
maTi umetesoba Raribia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, siRaribe, yvela sxva<br />
faqtorebze ufro metad, ubiZgebs am qveynebs ganviTarebisaken. siRaribes<br />
ganapirobebs vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi sagareo vali, mosaxleobis<br />
swrafi zrda, miwis sakuTrebis problema, avadmyofobebi da cudi kveba,<br />
ganaTlebisa da teqnologiebis dabali done da mZime bunebrivi pirobebi.<br />
miuxedavad optimisturi molodinebisa, es problemebi siRrmiseulia. isini<br />
gvevlinebian siRaribis mizezad da amavdroulad aferxeben ekonomikur ganviTarebas,<br />
romlis saSua lebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda siRaribis daZleva.<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebi umeteswilad efuZneba soflis meurneobas<br />
da nedleulis mopovebas _ Raribi mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqebSi<br />
migraciis maRali (da zrdadi) donis miuxedavad. Sedegad, cxovrebis standartebis<br />
zrda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, Zalian nela xdeba, farTo ekonomikuri<br />
uTanasworoba ki kvlav arsebobs (ix. cxrili 81).<br />
gadaWarbebul damokidebulebas soflis meurneobasa da nedleulis mopovebaze<br />
rTuli problemebi sdevs. zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanas mohyavs<br />
mxo lod erTi saxeobis mcenare (rasac monokultura ewodeba). bangladeSi,<br />
magaliTAd, saeqsportod mxolod juTs awarmoebs. roca juTze fasi ecema,<br />
bangladeSs _ erTerT uRaribes ganviTarebad saxelmwifos _ araferi rCeba.<br />
eTiopiis ekonomika Zalianaa damokidebuli yavaze, kubas saeqsportod<br />
ZiriTadad sigara gaaqvs, hondurass _ banani da a. S. zogierTi ganviTarebadi<br />
qveyana ekonomikurad damokidebulia aralegaluri, magram momgebiani<br />
mcenareebis moyvanaze: magaliTad, kolumbieli, ekvadoreli, perueli glexebi<br />
saeqsportod kokains awarmoeben. avRaneTi msoflioSi heroinis nomer<br />
pirveli wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas<br />
ramdenime saxeobis mcenare an mineraluri resursi gaaCnia, maT gan cotas<br />
Tu aqvs imdenad diversificirebuli ekonomika, rom soflis meurneobi sa da<br />
mrewvelobis jansaRi Serwyma moaxerxos.<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis am qveynebma unda moaxdinon samrewvelo produqciis<br />
importi; aRniSnuli produqciis fasis gadasaxdelad maT unda gaitanon<br />
sakvebi, qsovilebi da madani, magram vaWrobis kanonebi maT sawinaRmdegod<br />
moqmedebs: samrewvelo produqciis fasi maRalia, im dros, rodesac sasoflo<br />
produqciis da nedleulis fasi xSirad dabalia. ufro metic, msoflio<br />
bazarze saqonlis fasebi Zalian meryeobs, rac gaurkvevlobas uqmnis am qveynebs<br />
da zrdis maT sagareo vals.<br />
amasTan erTad, zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana awydeba seriozul demografiul<br />
problemas. industriul demokratiebSi mosaxleobis zrda erT<br />
procentze naklebia da 1990 wlisaTvis zogierTma dasavlurma evropulma<br />
qveyanam `miaRwia~ mosaxleobis nulovan, an uaryofiT zrdasac ki; maSin roca,<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis zrdis yovelwliuri<br />
maCvenebeli ori an sami procentia (ix. sqema 81 da 82). Tumca, zogierT qveyanaSi,<br />
magaliTad, nigeriaSi, eTiopiasa da angolaSi, mosaxleoba gacilebiT<br />
ufro swrafi tempe biT izrdeba.
288 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
cxrili 8-1<br />
regioni<br />
erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqti<br />
(mep) regionis mixedviT<br />
afrika<br />
saharis samx. afrika<br />
CrdiloeT afrika<br />
aRmosavleT afrika<br />
dasavleT afrika<br />
centraluri afrika<br />
samxreT afrika<br />
CrdiloeT amerika<br />
laTinuri amerika da karibis<br />
zRvis auzi<br />
centraluri amerika<br />
karibis zRvis kunZulebi<br />
samxreT amerika<br />
azia<br />
azia, CineTis garda<br />
dasavleT azia<br />
centraluri aziis samxreTi<br />
samxreTaRmosavleT azia<br />
aRmosavleT azia<br />
evropa<br />
CrdiloeT evropa<br />
dasavleT evropa<br />
aRmosavleT evropa<br />
samxreT evropa<br />
okeaneTi<br />
mep-i erT sul mosaxleze<br />
(aSS dolarebSi)<br />
$1,790<br />
1,370<br />
3,070<br />
1,000<br />
850<br />
_<br />
8160<br />
31,260<br />
6,460<br />
6,900<br />
_<br />
6,730<br />
3,930<br />
4,130<br />
4,810<br />
2,250<br />
3,210<br />
5,750<br />
14,970<br />
21,460<br />
23,480<br />
6,770<br />
16,520<br />
17,880<br />
wyaro: 2001 wlis msoflio mosaxleobis monacemebi, cxrili 5, Population Reference<br />
Bureau, www.prb.org, 16 maisi, 2002.<br />
rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis swrafi mateba yvelaze metad urbanul<br />
arealeb ze aisaxeba. soflebSi arsebuli siRaribe da xelisuflebis <strong>politika</strong><br />
ganapirobebs migracias qalaqebSi. swrafi urbanizacia problematuria,
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
289<br />
ramdenadac ganviTarebad qveynebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado resursebi saxelmwifo<br />
momsaxurebebiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelsayofad da axali skolebis,<br />
saavadmyofoebis, sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis da rac yvelaze mTavaria, samuSao<br />
adgilebis Sesaqmnelad. mosaxleobis matebis da migraciis pirobebSi,<br />
TviT optimaluri klimatisa da ekonomikuri winamZRvrebis arsebobis Sem<br />
TxvevaSic ki, ganviTarebadi qveynebis fermerebisaTvis sul ufro Zneli<br />
xdeba sakvebis warmoebis sakmarisad swrafad gazrda, raTa fexi auwyon mosaxleobis<br />
zrdis temps. miuxedavad rig ganviTarebad qveynebSi (maT Soris<br />
indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, taivansa da filipinebSi) mwvane revoluciad wodebuli<br />
warmoebis mkveTri zrdisa, rodesac xorblis da brinjis maRalmosavliani<br />
jiSebis moyvana Seuxames Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebsa da sinTetikur<br />
sasuqebs _ es qveynebi kvlav siZneleebis winaSe rCebian.<br />
vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebis, mzardi sagareo valis da demografiuli<br />
afeTqebis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebs warmatebuli ganviTarebis gzaze<br />
sami umniSvnelovanesi winaaRmdegoba eRobebaT: dabali teqnologiuri done,<br />
miwis sakuTrebis seriozuli problema da mZime garemo pirobebi. mwvane revolucia<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac ganviTarebuli sasoflosameurneo<br />
teqnologiebi arsebobs, gaumjobesebuli Teslis, pesticidebis, herbicidebis,<br />
xelovnuri sasuqis, irigaciis, mecxoveleobis, fermidan bazramde<br />
misasvleli gzisa da sawyobebis CaTvliT. es, Tavis mxriv, sainvesticio kapitalisa<br />
da ucxouri rezervebis xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs.<br />
mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi miwis sakuTrebac mniSvnelovan problemas<br />
warmoadgens. miwis sakuTrebis sqemebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (da regionSi) sxvadasxvaa,<br />
magram ganviTarebadi qveynebidan efeqtianad mxolod erTeulebma<br />
gaarTves Tavi am sferos problemebs. es imitom xdeba, rom tradicia yvelaze<br />
ufro metad damabrkolebeli soflis garemoSia, sadac Camoyalibebuli wesebi<br />
da meTodebi Zalian nela icvleba. umTavresi problema miwis nakveTebis<br />
usamarTlo an ekonomikurad araswori ganawilebaa. qveynis zogierT nawilSi<br />
miwaze sakuTreba (da adgilobrivi xelisufleba) metismetad koncentrirebulia,<br />
sxva adgilebSi ki miwa mcire fragmentebadaa dayofili, rac mogebis<br />
saSualebas ar iZleva. laTi nur amerikaSi es ori problema gverdigverd arsebobs<br />
_ uzarmazari samflobeloebis (e. w. latifundiebis) gverdiT gvxvdeba<br />
Zalzed patara nakveTebi (minifundiebi). msgavsi problema arsebobs egvipte<br />
Sic. ufro metic, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi Cveulebrivi ambavia, rodesac<br />
glexebi ijariT amuSaveben miwas da damokidebul ni arian didi miwaTmflobelebis<br />
nebasurvilze.<br />
afrikaSi gavrcelebulia sasoflo miwebis erToblivi sakuTreba. aq Cndeba<br />
sxva tipis problemebi. soflis macxovreblebs ekuTvniT miwis nakveTebi<br />
da inawileben mosavals, romlis didi nawili maT mierve moixmareba da ar iyideba.<br />
Tumca, bolo dros sul ufro vrceldeba komerciuli plantaciebi,<br />
momgebiani naTesebi enacvleba naklebad momgebian tradiciul kulturebs.<br />
rac yvelaze uaresia, umuSevrobis gamo axalgazrdebi iZulebulni arian<br />
datovon soflebi; bevri maTgani samuSaod ewyoba fermaSi da kidev ufro<br />
metad efloba siRaribesa da uimedobaSi. aziaSi mdgomareoba garkveulwilad<br />
gansxvavebulia, magram miwis ganawilebis problemebi iqac xels uSlis
sqema 8-1. msoflios mosaxleoba, 1995: 5,692,210,000<br />
© 1997 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
sqema 8-2. msoflios mosaxleoba, 2030: 8,474,017,000 (49%iT gaizarda 1995 wlis msoflio mosaxlobasTan SedarebiT)<br />
rukebi 81 da 82 gviCvenebs mosaxleobis mosalodnel zrdas 19952030 wlebSi. rukebi isea Sedgenili, rom yoveli qveynis zoma<br />
misi mosaxleobis proporciulia. rukebi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mosaxleobis mosalodneli zrda upiratesad ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi moxdeba.<br />
wyaro: Boyce Ransberger, `Damping the World’s Population: Birthrates Are Falling Now but More Needs to Be Done in the Long Term~,<br />
Washington Post Ntional Weekly Edition. September 12-18, 1994, 10-40. © 1994 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
292 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
xelisuflebas, gadaaxalisos jer kidev soflis meurneobis wamyvan rolze<br />
dafuZnebuli ekonomika da moderniza ciis gziT xeli Seuwyos saerTo ekonomikur<br />
zrdas.<br />
bunebrivi pirobebi xSirad yvelaze ufro seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnis<br />
ekonomikur ganviTarebas. yvelaze saSineli is tragediebia, romlebic<br />
bunebriv katastrofebsa da adamianebis ugunurobas aerTianebs. magaliTad,<br />
1980ian wlebSi saZovrebis zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam gaamwvava uwyloobis<br />
problema afrikis Sua sartyelis udides nawilSi. msgavsad amisa,<br />
wyaldidobebi zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi nawilobriv mainc gamowveuli<br />
iyo xetyis masalis intensiuri gamoyenebis mizniT mdinareebis napirebze<br />
tyis gaCexviT. amgvari bunebrivi katastrofebis yvelaze xSiri Sedegia<br />
farTomasStabiani da Zalagamomcleli SimSilianoba. Tumca, amgvari<br />
tragediebisa da xSirad maTi Tanmdevi epidemiebis gareSec ki, sakvebis ukmarisobis<br />
problema kvlavac dgas asobiT milioni adamianis winaSe ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi. adamianebs, romlebic ganicdian<br />
ukidures SimSils, ar gaaCniaT warmoebis energia, rac bevr ganviTarebad<br />
qveyanas Caketil wreSi aqcevs: isini arian Raribebi imitom, rom ar arian sakmarisad<br />
produqtiulebi, da ar arian sakmarisad produq tiulebi imitom,<br />
rom arian Raribebi.<br />
ganviTarebis marcxi<br />
erebi viTardebian politikuri, fsiqologiuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri<br />
ganzomilebis mqone mravalmxrivi procesebis Sedegad. Secdoma<br />
iqneboda gvevarauda, rom ganviTareba uwyveti, an Seuqcevadi procesia. ganviTarebis<br />
nebismier safexurze myofi erisaxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi<br />
SeiZleba iqcnen arastabilurobis da dakninebis gamomwvevi Zalebis msxverplad.<br />
arc erT mkvle vars, romelic Seiswavlis amerikis samoqalaqo oms, an<br />
iseTi qveynebis uaxles istorias, rogorebicaa somali, yofili iugoslavia<br />
da Tanamedrove egvipte, ar SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos dezintegraciiis<br />
safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba daemuqros rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul<br />
industriul qveynebs.<br />
ra iwvevs dezontegracias? sainteresoa, rom politikuri daknineba xSirad<br />
gamomdinareobs eris uunarobidan, gadawyvitos ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli<br />
siRrmiseuli problemebi. mTavrobebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT daZlion<br />
religiur, eTnikur, rasobriv an kulturul jgufebs Soris daZabulobaTa<br />
niadagze warmoSobili problemebi, xSirad amJRavneben dakninebis SesamCnev<br />
niSnebs. XIX saukunis Sua periodSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga umniSvnelovanesi<br />
sirTulis winaSe, rac momdinareobda monobis gadauwyveteli<br />
sakiTxidan. dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli problemaa.<br />
egviptis xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli fundamentalisturi<br />
muslimuri opoziciis arsebobiT. Srilanka (yofili ceiloni)<br />
dasustebulia perioduli dapirispirebiT tamil umciresobasa da sinhalel<br />
umravlesobas Soris. ruan daSi hutus da tutsis tomebis Soris sisxliani konfliqtis<br />
Sedegad gamudmebuli samoqalaqo omebi da Zaladoba mZvinvarebs.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
293<br />
ekonomikurma warumateblobebma aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadobrivi<br />
da politikuri daknineba. ara marto qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,<br />
aramed msoflio masStabis makroekonomikuri cvlilebebic SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 1970ian wlebSi adgili hqonda movlenas,<br />
romelic zemoTqmulis arcTu maxasiaTebel, magram istoriul magaliTad<br />
SeiZleba gamodges: mcire resursebisa da saeqsporto Semosavlebis mqone mesame<br />
samya ros bevr qveyanas udidesi problemebi Seuqmna navTOBobze fasebis mkveTma<br />
zrdam. am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier gatarebul mkacr zomebs Tan mohyva politikuri<br />
sirTuleebi da socialuri areulobebi. Sedegad, afrikis, aziis da<br />
laTinuri ame rikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gaizarda sagareo vali da TiTqmis<br />
ori aTwle ulis manZilze adgili hqonda ekonomikur arastabilurobas.<br />
sabolood, dezintegracia SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas politikur sistemaSi<br />
arsebuli uTanasworobebiTac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac xelisufleba<br />
ver uzrunvelyofs gafantuli erovnuli grZnobebis erT identobad<br />
SekavSirebas, moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas, an simdidris<br />
mTel sazogadoebaze gadanawilebas, politikuri ganviTareba wydeba. amas<br />
garda, rogorc ukve didi xania aRniSnaven politologebi, ganviTareba<br />
SeiZleba SeCerdes maSinac, rodesac xelisuflebas SeuZlia am miznebis<br />
miRweva (magaliTad, ganaTlebis xelSewyobiT, masobrivi komunikaciebis<br />
ganviTarebiT, saarCevno monawileobiT da urbanuli cxovrebiT), magram<br />
ar gaaCnia institutebi, gamocdileba an SesaZlebloba, rom efeqtianad<br />
gaarTvas Tavi politikur cvlilebebs. 19 amgvar SemTxvevebSi, politikuri<br />
daknineba SeiZleba iqces ganviTarebis bnel mxared. rogorc politologi<br />
semuel hantingtoni aRniSnavs, `modernizacia praqtikaSi yovelTvis gulisxmobs<br />
cvlilebebs da xSirad tradiciuli politikuri sistemis daSlasac,<br />
magram igi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas Tanamedrove<br />
politikuri sistemis mimarTulebiT... magram xSirad varaudoben, rom Tu<br />
mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi modernizacia, paralelurad mimdinareobs<br />
politikuri modernizaciac~. 20<br />
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi<br />
bolo aTwleulebSi msoflio gaxda ramdenime sazogadoebis TviTganadgurebis<br />
mowme, ramac gamoiwvia destabilizacia mezobel qveynebSi da<br />
daemuqra mSvidobas mTlianad msoflioSi. disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi<br />
is usixarulo adgilebia, sadac ukiduresobebi normadaa qceuli, sadac<br />
mTavrobebi an metismetad represiulia, an metismetad susti, imdenad, rom<br />
ar SeuZli aT uzrunvelyon elementaruli wesrigi da kanoniereba. qalaqis<br />
quCebSi kriminaluri da politikuri Zaladobaa gamefebuli, rac emuqreba<br />
policiisgan daucvel soflebsa da Tavisufal presas. msoflio xSirad<br />
dReebis, kvirebis da zogjer Tveebis manZilzec ki ver amCnevs am saSinelebebs.<br />
es SemaSfoTebeli suraTia, Tumca metismetad realuria msoflios Zalian<br />
bevr adgilSi. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT oTx magaliTs iseTi politikuri<br />
sistemebisa, romlebic arian (an iyvnen) disfunqciuri _ samwuxarod,
294 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
am magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba kandidatebis sruli sia, romelSic yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiric Sedis (ix. Tavi VII).<br />
somali<br />
afrikaSi mdebareobs ramdenime uRaribesi qveyana, maT Soris sudani,<br />
so mali, eritrea da eTiopia. 1980ian da 1990ian wlebSi am regionSi gvalva,<br />
SimSili, saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi da yvelanairi<br />
saxis Zaladoba mZvinvarebda. 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakvebis yvelaze<br />
katastrofuli ukmarisoba somaliSi iyo, sadac samoqalaqo omma da gvalvam<br />
adamianTa saSineli tanjva gamoiwvia. 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaeros bavSvTa<br />
fondi (UNICEF) masiuri saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozidvas Seecada, rodesac<br />
ganacxada, rom ori milioni somaleli (qveynis mTliani mosaxleoba<br />
odnav aRemateba rva milions) eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobda.<br />
Zaladobisa da amgvari gausaZlisi mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg amboxebuleb <br />
ma 1991 w. ianvarSi daamxes somalis diqtatori siad bare, romelic didi xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi marTavda qveyanas. amas mohyva Setakebebi da SimSili, ramac Seiwira<br />
300 aTasi adamianis sicocxle da milionobiT adamiani safrTxis winaSe<br />
daayena. kanonisa da wesrigis TiTqmis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />
qveyana anarqiam moicva; qalebi da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli banditebis mowyalebis<br />
imedad darCnen. maT CaSales saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan<br />
mosaxleobisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvela mcdeloba, iparavdnen bavSvebisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnil sakvebs da xocavdnen humanitaruli misiebis TanamSromlebs.<br />
1992 w. bolos, aSSs prezidentma jorj buSma (ufrosma), Tavisi saprezidento<br />
vadis miwuruls wamoiwyo samxedro intervencia, raTa uzrunveleyo<br />
humanitaruli daxmarebis usafrTxoeba. mdgomareoba imdenad qaoturi iyo,<br />
rom wesrigis da kanonierebis aRdgena SeuZlebeli Canda. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
ZiriTadad amerikelebisgan Semdgarma gaeros Zalebma datova qveyana 1995 w.<br />
martSi (ramdenime amerikeli jariskacis sastiki mkvlelobis Semdeg), somali<br />
darCa erovnuli xelisuflebis gareSe _ qveynis rukaze aRniSnuli iyo romeli<br />
dajgufeba romel teritorias akontrolebda, rac ufro Tavsatex suraTs<br />
waagavda, vidre politikur gaerTianebas.<br />
somali rCeba afrikis erTerT uRaribes qveyanad, romlis mTliani Sida<br />
produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze 500 dolarze naklebia, xolo werakiTxvis<br />
armcodne mosaxleobis wili 75 procents Seadgens. somali ganuviTarebelia<br />
ara marto ekonomikurad, aramed aseve politikuradac. somalis<br />
sazogadoebis struqtura efuZneba naTesaur kavSirebs, anu klanebs, xolo<br />
samoqalaqo omi, faqtobrivad, klanebs Soris gaCaRebuli omia. Tu somali<br />
ver ipovis politikuri stabilurobis formulas, igi ver aaRorZinebs ekonomikas.<br />
samarTliania Sebrunebuli debulebac: stabiluroba damokidebulia<br />
ekonomikur da socialur progresze. jer adrea saubari, ipovis Tu ara<br />
somali efeqtiani xelisufle bis recepts. misi reputacia ki, rogorc disfunqciuri<br />
saxelmwifosi, ar Seicvle ba, sanam Tavad somali ar Seicvleba.
iugoslavia<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
295<br />
am saxelmwifosagan mxolod saxeliRa arsebobs. civi omis periodis udides<br />
nawilSi igi SedarebiT Tavisufali saxelmwifo iyo, magram daiSala mas<br />
Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam Secvala evropis geopolitikuri ruka<br />
1990ian wlebSi. yofili iugoslaviis daSlam wina planze wamowia is, rasac<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari `koSmarul scenars~ uwodebs _ politikuri kolafsis<br />
perspeqtiva, romelsac eTnikuri siZulvili kvebavs da rac, sxvadasxva alba<br />
TobiT, bevr yofil komunistur saxelmwifos emuqreba.<br />
balkanuri krizisi istoriul perspeqtivaSi. iugoslaviis urTierToba<br />
sab Wo Ta kavSirTan 1945 wlidan II msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili<br />
specifikuri pirobe bis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. aRmosavleT evropis<br />
sxva qveynebisgan gansxvave biT, romlebic germanuli okupaciisgan sabWoTa<br />
sqema 8-3. yofili iugoslaviis dayofa<br />
wyaro: adaptirebuli yofili iugoslaviis # 728104, CIA 1993 da bosniisa da hercegovi<br />
nis (politikuri) # 802474, CIA 1997 rukebidan.
296 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
armiam gaaTavisufla, iugoslavia gaaTavisufla marSal ioseb broz titos<br />
partizanulma Zalebma. iugoslaviuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Setanili<br />
wvlilis gamo, tito erovnuli gmiri gaxda da sabolood axali iugoslavuri<br />
nacionalizmis simbolod iqca.<br />
omis Semdgom periodSi tito uars ambobda moskovidan miRebuli brZanebebis<br />
Sesrulebazea stalinma iugoslavias samagiero komunisturi Tanamegobrobidan<br />
gaZevebiT gadauxada. cota xnis Semdeg, titom daiwyo garkveuli<br />
nabijebis gadadgma sakuTari mmarTvelobis popularizaciisaTvis, pirvel<br />
rigSi sasoflosameurneo koleqtivizaciis tempis SenelebiT, xolo SemdgomSi<br />
misi srulebiT gauqmebiT. iugoslavurma komunizmma gamorCeuli<br />
kvali datova samrewvelo urTierTobebSi. ukiduresi centralizacia, romelic<br />
axasiaTebda sabWoTa kavSirs, uaryofil iqna da mis sanacvlod titom<br />
saTave daudo socialisturi ekonomikuri organizaciis axal formas, romelic<br />
TviTregulirebas efuZneboda. man farTo regionuli avtonomia mianiWa<br />
iugoslaviis federaciaSi Semaval eqvs respublikas, yovel SemTxveva<br />
Si, formalurad. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amas ekonomikur sawarmoebSi<br />
muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna mohyva. qarxnis, an sxva tipis sawarmos muSaTa mier<br />
mier arCeuli sabWoebi Tavis mxriv irCevdnen mmarTvel komitetebs, xolo<br />
mmarTveli komitetebi ikribebodnen rogorc regionuli asociaciebi da<br />
irCevdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoTa direqtorebs partiis TanxmobiT. 1950<br />
wels mSromelebs mieniWaT gaficvis ufleba, profkavSirebi gamocxadda<br />
damoukideblad, xolo pirdapiri gegmuri ekonomika Seicvala naklebad<br />
iZulebiTi `gegmuri xelmZRvanelobiT~. 1970ian wlebSi moxda kontrolis<br />
zogadi gamkacreba iugoslaviis ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaze, rodesac xelisufleba<br />
Seecada bolo moeRo azrTa sxvadasxvaobisaTvis da miZinebuli<br />
ekonomikas gamoecocxlebina.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, iugoslavia unikaluri iyo sxva komunistur reJimebs<br />
Soris. erTma mkvlevarma Semdeg nawyvetSi asaxa qveynis cxovreba titos<br />
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi:<br />
`xelovnebisa da literaturis umetesi nawili apolitikuria da mxatvrebs<br />
da mwerlebs SeuZliaT imoRvaweon Tavisuflad, Tu maTi Semoqmedeba<br />
xelisuflebis mkveTr kritikas ar Seicavs. ar arsebobs winaswari<br />
cenzura, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia saboloo jamSi akrZalos<br />
nawarmoebi; xolo kerZo gamomcemlebi TiTqmis imdenive wigns uSveben,<br />
ramdensac oficialuri gamomcemlobebi. gazeTebi TiTqmis erTsa da<br />
imaves weren, magram isini gacilebiT ufro informatiuli arian, vidre<br />
sxva aRmosavleT evropuli komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebi, rom aRaraferi<br />
vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirze. Tavisuflad iyideba ucxouri presa.<br />
partiis oratorebi gmoben dasavleTis gavlenebs presaSi, magram Jurnalebi<br />
misdeven sensaciurobasa da siSiSvles, rac ucxoa komunisturi<br />
moralisTvis. savaraudod, yovelwliurad 15 milioni adamiani kveTs<br />
sazRvars. arsebobs gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba, Tu es partiis winaaRmdeg<br />
ar aris mimarTuli. titos arasdros dauxvretia da iSviaTad<br />
Tu daupatimrebia oponentebi.~ 21
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
297<br />
1980iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi iugoslaviis centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
Zalaufleba da avtoriteti mkveTrad daeca. iugoslavia warmoadgenda xelovnur<br />
qveyanas, romelic Sedgeboda mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli eTnikuri<br />
warmomavlobis, religiis da kulturuli fesvebis mqone adamianebisgan<br />
_ marTl madidebeli serbebi da Cernogorielebi kaTolike xorvatebi da<br />
slove ne bi, muslimi umciresobebi serbiaSi da Sereuli bosnielebi, hercegovinelebi<br />
da dalmatebi. maT erTmaneTTan titos prestiJi da avtoriteti<br />
akavSirebdaT. 1980 wels, rodesac tito gardaicvala, bzarebi, romlebic<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, gadaizarda iugoslaviis erTiani struqturis<br />
aSkara gaxleCvaSi. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemam daaCqara<br />
daSlis procesi. 1990ian wlebSi demokratiam da Tavisufalma arCevnebma<br />
Secvala komunizmi. es didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
ekonomikas amZimebda ucxouri vali (16 miliardi dolari), 100 procentiani<br />
inflacia da umuSevrobis maRali done (20 procenti). iugoslaviis<br />
sazogadoeba moicva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dafarulma eTnikurma mtrobam<br />
da centraluri xelisufleba moiSala respubli kebs Soris konfliqtebis<br />
Sedegad. politikurad warmatebuli slovenia da xorvatia eqiSpebodnen<br />
tradiciulad dominant serbebs eris bedis gansazRvraSi.<br />
serbiis sworxazovan prezidents, slobodan miloSeviCs surda sicocxle<br />
SeenarCunebina iugoslaviis komunisturi centralizebuli federaluri<br />
sistemisaTvis, xolo slovenias da xorvatias surdaT Tavisufali konfederacia<br />
da sabazro ekonomika. sabolood gaimarjves nacionalisturma Zalebma.<br />
1991 wlis ivnisSi sloveniam da xorvatiam damoukidebloba gamoacxades<br />
da daiwyo sisxliani samoqalaqo omi serbias da xorvatias Soris, romelmac<br />
daaxloebiT 10 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. Tumca, sloveniis da xorvatiis<br />
mcdeloba warmatebuli gamodga da 1992 wlis ianvarSi orive maTgani<br />
sayovelTaod cnes, rogorc damoukidebeli erisaxelmwifoebi.<br />
bosniuri da kosovos tragedia. didi xani ar gasula serbiisa da xorvatiis<br />
konfliqtis dasrulebidan, rodesac axalma konfliqtma ifeTqa, amjerad<br />
bosniahercego vinis respublikaSi. bosnia warmoadgens eTnikuri daZabulobiT<br />
gajerebul sazogadoebas, romlis mosaxleobac Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi<br />
eTnikuri jgufisgan _ serbebis, xorvatebis da bosnieli muslimebisgan.<br />
ukanaskneli jgufi yvelaze mravalricxovania, Tumca isini yvelaze mcire<br />
teritoriaze arian koncentrirebulni. eTnikur gansxvavebebs aZlierebs<br />
religiuri faqtori (xorvatebi kaTolikeebi arian, serbebi ki miekuTvnebian<br />
marTlmadideblur eklesias) da istoriuli mtrobac, romelsac ganapirobebs<br />
am jgufebis mier erTmaneTisaT vis warsulSi miyenebuli wyena.<br />
bosniuri konfliqti iyo brZola teritoriisaTvis daamave dros, Zveli<br />
angariSebis gasworeba. mas sami ganzomileba hqonda: serbebi xorvatebis<br />
winaaRmdeg, muslimebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg da yvelaze metad, serbebi<br />
muslimebis winaaRmdeg. serbebis da muslimebis brZola bosniaSi yvelaze<br />
sastiki da uTanasworo iyo. serbebma daikaves teritoriis didi nawili. maT<br />
aseve ganaxorcieles masiuri eTnikuri wmenda _ gaupatiurebebi, Zarcva<br />
da masiuri mkvlelobebi, ramac gamoiwvia yvela muslimis da araserbis gan
298 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
devna im qalaqebidan da soflebidan, romlebic serbebma daikaves da serbuli<br />
saxelmwifo serbskas SemadgenlobaSi Seyvana scades. 199394 wlebSi<br />
bosnielma serbebma, romelTac zurgs serbia umagrebda, alya Semoartyes<br />
saraevos, bosniis dedaqalaqs da ramdenime did muslimur qalaqs. saraevos<br />
alya dasrulda mxolod maSin, rodesac moxda natos da gaeros intervencia.<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi alya gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad gaeros araefeqtiani<br />
rezoluciebisa, romlebic safrTxis winaSe mdgom am qalaqebs `usafrTxo<br />
TavSesafrad~ acxadebda. gaerom daadanaSaula agreTve xorvatia bosniasTan<br />
konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. igi aseve daemuqra<br />
bosniel serbebs natos sahaero ieriSebiT. intensiur saSuamavlo mcdelobebTan<br />
(gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mxridan) Sejerebulma am RonisZiebebma<br />
Sedegi moitana.<br />
1994 wlis TebervalSi serbebi daTanxmdnen mZime iaraRis gamotanaze<br />
saraevodan da erTi kviris Tavze bosniis mTavrobam da bosnielma xorvatebma<br />
xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. 1994 wlis martSi<br />
droebiT gaCnda mSvidobis perspeqtiva, rodesac xorvatulma xelisuflebam<br />
da adgilobrivma serbma mmarTvelebmac dades SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis<br />
Taoba ze, romelsac bolo unda moeRo mtrobisTvis.<br />
Tumca, mSvidoba mxolod iluzia aRmoCnda. rodesac gaeros Zalebi gaemarTnen<br />
bosniaSi humanitaruli daxmarebis gasawevad, bosnielma serbebma<br />
moulodnelad Seuties maT da ganagrZes brZolebi. natos sahaero dartymebi,<br />
romlebic ganxorcielda 1994 wlis aprilsa da noemberSi da 1995 wlis<br />
maisSi, miznad isaxavda daecva gaeros samSvidobo Zalebis usafrTxoeba.<br />
bosnia kidev erTxel moicva sisxlianma anarqiam.<br />
sabolood, gaeros ganaxlebuli samSvidobo gegma gaxda axali Ta nac<br />
xovrebis safuZveli. yvela dapirispirebulma mxarem SeimuSava samSvidobo<br />
gegma 1995 wlis noemberSi deitonSi, ohaios StatSi (aSS) da xeli moawera<br />
deitonis samSvidobo SeTanxmebas parizSi 14 dekembers. SeTanxmebis mixedviT,<br />
bosniis 49 procenti gadaeca bosniis serbul respublikas da 51 procenti<br />
muslimxorvatul federacias. saraevo rCeba dedaqalaqad muslimurxorvatuli<br />
federaciis teritoriaze. centraluri xelisufleba, romelic<br />
Sedgeba prezidentis koleqtiuri postisa da parlamentisgan, warmarTavs<br />
sagareo <strong>politika</strong>s, ekonomikas, finansebs da sxva saqmeebs. bosniis TiToeul<br />
naxevars sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da policia gaaCnia.<br />
bosniaSi samSvidobo procesis monitoringisaTvis natos meTaurobiT gaigzavna<br />
60 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari saerTaSoriso Zalebi. miuxedavad<br />
sxvadasxva darRvevebisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1996 wlis seqtemberSi. magram<br />
cota vinme Tu eloda deitonis SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas. ukve 1997 wlis<br />
SuaxanebSi nacionalistma serbebma da xorvatebma bosniaSi moindomes bosniis<br />
gayofa eTni kurad `wminda~ teritoriebad. 1998 wlis martSi regioni SeZra<br />
serbiis mier zurggamagrebulma Zaladobam albaneli umravlesobis winaaRmdeg<br />
kosovos avtonomiur provinciaSi. amgvari teritoriuli ambiciebis da<br />
gauTavebeli eTnikuri emociebis fonze, SeuZlebeli Canda imis warmodgena,<br />
rom bosnia gaagrZeleb da arsebobas erTiani mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri<br />
saxelmwifos saxiT.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
299<br />
srulmasStabiani samoqalaqo omi kosovoSi 1990iani wlebis bolos daiwyo.<br />
omis mizezi avtonomiis sakiTxi iyo _ kosovoelebi iTxovdnen mas, xolo serbebi<br />
uars acxadebdnen. serbulma Zalebma ar daindes mSvidobiani mosaxleoba,<br />
sistematurad aZevebdnen kosovarebs (albanel serbebs) qveynidan (kosovodan).<br />
im droisTvis, rodesac natos intervenciam sabolood daaCoqa miloSeviCis<br />
mTavroba, milionze meti kosovari (daaxloebiT sami mexuTedi eTnikurad<br />
albaneli mosaxleobisa) ltolvilad iyo qceuli. mSvidoba kosovos<br />
mxolod kosovos gaTavisuflebis armiis gaafTrebuli brZolebis da gaeros<br />
da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis intervenciis Semdeg daubrunda.<br />
brZolebis tkivilian dasasruls Tan axlda Tavsmoxveuli mSvidoba.<br />
gaerom moaxdina sakuTari `droebiTi administraciis~ formireba, natos Zalebi<br />
ki garkveulwilad policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. deklarirebuli<br />
mizani iyo `arsebiTi avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba~ provinciisTvis. gaeronatos<br />
reJimma ganaiaraRa kosovos gaTavisuflebis armia da dado mcirericxovani<br />
(5 procentiani) serbuli umciresobis ganrisxebuli albanelebis<br />
SurisZiebisa gan dacvis piroba. es piroba srulad ar Sesrulda, ramdenadac<br />
xSiri iyo kosovoSi serbebze Tavdasxmisa da muqaris SemTxvevebi.<br />
saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis miReba ver moxerxda. miloSeviCis xelisuflebaSi<br />
yofnisas gaeros proteqto rats bolo ar uCanda. keTili survilebis<br />
miuxedavad, gaerom kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom ar iyo mzad mmarTvelobis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros administracia ar icnobda adgilobriv<br />
Cveulebebs da awydeboda Znelad gadasalax enobriv bariers. natos Zalebi,<br />
romlebmac axla serbebis dacvis rTuli misia ikisres, uflebaSelaxuli kosovarebisgan<br />
mtrul damokidebulebas waawydnen. amavdroulad, Seiqmna institucionaluri<br />
da samarTlebrivi vakuumi, sadac ar arsebobda arc kanoni, arc<br />
sasamarTloebi, arc adgilobrivi policia, raTa gamklavebodnen Cveulebriv<br />
(da arcTu mTlad Cveulebriv) kriminals [(2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovom<br />
damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rac ukve aRiara ramdenime saxelmwifom _<br />
mTargmn. Sen)].<br />
sisxliani diqtatori miloSeviCi sabolood daamxes saprezidento ar<br />
CevnebSi 2000 wels (igi ecada arCevnebis gayalbebas, magram daamxo saxalxo<br />
opoziciis mZlavrma talRam) [miloSeviCi haagis saerTaSoriso tribunals<br />
gadasces 2001 wels. igi gulis SetviT gardaicvala cixeSi 2006 w. _ mTargmn.<br />
Sen.]. mxolod dro aCvenebs, SeZleben Tu ara miloSeviCis memkvidre (an memkvidreebi)<br />
daubrunon politikuri wesrigi da saerTaSoriso pativiscema<br />
dangreuli ekonomikis mqone am daqucmacebul ers.<br />
siera-leone<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, demokratia sulac ar aris Cveuli ambavi saharis<br />
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi. iqac ki, sadac igi TiTqos muSaobda, damarcxda<br />
_ zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sruliad unugeSod. arsad igi ise umowyalod ar damarcxebula,<br />
rogorc sieraleoneSi.<br />
1986 wels sieraleoneSi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebi gaimarTa da
300 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
partiam saxelwodebiT `saerTo saxalxo kongresi~ (saxeli marjved iyo Ser<br />
Ceuli), SearCia 335 kandidati, raTa ebrZola 105 adgilisaTvis. partia Cveulebriv<br />
ayenebda sam konkurents TiToeul adgilze, rac gavrcelebuli praqtikaa<br />
regionis erTpartiul qveynebSi. amrigad, amomrCevlebs sieraleoneSi<br />
faqtobrivad hqondaT meti arCevani _ sul mcire, pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
_ vidre amomrCevlebs aSSis sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, sieraleone 1990ian wlebSi anarqiaSi gadaeSva. 1996<br />
da 1998 wlebs Soris mTavroba oTxjer gamoicvala. Semdeg daiwyo sruli<br />
koSmari da ajanyebulebma (e. w. erTiani revoluciuri frontis wevrebma)<br />
sisxliani areulobebi moawyves. isini itacebdnen patara biWebs da maT seqsualuri<br />
Zaladobis msxverplad da mkvlelebad aqcevdnen. SeuZlebelia,<br />
da arc aris saWiro, aRwero sieraleoneSi momxdari yvela saSineleba. am<br />
qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibebula arc politikuri institutebi da arc samoqalaqo<br />
kultura, rac aucilebelia demokratiis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze, garegnuli demokratiis miRma iniRbeboda<br />
sazogadoeba, romelic nebismier momentSi mzad iyo samoqalaqo Zaladobis<br />
vulkanisebri amofrqvevisaTvis.<br />
avRaneTi<br />
dabolos, yuradRebas SevaCerebT avRaneTze, sadac saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT<br />
zurggamagrebulma aSSm moaxdina samxedro intervencia msoflio<br />
savaWro centrsa da pentagonze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis<br />
Semdeg. erT dReSi avRaneTi amerikelebisTvis rukaze ararsebuli<br />
qveynidan iqca qveynad, romelzec yvelaze mets saubroben msoflioSi.<br />
amerikelebma uceb gaiges, rom sastiki banditebis xrova, romelic mokalaTebuli<br />
iyo Talibebis saxelwodebiT cnobil totalitarul reJimSi, daCagrul<br />
da uaRresad gaRatakebul qveyanas gaukuRmarTebuli islamis saxeliT mar<br />
Tavda. maT aseve gaiges, rom Taliburi reJimi warmoadgenda myudro TavSesafars<br />
osa ma bin ladenisa da misi teroristuli qselis _ alqaidasTvis. cotas<br />
Tu esmoda istoriuli foni: avRaneTi iyo msoflios erTerTi yvelaze ufro<br />
disfunqciuri saxelmwifo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi im movlenebamde,<br />
romlebmac uSua lod gamoiwvia avRaneTis miwaze amerikis specialuri Zalebis<br />
Sesvla. 1970 wlamdec ki avRaneTi msoflios erTerTi uRatakesi qveyana iyo;<br />
mdgomareoba swrafad gauaresda monarqiis damxobis Semdgom ramdenime aTwleulSi.<br />
2001 wels mTeli qveyana nangrevebSi iyo da milionobiT adamiani,<br />
gansakuTrebiT qalebi da bavSvebi, sikvdilis zRvarze cxovrobdnen.<br />
avRaneTSi mravali eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, romlebic enaTesavebian<br />
mezobeli qveynebis _ pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, tajikeTis, uzbeke<br />
Tisa da CineTis mosaxleobas. udidesi jgufi, puStunebi, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT<br />
40 procents Seadgens (rac 2000 wels 26 milioni iyo). amrigad, qveyanaSi<br />
ar arsebobs umravlesobis jgufi, cxovroben mxolod sxvadasxva zomis
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
301<br />
umciresobebi. avRanelebis daaxloebiT 99 procenti muslimia, aqedan 15<br />
procenti Siitia (msgav sad iranelebis umravlesobisa).<br />
avRaneTi 17471973 wlebSi monarqia iyo. rodesac qveyanam daSla daiwyo,<br />
maSinve aSkara gaxda, rom am mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi bevri bzari arsebobda.<br />
sxvadasxva jgufebi ibrZodnen upiratesobis mosapoveblad 1973<br />
wlidan, sanam sabWoTa kavSirma ar gamoitana sabediswero gadawyvetileba<br />
SeWriliyo avRaneTSi misi favoriti dajgufebis (komunistebis) saxeliT.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTSi SeWras Sedegad mohyva sastiki da xangrZlivi<br />
omi, damarcxebulma sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Zalebi sabolood 1989 wels<br />
gaiyvana, aTi wlis damangreveli (da damamcirebeli) brZolebis Semdeg. 1992<br />
wels oponentebma daamxes komunisturi reJimi da xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba.<br />
rodesac misi vada amoiwura, xelisuflebam uari ganacxada Zalauflebis<br />
daTmobaze, magram Talibebma ieriSi miitanes dedaqalaqze da daaamxes igi<br />
1996 wels. axalma reJimma daamyara totalitaruli Zalaufleba, romelic islamis<br />
enasa da ideebs qadagebda, magram efuZneboda yuranis (wminda werilis)<br />
Tavnebur interpretirebas da SariaTis kanonebs (muslimi sasuliero pirebis,<br />
anu molebis swavlebas). qalebi da gogonebi iZulebulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi<br />
Cadri etarebinaT da maT aekrZalaT saxlis gareT muSaoba, skolaSi siaruli<br />
da oficialurisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gamoxatva. aikrZala<br />
televizia, filmebi, musika, cekva da `garyvnili~ garTobis sxva elementebi.<br />
SezRuduli iqna TviT bavSvTa TamaSebic ki (presis monacemebis mixedviT, magaliTad,<br />
aikrZala qaRaldis franiT TamaSi).<br />
avRaneTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, magram<br />
ara erTaderTi. rogorc misi istoriis bolo sami aTwleuli gviCvenebs,<br />
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba Zalian saxifaToni aRmoCndnen regionuli<br />
stabilurobisa da TviT msoflio wesrigisTvisac ki. am problemis<br />
gasaRebis povna iseve advilia, rogorc Znelia misi ganxorcieleba: ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri ganviTareba ukeTes cxovrebas qmnis ZaladobiT, Sim<br />
SiliT, avadmyofobiT da uimedobiT daCagruli sazogadoebebisaTvis.<br />
ganviTarebis Teoria:<br />
tendenciuri msjeloba?<br />
dasavleTSi ganviTareba da demokratia xSirad sinonimebad ganixileba da<br />
ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti sasurvelad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebis<br />
ena da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literatura ufro bevr rames aaSkaravebs. igulisxmeba,<br />
rom ganuviTarebel qveyanas ganviTarebuli sjobia. daukvirdiT<br />
am ukanaskneli terminis antonimebs: sustad ganviTarebeli, naklebad ganvi<br />
Tarebuli, ganviTarebadi, tradiciuli an CamorCenilic ki. zog jer, politikuri<br />
koreqtulobis mizniT, politologebi termin `premodernulsac~<br />
ki iyeneben ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze myof sazogadoebaTa dasaxasiaTeblad.<br />
amdenad, ganviTarebis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom ganviTareba kargia. amis<br />
mizezi SesaZlebelia isic iyos, rom yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli da araTa
302 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
namedrove sazogadoebebi imavdroulad, rogorc wesi, uRaribesebic arian.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazogadoebrvi modernizacia<br />
zogjer politikur demokratiasTanac asocirdeba.<br />
Tuki asea, maSin ismis kiTxva: arian ki Tanamedrove moqalaqeebi industriulad<br />
ganviTarebul erisaxelmwifoebSi ufro bednierni, vidre afrikuli<br />
tomis wevrebi, romlebic SedarebiT ioli cxovrebiT cxovroben, romelTa<br />
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia tomis mier (im Temis mier, romelSic<br />
cxovroben) da romelTa religiur da metafizikur SekiTxvebs calsaxa pasuxebi<br />
gaaCnia Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli rwmenebis safuZvelze? daxvewili<br />
medasavleTeebi amgvar cxovrebasA primitiulad da CamorCenilad miiCneven.<br />
maTi azriT crurwmenebi, miTebi da warsulis mkvdari xeli aferxebs<br />
rogorc individebis, aseve sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.<br />
magram zogierTi kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom diskusiebi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb<br />
xSirad ar scdeba dasavluri yaidis ganviTarebis qebas da adanaSaulebs<br />
dasavlel eqspertebs eTnocentrizmSi. 22 sinamdvileSi, dasavleli<br />
filosofosebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen am problemas. 1750 wels<br />
frangi filosofosi Jan Jak ruso werda: `Cveni sulebi damaxinjebulia mecnierebisa<br />
da xelovnebis srulyofisaken Cveni swrafvis Sesabamisad~. 23 rusos<br />
politikuri filosofia efuZneba ideas, rom Tanamedrove civilizaciam<br />
ufro gamofita, vidre gaamdidra Cveni adamianuri buneba. udavoa, rom ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi bevri adamiani, romelic iZulebuli iqna mietovebina<br />
sofeli da SeCveoda qalaqis cxovrebis cvalebadobas (xSirad WuWyian jur<br />
RmulebSi), daeTanxmeboda am ideas.<br />
WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara<br />
binZuri saidumlo<br />
dasawyisSi Cven gamovTqviT varaudi, rom ganviTareba mxolod dasavleTsa<br />
da mis farglebs myof erTeul qveynebSi ar xdeba. yvela sazogadoeba<br />
mudmivi cvlilebebis procesSia, isini ganicdian an aRmavlobas, an dacemas,<br />
magram erTi ram cxadia: isini arasdros iyinebian erT adgilze. sazogadoebebi<br />
sxvadasxva gziT, tempiT da sxvadasaxva dros viTardebian. Tanamedrove<br />
epoqaSi, dasavlur ma sazogadoebebma pirvelebma gaikvlies gza _ isini ganviTardnen<br />
ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis paralelurad,<br />
ganaviTares politikuri institutebi. maT am perspeqtivaSi, ganviTareba<br />
Tanamedrove gagebiT, warmoadgenda bunebriv process, romlis saTavec am<br />
sazogadoebebSia. ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis xSirad sapirispirod xdeba:<br />
ganviTareba ucxo procesia, romelic saTaves garedan iRebs (anu msoflios<br />
sabazro Zalebisgan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis zewolisgan, ucxouri<br />
kapitalidan, romelic iaf samuSao Zalas eZebs da a. S.).<br />
amdenad, ganviTareba dasavleTSi zogadad naklebad damangreveli iyo, vidre<br />
mesame samyaros bevr qveyanaSi. magram ganviTarebis istoria ar mTavrdeba<br />
postindustriuli periodis mosvliT. dasavlurma sazogadoebebma gaiares
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
303<br />
ganviTarebis agraruli da industriuli safexurebi da Seqmnes maRalteqnologiuri<br />
ekonomikebi, romlebic momxmarebels sTavazoben komerciuli<br />
da finansuri servisebis farTo speqtrs (ra Tqma unda, es qveynebi kvlavac<br />
CarTulni arian soflis meurneobaSi, madneulis mopovebasa da mrewvelobaSi,<br />
magram ekonomikis es seqtorebi daCrdila maRalteqnologiuri produqciis<br />
mniSvnelobam, maT Soris kompiuterulma programebma, finansurma servisebma,<br />
mecnierebasa da kvlevaze dafuZnebulma produqciam, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
medikamentebis warmoeba da sxva). es axali produqtebi cxovrebis axal xarisxs<br />
qmnis momxmareblebisaTvis, magram am yvelafers Tan sdevs gverdiTi efeqtebic:<br />
transportis sacobebi, qalaqis gadaWedva, atmosferos dabinZureba<br />
da xmauri, stresuli daavadebebi, ojaxebis dangrevis maRali maCveneblebi,<br />
narkomania, Zaladobrivi kriminalis zrda, gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, qalaqebis<br />
uzomod zrda, energiis ukmarisoba (mag. kaliforniaSi), narCenebis<br />
ganadgurebis problema, miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba, toqsikuri wvimebi,<br />
globaluri daTboba, ozonis fenaSi xvrelebis gaCena, mcenareTa da cxovel<br />
Ta uamravi saxeobis ganadgureba da bevri sxva boroteba, rac, Cveulebriv,<br />
ganviTarebis Tanmdevi movlenebia.<br />
postindustriuli qveynebis winaSe mdgari am problemebidan mxolod zogierTis<br />
dasaxelebac ki gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis maRal safexurebs Tavisi<br />
sirTuleebi gaaCnia. es sirTuleebi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvela Tavisebur<br />
safrTxes Seicavs. kargi iqneboda, Tu WarbganviTarebuli qveynebi _<br />
is qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebam gaaswro sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs gamklavebodnen<br />
aCqarebuli tempis teqnologiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis<br />
Tanmdev arasasurvel gverdiT efeqtebs _ met yuradRebas dauTmobdnen maT<br />
winaSe mdgar problemebs, da ara ganuviTarebeli qveynebis aRzrdaswavlebas<br />
_ ra da rogor gaakeTon.<br />
daskvna<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ekonomikurad naklebad<br />
ganviTarebulni da naklebad modernizebulni arian, vidre dasavluri<br />
liberaluri demokratiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa (magaliTad, siRaribe,<br />
Sobado bis maRali maCveneblebi, soflis meurneobis wamyvani roli),<br />
es qveyneba uaRresad mravalferovania. ganviTarebadi qveynebis istoriuli<br />
memkvidreoba _ gansakuTrebiT evropuli kolonializmi – Raribi samxreTis<br />
gaunelebeli aRSfoTebis mizezia mdidari CrdiloeTis mimarT. am istoriuli<br />
memkvidreobis nawilia arajansaRi politikuri ruka: sazRvrebi xSirad ar<br />
asaxavs adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur da tomobriv danawilebas da amrigad,<br />
politikuri arastabilurobis, maT Soris ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo omebis da<br />
genocidis mizezic ki xdeba.<br />
politikuri ganviTareba qveynis liderebisgan moiTxovs mosaxleobis
304 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
war matebul gaerTianebas (eris mSenebloba), xelisuflebis iseTi institutebis<br />
Seqmnas, romlebic asaxaven xalxis nebas (saxelmwifos mSenebloba),<br />
moqalaqeTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofas da simdidris, Zalauflebisa da<br />
sakuTrebis samarTliani ganawilebis xelSewyobas. konkretulad, politikuri<br />
ganviTareba moiTxovs, rom mTavrobam marTos efeqtianad da moxdes<br />
xelisuflebebis umtkivneulo cvlilebebi. rogorc wesi, politikuri ganviTareba<br />
aseve gulisxmobs progress demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimar<br />
TulebiTac. demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli<br />
ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da qceviTi pirobebis arsebobasTan.<br />
demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad, erma an politikuri, an ekonomikuri<br />
reformebis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos, magram ekonomikuri reformebis<br />
pirveladobis strategia ufro metad ralur perspeqtivebs qmnis<br />
demokratiis warmatebisTvis. 1974dan 1990 wlamde mravali ganviTarebadi<br />
eri gaxda demokratiuli, magram es tendencia Seqcevadia.<br />
ganviTareba SesaZloa rTuli amocana iyos. ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli<br />
programebis gatarebisas erebi motivirebulni arian ekonomikuri siZneleebiT,<br />
politikuri qiSpobiT da maRali molodinebiT, Tumca am procesSi maT<br />
mniSvnelovani barierebi eRobebaT win. maTi mosaxleoba xSirad socialurad<br />
fragmentirebulia, individebi fsiqologiurad Zlier damokidebulni arian<br />
tradiciebze da xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs. ekonomikaSi arsebuli<br />
problema uamravia _ vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali,<br />
mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, teqnologiebis dabali done, miwis nakveTebis ganawileba,<br />
mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da a.S. rodesac politikuri liderebi<br />
ver axerxeben warmatebiT daakmayofilon ganviTarebis socialuri, ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri moTxovnebi (mraval mizezTa gamo), ganviTareba wydeba<br />
da erebSi ganxeTqilebebi iwyeba.<br />
zogierTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis nacvlad dakninebisa da daSlis msxverpli<br />
xdeba. amis bolodroindeli magaliTebia somali, iugoslavia, siera<br />
leone da avRaneTi. sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva qveyanac gamodgeba daSlis<br />
da daqveiTebis magaliTad.<br />
WarbganviTareba (ganuviTareblobis sapirispirod) warmoadgens problemas,<br />
romelic bevr dasavlur sazogadoebas awuxebs. Tanamedrove diskusiebi<br />
ganviTarebis Temaze upiratesad ganviTarebis qebadidebas warmoadgens,<br />
Tumca mi si aserigad sasurveloba SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
pirveli samyaro<br />
meore samyaro<br />
mesame samyaro<br />
kolonializmi<br />
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba<br />
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba<br />
politikuri ganviTareba<br />
eris mSenebloba<br />
saxelmwifos mSenebloba<br />
politikuri SeRweva<br />
monawileoba
patronklienturi urTierTobebi<br />
demokratiis korelatebi<br />
`glastnost~is pirveladobis<br />
modeli<br />
`perestroik~is pirveladobis<br />
modeli<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />
mzardi molodinebis revolucia<br />
mozaikuri sazogadoebebi<br />
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi<br />
askriptiuli sazogadoebebi<br />
mwvane revolucia<br />
eTnikuri wmenda<br />
deitonis SeTanxmebebi<br />
305<br />
1. ra aris e. w. mesame samyaros ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? rogor ukavSirdeba<br />
es maxasiaTeblebi ganviTarebis process?<br />
2. daasaxeleT demokratiis korelatebi. axseniT, ramdenad marTebulia analizis<br />
amgvari mimarTuleba.<br />
3. ra aris modernizaciis miznebi? ra uSlis xels mas?<br />
4. mivyavarT Tu ara ganviTarebas yovelTvis demokratiisken? Tu piriqiT?<br />
moitaneT magaliTebi.<br />
5. ra dabrkolebebi eRobeba ganviTarebas? Tu ganviTareba ase Znelia, ratom<br />
eswrafvian mas?<br />
6. rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs ganviTareba da daknineba? Cerdebian Tu<br />
ara saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi odesme erT adgilze? axseniT.<br />
7. daasaxeleT oTxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifo da erTerTi maTganis magaliTze<br />
aRwereT disfunqciuri saxelmwifos buneba.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. es monacemebi WeSmaritia klasifikaciis TiTqmis yvela sistemis<br />
mixedviT, Tumca CineTis ganviTarebad qveynad CaTvla/arCaTvla mniSvnelovnad<br />
imoqmedebs zust maCveneblebze. Cvens cxrilSi CineTi ganviTarebad<br />
qveynad aris miCneuli.<br />
2. John Allen, Student Atlas of World Politics (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1994),<br />
16. tailands maSin siami ewodeboda, irans ki sparseTi.<br />
3. iqve, 17. Tumca, Tanamedrove politikis, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili iugoslaviis,<br />
cvalebadobis gamo es maCvenebeli Zalze aramyaria.<br />
4. rogorc aRniSnavs Robert Clark, Power and Politics in the Third World, 4th<br />
ed. (New York: Macmullian, 1991), 26.<br />
5. ix. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies: (New<br />
Yaork: Norton, 1997).<br />
6. am sakiTxebs sazogadod esmeba xazi literaturaSi. ix. James A. Bill da
306<br />
Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />
Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr, Comparative Politics: The Quest fir Theory (Websterville,<br />
Ohio: Merrill, 1973), 70-71.<br />
7. magaliTisaTvis ix. Seymour Lipset, Political man: The Social gases of Democracy<br />
(Garden City. N.Y. Doubleday, 1983); Tatu Vanhamen, The Process<br />
of Democratization: A Comperative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988 (Bristol, Pa:<br />
Taylor & Francis, 1990); da Samuel P. Huntington, “Will More countries Become<br />
Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly 99 (1984): 193-218. aseve sainteresoa<br />
Thomas Scanton, “Democracy’s Fragile Flower Spreads Its Roots”,<br />
Time, July 13, 1987.10-11. amgvar korelatebze dafuZnebul, demokratiis<br />
optimistur xedvas gvTavazobs Carl Garsman, “Democracy as the Wave of<br />
the Future: World Revolution”, Current, (May 1989): 18-23. aseve ix. Morton<br />
Kondracke, “Freedom Bummer”, New Republic, November 26, 1990, 21-24.<br />
8. Gershman “Democracy as the Wave of the Future”, 23.<br />
9. Vanhamen, Process of Democratization, 51-65.<br />
10. ix. Kondracke, ”Freedom Bummer,~ 23<br />
11. Samuel Hantington `How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly<br />
106, (1991-1992): 579.<br />
12. magaliTisaTvis ix. Robert M. Press “Africa’s Strugle for for Democracy”,<br />
Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991, 7; da Kennet B. Noble, “Despots<br />
Dwindle as Reform Alters Face of Africa”, New York Times, April 13, 1991, 1.<br />
13. rogorc aRniSnavs Thomas R. Lansner “Out of Africa”, Wall Street Journal,<br />
December 10, 1996. A18.<br />
14. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 12.<br />
15. Cveulebriv, mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. ukanaskneli periodis<br />
mniSvne lovani gamonaklisi iyo 1991 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerTianebuli erebis jarebisa da erays Soris<br />
omi.<br />
16. Jean Herskovits, “Nigeria: Power and Democracy in Africa”, Headline Series<br />
527 (January-February 1982): 18.<br />
17. Vyvyan Tenorio, “Sri Lanka Process at Delicate point”, Cristian Science Monitor,<br />
September 2, 1986,11.<br />
18. Robert E. Gamer, Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed.<br />
(Dubuque, Lowa: William C Brown, 1982), 312-314.<br />
19. Samuel Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," Worlds Politics<br />
17 (April 1965): 386-430.<br />
20. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.:<br />
Yale University Press, 1968), 35.<br />
21. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems (Englewood Cliffs,<br />
N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.<br />
22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bill and Hardgrave, Comparative Politics, 58-59.<br />
23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “The First Discourse,” wignSi The First and Second<br />
Discourses, red. Roger D. Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 39.
n a w i l i I I I<br />
politikis<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
ganzomileba<br />
Tavi IX<br />
politikuri socializacia:<br />
moqalaqis Gamoyalibeba<br />
Tavi X<br />
politikuri monawileoba:<br />
gavlenis safasuri<br />
Tavi XI politikuri<br />
lideroba: Zalauflebis<br />
mravalsaxeoba<br />
Tavi XII sazogadoebrivi<br />
keTildReobis zRublze:<br />
ideologiebi da izmebi<br />
Tavi XIII sajaro politikis<br />
problemebi:<br />
principebi, prioritetebi<br />
da praqtika<br />
307
308
Tavi IX<br />
politikuri<br />
socializacia<br />
moqalaqis<br />
Gamoyalibeba<br />
kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba<br />
sapirispiro ganmartebebi<br />
klasikuri xedva<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
ojaxi<br />
Tanatolebi<br />
masmedia<br />
kanoni<br />
ZiriTadi politikuri Rire<br />
bulebebi: rogor vipovoT oqros<br />
Sualedi?<br />
politikuri socializaciis marcxi<br />
309
310 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
1932 welia. sabWoTa kavSiri sakvebis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis, milionobiT<br />
adamiani SimSilobs. ioseb stalinma, komunisturi partiis liderma<br />
da sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tavkacma, wamoiwyo sabWoTa soflis meurneobis<br />
Zirfesviani reorganizacia, rac miwaTmflobelTa mTeli socialuri klasis<br />
(kulakebis) mospobasa da mTliani miwebis koleqtivizacias gulisxmobda<br />
_ amieridan miwis yoveli nakveTi da masze moweuli produqti saxelmwifos<br />
ekuTvnis. imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo aw ukve saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi<br />
arsebuli qonebis qurdoba, sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo kanoni, romli<br />
Tac TiToeul glexs aekrZala piradi moxmarebisaTvis marcvlelulis nebismieri<br />
raodenobis miTviseba. am kanonis gavleniT, patara biWma mamamisi marcvleulis<br />
damalvisaTvis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daasmina. mama<br />
saxelmwifo qonebis qurdobis gamo daxvrites. amis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula<br />
da glexebis jgufma, romelsac am biWis saqcieliT ganrisxebuli biZa winamZRolobda,<br />
igi sicocxles gamoasalma. xelisuflebam, romelic SemTxvevas<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavda, biWi tanjul gmirad Seracxa.<br />
kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba<br />
stalini am patara biWs samagaliTo moqalaqed, gmirad miiCnevda. is faqti,<br />
rom sakuTari mamis damsmeni bavSvi SeiZleba karg moqalaqed CaTvliliyo,<br />
miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze romelic pirvelad aristotelem aRniSna: karg moqalaqes<br />
gansazRvravs kanonebi, reJimebi da wesebi, magram kargi pirovnebis<br />
zneobrivi saxe (da universaluri Tvisebebi) myaria da nebismieri politikuri<br />
reJimis moTxovnebze maRla dgas. 1 amrigad, kargi moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs<br />
saxelmwifoSi da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis, normebisa da molodinis<br />
Tanaxmad moqcevas. magram kargi moqalaqeobis arsebuli kriteriumebi,<br />
SesaZloa, Zlier gansxvavdebodes (da es asecaa) sxvadasxva erSi. 1930iani<br />
wlebis sabWoTa ruseTSi kargi moqalaqe iyo is, vinc, upirveles yovlisa, komunisturi<br />
partiis erTguli iyo. kargi moqalaqeobis sazomi totalitarul<br />
saxelmwifoSi aseTia: kargi moqalaqe mzad unda iyos politikuri xelisuflebis<br />
nebas (brZanebas) dauqvemdebaros yovelgvari piradi Sexedulebebi da<br />
ojaxis erTgulebac ki, da mihyves diqtatoris nebasurvils, saiTac ar unda<br />
iyos igi mimarTuli. konstituciur demokratiebSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis<br />
standartebi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia: waxalisebuli da daculia pirovnebis<br />
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, daemorCilon saku Tar sindiss da<br />
gamoxaton Tavisi mosazrebebi.<br />
maSin, rodesac abstraqtuli kargi moqalaqisadmi arsebuli moTxovnebi<br />
(romlebsac yovelTvis saxelmwifo gansazRvravs) upirispirdeba realuri<br />
adamianebis (moqalaqeebis, rogorc keTili da TanamgrZnobi<br />
adamianebis)zneobriv orientirebs da sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs mospos<br />
gansxvaveba am ors Soris, warmoiSoba seriozuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli<br />
saxis problemebi. rodis wyvets adamiani namdvil moqalaqed yofnas da iqceva<br />
ubralo, rigiT subieqtad, SeiZleba monadac ki? adamiani saxelmwifos<br />
emorCileba Tu sakuTari sindisis karnaxs?
politikuri socializacia<br />
311<br />
istoriis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva zneobrivi mrwamsis adamianebi iCemebdnen<br />
sazogadoebis karg moqalaqeobas. moqalaqis zneobriv saxes da mmarTvelobis<br />
sxvadasxva formas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiri xazs usvams<br />
(aZlierebs) aristoteles mosazrebas, rom politikuri sistemis WeSmariti<br />
sazomi is moqalaqea, romelsac igi ayalibebs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kargi<br />
saxelmwifo isaa, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe kargi pirovnebacaa; cudia saxelmwifo,<br />
romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe ise emorCileba brZanebas, rom Tavs ar<br />
iwuxebs keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxiT. raoden martivic<br />
ar unda iyos amgvari formulireba, igi mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gvTavazobs<br />
mmarTvelobasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobaze da magaliTad, imazec<br />
miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo saTnoe ba (sazogadoebrivi zneoba) ganuyofelia<br />
individualuri keTilsindisierebisagan (piradi moraluri principebisagan).<br />
sapirispiro ganmartebebi<br />
gasakviri araa, rom sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis gansxvavebuli<br />
definiciaa miRebuli. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi adamianebis<br />
moqalaqeebad kvalificireba mxolod am sityvis Zalian viwro gagebiT<br />
SeiZle ba, anu isini cxovroben romeliRac konkretuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />
da mis kanonebs emorCilebian. aseTi saxelmwifos da moqalaqis<br />
urTierToba calmxrivi moZraobis quCas hgavs: rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi,<br />
isini ar monawileoben imis gadawyvetaSi, vin da rogor marTavs (maSinac<br />
ki, rodesac isini arCevnebSi mona wileoben). zogadad, Tuki isini sistemis<br />
mimarT damTmobni arian, mTavroba maT ar awuxebs.<br />
gansxvavebiT amisagan, totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic xelisufleba<br />
cdilobs Secvalos sazogadoeba da axali tipis moqalaqe Camoayalibos,<br />
adamianebi iZulebuli arian CaerTon politikur sistemaSi. Tumca,<br />
moqalaqis poziciidan msgavs monawileobas azri ara aqvs, radgan es ar aris<br />
nebayoflobiTi da gulisxmobs valdebulebebs Sesabamisi uflebebis gareSe.<br />
kargi moqalaqeo bis ganmsazRvrelia erTguleba da fanatizmi, ramac SeiZleba<br />
aiZulos isini maTTvis moralurad miuRebeli brZanebebic ki Seasrulon.<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi moqalaqeobas sul sxvagvarad<br />
ganmartaven. dawyebiT skolaSi karg moqalaqed iTvleba is mowafe, romelic<br />
karg magaliTs iZleva, pativs scems sxvebs, wesierad iqceva da davalebebs<br />
droze asrulebs. mozrdilebi karg moqalaqeebad iTvlebian, Tuki seriozulad<br />
ekidebian moqalaqeobriv valdebulebebs, icaven kanonebs, ixdian<br />
gadasaxadebs da regularulad monawileoben arCevnebSi. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi<br />
kargi moqalaqeobis definicia kanonebSia mocemuli, kanonebs ki<br />
kanonmdeblebi weren, romel Tac xalxi irCevs _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti<br />
respublika Slis, spobs (an amcirebs mainc) daZabulobas moqalaqeobasa da<br />
sindiss Soris.<br />
bevri adamiani, libertarianelebis CaTvliT, amtkicebs, rom moqalaqeobis<br />
arsi individualur uflebebsa da pirad TavisuflebaSia. amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobisadmi formaluri moTxovnebi minim
312 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
aluria, moqalaqeobis uparatesobebi ki iseTi, rom msoflioSi nebismier<br />
adamians SeSurdeba (amitomac, aSSSi imigrantebis uwyveti nakadia aSSdan<br />
sxva qveynebSi moqalaqeTa mcire gadinebis fonze). meToTxmete Sesworebis<br />
Tanaxmad, `yvela piri, romelic dabadebulia an naturalizebulia amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi da mis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeba, aris moqalaqe amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebisa da im Statisa, romel Sic cxovrobs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
am qveyanaSi moqalaqeoba gansazRvrulia/ganmar tebulia konstituciiT.<br />
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebi moqalaqeobis<br />
armqoneTagan imis mixedviT ki ar arian gamorCeuli, ras akeTeben an<br />
adre ra aqvT gakeTebuli, aramed, ubralod, dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. amis<br />
safuZveli ki isaa, rom Tu erTxel gaxdi moqalaqe, sul iqnebi moqalaqe, Tuki<br />
raime gansakuTrebuli danaSauli ar Caidine (rogoricaa Ralati) an nebayoflobiT<br />
ar Tqvi uari moqalaqeobaze. mSvidobis dros amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis moqalaqe obis miRebaze arsebuli moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, sakmaod<br />
sustia.<br />
klasikuri xedva<br />
SesaZloa moqalaqeobis minimalisturi xedva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom<br />
erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT `Sinaurebi da `ucxoebi~, magram is ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
erTi koncefciis WeSmarit arss, romelsac dasavlur civilizaciaSi<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs scmdnen. Zveli berZnebisTvis<br />
moqalaqeoba mxolod nawilobriv iyo dakavSirebuli dabadebis faqtsa da<br />
politikur geografiasTan; moqalaqeobis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums warmoadgenda<br />
sazogadoebis sajaro saqmeebSi seriozuli da uangaro monawileoba.<br />
aristoteles miaCnda, rom `moqalaqis cnebas yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs<br />
sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba~. 2 aristotelesdroindeli<br />
aTeni patara politikuri sazogadoeba, qalaqisaxelmwifo<br />
iyo, romelSic moqalaqeTa proporciulad did nawils miniWebuli hqonda<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba. moqalaqeoba iyo pativi,<br />
romlis saSualebiTac saTanado mondomebisa da ganaTlebis mqone Tavisufali<br />
adamianebi marTavdnen sxva Tavisufal adamianebs, TviTon ki imarTebodnen<br />
maT mier da amiT emsaxurebodnen winsvlas, sazogadoebriv wes <br />
rig sa da keTildReobas.<br />
meTvramete saukunis evropaSi berZnuli ideali modernizebuli formiT<br />
xelaxla gacocxlda. moqalaqe iqca terminad, romliTac axasiaTebdnen imaT,<br />
vinc ibrZoda uflebisaTvis, TxovniT miemarTa an eCivla mTavrobisaTvis.<br />
moqalaqeebs ganasxvavebdnen monebisagan, romelTac qonebad Tvlidnen da<br />
moTxovnebi da uflebebi ar SeiZleba hqonodaT. moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebodnen<br />
aseve qveSevrdomebisagan (vasali), romelTa pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
valdebuleba xelmwifis erTguleba da morCileba iyo. germaneli<br />
filosofosis imanuel kantis (17241804ww.) mixedviT, moqalaqeebs, monebisa<br />
da qveSevrdomebisagan gansxvavebiT, hqondaT konstituciuri Tavisufleba<br />
anu ufleba, damorCilebodnen mxolod kanonebs, romlebzec maT sakuTari
politikuri socializacia<br />
313<br />
Tanxmoba hqondaT micemuli. kanti aseve amtkicebda, rom moqalaqeebs hqondaT<br />
samoqalaqo Tanasworoba da politikuri damoukidebloba. pirveli<br />
aTavisuflebda maT im kanonisa Tu wesisgan, romelic avaldebulebda Tavis<br />
Soris ufrosi eRiarebinaT, meore ki imis aRmniSvneli iyo, rom pirovnebis<br />
politikuri statusi fundamenturi uflebeb i dan gamomdinareobda da ara<br />
vinmes nebidan. 3<br />
moqalaqeobis cnebis aSkarad ganuyofeli nawili yovelTvis iyo pirovnuli<br />
Rirsebis idea. moqalaqes unda moqceodnen rogorc Tavisufal da Tanaswor<br />
pirovnebas, romelsac unari Seswevs gansazRvros, ra Sedis mis intereseb<br />
Si. moqalaqeebi sxvebs ar unda emarTaT TviTneburad (despoturad); rogorc<br />
gonieri arsebebi, isini imsaxureben pativiscemiT mopyrobas. moqalaqeobis<br />
am idealTan yvelaze axlos respublikuri mmarTveloba mivida. sabolood,<br />
rogorc kanti da meTvramete saukunis sxva moazrovneebi aRiarebdnen, moqalaqeobisagan<br />
ganu yofeli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mxolod respublikuri<br />
mmarTvelobisas ganmtkicdeboda da aseTi mmarTveloba ki funqcionirebas<br />
SeZlebda mxolod maSin, Tuki misi rigiTi wevrebi gaiazrebdnen da gasaqans<br />
miscemdnen moqalaqeobis valdebulebebs.<br />
amJamad ukve gacilebiT meti adamiani kanonierad iwonebs Tavs `moqalaqeobiT~<br />
ara marto msoflio masStabiT, aramed calkeul qveynebSic. magaliTad,<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rasobriv umciresobebs, qalebs da<br />
qonebis armqone pirebs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT brZola ar<br />
CevnebSi monawi leobis uflebisa da sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis kanonis<br />
farglebSi dasa cavad. es procesi ar mimdinareobda Secdomebisa da Cavardnebis<br />
gareSe. ga izar da ra mo qalaqeTa (da saerTod adamianebis) raodenoba,<br />
ufro rTuli gaxda efeqturi politikuri monawileobac: gaZlierda zemoqmedeba<br />
mTavrobazec, raTa man uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo ganaTleba da<br />
socialuri garemo, rac imisaTvisaa aucilebeli, rom yvela moqalaqem Se<br />
Zlos Tavisi uflebebis saTanadod dacva. Zvel aTenSi, qalaqis SedarebiT<br />
mcire zomisa da moqalaqeTa mci re raodenobis gamo (monebi da qalebi moqalaqeebad<br />
ar iTvlebodnen), nebismi er moqalaqes SeeZlo daekavebina saxelmwifo<br />
Tanamdeboba da aqtiuri monawileo ba mieRo kanonebisa da politikis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi. mzard erebSi, milionobiT moqalaqiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela<br />
srulwlovans moqalaqis statusi aqvs, Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani monawileoba<br />
xSirad miuwvdomel idealad rCeba.<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis zust ganmartebaze SeiZleba vikama ToT,<br />
zogadad yvela aRiarebs: karg moqalaqed ki ar ibadebian, aramed yalibdebian.<br />
bavSvebi xdebian pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva gavlenisa<br />
da institutis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad; esaa ojaxi, religia, skola,<br />
Tanatolebi, masmedia da kanoni, romlebic uyalibeben moqalaqis valdebulebisa<br />
da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis SegrZnebas. socializacia ewodeba pro
314 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
cess, rom li Tac adamiani iZulebuli xdeba ifiqros da imoqmedos sazogadoebrivad<br />
mi saRe bi formiT.<br />
politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba<br />
Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeuZliaT<br />
politikur sistemas daexmaron. 4 yoveli TviTkmari sazogadoeba moqalaqeebs<br />
Caunergavs garkveul ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. eWvgareSea, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis<br />
aucilebeli saSeni masala (aguri) saerTo Sexedulebebia. iseTi Seudrekeli<br />
individualistic ki, rogoric ingliseli filosofosi jon stiuart<br />
mili iyo (18061873ww.), acnobierebda, rom loialobis da erTgulebis moqalaqeobrivi<br />
grZnoba `SeiZleba sxvadasxva obieqts Seexebodes da mmarTvelobis<br />
romelime erT formaze ar iyos mijaWvuli; magram demokratiasa Tu monarqiaSi<br />
misi arsi yovelTvis isaa,… rom saxelwifos konstituciaSi aris raRac gansaz<br />
Rvruli, samudamo, rac eWvs ar iwvevs, rasac sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZvelze,<br />
aqvs ufleba iyos iq, sadac aris da rac ar unda Seicvalos, iyos daculi<br />
da xeluxlebeli~. 5<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi xelisufleba, ra legitimuric ar unda<br />
iyos igi, ver miscems Tavs uflebas ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa mier politikuri<br />
Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis gza. es procesi ojaxSi iwyeba.<br />
ojaxi<br />
ojaxi axdens pirvelad da yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas pirovnuli (individualuri)<br />
Rirebulebebis formirebaze. sxvadasxva politikuri reJimi<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavs ojaxs. zogierTi mTavroba mxarSi udgas da<br />
mfar velobs ojaxs; sxva reJimebi gulgrili arian mis mimarT; zogierTi cdilobs<br />
mas niadagi gamoacalos, radganac ojaxuri kavSirebidan gamomdinare<br />
siyvarulsa da erTgulebas saxelmwifosaTvis ZirgamomTxrelad miiCnevs.<br />
miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa, yvela mTavroba aRiarebs<br />
ojaxis mniSvnelo bas socializaciis procesSi.<br />
im erebmac ki, romlebic Riad aRiareben tradiciul ojaxur Rirebulebebs,<br />
SeiZleba ver moaxerxon sazogadoebaSi misi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960iani wlebis Semdeg martoxela<br />
mSoblebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebis ricxvi, ganqorwinebebisa da martoxela<br />
qalebs Soris Sobadobis zrdis Sedegad, sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. sqema 9<br />
1). Tu 1970 wels axalSobilTa daaxloebiT 12 procenti modioda martoxela<br />
qalebze, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 33%s miuaxlovda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis<br />
mamisagan mitovebuli deda iZulebulia marto itvirTos bavSvis movlisa<br />
da ojaxis patronobis mZime tvirTi. orsuloba TineijerebSi (mozardebSi),<br />
siRaribe da ganaTlebis dabali done pirdapir kavSirSia amgvar danawevrebul<br />
ojaxebTan. problemis gamo izrdeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis xarjebi,<br />
magaliTad `gaWirvebuli ojaxebis droebiTi daxmarebis~ da sakvebze<br />
talonebis programebis meSveobiT.
politikuri socializacia<br />
315<br />
sqema 9-1. martoxela ojaxebSi mcxovrebi amerikeli bavSvebi, 196095ww wyaro:<br />
“Keeping Track”, New York Times, 20 ivlisi, 1994, A7.<br />
momavalSi mosalodnelia problemiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
xarjebis sagrZnobi zrda. rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs, martoxela<br />
mSoblis mier gazrdil bavSvebs skolidan garicxvis, kriminalTa da<br />
narkotikebis momxmarebelTa wreSi moxvedris, ara Tavisi specialobiT muSaobis<br />
da siRaribeSi darCenis, mozrdilobaSi ki uiRblo piradi kavSirebis<br />
da uiRblo ojaxebis Seqmnis ufro realuri riski emuqrebaT, vidre orive<br />
mSobelTan aRzrdil bavSvebs. 6 ra Tqma unda, xSirad erTmSobliani ojaxebic<br />
warmatebuli arian xolme da maTi aRzrdili bavSvebic mSvenivrad uReben<br />
alRos cxovrebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki erTerTi mSobeli bavSvze negatiur<br />
fizikur an emociur gavlenas axdens, bavSvisTvis SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos<br />
calke im mSobelTan cxovreba, romelic aseT zemoqmedebas ar mimarTavs.<br />
bavSvi Tavdapirvel socializacias sakuTar saxlSi, ojaxSi gadis da<br />
iRebs ra Tavisi yoveldRiuri qcevisTvis jildos an sasjels, swavlobs, ra<br />
aris daSvebuli da ra ara. amgvarad, bavSvi erkveva, ra valdebulebebi aqvs<br />
ojaxis da sxvebis mimarT. nelnela is xdeba ojaxis moqalaqe (wevri), rogorc<br />
wesi, mkafi od gansazRvruli movaleobebiT, nawilobriv, uflebebiTa<br />
da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebulad esmeva xazi mniSvnelovan moralur<br />
wesebs maSinac ki, Tu bavSvs ar ganumartaven am wesebis mizezebs (`giTxari<br />
da gaakeTe~). ndoba, Ta namSromloba, Tavisi Tavis pativiscema, sxvebis<br />
pativiscema da TanagrZnoba fesvgadgmulia ojaxur urTierTobebSi, maT<br />
efuZneba pirovnebis qceviTi da zneobrivi ganviTareba. 7<br />
ojaxi aseve gvexmareba gavarkvioT, sad migviyvans sabolood bavSvebis<br />
politikuri socializacia da ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba igi. partiuli<br />
orientacia da kuTvnilebac ki xSirad ojaxidan modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />
rodesac orive mSobeli erTi partiis wevria. amas garda, ojaxi mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdens rwmenaze (religiur Sexedulebebze), rac mWidrodaa dakav<br />
Sirebuli rogorc partiul kuTvnilebasTan, aseve konkretul politikur
316 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
SexedulebebTan (fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc wesi, abortis<br />
winaaRmdegi arian; ebraelebi israels uWeren mxars da a. S.). 8 SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, im bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70 procenti, romelTa orive mSobelic<br />
erT partias uWers mxars, TviTonac imave partias aniWebs upiratesobas. 9<br />
Tumca, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, rodesac saqme midis ufro abstraqtul<br />
politikur sakiTxebamde, mSoblebis gavlena sakmaod SezRuduli xdeba. 10<br />
dabolos, im faqts, rom ukve zrdasrulebi, xSirad ar veTanxmebiT Cveni mSoblebis<br />
Sexedulebebs <strong>politika</strong>ze (sxva raRacebTan erTad), miaweren xolme<br />
`TaobaTa Soris~ gansxvavebas.<br />
socialuri klasi da umciresobis statusi. ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom<br />
politikuri socializaciis struqtura (modeli) mSobelTa sxvadasxva socialur<br />
klasSi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. 11 saSualo da maRali fenis bavSvebis<br />
<strong>politika</strong>Si aqtiuri Cabmis albaToba ufro maRalia, radgan iTvleba,<br />
rom politikiT ojaxis daintereseba socialur statusTan erTad izrdeba.<br />
daba li fenebis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebs <strong>politika</strong>ze naklebi informacia<br />
aqvT da ufro iSviaTadac monawileoben politikur RonisZiebebSi. 12<br />
ojaxis farglebSi, umciresobis statusma SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli<br />
Se asrulos politikuri socializaciis procesSi. magaliTad, zogierTma mkvlevarma<br />
daadgina, rom amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi afroamerikeli bavSvebi<br />
ufro naklebad endobian mTavrobas, vidre maTi TeTrkaniani Tanatolebi.<br />
es bavSvebi aseve naklebad arian darwmunebuli mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenis<br />
sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi. 13 gasakviri araa, rom amdagvarive damokidebulebaa<br />
politikur SexedulebaTa mimarTac; amgvarad, Savkaniani amerikelebi<br />
(aRiare ben ra klasebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs mudmiv, ucvlel mocemulobad),<br />
ekono mikuri da sagareo politikis umravles sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi<br />
(Tumca, es ganwyoba yvela politikur sakiTxze rodi vceldeba, risi magaliTicaa<br />
danaSaulis mi marT damokidebuleba) ufro politikurad liberalur<br />
ganwyobebs amJRavneben, vid re TeTrkaniani amerikelebi. amis msgavsad, aziuri<br />
warmoSobis amerikelebi, xelisuflebis da tradiciuli ojaxis struqturisadmi<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli pativiscemidan gamomdinare, TeTrkanian<br />
eTnikur jgufebTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre SavkanianTa jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT<br />
sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebSi. espanurenovan amerikelebs SeiZleba<br />
Savkanian da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris mivakuTvnoT adgili, Tumca<br />
ojaxuri socializaciis da politikuri Sexedulebe bis gadacemis efeqtma<br />
gavlena iqonia kubel amerikelebze, romlebic, rogorc calke jgufi, ufro<br />
mtkice konservatorebad Camoyalibdnen (gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikis<br />
sakiTxebSi), vidre sxva espanurenovani amerikelebi, meqsikelebisa da puertorikoelebis<br />
CaTvliT. amis erTerTi mizezi isaa, rom rodesac revoluciis<br />
dros kubelebis nawili amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiqca, kubis liderma<br />
fidel kastrom maT qoneba CamoarTva da kubaSi darCenil maTi ojaxis wevrebs<br />
devna dauwyo.<br />
genderi da <strong>politika</strong>. amerikul <strong>politika</strong>Si mamakacebsa da qalebs xandaxan<br />
mmarTvelobis da politikis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT; klasebsa da rasebs
politikuri socializacia<br />
317<br />
Soris gansxvavebis msgavsad, sqesTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac SeiZleba<br />
politikuri qcevis da Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli korelatebi<br />
iyos. rogorc Cans, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, zogierT politikur<br />
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi SegviZlia visaubroT erTgvar genderul gansvlaze,<br />
anu im gansxvavebebze, rasac fiqroben da mxars uWeren mTlianobaSi<br />
mamaka cebi da qalebi. magaliTad, 1996 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebSi qalebis<br />
54 procentma xma misca demokrat bil klintons, xolo 37 procentma _ konservator<br />
bob douls; sruliad gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi hqondaT mamakacebs,<br />
romelTa xme bi TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo klintonsa da douls Soris<br />
(TiToeulma 44 procen ti miiRo). imave arCevnebSi, qveynis masStabiT, warmomadgenelTa<br />
palatis arCevnebSi qalebis 55 procentma xma demokratebs misca,<br />
xolo mamakacebis 54 procentma _ respublikelebs.<br />
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es fenomeni? zogierTi mkvlevari sqesTa Soris<br />
arsebul gansxvavebas ojaxSi gancdil adrindel gamocdilebasa da molodinebs<br />
ukavSirebs; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili gansxvavebebi<br />
kacebisa da qalebis zneobrivi da politikuri Segnebis Camoyalibebis<br />
procesis mimdinareobaSi. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, socilizaciis da<br />
biologiis garkveuli kombinaciis Sedegad, qals, rogorc dedas da bavSvis<br />
ZiriTad momvlels, uviTardeba moraluri da politikuri xedva, romelSic<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanagrZnobasa da adamianis sicocxlis<br />
dacvas. 14 sxva, alternatiuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, genderze dafuZnebuli<br />
politikuri gansxvavebebi safuZvels iRebs zogierTi qalis gviandel<br />
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebSi. xmis micemis kanonzomierebaTa erTma<br />
amaswindelma kvlevam aCvena, rom `gaTxovili qalebi, gansakuTrebiT isini,<br />
romelTac arasodes hyoliaT bavSvi, mamakacebis msgavs arCevans akeTeben,<br />
martoxela da gaSorebuli qalebi ki lamis memarcxene frTis proletariats<br />
warmoadgenen~. 15<br />
rogoric unda iyos gansxvavebebis wyaro, isini ar warmoiqmneba mxo lod<br />
sqesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan _ magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
gamokiTxvebma ver gamoavlina veraviTari gansxvaveba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis<br />
an Tanasworuflebianobis sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mamakacebisa da<br />
qalebis damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, sqesTa Soris erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
politikuri gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba mTavrobis mier Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
sakiTxs. zogadad, qalebi naklebad arian ganwyobili omis mxardasaWerad,<br />
ufro ewina aRmdegebian sikvdiliT dasjas da ixrebian iraRze kontrolis<br />
gamkacrebisaken. aseve, qalebi ufro metad emxrobian ojaxebis, RaribTa da<br />
xelmokleTa dasaxmareblad gamiznuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebs.<br />
am gansxvavebaTa meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba avxsnaT, ratom daexmara<br />
sqesTa Soris arsebuli sxvadasxvaoba ukanasknel wlebSi demokratebs<br />
aSSSi.<br />
religia. eklesiac da saxelmwifoc SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs moraluri avtoritetis<br />
WeSmarit wyarod warmoadgendes, ris gamoc religias socializaciis<br />
procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. iseve rogorc religias<br />
SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrdis
318 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
politikur Sexedulebebze, aseve <strong>politika</strong>s SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos<br />
ojaxSi religiis faqtoris damkvidrebaSi da gansazRvros is adgili,<br />
romelsac reli gia sabolood politikur wesrigSi daikavebs.<br />
xandaxan religia arsebul Cveulebebs legitimurobas aniWebs da gardamaval<br />
periodSi myof sazogadoebas stabilurobas sZens. magaliTad, induizmi<br />
indoeTSi cvalebadi politikuri institutebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda.<br />
induizmi, romelic erTma eqspertma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `mravali Sris mqone<br />
rTuli warmonaqmni, romelic aRiarebs mravali RmerTis, mravali inkarnaciis,<br />
WeSmaritebis mravali Sris arsebobas,~ 16 istoriulad, arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />
SenarCunebas uwyobda xolme xels. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebuli<br />
mdgomareoba (status quo) ufro dabal safexurze mdgomis (`xelSeuxebelTa~<br />
kastis) sistematur diskriminacias gulisxmobda, induizmi qadagebda moTminebasa<br />
da gamZleobas momavali cxovrebis molodinSi. samyaros sxva mxareebSi,<br />
sxvadasxva religiurma doqtrinam agresiul <strong>politika</strong>s mimarTa. magaliTad<br />
libiasa da iranSi, islamu ri fundamentalizmis daxmarebiT gaCaRda<br />
agresiuli sagareo da omis mxardaWeris <strong>politika</strong>.<br />
religia da <strong>politika</strong> xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. magaliTad, nacisturi<br />
mTavroba geramaniaSi ebrZoda luTeranul da kaTolikur eklesiebs.<br />
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, reJimi funqcionirebis saSaulebas aZlevda<br />
istoriulad damkvidrebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, magram<br />
zRudavda da Tvalyurs adevnebda mis saqmianobas, xSirad devnida morwmuneebs.<br />
17<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, religia da <strong>politika</strong> erTmaneTs ramdeni me<br />
doneze aZlierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT<br />
konstitucia krZalavs xelisuflebis mier religiis pirdapir mxardaWeras,<br />
konstituciis pirveli damateba aseve krZalavs xelisuflebis mier<br />
pirovnebis religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflad ganxorcilebaSi xelis SeSlas.<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiis absoluturi Tavisuflebaa.<br />
`amerikelTa 90 procent ze meti Tavs miakuTvnebs romelime religiur mimdinareobas<br />
da 40 procentze meti kviraobiT dadis eklesiaSi~. ufro metic,<br />
`TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeiZleba nebismier<br />
evropul saxelmwifoze ufro religiur qveynad CaiTvalos, irlandiisa<br />
da poloneTis gamoklebiT.~ 18 miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes religia bevri<br />
amerikelis cxovrebaSi ufro naklebad mniSvnelo vania, vidre winaT iyo, is<br />
mainc rCeba mniSvnelovan Zalad amerikul sazogado ebaSi, kulturasa da<br />
<strong>politika</strong>Si (ix. sqema 92).<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlavac dominirebs iudeurqristianuli<br />
tradicia, romelSic mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba SeiniSneba. mosaxleobis<br />
daaxloebiT 30 procenti protestantia; 20 procenti _ kaTolike; 20<br />
procenti TeTri evangelisturprotestantuli eklesiebis mimdevaria; 8<br />
procenti ki Savi protestantuli eklesiisa; 3 procenti iudevelia. 2001<br />
wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg sazogadoebam da masmediamac<br />
yuradReba gaamaxviles im faqtze, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
mniSvnelovani muslimuri umciresobac aris.
amerikelebis %-li raodenoba<br />
sqema 9-2. amerikelebisaTvis religiis mniSvneloba, 195296ww.<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
319<br />
wyaro: “Influence, Relevance of Religion in Today’s Society” (2830 marti, 1994; Survey GO<br />
422041), Gallup Poll Monthly, 24 aprili, 1994 da “Importance of Religion”, Gallup Poll (2124<br />
noemberi, 1996).<br />
religiis pirovnuli mniSvneloba<br />
adamianebi, romlebic kiTxvaze `rogor<br />
SeafasebdiT religiis mniSvnelobas Tqvens<br />
cxovrebaSi _ Zalze mniSvnelovania, sakmaod<br />
mniSvnelovania, Tu arc ise mniSvnelovania?~<br />
pasuxoben, rom `Zalze mniSvnelovania~.<br />
zogierTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvaveba kavSirSia religiur<br />
gansxvavebebTan da SeiZleba religiuri doqtrinebidanac ki gamomdinareobdes.<br />
magaliTad, kvakerebi da menonitebi pacifistebi arian, fundamentalisti<br />
protestane bi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, abortis winaaRmdeg gamodian,<br />
xolo iudevelebi israe lis damcvelebi arian. aseve, protestantuli eklesiis<br />
Savkaniani mimdevrebi politikurad ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni arian, vidre<br />
ZiriTadi mimdinareobis protestantul eklesiaTa wevrebi, es ukanasknelni<br />
ki ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni, vidre evangelisturprotestantuli<br />
eklesiis mimdevrebi. ufro zogadad, politikuri konservatizmis da liber
320 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
alizmis Skalaze, protestantebi kaTolikeebze cota ufro konservatorebad<br />
da iudevelebze gacilebiT konservatorebad warmogvidgebian. iudevelebi da<br />
kaTolikeebi istoriulad demokratiul partiasTan ufro aigivebdnen Tavs,<br />
maSin rodesac protestanebi respublikuri partiisken ixrebodnen. Tumca, religiasa<br />
da partiul kuTvnilebas Soris arsebuli korelacia sul ufro klebulobs.<br />
SesaZlebelia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religias utilitaruli<br />
politikuri Rirebulebac aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, religias sargebloba<br />
moaqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis, vinaidan, jorj vaSingtonis sityvebiT<br />
`aucilebeli mxardaWeris~ aRmomCenia warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebisaTvis.<br />
qadagebs ra RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobas, religia<br />
nergavs pirovnul/kerZo zneobriobas, romelic akeTilSobilebs sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebas.<br />
xandaxan politikuri liderebi mimarTaven religiur ideebs (saxeebs) ra<br />
Ta gaaerTianon moqalaqeebi Tanamedroveobis saerTo aRqmaSi an STaagonon<br />
maT momavlis ufro Rirseuli xedva. 19 magaliTad, cnobilma amerikelma sasuliero<br />
pirma da samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcvelma martin luTer kingma<br />
sakuTari ocnebiT ers im dRis dadgoma STaunerga, `rodesac yvela RvTis<br />
Svili, TeTri da Savkaniani, ebraeli da urwmuno, protestanti da kaTolike,<br />
xelixelCakidebuli erTad imRerebda SavkanianTa Zvel saeklesio simReras<br />
`Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last~. kingis tragikulma<br />
sikvdilma (mkvlelobam), iseve rogorc erTi saukuniT adre abraam linkolnis<br />
mkvlelobam, amerikeli xalxi rasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad<br />
darazma.<br />
osama bin ladenma da alqaidas teroristulma qselma warmogvidgina religiis<br />
da politikis Serwymis bneli mxaris Tanamedrove magaliTi, rodesac<br />
isi ni 2001 wlis Semodgomaze Seecadnen msoflios 1.3 miliardi muslimi<br />
gaeerTianebinaT `jvarosnebis~ (qristianebisa da ebraelebis) winaaRmdeg<br />
jihadSi (saRvTo omSi). es ganzraxva CaiSala, magram is faqti, rom bin ladeni<br />
Seecada religia politikur ideologiad da Tavisi moZraobis dasavleTis<br />
(ZiriTadad aSSs) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sapropagando kampaniis safuZvlad<br />
gamoeyenebina, Wkuis saswavlebelia. es kidev erTxel gviCevenebs, rom<br />
religia SeiZleba yvelaze keTilSobili an yvelaze boroti miznebis samsaxurSi<br />
aRmoCndes.<br />
skola. skola samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi, anu axalgazrdebSi sazogadoebis<br />
fundamentur RirebulebaTa da SexedulebaTa CanergvaSi umniSvnelovanes<br />
rols asrulebs. sajaro ganaTlebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo cdilobs gavlena<br />
moaxdinos axalgazrdebze manam, sanam maTi zneobrivi saxe sabolood<br />
Camoyalibdeba.<br />
yvela qveyana skolas politikuri socializaciis saSualebad iyenebs.<br />
zogierTi mTavroba ubralod samoqalaqo ganaTlebis an istoriis erTor<br />
kurss awesebs savaldebulod, moiTxovs, rom moswavleebi droSas miesalmon<br />
da skolis kedlebze erovnuli gmirebis suraTebi ekidos. zogierTi mTavroba<br />
mTel saskolo programas karnaxobs, bavSvebs TavSi lozungebs uWedavs,
politikuri socializacia<br />
321<br />
mkacr cenzuras awesebs saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sabiblioTeko Sesyidvebze<br />
da maswavleblebs erTgulebis niSniT arCevs.<br />
yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs samudamod `ukvdavyos~ zogierTi ZiriTadi<br />
Rirebuleba, magram am RirebulebaTa arsi, iseve rogorc maTi damkvidrebis<br />
meTodebi, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. gansxvavebuli<br />
reJimebi gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs. zogierTi reJimis dros<br />
(magaliTad, 1930ian wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi) xelisuflebis brma morCileba<br />
norma iyo. sxvagan xdeba patriotizmis waxaliseba, magram amave dros xels<br />
uwyoben kritikuli da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarsac.<br />
socializaciis kvlevebma kargad gviCvena, rogor swavloben bavSvebi<br />
politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs amerikul sajaro<br />
skolebSi. 20 dawyebiT skolaSi amerikel bavSvebs dadebiTi emociuri ganwyoba<br />
uyalibdebaT iseTi ZiriTadi politikuri cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa<br />
Tavisufleba, demok ratia da erTmaneTis pativiscema. garda amisa, bavSvebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, xelisuflebas aRiqvamen avtoritetis mqone piris _ policielis,<br />
prezidentis da a.S. saxiT.<br />
asakTan erTad, bavSvebi naklebemociurad da ufro SemecnebiT reagireben,<br />
igeben iseTi abstraqtuli cnebis detalebs, rogoricaa demokratia.<br />
ymawvilobasa da adreul mowifulobaSi, maTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi<br />
xSirad radikalurad icvleba. mSoblebis zedamxedvelobis Se sus tebasa<br />
da damoukideblobis matebasTan erTad, bavSvebi aRar emorCilebian avtoritets<br />
usityvod (SekiTxvebis, eWvis gareSe). isini sul ufro metad cdiloben<br />
damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. es damokidebuleba politikis<br />
sferoSic advilad gadadis.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari saSualo skolis samoqalaqo<br />
ganaTlebis tipur gakveTils kargi moqalaqeobisaTvis aucilebeli yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani formaluri treiningis (wvrTnis) asparezad ganixilavs, ramdenime<br />
kvlevam aCvena, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi naklebmniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre swavlis gamocdilebis saerTo konteqsti. 21 gavlenis<br />
mqone faqtorebSi Sedis maswavleblebis damokidebuleba demokratiisadmi;<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi eris istoriis, kulturis, ekonomikuri sistemisa da a.S.<br />
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis warmodgenis xasiaTi; mTlianad saswavlo<br />
programa; formaluri ritualebi, rogoricaa droSasTan ficis dadeba<br />
da patriotuli simRerebis Sesruleba; klasgareSe RonisZiebebi, musika<br />
da sporti, naTlad gviCvenebs keTilsindisieri monawileobisa da saerTo<br />
miznisaTvis muSaobis mniSvnelobas. saskolo gazeTze muSaoba naTelyofs<br />
mediis rols sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi. debatebis klubebSi moswavleebi ecnobian<br />
politikur, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs da swavloben, rom<br />
yovel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sul cota ori azri SeiZleba arsebobdes. dabolos,<br />
moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobaSi mo nawileoba maT politiku ri procesis<br />
fundamentur wesebs acnobs.<br />
zogadad, rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, moswavles <strong>politika</strong>ze<br />
informaciis miRebisa da masSi monawileobis miT meti interesi aqvs. ufro<br />
zustad, arsebobs pozitiuri kavSiri (urTierTdamokidebuleba) ganaTlebis<br />
donesa (moswavlis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvs xelisuflebas in
322 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
dividze, interesi axali ambebis mimarT, politikis Sesaxeb saerTo ganaTleba,<br />
SexedulebaTa horizonti) da <strong>politika</strong>ze msjelobis, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
bevr gansxvavebul adamianTan msjelobis survils Soris. dabolos, gana<br />
Tlebis maRali done dakavSirebulia imis SegnebasTan, rom adamians SeuZlia<br />
gavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze, aseve sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenasa<br />
da sxvebis ndobasTan. 22<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena. Znelia gansazRvro, ramdenad didia umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebis gavlena politikur socializaciaze. amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi kolejis saswavlo programa xSirad profesiulteqnikuri wvrTnis<br />
(treningis) da liberaluri ganaTlebis nazavia; es ukanaskneli moicavs<br />
literaturas, filosofias, zust mecnierebas, istorias da lingvistikas da<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.<br />
23 liberaluri ganaTlebis momxreebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven<br />
imas, rom studentebi iZulebuli arian iazrovnon naTlad, zustad weron<br />
da sworad imetyvelon. maT usvamen xelovnebisa da mecnierebis maradiul<br />
SekiTxvebs da acnoben diad ideebs, Tanac agulianeben gadaxedon (kritikuli<br />
TvaliT Sexedon) im zneobriv da materialur Rirebulebebs, romlebic<br />
mocemul epoqaSi aRiarebul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenen. am TvalTaxedvis<br />
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom liberaluri ganaTlebis mqone studentebi Sei<br />
Zenen im inteleqtualur saSualebebs, romelic dasWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom<br />
itvirTon demokratiuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi.<br />
amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis zogierTi konservatori kritikosi adanaSaulebs<br />
akademiur wreebs imaSi, rom isini metwilad memarcxene (memarcxeneobasTan<br />
axlomyof) politikur Sexedulebebs aniWeben upiratesobas, rac<br />
gavlenas axdens swavlebisa da swavlis Sinaarsze. marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli<br />
mtkicebuleba, rom studentTa politikur Sexedulebebze gavlenas axdens<br />
kolejis maRal inteleqtze gaTvlili wignebi, ideebi da maswavleblebi;<br />
Tumca, naTeli araa, pirdapir mivyavarT Tu ara kolejis gamocdilebas ufro<br />
liberalur azrovnebasTan. is SesaZleblobis farglebSi axerxebs imas, rom<br />
zrdis adamianebs, romelTac SeuZliaT kritikuli azrovneba. anu, amerikuli<br />
kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi ufro aqtiurad dauWeren mxars samoqalaqo<br />
Tavisuflebebs da sa xelmwifo socialur programebs. 24<br />
liberaluri ganaTlebis ideali advilad jdeba konstituciuri demokratiis<br />
sqemaSi, sadac daculia xelisuflebaze eWvis mitanis ufleba. ama ve<br />
dros, ganaTlebis maRali done ubiZgebs moqalaqeebs Sinaarsianad Caeban<br />
<strong>politika</strong>Si. 25 im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebas usityvod emorCilebian, moqalaqeebs<br />
ar gamo umuSavdebaT politikuri monawileobis unarCvevebi. liberaluri<br />
ganaTlebis mizania moamzados msgavsi unarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
kritikul azrovnebaze dafuZnebuli unarebis mqone moqalaqeebi. demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi kargi moqalaqe xotbas asxams mTavrobas, roca mTavroba<br />
amis Rirsia da akritikebs, Tuki is kritikas imsaxurebs. amitom, mxolod<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ar iTvleba damoukidebeli azrovneba da gansxvavebuli<br />
azri mavneblobad. gaixseneT, berZeni filosofosi sokrate mavneblad<br />
CaTvales da sikvdili miusa jes (sawamlavis miRebiT) ara imitom,
politikuri socializacia<br />
323<br />
rom Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ra efiqraT, aramed imitom, rom aswavlida<br />
rogor eazrovnaT.<br />
Tanatolebi<br />
adamianTa umravleobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom Tanatolebi mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdenen Cvens politikur qmedebebsa da Sexedulebebze,<br />
magram ori sakiTxSi mainc saWiroa garkveuli sicxadis Setana. jererTi, am<br />
termins Tandayolili orazrovneba axlavs. TanatolTa jgufi SeiZleba<br />
ewodos megobrebis jgufs an erTi asakisa da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone<br />
adamianTa jgufs. orive SemTxvevaSi, cneba yuradRebas amaxvilebs `pirovnebaTa<br />
midrekilebaze, Tavi gaaigivon Tavis msgavss adamianTa jgufebTan~. 26<br />
meore, da ufro seriozuli sakiTxi _ sirTules is qmnis, rom am sferoSi<br />
Zalze cota kvlevaa Catarebuli. magaliTad, 1930ian wlebSi Catarebulma<br />
kvlevam, romelic beningtonis kolejis student gogonaTa politikur<br />
ASexedulebebze TanatolTa jgufis gavlenas Seiswavlida, aCvena rom jgufis<br />
gavleniT mis wevrTa Sexedulebebi ufro liberaluri gaxda. 1965 wlis<br />
kvlevisas sxvadasxva politi kur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT studentebze<br />
TanatolTa jgufebisa da mSoblebis gavlena Seadares da daadgines,<br />
rom zogierT politikur sakiTxTan mimarTeba Si mSobelTa gavlena ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo _ magaliTad, partiuli iden tifikaciis an saprezidento<br />
arCevnebze xmis micemis gadawyvetilebis miRebi sas. es kvlevebi bevr kiTxvas<br />
pasuxobs, magram amdenive kiTxva upasuxod rCeba. 27<br />
genderi (sqesi) TanatolTa jgufebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi gamocanaa.<br />
Cven viciT, rom biWebi midrekilni arian Seqmnan jgufebi sxva biWebTan<br />
erTad da gogonebi ki gogonebTan erTiandebian, da vvaraudobT, rom aseTi<br />
jgufebis politikuri Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, miviCnevT,<br />
rom mesamedan merve klasamde biWebs Tanatol gogonebze ufro Camoyalibebuli<br />
da naklebad idealisturi warmodgena aqvT prezidentobaze, Tumca<br />
amis damadasturebeli (an uarmyofi) kvlevis Sedegebi xelT ara gvaqvs. 28<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mamrobiTi sqesis kanondamrRvev mozardTa<br />
antisocialuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebasa da TanamoazreTa jgufebSi<br />
(da ban debSi) maT wevrobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri. igi miuTiTebs siZneleze,<br />
rac Tan axlavs im gavlenis gansazRvras, rasac TanatolTa jgufebi axdenen<br />
pirovnebis Sexedulebebze. am sferoSic SedarebiT naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli.<br />
29 miuxedavad imasa, rom TanatolTa jgufebisa da bandebis cnebis<br />
gageba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TineijerTa danaSaulis gasagebad,<br />
mainc bolomde cxadi araa `kargi~ biWebi (da gogonebi) xdebian `cudi wris~<br />
uaryofiTi gavlenis da TanatolTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis msxverpli<br />
Tu axalgazrdebis dajgufebebi izidaven kriminaluri midrekilebebis,<br />
antisocialuri ganwyobebis mqone pirebs. axlo urTierToba msgavs<br />
dajgufebasTan, gansakuTrebiT bandis wevroba zrdis saSualo statistikuri<br />
Tineijeris mier danaSaulis Cadenis sixSires. Tanatolebi da bandebi<br />
`gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis mier danaSaulis CadenisaTvis miniWebuli
324 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
jildos Rirebulebaze~ (amas emateba nadavlis Rirebulebis an qmedebis<br />
pirdapiri jildos gamo kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli mowoneba). 30<br />
fsiqologiurad, TanatolTa jgufebi adastureben maTi wevrebis survilis<br />
ganxorcielebis aucileblobas, rac gavlenas axdens politikuri Sexedulebis<br />
da rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. zogadad, TanatolTa jgufebi iqmneba<br />
nebayoflo biT da araformalurad. Tuki TanatolTa jgufebis cnebas ise<br />
gavafarTovebT, rom man moicvas iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa gogona<br />
skautebi, axalgazrda demokratebi, studentTa Jurnalisturi klubi da sxva<br />
politikur konteqstSi moqmedi msgavsi organizaciebi _ saintereso aRmoCenas<br />
gavakeTebT. totalitarul sa xelmwifoebSi, sadac xelisufleba cdilobs<br />
Secvalos politikuri wesrigi Se xedulebebisa da rwmenis radikaluri cvlilebis<br />
gziT, msgavsi jgufebi SeiZleba saxelmwifom Seqmnas rogorc axalgazrdebisaTvis,<br />
aseve zrdasrulebisaTvis. es aranebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi<br />
reJimis gzavnilis gasavrceleblad da moqalaqeebisTvis ganaTlebis an xelaxali<br />
ganaTlebis misacemad aris Seqmnili. es fonemeni aRwerilia sqemaze<br />
93, sadac Cans, rogor axerxebda nacisturi partiis ierarqia (aRniSnulia<br />
poTi _ partiuli organizacia) farTomasStabiani saxalxo moZraobis mar<br />
Tvas, romlis saboloo mizani germanuli sazogadoebis saxecvlileba iyo.<br />
nacionalsocialisturi (aRniSnulia nsTi) partiis mmarTvelobisas germaniis<br />
cxovrebis organizeba xdeboda erTi centris mier marTuli Tanaswor<br />
Ta jgufebis kargad gaTvlili qselis saSualebiT, rasac unda uzrunveleyo<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela germanelis mier `swori~ politikuri Sexedulebebis<br />
SeTviseba da axal nacistur saxelmwifoSi saTanadod socializeba. amis<br />
msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam Seqmna yovlismomcveli<br />
erTi centris mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (klubebis da<br />
samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis safarvelis qveS).<br />
masmedia<br />
masmediac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs politikur socializaciasa da<br />
moqalaqeTa Semdgom aRzrdaSi. arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, masmedia<br />
(televizia, radio, gazeTebi da didtiraJiani Jurnalebi) TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />
saxelmwifos mflobelobaSia an mis mier kontroldeba. zogierTi<br />
demokratiuli xelisuflebac axdens radio da telemauwyeblobis monopolizebas<br />
(rogorc es daniaSia) an flobs da amuSavebs satelevizio qsels<br />
(rogorc es did britaneTSia). aseT SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba demokratiul<br />
da arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris isaa, rom demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifoebi iReben kanonebs an SeimuSaveben procedurebs, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofen masmediis samarTlianobasa da obieqturobas. aSSSi, sadac<br />
TiTqmis yvela satelevizio da radioqseli da individualuri sadguri<br />
kerZo sakuTrebaSia, komunikaciebis federaluri komisia, maregulirebeli<br />
saagento, romelic uflebamosilia gansazRvros radio da satelevizio<br />
sadgurebis erovnuli licenzirebis <strong>politika</strong>, drodadro aqveynebs dadgenilebebs,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofen politikur mauwyeblobaSi mxareTa
politikuri socializacia<br />
325<br />
Tanasworobas. dadgenilia wesebic, romlebic arasasurveli da saSiSi qcevis<br />
Tavidan acilebas emsaxureba. swored am mizezebiT, aSSSi satelevizio<br />
sadgurebs ekrZalebaT sigaretis reklamis eTerSi gaSveba.<br />
imperiis<br />
sakvebi<br />
fondi<br />
ns<br />
mebrZolTa<br />
liga<br />
ns<br />
teqnologiebis<br />
A liga<br />
ns<br />
maswavlebelTAa<br />
liga<br />
germanel<br />
TemTa<br />
asociacia<br />
ns<br />
omis veteranTa<br />
A zrunvis liga<br />
germanel qalTa<br />
kavSiri<br />
ns<br />
saaviacio<br />
Senaer<br />
Tebi<br />
hitleruli<br />
axalgazrdoba<br />
ns germanel<br />
studentTa<br />
liga<br />
ns<br />
qalTa<br />
liga<br />
ns<br />
iuristebis<br />
liga<br />
sqema 9-3. nacisturi moZraobis organizaciebi<br />
po<br />
ns motorizebuli<br />
Senaer<br />
Tebi<br />
germanel<br />
sajaro moxeleTa<br />
saimperio liga<br />
ns fizikuri<br />
kulturis<br />
imperiuli<br />
liga<br />
germanuli<br />
Sromis<br />
fronti<br />
germanel<br />
studentTa<br />
asociacia<br />
ns universitetismaswavleblebi<br />
ns<br />
saxalxo<br />
sa<br />
keTildReobisorganizacia<br />
ns<br />
eqimebis<br />
liga<br />
ns<br />
universitetis<br />
kursdam<br />
TavrebulTaA<br />
asociacia<br />
wyaro: Mark N. Hagopian, Regimes, Movements, and Ideologies, me2 gamocema (White Plains,<br />
N.Y.: Longman, 1984). saavtoro ufleba © 1984 Longman Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.<br />
ss<br />
SromiTi<br />
servisi<br />
maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />
swrafad viTardeboda e.w. eleqtronuli media (radio da televizia).<br />
aSSSi bevrs kamaToben televiziis mzard gavlenaze. zogi amerikeli, kongresis<br />
zogierTi wevris CaTvliT, wuxs televiziiT Zaladobis didi odenobiT<br />
Cvenebisa da im gavlenis gamo, rasac igi moqalaqeTa qcevaze axdens.<br />
sxvebi miuTiTeben, rom televizia uazro, vulgaruli da zedmetad Tamamia.<br />
SeSfoTebis sababs iZleva aseve masmediis politikur procesSi gamoye ne
326 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
bis sakiTxic. magaliTad, satelevizio politikuri reklama sul ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
xdeba, vinaidan amerikelebi gazeTebs sul ufro naklebad kiTxuloben<br />
da politikuri partiebis Sekrebebsac ufro iSviaTad eswrebian. 31 aq<br />
mniSvnelovania msgavsi reklamis maRali safasuri, misgan imedgacruebuli<br />
kandidatebis raodenoba, misi efeqtianoba, is Tu ramdenadaa misi Sinaarsi<br />
gansazRvruli mediakonsultantebis mier, radgan yvelaferi es SeiZleba Seexos<br />
(da es asec xdeba xolme) ara mxolod kampaniis xarisxs, aramed kandidatsac.<br />
aseve SemaSfoTebelia sareklamo rgolebis Sinaarsic. 1970iani wlebidan,<br />
amerikis politikur kampaniebSi dominirebda mokle, emociuri, ieriSis<br />
stilis reklama (gansxvavebiT adre gavrcelebuli dokumenturi xasiaTis<br />
gancxadebebisagan), romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis martivi, simboluri da<br />
personificirebulia. xSirad amgvar reklamebSi Warbobs muqi ferebi, avismomaswavebeli<br />
musika, dabali xma da simboloebi, romelTac negatiuri datvirTva<br />
aqvT. maTi samiznea politikuri kandidatebis keTilsindisiereba,<br />
motivebi an maTi warsuli.<br />
Zalze saeWvoa isic, rogor gvawvdian axal ambebs, gansakuTrebiT televiziiT.<br />
zogierTi konservatori kritikosi amtkicebs, rom satelevizio axali<br />
ambebi (da zogadad media) asaxavs politikur dRis wesrigs an JurnalistTa<br />
da diqtorTa Sexedulebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad liberaluri aris<br />
xolme. garda amisa, radio da televizia xSirad zedmetad zedapiruli da<br />
sensaciebs gamodevnebulia. isini cud ambebs ufro eZeben, vidre mniSvnelovan<br />
siaxleebs. magaliTad, saarCevno kampaniebis teleasaxva yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs kandidatis Zalisxmevaze, romelic mimarTuUlia startegiuli<br />
upiratesobis mosapoveblad, imis magivrad, rom xazi gausvas im <strong>politika</strong>sa<br />
da ideebs, romlebsac isini qadageben da xSirad did dros uTmoben Seu<br />
Tavseblobebs da Secdomebs _ rogor waiborZika da Camovarda prezidenti<br />
vertmfrenis safexuridan an cudad gaxda iaponiaSi yofnisas erTerT<br />
oficialur vaxSamze. amasobaSi, nebismiers SeuZlia isargeblos internetteqnologiebiT,<br />
Seqmnas vebgverdi, sadac asaxuli iqneba saxelmwifo moRvaweTa<br />
piradi cxovreba da amgvarad gavceldeba Worebi. gasakviri araa, rom<br />
medias adanaSauleben ukanasknel oTx aTwleulSi sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul<br />
mware cinizmSi. marTlac, rogorc erTi politologi amtkicebs `aSSSi<br />
saRi kampania manam ver iarsebebs, sanam is axal ambebze iqneba agebuli~. 32<br />
vinaidan qseluri da sakabelo satelevizio biznesis Semosavlebi damokidebulia<br />
mayurebelTa maRali reitingebis SenarCunebaze, satelevizio axali<br />
ambebi Sinaarsis nacvlad garTobasa da tragediaze akeTeben aqcents.<br />
magaliTad, iSviaTi araa saRamos axal ambebSi ixiloT cxare kamaTi mowmesa<br />
da senatis romelime komitetis Tavmjdomares Soris maSin, rodesac micemuli<br />
Cvenebis Sinaarss aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva. es Segnebuli korporaciuli<br />
gadawyvetilebaa. televiziis xelmZRvanelebma ician, rom konfliqti<br />
da dapirispireba xalxs arTobs da, rogorc wesi, cud ambebs kargi reitingi<br />
moaqvs xolme. amis gamoc, televizia TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoaCens saprezidento<br />
arCevnebs rogorc `doRs~, xazs usvams, vin aris win, vin moigo da vin<br />
waago raime Secdomis Tu samxilis gamo. telearxebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian,<br />
vin daaswrebs ramdenime wuTiT da gamoacxadebs raime siaxles arCevnebis
politikuri socializacia<br />
327<br />
Sesaxeb. amitom bevri moqalaqisaTvis, saprezindento kampaniasa da arCevnebSi<br />
swored Sejibria yvelaze mniSvnelovani da ara Sedegebi.<br />
ufro metic, axali ambebis saRamos gamoSvebebSi, telearxebi sul ufro<br />
nakleb dros uTmoben informacias amerikis politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb.<br />
axali ambebis gaSuqebis kvlevam aCvena, rom 1968 da 1988 wlebSi prezidentis<br />
gamonaTqvamebis citirebis saSualo xangrZlivobam 45 wamidan 9 wamamde<br />
iklo. 33 reportioris mokle Sesavali da prezidentis SedarebiT xangrZlivi<br />
sityva Seicvala reportioris SesavaliT da komentarebiT, romlis fonze<br />
prezidentis komentarebi ukve mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. imave sqemiT moqmedeben<br />
telearxebi adgilobriv doneze (regionebSi) _ isinic mniSvnelovnad,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas zedmetad arian damokidebuli imave faqtorebze razec didi<br />
telearxebi. kandidatebma da saarCevno kampaniis menejerebmac kargad gaiTavises<br />
axali ambebis gaSuqebis es Taviseburebani, amitom winaswar amzadeben<br />
Wkvianur gamonaTqvamebs, imisaTvis, rom moxvdnen mediis zedapiruli da xSirad<br />
myvirala axali ambebis saTaurebSi. rogorc kritikosebi amboben, Rrma<br />
analizi didi xania iqca manipulaciebis obieqtad mediakonsultantebis, piarspecialistebisa<br />
da politikis guruebis mxridan, romlebic amisTvis did<br />
gasamrjelos iReben.<br />
kidev erTi aSkara tendencia, romelic SeSfoTebis mizezs iZleva,<br />
satelevizio axal ambebSi e.w. tabloiduri (bulvaruli, dabali donis) Jurnalistikis<br />
mimarTulebiT gadaxraa. Worebsa da insinuaciebze (arapirdapir<br />
miniSnebebze) aqcenti mediis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc axali ambebis<br />
dafaruli mxareebis ganxilvis saSualeba; gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesebis<br />
gaSuqebisas aqcenti keTdeba ZiriTadad ambis uCveulo da gaukuRmarTebul<br />
mxareze. satelevizio Jurnalistikis amgvarma midrekilebam gaabundovana<br />
an saerTod waSala gansxvaveba sensaciebs gamokidebul yovelkvireul<br />
gamocemebsa da seriozul axal ambebs Soris. mayureblis yvelaze cxovelur<br />
instinqtebze gaTvlilma axali ambebis gaSuqebis stilma SeiZleba eTeridan<br />
gandevnos ufro seriozuli da kompleqsuri axali ambebi.<br />
uaryofiTi reklama _ patiosani Tu upatiosno TamaSi?<br />
masmedia sul ufro da ufro met uaryofiT politikur reklamas gvawvdis.<br />
es reklamebi SesaZloa simarTles an Seesabamebodes an ara, magram xSirad Zalze<br />
efeqtiania. zogjer erTgvar politikur `Casafrebad~ warmodgenili, is<br />
politikuri oponentebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlis Sedegia da kampaniis period<br />
Si strategiuli mniSvnelobis momentebSi gadaicema masmediis saSualebiT.<br />
ganvixiloT sandra Sulc niumenis SemTxveva, romelic 1993 wlis Semodgomaze<br />
pensilvaniis mosamarTleobaze iyrida kenWs. niumens, filadelfiis<br />
gareubnis advokats, aranairi politikuri gamocdileba ar hqonda, magram<br />
man politikuri konsultantebis gundi daiqirava. mis oponents jozef<br />
mistiks ukeT icnobdnen _ pitsburgeli advokati meriaSi muSaobda da adgilobrivi<br />
zonebisa da dagegmarebis sabWos wevri iyo.
328 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
niumenis konsultantTa gundma mistikis warsulis dasadgenad mkvlevarebi<br />
daiqira va. maT pitsburgis Zveli gazeTidan eqvsi wlis winandeli ambavi<br />
amoqeqes. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom pitsburgis zonebad dayofis komisiaSi<br />
muSaobisas mistikma sakuTari biznespartniorebis sasargeblod, arc meti<br />
arc naklebi, 40jer warmarTa saqme. niumenis gundma ocdaaTwamiani reklama<br />
moamzada, romelSic mistiks politikur arakoreqtulobaSi adanaSaulebd <br />
nen. reklama kampaniis dasrulebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gauSves, ris gamoc<br />
mistiks TiTqmis ar darCa dro pasuxis gasacemad. niumeni gamarjvebas<br />
zeimobda maSin, roca damarcxebuli mis tiki zonebad dayofis seqciaSi muSaobisas<br />
sakuTar patiosnebas amtkicebda.<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia James M. Perryis ”Young Guns: A Second Generation<br />
of Political Handlers Outduels Forebears”, Wall Street Journal, ianvari 10, 1994, A6.<br />
ibeWdeba Wall Street Journalis nebarTviT, saavtoro ufleba © 1994, Dow Jones<br />
& Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflios masStabiT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT kritikulobas garkveuli Sedegi moaqvs, mainc<br />
saWiroa TavSekaveba. televizia aris Sejibrze damokidebuli industria,<br />
romelzec gavlenas axdens momxmareblis gemovneba da survilebi. aqdan gamomdinare,<br />
axali ambebi gasarTobi xasiaTisaa, radgan mayurebels unda, rom<br />
is aseTi iyos. metic, vinaidan saSualo mayurebeli yuradRebis koncentrirebas<br />
mxolod mcire droiT axdens, televiziis xelmZRvanelebi upiratesobas<br />
aniWeben eqstravagantur videoteqnologiebs, myvirala kompiuterul<br />
grafikasa da blicinterviuebs, swrafad cvlian ambebs, adgilebsa da kameris<br />
dayenebis kuTxes. televiziis xelmZRvanelebs esmiT, rom mayurebels urCevnia<br />
axali ambebi winaswar damuSavebuli ulufebiT miiRos. damRleli samuSao<br />
dRis bolos, mayurebelTa didi nawili sulac araa rTuli politikuri debatebis<br />
xasiaT ze _ politikuri sakiTxebi xom, rogorc wesi, rTulia.<br />
mediis tendencia, yuradReba gaamaxvilos negatiur ambebze, Segvaxsenebs,<br />
rom sityvis Tavisufleba da xelisuflebis kritika liberalur<br />
demokratieb Si daculi uflebebia. marTlac, gazeTebis Sinaarsi, radioTi<br />
da televiziiT gadmocemuli axali ambebi erTerTi indikatoria imisa, rogoria<br />
Tavisuflebis xarisxi am qveyanaSi. iq, sadac daSvebulia mTavrobis<br />
kritika, rogorc wesi, Tavisufleba daculia. sabolood, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi<br />
masmedia pirov nuli Tavisuflebis sazomicaa da garantic.<br />
kanoni<br />
zogierT sazogadoebaSi kanonSi ukve asaxulia moqalaqeTa Rirebulebebi<br />
da Sexedulebebi, magram kanoni aseve exmareba am Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis<br />
formirebasac. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi kanoni ubralod sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis dacvas emsaxureba (magaliTad, quCis marjvena mxares
politikuri socializacia<br />
329<br />
moZraobis ufleba). Tumca sxva kanonebi krZalavs iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac<br />
sazogadoeba Tavisi arsiT borotebad miiCnevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
mkvlelobasTan, pedofiliasTan, qurdobasa da rasobriv diskriminaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli kanonebi. msgavsi kanonebis miReba da cxovrebaSi gatareba<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili gzavnilebia (gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis<br />
axalgazrda wevrebisaTvis, romelTa moraluri Rirebulebebi msgavsi<br />
kanonebis saSualebiT yalibdeba), romelic iuwyeba, rom mkvleloba, yalbi<br />
Cvenebis micema, qurdoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia kanonis TvalSi dana<br />
Saulia da mas sasjeli mohyveba. moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze am<br />
gzavnilis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba mi si miReba, gageba<br />
da cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.<br />
ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi:<br />
rogor vipovoT oqros Sualedi?<br />
eris politikur kulturas safuZvlad udevs is fundamenturi Rirebulebebi,<br />
romlebic Zvirfasia misi xalxisaTvis. araa aucilebeli es Rirebulebebi<br />
mTlianad Tanmimdevruli iyos, isini SeiZleba xandaxan konfliqturic<br />
aRmoCndes. amas garda, araa aucilebeli, rom pirovnebaTa<br />
yoveldRiuri politikuri Sexedulebebi da qmedebebi yovelTvis standarts<br />
emTxveodes (xSirad asec xdeba). 34 Tumca, politikuri kulturis<br />
logika gulisxmobs politikuri Rirebulebebis arsebobas, maT farTo aRiarebas<br />
da mTavrobis politikis Sesafaseblad am Rirebulebebis gamoyenebas.<br />
am erTobliv RirebulebaTa ubralo arsebobac ki, momaval moqalaqeTa<br />
socializaciis procesSi samoqalaqo Rirsebebis Sesaxeb mocemuli sazogadoebis<br />
warmodgenis Camoyalibebis sulisCamdgmeli Zala xdeba. es procesi<br />
aseve gansazRvravs im temps, romliTac eris ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi<br />
viTardeba mimdinare cvlilebaTa fonze (maT Soris samecnieroteqnologiuri<br />
cvlilebebis). yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom farTod<br />
aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi saukeTeso dacvaa im problemebisgan, romelic<br />
sazogadoebas SeiZleba Seeqmnas qronikuli (an Tundac epizoduri) arastabilurobis<br />
gamo.<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, piradi Rirebulebebi axlo kavSirSia Ziri<br />
Tad sazogadoebriv (an samoqalaqo) RirebulebebTan. 35 amerikelebs Zvalsa<br />
da rbilSi aqvT gamjdari iseTi fundamenturi Rirebulebebis myari rwmena,<br />
rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, politikuri Tanasworoba, kerZo sakuTreba<br />
da religiuri Semwynarebloba. es ara marto asaxulia eris ZiriTad<br />
dokumentebSi, damoukideblobis deklaraciis, konstituciis da `federalistis~<br />
CaTvliT, isini amerikel axalgazrdebSi inergeba socialicaziis sxvadasxva<br />
strategiis daxmarebiT.<br />
sxva demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, socialicaziis procesi amis msgavsad<br />
mimdinareobs da imave miznebs emsaxureba rasac aSSSi, magram iseTi ZiriTadi<br />
Rirebulebebis gamoxatva rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, usafrTxoeba,<br />
keTildReoba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII), iseve rogorc maTi zusti
330 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
Sinaarsi da maT Soris balansi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia.<br />
magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi (da zogadad evropaSi), Tanasworobas<br />
gaaCnia rogorc socialuri (klasobrivi), aseve politikuri ganzomileba<br />
(samoqalaqo uflebebi). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo awarmoebs gacilebiT met<br />
socialur momsaxurebas (magaliTad, yvelasaTvis garantirebuli jandacva),<br />
vidre amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. aseve, bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba<br />
ar uSlis xels policias kriminaluri gamoZiebis dros ise, rogorc<br />
es aSSSi xdeba xolme da aseve ar zRudavs saxelmwifos mkacri antiteroristuli<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, ZiriTad saerTaSoriso<br />
aeroportebSi mZimed SeiraRebuli samxedro piradi Semadgenlobisa da<br />
specialuri aparaturis gamoyeneba).<br />
politikuri socializaciis marcxi<br />
rodesac mravaleTnikuri eri ver axerxebs moaxdinos didi raodenobis moqalaqeTa<br />
erTi Temis (erTobis) wevrebad (axal erad) socializacia (politikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT), amas SeiZleba Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyves. Tuki arsebobs<br />
mravali Temi (erToba), iarsebebs mravali procesi da mravali politikuri<br />
kultura damkvidrdeba. ar moxdeba sxvadasxva erovnuli Temis wevrebis politikur<br />
sistemaSi warmatebuli integrireba; maT ar eqnebaT saerTo normebi, wesebi<br />
da kanonebi.<br />
msgavsi warumatebloba SeiZleba daemuqros erisaxelmwifod Camoyalibebis<br />
msurvel, mravaleTnikur an raime sxva mizeziT Sinaganad gaxleCili<br />
sazogadoebis arsebobasac. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msoflio masStabiT<br />
gaxSirebuli studenturi gamosvlebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bevr sazogadoebaSi<br />
axalgazrdebis politikuri socializacia aRaraa iseTi efeqtiani,<br />
rogoric odesRac iyo. maga liTad, 1987 wlis Semdeg samxreT koreaSi studentebma<br />
moawyves ramdenime masobrivi gamosvla, rac xSirad policiasTan<br />
fizikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. am studentTagan bevrma daufaravad<br />
gamoucxada undobloba mTlianad sistemas, da ara mxolod romelime<br />
konkretul <strong>politika</strong>s. aSSSi rasobrivi amboxebebi losanjelesSi 1992<br />
wels, iseve rogorc ufro gviandeli msoflio bankis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebi<br />
(magaliTad, 2000 wels sietlSi) iyo aSSis xelisuflebis mimarT<br />
gaucxoebisa da undoblobis gamomxatveli gzavnili.<br />
zogierTi moqalaqis sruli politikuri socializacia SeiZleba arc<br />
arasodes moxdes. politikuri reJimis uunaroba, moaxdinos moqalaqeTa socializacia<br />
SeiZleba moqalaqeTa mimarT xelisuflebis araerTgvarovani an<br />
usamarTlo mopyrobiT iyos gamowveuli. aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios moqalaqeTa gabrazeba, cinizmi, gamwareba an maTi danaSaulSi CarTva<br />
da revoluciac ki. ukiduresi usamarTlobis, tiranuli mmarTvelobis Sem<br />
TxvevaSi SesaZloa moqalaqeTa `danaSaulebani~ gavamarTloT kidec. amgvarad,<br />
Tuki politikuri socializaciis warumatebloba xelisuflebaSi myofi ZalebisaTvis<br />
yovelTvis zianis momtania, msgavsi warumateblobis zneobrivi<br />
da politikuri Sedegebi yovelTvis advilad Sesafasebeli sulac araa.
daskvna<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
331<br />
moqalaqeobis koncefcias sxvadasxva xelisufleba sxvadasxvagvarad udgeba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs wesebis (kanonebis) dacvas<br />
da umravlesoba dabadebas an naturalizacias politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis<br />
sine qua non (aucilebel pirobad) miiCnevs. demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi<br />
moqalaqeobis koncefcia aseve dakavSirebulia Tanasworobisa da<br />
Tavisuflebis ideeb Tan, iseve rogorc <strong>politika</strong>Si monawileobis ideasTan<br />
(magaliTad, perioduli arCevnebi). demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es ideali<br />
dasabams iRebs Zveli berZnuli qalaqsaxelmwifoebidan, romlis moqalaqeebi<br />
imdenad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, rom pirdapiri demokratiis saSualebas<br />
iZleodnen (xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi piradad eswrebodnen sajaro<br />
Sekrebebsa da plebiscitebs).<br />
rogor yalibdeba moqalaqe? politikuri socializacia aris procesi,<br />
romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, rwmena da<br />
azrebi, romelTa saSualebiT igi kavSirs amyarebs da moqmedebs politikur<br />
sistemaSi. ganviTarebis procesSi myof moqalaqeze gansakuTrebuli gavlena<br />
aqvs ojaxs, religias, sajaro ganaTlebas, masmedias, kanons, Tanatolebsa<br />
da ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs. politikuri socializacia udidesi<br />
mniSvnelobisaa; Tu eri ver axerxebs moqalaqeTa didi nawilis socializacias,<br />
am eris politiku ri stabiluroba safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
moqalaqeoba<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
genderuli gasvla<br />
samoqalaqo ganaTleba<br />
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />
liberaluri ganaTleba<br />
TanatolTa jgufebi<br />
masmedia<br />
1. ratom iyo moqalaqeobis cneba aristotelesa da sxva politikuri moazrovneebisaTvis<br />
centraluri mniSvnelobis?<br />
2. rogoria sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis ganmarteba? romeli<br />
maTgani aRwers saukeTesod moqalaqeobis Tqveneul gagebas? daasabu<br />
TeT sakuTari mosazreba.<br />
3. xandaxan amtkiceben, rom WeSmarit moqalaqeebs mxolod demokratiul<br />
saxelm wifoSi SexvdebiT. ras gulisxmoben amiT?
332 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
4. romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze?<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1962), 1276b, 101-102.<br />
2. iqve, 1274b, 93.<br />
3. Immanuel Kant, The Science of Right, tomi 42 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica,<br />
1952), 436.<br />
4. politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove Seswavla mWidrod aris dakav<br />
Sirebuli xasiaTis Camoyalibebis berZnul midgomasTan. maT Soris erTerTi<br />
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qceviTi politikuri<br />
mecniereba ZiriTadad im proceszea koncentrirebuli, romlis Sedegad<br />
politikuri Sexedulebebi yalibdeba, xolo berZnuli, yvela kargi moqalaqisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli xasiaTis Taviseburebebs usvams xazs.<br />
5. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Deductive, tomi 2 (London:<br />
Longmans, Green, 1879), 518.<br />
6. damajerebeli samxili moaqvs Barbara Defoe Whiteheads naSromSi “Dan Quayle<br />
Was Right”, Atlantic (aprili 1993), 41. Tumca, ojaxi martoxela mSobliT<br />
arSemdgari ojaxis mxolod erTi mizezia. aRsaniSnavia, James Q. Wilsonis<br />
azri: erTerTi mizezi `ojaxis dasustebisa, imaSia, rom sul ufro meti<br />
bavSvi izrdeba martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da xSirad es martoxela mSobeli<br />
Tineijeri dedaa. meore mizezi im drois simcirea, romelsac martoxela<br />
an srulfasovani ojaxebi imeteben sakuTari SvilebisaTvis da aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, arasaxarbielo aRzrda”. ormSobliani ojaxebis Sesaxeb akademiuri<br />
msjelobisaTvis ix. James Q. Wilson-is “The Family-Values Debate”,<br />
Commentary (aprili 1993), 2431. citata motanilia 24e gverdidan.<br />
7. ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1995), 141-163.<br />
8. Harry Holloway da John George, Public Opinion, me2 gamocema (New York: St.<br />
Martin’s Press, 1985), 73-77.<br />
9. Herbert Winter da Thomas Bellows, People and Politics (New York: Wiley, 1977),<br />
120.<br />
10. Dean Jaros, Socialization to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1973), 87-88.<br />
11. iqve, 83.<br />
12. ix. M. Margaret Conway da Frank Fergert, Political Analysis: An Introduction (Boston:<br />
Allyn & Bacon, 1972), 106.<br />
13. Holloway da George, Public Opinion, 79.<br />
14. ix. M. Kent Jennings-is “Preface”; Henry Kenst-is “The Gender Factor in a Changing<br />
Electorate”; da Arthur Miller-is “Gender and the Vote”, wignSi The Politics of<br />
the Gender Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence, red. Carol Mueller<br />
(Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987). politikur literaturaSi mxars uWeren im
333<br />
politikuri socializacia<br />
333<br />
mosazrebas, rom sqesTa Soris bunebrivi gansxvaveba ganviTarebis fsiqologiaSi<br />
garkveul codnas moicavs; ix. Carol Gilligan-is In a Different Voice<br />
(Camridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); da M. Belenky-is, B. Clinchyis,<br />
W. Goldbergerisa da J. Taruleis Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Development<br />
of Self, Voice, and Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1986).<br />
15. Michael Barone da Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics, 1994 (Washington,<br />
D.C.: National Journal, 1994), xxvii.<br />
16. Ralph Buuljens, “India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State”, Annals<br />
of Political and Social Sciences 483 (ianvari 1986): 107.<br />
17. James Billington, “The Case for Orthodoxy”, New Republic, 30 maisi 1994, 26.<br />
18. A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Brookings<br />
Institution, 1985), 2.<br />
19. amiT imas ar uarvyofT, rom religia uprincipo liderebis mier samarcxvino<br />
miznebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />
20. msjeloba agebulia William Flanigan-isa da Nancy Zingaleis, Political Behavior<br />
of the American Electorate (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979), 184-187.<br />
21. Kenneth Langton da M. Kent Jennings, “Political Socialization and the High School<br />
Civics Curriculum”, American Political Science Review (seqtemberi 1968): 851.<br />
22. Conway da Fergert, Political Analysis, 110. ix. aseve, Judith Torney-Purta, “From<br />
Attitudes and Knowledge to Schemata: Expanding the outcomes at political Socialization<br />
Research”, wignSi Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy,<br />
red. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College Press, 1990), 99.<br />
23. an ase Cans. mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT ara marto is, Tu ras vswavlobT,<br />
aramed isic, Tu rogor vswavlobT. ix. Albert Speeris komentarebi germanuli<br />
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb wignSi Inside the Third Reich, R. Winstonisa da C.<br />
Winston-is Targm. (New York: Avon, 1971), 35.<br />
24. Robert Erikson, Norman Luttbeg da Kent Tedin, American Public Opinion (New<br />
York: Macmillan, 1991), 113.<br />
25. iqve, 7.<br />
26. es sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. ix. James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason,<br />
Thomas E. Cronin, da David B. Magleby, Government by the People, me17 gamoc.<br />
(Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), 293.<br />
27. iqve, 4950.<br />
28. Richard Dawson da sxvebi, Political Socialization, me2 gamoc. (Boston: Little,<br />
Brown, 1977), 62-63.<br />
29. James Q. Wilson da Richard Hernstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon<br />
& Schuster, 1985), 293.<br />
30. iqve, 311.<br />
31. es nawili agebulia Montague Kent-iseul analizze wignSi Thirty-Second Politics:<br />
Political Advertising in the Eighties (New York: Praeger, 1989).<br />
32. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994), 25.<br />
33. Daniel Hallin-is kvleva citirebulia rogorc ufro vrceli diskusia am<br />
sakiTxze Samuel Popkinis wignSi The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion<br />
in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 228-<br />
229.
334 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
34. amitom daaskvna qcevis Semswavleli erTerTi cnobili kvlevis avtorma<br />
`Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis principebs naklebi enTuziazmiT uWeren<br />
mxars, roca isini maTeul specifikur an praqtikul formebs ewinaaRmdegebian~.<br />
ix. Herbert McCloskeyis “Consensus and Ideology in American Democracy”,<br />
American Political Science Review 58 (ivnisi 1964): 361-384.<br />
35. Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown<br />
1972), 187-230. amerikuli kredos Semadgeneli faseulobebis Sesaxeb farTo<br />
msje lobisaTvis ix. aseve Seymour Martin Lipset-is American Exceptionalism: A<br />
Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996)
Tavi X<br />
politikuri<br />
monawileoba<br />
gavlenis safasuri<br />
monawileobis formebi<br />
samarTlebrivi formebi<br />
arasamarTlebrivi formebi<br />
moqalaqeTa monawileobis<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri<br />
gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno<br />
sistemebi pirdapiri demokratia<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT<br />
xma?<br />
xmis micema amerikisSeerTebul<br />
StatebSi monawileobis tendencie<br />
bi individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi<br />
monawileoba politikuri<br />
apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician<br />
amomrCevlebma?<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari<br />
elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis<br />
kanonebi da demokratiis ironia<br />
pluralistebi da elitistebi<br />
politikuri monawileoba<br />
avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi<br />
politikuri partiebi<br />
istoriuli winamZRvrebi<br />
ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli<br />
sistema orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli<br />
sistema partiuli<br />
sistemebis ganmsazRvrelebi pers<br />
peqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?<br />
interesTa jgufebi<br />
interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa<br />
jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu<br />
ara sazogadoebisi interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi<br />
335
336 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
XI TavSi vnaxeT, rom <strong>politika</strong>Si mniSvnelovani monawileoba kargi moqalaqeobis<br />
Semadgeneli atributia. imisaTvis, rom iyos mniSvnelovani, monawileoba<br />
minimum nebayoflobiTi da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom politikuri monawileoba SeiZleba Zalian martiv da wesier saqmed<br />
gveCvenos, ufro axlos gacnobisas mis arasasurvel mxareebsac davinaxavT.<br />
magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarul sazogadoebebSi monawileoba<br />
TiTqos uzrunvelyofilia, mas aranairi azri ar gaaCnia, vinaidan<br />
saxelmwifo yvelas aiZulebs cru arCevnebSi monawileobas da mmarTveli<br />
partiis SerCeuli kadidatebisaTvis xmis micemas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratiul<br />
qveynebSi politikuri monawileoba nebayoflobiTia; moqalaqeebs<br />
aq miniWebuli aqvT sruli Tavisufleba, maT Soris armonawileobis.<br />
bevr amerikels garkveuli dausabuTebeli varaudi aqvs demokratiasa da<br />
politikur monawileobaze:<br />
• rac ufro meti moqalaqe monawileobs, miT ufro jansaRia demokratia;<br />
• monawileoba bunebrivia, anu moqalaqeebs undaT monawileoba;<br />
• saSualo amomrCeveli kargad informirebulia, anu monawileebma ician<br />
da esmiT is politikuri arCevani, romelsac akeTeben;<br />
• sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania.<br />
am Sexedulebebs ufro axlos gavecnobiT politikur procesSi moqalaqe<br />
Ta monawileobis sxvadasxva formis ganxilvis Semdeg.<br />
monawileobis formebi<br />
moqalaqeebs, romlebsac surT <strong>politika</strong>Si monawileoba, ori alternativa<br />
aqvT _ isini SeiZleba CaerTon samarTlebriv an arasamarTlebriv saqmianobeb<br />
Si. moqalaqeTa umetesoba samarTlebriv monawileobas irCevs an saerTod ar<br />
mona wileobs.<br />
samarTlebrivi formebi<br />
politikuri monawileobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi arsebuli institutebis<br />
farglebSi konvenciuri samarTlebriv saqmianobebs moicavs.<br />
moqalaqeTa umetesoba <strong>politika</strong>Si metwilad simbolurad, pasiurad an ritualurad<br />
monawileobs _ magaliTad, eswreba politikur mitingebs, monawileobs<br />
politikur gamokiTxvebSi, werils wers adgilobrivi gazeTis redaqtors<br />
an sakuTar manqanaze afiSas akravs.<br />
xmis micema tradiciuli monawileobis yvelaze TvalsaCino formaa.<br />
Tumca, xmis micemis efeqtianoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis monawileobis<br />
sazomi, damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: ramdenad patiosnad aris<br />
daTvlili xmebi, eleqtoratis sididesa (rac ufro metia amomrCeveli, miT<br />
ufro naklebi gavlena aqvs TiToeul xmas) da realuri arCevanis arsebobaze.<br />
xmis micemas mniSvnelovani gzavnilis gadmocema SeuZlia; is SeiZleba
politikuri monawileoba<br />
337<br />
Zlieri an komikuri elferis mSvidobiani protestis forma iyos. magali<br />
Tad, 1959 wels sanpaulos (braziliis) ukmayo filo mosaxleobam qalaqis<br />
sabWoSi airCia martorqa adgilobrivi zooparkidan! 1 analogiurad, gasuli<br />
sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi Sedegze orientirebuli<br />
iniciativebisa da referendumebis raodenobis zrdis mowmeni viyaviT; am<br />
periodis manZilze saxelmwifo amomrCeveli gansjida iseTi gansxvavebuli<br />
sakiTxebis avkargianobas, rogoricaa sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Semcireba an<br />
gayinva, homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />
donis gansazRvra da usafrTxoebis Rvedebisa da motociklistis Caf xutis<br />
gamoyenebis moTxovna.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa meoTxedi Tu iqneba metnaklebad aqtiurad<br />
CarTuli <strong>politika</strong>Si. 2 politikur aqtivistTa didi nawili politikuri<br />
partiebisaTvis xarjavs drosa da fuls, miekuTvneba sazogadoebriv<br />
interesTa jgufs da nebayoflobiT iRebs monawileobas Tavisi favoriti<br />
kandidatis kampaniaSi. bevri moqalaqe muSaobs samTavrobo organoebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze rogorc aqtivisti. xSirad<br />
es moqalaqeebi anazRaurebas ar iReben. realurad SeerTebul StatebSi bevr<br />
adgilobriv mTavrobaSi saerTod aravin iRebs xelfass. adgilobriv doneze<br />
sajaro samsaxuri momavali profesionali politikosisaTvis garkveul<br />
skolas warmoadgens, romelic procedurebis, normebisa da marTvis praqtikis<br />
sferoSi Rirebul pirvelad gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri aqtivistebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdebi<br />
an, magram mcirea im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc politikur karieras umiznebs.<br />
kidev uf ro. es im xalxis jgufia, romlebic warmoadgenen xelisuflebas<br />
anazRaurebad politikur an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze (partiuli Tanamdebobebi,<br />
lobistebi, daniSvniTi Tanamdebobebi, saStato mosamsaxureebi, kanonmdeblebi<br />
da sxva). ra Tqma unda, yvela Tanamdebobis piri ar iwyebs saqmianobas<br />
profesional politikosad. marTlac, demokratiul sazogadoebebSi<br />
SedarebiT gamoucdeli kandidats iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobaze.<br />
politikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi, Tumca moqalaqeTa um ra v <br />
lesobisaTvis miuRebeli forma, arakonvenciuri monawileobaa. bu neb rivia,<br />
misaRebi politikuri qceva gavrcelebul politikur kulturazea damokidebuli<br />
da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, sadac moqalaqeTa umetesobisTvis kanoni da wesrigi didi Rirebule<br />
baa, umetesoba tradiciulad ar iwonebda protestebs da demonstraciebs.<br />
es prin cipi garkveulwilad Seicvala boboqar 1960ian wlebSi da 70ianis<br />
da sawyisSi, romelic rasobrivi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolisa<br />
da viet namis omis sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao studenturi gamosvlebis<br />
aRmasvliT gamoirCeoda. Tumca, uotergeitis skandalis Semdegac ki, ramac<br />
prezidenti riCard niqsoni 1974 wels aiZula gadamdgariyo, sazogadoebis<br />
mxolod 8 procenti uWerda mxars raime saxis demonstraciebs, magaliTad<br />
mjdomare aqcias, masobriv gamosvlas, mitinsi an samTavrobo saqmianobis<br />
obstruqcias. 3<br />
imave wlis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis<br />
umetesoba arakonvenciuri politikuri qmedebis aTi formidan mxolod sams
338 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
afasebda dadebiTad: peticiebis xelmoweras, kanonier demonstraciebSi<br />
monawileobas da boikots (rogoric aris salaTis furclis yidvisgan Tavis<br />
Sekaveba dabalanazRaurebadi migranti muSebisadmi solidarobis niSnad)<br />
4 gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2 procenti amarTlebda politikuri miznebis<br />
misaRwevad Zaladobis gamoyenebas. arakonvenciuri monawileobis rbili<br />
formebis mxardaWera ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari qmedeba ar<br />
gadacdeba samarTlebriv zRvars.<br />
arasamarTlebrivi formebi<br />
politikuri reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ras<br />
aniWeben isini arasamarTlebrivi monawileobis klasifikacias da ramdenad<br />
mkacrad sjian aseT qcevas. rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi politikur<br />
saqmianobis ufro met formas acxadeben ukanonod, vidre demokratiuli<br />
mTavrobebi. magaliTad, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sul ramdenime<br />
(an saerTod arc erTi) politikuri partia cxaddeba aralegalurad da<br />
moqalaqeebs, rogorc wesi, SeuZliaT Sevidnen nebismier partiaSi sakuTari<br />
nebasurviliT, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTis garda<br />
yvela partia aralegaluria. metic, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi `politikur<br />
danaSauls~ metad ganazogadeben da ufro mkacrad sjian `politikur damna<br />
Saveebs~, vidre maTi demokratiuli analogebi.<br />
amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis misaRebia kanonieri demonstraciebi, ro<br />
gorc politikuri protestis forma. fotoze 1997 wels United Parcel Service<br />
is winaaRmdeg mowyobili gaficvaa asaxuli.<br />
zogierTi ukanono qmedeba _ gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad<br />
wodebuli _ miznad isaxavs erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas (amitomac<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi isini ufro efeqtiania, vidre sxvagan). samoqalaqo
politikuri monawileoba<br />
339<br />
daumorCilebloba niSnavs konkretuli kanonebis darRvevas maTi usamarTlobis<br />
demonstrirebis mizniT. mahaTma gandim (18691948ww.) samoqalaqo<br />
daumorCileblo ba gamoiyena didi britaneTisgan indoeTis gaTavisuflebisaTvis<br />
brZolisas. martin luTer kingmac (19291968ww.) SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
rasobrivi Tanasworo bis miRwevis mizniT araZalismieri protestis mZlavri<br />
talRa aagora.<br />
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uars ambobs Zaladobaze da mouwodebs<br />
monawileebs, sasjeli legitimurad aRiaron. speqtris meore mxares ki dgas:<br />
politikuri terorizmi, romelic oponentTa demoralizebis, daSinebisa da<br />
damorCilebisaTvis Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras mimarTavs; sabotaJi,<br />
mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba, rac xSirad gareSe Zalebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba;<br />
ajanyebisken waqezeba, buntisa da antisamTavrobo qmedebebis<br />
provocireba. yoveli maTga ni revoluciuri qmedebaa. Tumca, imis mixedviT,<br />
ra reJimTan gvaqvs saqme, sabotaJad da provokacid SeiZleba miCneul iqnes<br />
aralegalur SexvedraSi monawileoba an ukanono politikur partiaSi Sesvla,<br />
mTavrobis gamakritikebeli proklamaciebis dabeWdva an oficialuri<br />
politikisa da ideologiisagan gansxvavebuli azris qona. bevr avtoritarul<br />
saxelmwifoSi mTavrobis nebismieri saxis oponireba, Tundac iseTi uwyinari<br />
ram, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, megobrisaTvis werilis miwera, romelic Seicavs sa<br />
TaveSi myofi xelisuflebis farul kritikas, SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTavrobis<br />
ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobad.<br />
mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, winaswar dagegmili teroristuli aqtebi yovelTvis<br />
revoluciuria. aseTi aqtebi ukanonoa im qveynebSic ki, ro melTac<br />
TviTmarqvia revoluciuri reJimebi marTavs (ix. Tavi XV).<br />
moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba<br />
demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi monawileoben <strong>politika</strong>Si azris<br />
gamoxatvisa da xmis micemis gziT. gamokiTxvebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
sazogadoebriv azrze da gamoxatavs mas. pirvelad sazogadoebriv azrs<br />
ganvixilavT.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri<br />
gamokiTxvebs, romlebic mkafiod gamokveTil sazogadoebriv azrs an mis<br />
arsebiT cvlilebebs gviCveneben, SeuZliaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa<br />
gadawyvetilebebze, qmedebebsa da <strong>politika</strong>ze iqonion gavlena. demokratiul<br />
qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri imitomac aris legitimuri, rom mTavroba<br />
angariSvaldebulia amomrCevlebis winaSe. sazogadoebriv azrs imitom Seu<br />
Zlia gavlenis moxdena <strong>politika</strong>ze, rom politikosebs survili aqvT iyvnen<br />
arCeulni da rac SeiZleba met xans darCnen Tanamdebobaze. magram rodesac<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri iyofa, rac iSviaTad ar xdeba, arCeul pirebs xSirad<br />
SeuZliaT misi ignorireba moaxdinon.
340 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
sazogadoebrivi azrisa da misi gavlenis Sefaseba SeiZleba bundovani<br />
iyos. misi gavlena maqsimaluria, rodesac: (1) moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan raodenobas<br />
calkeul problemaze sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs da smi mimarT<br />
ubralod indiferentuli ar aris; (2) is stabiluria xangrZlivi drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi; (3) is garkveuli mimarTulebiT calsaxadaa gadaxrili; (4) is<br />
aSkarad sagrZnobia; da (5) sakiTxi, romelsac igi exeba, yvelasaTvis cnobilia<br />
anu amomrCevlebi mas prioritetad miiCneven.<br />
ramdenad seriozulad unda iTvaliswinebdnen liderebi moqalaqeTa<br />
azrs mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? am sakiTxis ganxilvisas<br />
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad naklebadaa racionaluri<br />
gaazrebis Sedegi da, rogorc wesi, narTauli gamonaTqvamebis, eWvebisa<br />
da varaudebis nazavia, rac Tavis mxriv efuZneba crurwmenebs, winaTgrZnobebs<br />
da im adamianebis arasrul informacias, romlebic, Cveulebriv, <strong>politika</strong>s<br />
did yuradRebas ar aqceven.<br />
gamokiTxvebi<br />
yvela mTavroba cdilobs sazogadoebrivi azris Sefasebasa da gaanalizebas.<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi azri sxvadasxva problemaze<br />
Tavisuflad fasdeba da ganixileba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis,<br />
aramed agreTve politikuri partiebisa da kandidatebis, mediis,<br />
sxvadasxva kerZo organizaciis, kvleviTi institutebisa da mkvlevarebis<br />
mier. imis gansasazRvrad, ra damokidebuleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas mocemul<br />
sakiTxze, organizaciebi eyrdnobian sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas<br />
(moqalaqeTaTvis maTi azris gamokiTxva), romelic yvelaze popularuli da<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebebis gansazRvrisa da grafikulad gamosaxvis<br />
zusti saSualeba gaxda.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris gazomvis pirveli mcdeloba iyo `Calis gamokiTxvebi~<br />
(straw polls), romelic mecxramete saukuneSi gazeTebma ganaviTares.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxvebi daumuSavebeli iyo, xSirad swor prognozs<br />
akeTebda gamarjvebulis Taobaze. lokalur doneze gazeTebi, radio da<br />
televizia dResac iyeneben am meTods. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mTavari problema<br />
isaa, rom ar iZleva imis garkvevis saSualebas, ramdenad asaxavs aseTi<br />
gamokiTxva mTliani mosaxleobis azrs.<br />
Jurnal Literary Digest-is gamokiTxva, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom alf<br />
lendo ni daamarcxebda franklin d. ruzvelts 1936 wels, aris yvelaze cnobili<br />
maga liTi imisa, rogor SeiZleba aramecnieruli gamokiTxva damRupveli<br />
aRmoCndes _ am SemTxvevaSi im JurnalisTvis, romelmac es gamokiTxva<br />
Caatara. ra iyo am konkretuli gamokiTxvis Secdoma? moqalaqeTa SerCevisas<br />
gamoiyenes satelefono cnobari da manqanebis registraciis siebi _ ori Zalian<br />
arareprezentantuli reestri, vinaidan 1930ian wlebSi (didi depresiis<br />
periodi) mxolod mdidrebs SeeZloT telefonisa da avtomobilis SeZena.<br />
Tumca, SerCevis imave meTodiT Literary Digest-ma zustad iwinaswarmetyvela<br />
wina sami saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebi. miuxedavad amisa, 1936 wels
politikuri monawileoba<br />
341<br />
gamokiTxva `Secda~ _ ruzveltma didi upiratesobiT moigo. sxvaTa Soris,<br />
amiT dasrulda Literary Digest–is gamokiTxvebi da, faqtobrivad Tavad Jurnalis<br />
arsebobac. 1938 wlidan man arseboba Sewyvita.<br />
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis<br />
teqnologiebma ufro seriozuli saxe miiRo. gamokiTxvaTa umetesoba<br />
adamianebs ekiTxeba eTanxmebian Tu ara isini ama Tu im debulebas an<br />
<strong>politika</strong>s. zogierTi gamokiTxva moqalaqeebs sTxovs sxvadasxva politikur<br />
alternativas Soris airCion erTerTi (Tumca bevri Tvlis, rom es meTodi xelovnurad<br />
zrdis politikuri Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa raodenobas). ase<br />
Ti gamokiTxvis meTodebiT mkvlevarebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobis respondentTa<br />
pasuxebis safuZvelze mosaxleobis didi nawilis poziciis prognozs<br />
akeTeben. yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven SemTxveviT SerCevis meTods, rodesac<br />
xdeba mTeli mosaxleobidan (`generaluri erToblioba~) SemTxveviT SerCeul<br />
moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva (statistikosebma daadgines, rom 1500 respodentis<br />
SerCeva idealuria iseTi gamokiTxvebisaTvis, romlebmac xalxis didi raodenoba<br />
unda moicvas). amgvari SerCevisas asakobrivi, rasobrivi, religiuri,<br />
politikuri, ganaTlebis niSniT SerCeuli da sxva jgufebi metnaklebad unda<br />
Seesabamebodes mTel mosaxleobas.<br />
gamokiTxvebis politikuri da borotad gamoyeneba<br />
tradiciulad, gamokiTxvebi afasebda sazogadoebriv azrs mas Semdeg,<br />
rac politikuri liderebi ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas an amtkicebdnen kanons.<br />
Tumca, saarCevno kampaniaSi gamokiTxva ufro da ufro metad gaxda momavlis<br />
orientiri _ igi gamoiyeneba imis gansasazRvrad, ra pozicia unda daikavon<br />
kandidatebma, rogor gavidnen mowinave poziciaze, an rogori politikuri<br />
gancxadebebi Seuqmnis maT pozitiur imijs. amas xandaxan strategiuli<br />
gamokiTxva (strategic polling) ewodeba.<br />
imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, romeli politikuri gancxadeba an pozicia<br />
iqneba popularuli, gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebi (focus groups) _ xalxis mcire<br />
raodenoba komunikaciebis profesionali eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />
ganixilavs politikuri gzavnilis konkretul sakiTxebs. ufro gvian ganvi<br />
Tarda eleqtronuli gamokiTxva, romelmac moicva satelefono jgufebic<br />
(dial groups), romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs darekviT daaregistriron<br />
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi.<br />
strategiuli gamokiTxva jimi karteris prezidentobis Semdeg gaxda<br />
politikuri cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris Tanamdebobis pirTaTvisac ki. prezidenti<br />
bil klintoni mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda gamokiTxvebs imis gansasazRvrad,<br />
romeli sakiTxebisaTvis mieqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da<br />
rogor waredgina isini.
342 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
imis gamo, rom yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli asobiT calkeuli intervius<br />
Catareba, mkvlevarebi xandaxan winaswar irCeven respondentTa<br />
mcirericxovan jgufebs, iseTi sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rogoricaa asaki, religia, Semosavali da partiis wevroba. gamokiTxvis am<br />
meTods stratificirebul SerCevas (strarified sampling) uwodeben. egzitpolebi,<br />
romlebic televiziebs saSualebas aZlevs saarCevno ubnebis daxurvis<br />
Semdeg iwinaswarmetyvelon politikuri gamarjvebulebi, warmoadgens<br />
stratificirebuli SerCevis or dones. pirvel rigSi mkvlevarebi adgenen<br />
saarCevno ubans, romelic statistikurad uaxlovdeba ufro did politikur<br />
erTeuls (saarCevno olqs, Stats an qveyanas). Semdeg isini, vinc atareben<br />
egzitpolis intervius, cdiloben ise moaxdinon adamianTa SerCeva, rom<br />
is yvelaze kargad asaxavdes saarCevno ubnis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
ganmeorebad gamokiTxvaSi, anu adamianTa erTi da imave jgufis mravaljerad<br />
gamokiTxvebSi (tracking polls), rasac xSirad kandidatebi saxelwifo<br />
organizaciebisaTvis, kampaniis mimdinareobisas atareben, erTi da igive<br />
amomrCevlebi monawileoben ganmeorebiT. aseTi gamokiTxvebiT cdiloben<br />
daadginon cvlilebebi amomrCevlis damokidebulebaSi da daakavSiron is mediis<br />
strategiasTan, sakiTxebis cvlilebebTan, kandidatebis SecdomebTan<br />
da a.S. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mizania kandidats miawodos informacia imis<br />
Sesaxeb, romeli strategia muSaobs (da romeli ara) mocemuli kampaniis dros.<br />
amgvari strategiuli gamokiTxvebi xSirad gamoiyeneba fokusjgufebTan da<br />
kampaniis sxva saSualebebTan erTad.<br />
gamokiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustia, magram iSviaTad _ uSecdomo;<br />
TviT umaRles doneze organizebul gamokiTxvebSic ki SeiZleba iyos<br />
cdomilebebi. rogorc wesi, 0.05 sarwmunoobis xarisxis SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT<br />
3 procentiani cdomilebis zRvari, rac imas niSnavs, rom 100dan 95 SemTxvevaSi<br />
nebismieri mimarTulebiT cdomileba araumetes 3 procentia. gamokiTxvis<br />
ama Tu im meTodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvis zusti da<br />
cxadi formulireba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi roca xalxs ar gaaCnia<br />
kargad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba; ori alternatiuli politikis arCevanis<br />
SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos sakuTar<br />
Tavze mosaxleobis sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, Tu adamianebma TviTon<br />
unda izrunon sakuTar saxlebze?~) zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba imdenad<br />
moeqces alternativaTa Tanmimdevrobis gavlenis qveS, rom aman or arCevans<br />
Soris 30 procentiani gansxvaveba gamoiwvios. es damokidebulia mxolod<br />
imaze, pirvelad romeli alternativaa mocemuli. 5 ufro metic, imave kiTxvis<br />
imgvarad dasma, rom sakiTxis mxolod erTi alternativa iyos naxsenebi<br />
(magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos Tu ara sakuTar Tavze mosaxleobis<br />
adeqvaturi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa?~) savaraudod, gamoiwvevs<br />
ufro met dadebiT pasuxs, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvis formulirebaSi<br />
Sevidoda mocemuli sakiTxis erTze meti alternativa.<br />
calkeuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan daskvnebis gamotanis arasaimedoba<br />
naTlad Cans 101 sqemidan (`ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva, gansxvavebuli<br />
Sedegebi~). es maga liTi agreTve gviCvenebs, rogor SeuZlia gamokiTxvebs<br />
ara marto gazomos sazogadoebrivi azri, aramed gavlenac iqonios masze.
politikuri monawileoba<br />
343<br />
magaliTad, Tu respondentebs usvamen kiTxvas Tambaqos mowevis Sesaxeb individualuri<br />
arCevanis uflebis kuTxiT, ufro meti iqneba Tanaxma, vidre<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igive kiTxvaSi moxseniebuli iqneba safrTxe, romelsac<br />
moweva uqmnis sxvebis janmrTelobas. kandidatebi, korporaciebi da sxva<br />
organizebuli interesTa jgufebi, visac surs aCvenos ama Tu im poziciis an<br />
produqtis popularoba, maTTvis sasurvel Sedegebs xSirad iReben kiTxvis<br />
Sesabamisi formulirebis gziT. samwuxarod, aseTi midgoma aprobirebuli<br />
meTodia rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi.<br />
`noemberSi saprezidento arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
... prezidentis arCevnebi dRes rom Catarebuliyo<br />
da kandidatebi bil klintoni da bob douli<br />
yofiliyvnen.. vis miscemdiT xmas?~<br />
klintoni douli ar gadauwyvetia<br />
gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 811 ivliss<br />
`damdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi visTvis<br />
apirebT xmis micemas, Tu jer ar gadagiwyvetiaT?<br />
danamdvilebiT iciT, rom xmas<br />
(saxeli) aZlevT, Tu jer ar gadagiwyvetiaT?~<br />
klintoni douli ar gadauwyvetia<br />
gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 29 ivnisi2 ivlisi<br />
sqema 10-1. ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva: gansxvavebuli Sedegebi<br />
es ori gamokiTxva TiTqmis erTdroulad Catarda, magram Sedegebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia.<br />
es faqti nawilobriv mainc gamowveulia kiTxvebis formuli rebiT.<br />
wyaro: The Polling Company National Survey, reprinted from John H. Fund, `The Perils of Polling,~<br />
Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1996, A12. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journalis nebarTviT. Copyright ©<br />
1996 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflio masStabiT.<br />
samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, gamokiTxvebma saprezidento arCevnebis<br />
kampaniebSi did roli Seasrula. 1996 wlis arCevnebis ganmavlobaSi marto<br />
CNN-ma daaxloebiT 200 gamokiTxva Caatara. SeadareT es 1992 wlis prezidentis<br />
saarCevno kampanias, rodesac yvela mediasaSualebam erTad Caatara 125<br />
150 gamokiTxva. 6 xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gamokiTxvebis popularobam<br />
mniSvnelovnad imata. erTma mkvlevarma aRniSna, rom 1968 wels Sromis<br />
dResa da arCevnebis dRes Soris (maisidan noembramde _ mTaArgm. Sen.) mxolod<br />
10 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam mimarTa amomrCevlebs kiTxviT: `vis miscemdiT<br />
xmas, arCevnebi dRes rom tardebodes?~ 1996 wlis saprezidento ar<br />
Cevnebis dros ki 300 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam dasva igive kiTxva. 7
344 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
cxrili 10.1<br />
1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis saboloo gamokiTxvis prognozi<br />
gamokiTxvis<br />
organizatori klintoni douli pero<br />
CBS/New York Times<br />
Pew Research<br />
ABC News<br />
Harris<br />
NBC/Wall Street Journal<br />
USA Today/CNN/Gallup<br />
HOTLINE/Battleground<br />
Reuters/Zogby<br />
53%<br />
49%<br />
51%<br />
51%<br />
49%<br />
52%<br />
45%<br />
49%<br />
35%<br />
36%<br />
39%<br />
39%<br />
37%<br />
41%<br />
36%<br />
41%<br />
9%<br />
8%<br />
7%<br />
7%<br />
9%<br />
7%<br />
8%<br />
8%<br />
gamarjvebulis<br />
zRvari<br />
realuri Sedegebi 49% 41% 8% 8<br />
wyaro: From Everett C. Ladd’s `The Pollster’s Waterloo~ in the Wall Street Journal (November<br />
19, 1995), p. A-22. monacemebi mogvawoda koneqtikutis universitetis sazogadoebrivi<br />
kvlavis Roper Center-ma. ibeWdeba avtoris nebarTviT.<br />
bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva ufro saimedo gaxda. magaliTad,<br />
jorj buSsa da el gors Soris 2000 wlis saprezidento maraTonis<br />
dros CNN/USA Today/Gallupsa da CNN/Timeis gamokiTxvebi saprezidento<br />
arCevnebis wina dRes orive kandidatisTvis erTnair Sedegs winaswarmetyvelebda.<br />
sabolood buSma gamarjvebisaTvis sakmarisi amomrCevelTa kolegiis<br />
xmebi daagrova floridis sakmaod saeWvo arCevnebis Semdeg. Sedegebi<br />
mogvianebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daadastura, realurad ki gorma<br />
ufro meti xma miiRo, vidre buSma. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gaamarTla.<br />
gamokiTxvebi mainc ar aris yovelTvis zusti an SedarebiT zusti, rogorc<br />
es naCvenebia 101 cxrilSi. yvela politikuri gamokiTxva garkveul<br />
risks Seicavs. gamokiTxva, pirvel rigSi, drois mcire monakveTSi arsebuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlenis saSualebaa, xolo sazogadoebrivi<br />
azri Zalian xSirad icvleba. meorec, gamokiTxvebi farTod gavrcelda da<br />
momabezrebeli gaxda, ris gamoc moqalaqeebi naklebi enTuziazmiT iReben<br />
maTSi monawileobas. mesamec, sxvadasxva gamokiTxvas Soris mniSvnelovani<br />
meTodologiuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs. arCevnebs Soris Catarebuli<br />
gamokiTxvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes saarCevno<br />
kampaniebis dros Catarebul gamokiTxvebs. magaliTad, prezidentis popularoba,<br />
romelsac zomavs sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, xels uwyobs<br />
imis gansazRvras, ra gavlena aqvs prezidents ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze.<br />
imaves Tqma SeiZleba prezidentisa da kongresis urTierTobebze, gansa<br />
18<br />
13<br />
12<br />
12<br />
12<br />
11<br />
9<br />
8
politikuri monawileoba<br />
345<br />
kuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdege partias umravleso ba hyavs erTerT<br />
an orive palataSi.<br />
arGevnebi<br />
mniSvnelovani arCevnebi gamokiTxvebs yvelaze saWiro politikur gamar<br />
Tlebasa da gamoyenebas uZebnis. arCevnebis gareSe gamokiTxvebis politikuri<br />
gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iqneboda.<br />
arCevnebis funqciebi. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, gansxvavebul politikur<br />
sistemebSi arCevnebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs. samxedro diqtaturebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, regularuli arCevnebi, ubralod, ar<br />
tardeba _ rac aseT reJimebSi samoqalaqo monawileobis minimalur an srul<br />
ararsebobaze mianiSnebs. Tu arCevnebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi mainc<br />
tardeba, maT ubralo politikuri ritualis saxe aqvs, rac mmarTvelebs<br />
maTi xelisuflebis legitimaciis saSualebas aZlevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
konstituciuri demokratiebis pirobebSi arCevnebi principuli saSualebaa<br />
moqalaqeTa mier mmarTvelis gansasazRvrad. arCevnebi iribad imasac gansaz<br />
Rvravs, ra saxis <strong>politika</strong> iqneba gatarebuli momavalSi.<br />
Tavisufali arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobis koncefcias.<br />
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic moqmedeben amomrCevelTa saxeliT,<br />
iReben sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac<br />
moqalaqeebi, maTi didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erToblivad ver miiRebdnen.<br />
Tanamedrove konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi idea ukve<br />
gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesia WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.<br />
arCevnebis SezRudvebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi arCevnebma demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis survilebis kanonebsa da <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />
asaxvis saSualeba unda misces. Tumca, realurad arCevnebs yovelTvis ar<br />
mosdevs idealuri Sedegebi. arCevnebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arCevanis<br />
saSualebas, Semdegi Tanmdevi SezRudvebi gaaCnia:<br />
1. Tu umniSvnelovanes movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azri arasworad gansaz<br />
Rvruli an daqsaqsulia, axladarCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi amomrCevelTagan<br />
ver miiReben mkafiod gansazRvrul mandats. Tu aseTi mandati<br />
mainc iqneba micemuli, Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba konkretul<br />
sakiTxze sa zogadoebrivi azri an arasworad gaigon, an ugulebelyon, an<br />
Secvalon.<br />
2. saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro saarCevno kampanias Zalian<br />
didi dro da uamravi fuli sWirdeba, ris gamoc bevri kvalificiuri<br />
kandidati ver iRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, an zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
upiratesoba usamarTlod eniWeba ama Tu im kandidats.<br />
3. rac SeiZleba meti amomrCevlisa da interesTa jgufis mozidvis mizniT<br />
sajaro moxeleobis kandidatma SeiZleba ama Tu im sakiTxze aramyari
346 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
pozicia daikavos. am winaswar ganzraxulma gaurkvevlobam SeiZleba patiosan<br />
amomrCevels gonivruli arCevanis gakeTeba gaurTulos.<br />
4. kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebebs, romelTa Sesrulebac maT ar<br />
SeuZliaT, vinaidan saTanadod ver afaseben mosalodnel sirTuleebs.<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi rTulia politikuri cvlilebebis gatareba,<br />
radgan xSirad prezidentis da kongresis <strong>politika</strong> gansxvavdeba. winaaRmdegobas<br />
qmnis isic, rom warmoudgenlad CaxlarTuli sabiujeto<br />
procesi mTel yuradRebas iqcevs da xSirad kongresis paralizebasac<br />
ki iwvevs.<br />
5. Tanamdebobaze arCevis Semdeg kandidatma SeiZleba ubralod Seicvalos<br />
Sexeduleba konkretuli politikis sasurvelobasa da vargisianobaze.<br />
specifikuri interesebis Zlierma zegavlenam, ufro meti da ukeTesi<br />
informaciis xelmisawvdomobam an gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo<br />
politikis CaxlarTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebam kongresis<br />
axalarCeul wevrze SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena iqonios.<br />
Tanamedrove konstituciuri xelisuflebis idea gulisxmobs politikur war<br />
momadgenlobas, xolo WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcio ni re bisaTvis<br />
arCevnebi arsebiTia. fotoze kenieli amomrCeveli biuletens agdebs.<br />
miuxedavad SezRudvebisa, sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, arCevnebi<br />
saukeTeso saSualebaa moqalaqeTa azrebis saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong>d realizaciisaTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki did da mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. realurad<br />
arsebobs kargi safuZveli vifiqroT, rom politikuri dapirebebi ufro<br />
xSirad sruldeba, vidre irRveva. 8 xandaxan Tanamdebobis pirebi imedebs<br />
gvicrueben, Tumca siurprizebsac iSviaTad gviwyoben. amomrCevels sakmaod
politikuri monawileoba<br />
347<br />
kargad aqvs warmodgenili, ras unda elodos konkretuli kandidatisgan,<br />
romelsac igi irCevs. dabolos, xandaxan kandidatebs darRveuli piroba<br />
Zvirad ujdebaT.<br />
saarGevno sistemebi<br />
saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba struqturulad sxvadasxvagvari iyos ma<br />
Joritaruli, roca mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (gamarjvebuls yvelaferi<br />
miaqvs) da proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi arCeviTi warmomadgenlobis<br />
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebia.<br />
maJoritaruli sistema _ gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs (Winner-take-all).<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis wevrs irCeven erTmandatiani saarCevno ubnidan<br />
xmaTa martivi umravlesobiT; anu am sistemaSi mxolod erTi warmomadgeneli<br />
airCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan da is kandidati, vinc yvelaze<br />
met xmas daagrovebs, ikavebs Tanamdebobas. vinaidan Statis ori senatori<br />
irCeva sxva dasxva wlebSi, mTliani Stati warmoadgens erTmandatian saarCevno<br />
ubans. dabolos, saprezidento arCevnebis drosac, ormocdaaTive<br />
Stati erTmandatiani saarCevno ubania, vinaidan yvela saarCevno xma eniWeba<br />
prezidentobis im kandidats, romelic iRebs xmaTa umravlesobas am Tu im<br />
konkretul StatSi.<br />
aseTi sistemis praqtikuli politikuri Sedegebi mravalferovania. erTmandatian<br />
saarCevno ubanSi nebismieri arCevnebis dros, rodesac mxolod<br />
ori kandidatia, erTerTi maTgani aucileblad miiRebs martiv umravlesobas,<br />
romelic amomrCevelTa yvelaze did gaerTianebad ganisazRvreba. Tu<br />
sami an meti kandidati ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis, arCeulad iTvleba is, vinc<br />
miiRebs yvelaze met xmas: xuTi kandidatis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gaimarjvos<br />
iman, vinc miiRebs xmaTa 25 procents (an naklebs). rogorc vnaxavT, es meTodi<br />
xels uwyobs orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas.<br />
maJoritaruli sistemis _ aseve cnobili, rogorc first past the post saar<br />
Cevno sistemis Sedegebi, aSS kongresis arCevnebis hipoTetur cxrilSi 10<br />
2 aris grafikulad asaxuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am sistemas aqvs minimum<br />
erTi upiratesoba mainc: igi gansazRvravs sufTa gamarjvebulebs. ubralo<br />
umravlesoba wyvets, vin iqneba saarCevno ubnis warmomadgeneli. cxrilSi<br />
moyvanil magaliTSi liberali joni aris sufTa gamarjvebuli. magram am<br />
xelsayreli SedegisaTvis safasuri unda iqnes gadaxdili _ umravlesobam<br />
(amomrCevelTa 57 procentma) ar misca xma liberals. ubralod, maT SeeZloT<br />
darCeniliyvnen saxlSi. arc konservatori jeinisa da upartio aimas <strong>politika</strong><br />
da arc umravlesobis mier miniWebuli upiratesobebi am saarCevno ubnidan<br />
warmodgenili ar iqneba.<br />
maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas SeuZlia qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri<br />
naklovanebebi warmoaCinos. Cvens hipoTetur arCevnebSi liberalma<br />
gaimarjva saarCevno ubnis xmaTa mxolod 43 procentiT, magram igi gaxda 100<br />
procentiani warmomadgeneli. ra Tqma unda, misi kandidatura dafinansebu
348 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
li iyo Zlieri organizaciis ori wamyvani amerikuli politikuri partiidan<br />
erTerTis mier. amas garda, es ori partia inerciis wyalobiTac igebs _ xmas<br />
aZleven Cveulebis da ara rwmenis gamo.<br />
cxrili 10.2<br />
hipoTeturi politikuri maraToni<br />
partia kandidati miRebuli<br />
xmebi<br />
demokratiuli<br />
respublikuri<br />
damoukidebeli<br />
liberali joni<br />
konservatori jei<br />
ni<br />
upartio aima<br />
25,800<br />
24,600<br />
9,600<br />
xmebis<br />
procentuli<br />
raodenoba<br />
aseTi sistemis dros ori mTavari partiidan erTerTi yoveli arCevnebis<br />
Sedegad mudmivad iRebs warmomadgenlobis uflebas, rac arCevnebSi<br />
monawile meore partiisa da meorexarisxovani partiebis xarjze miRebuli<br />
saarCevno xmebis proporciuli ar aris. amgvarad, mTavarma partiam, romelic<br />
amomrCevlis 40dan 45 procentamde xmas iRebs, SeiZleba mandatebis<br />
umravlesoba miiRos, rogorc es ZiriTadad xdeba britanul arCevnebSi.<br />
arCevnebis suraTis aseTi damaxinjeba imdenad gavrcelebulia did britaneTSi,<br />
rom mTavar parti as, romelic iRebs xmebis naxevarze naklebs, SeuZlia<br />
damajereblad gaimarj vos (xmaTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis miRebis Sedegad<br />
iRebs saparlamento umravlesobas).<br />
amgvarad, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs ori mTavari politikuri<br />
partiis Camoyalibebas da arTulebs mcire politikuri partiebis<br />
zrdas. mravalpartiul sistemasTan SedarebiTi upiratesoba gamoixateba<br />
ufro met politikur stabilurobaSi. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosis azriT,<br />
amgvari stabiluroba miiRweva warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis<br />
misi dedaazris mospobiT _ anu aqcentis gakeTebiT mTavrobaze, romelic<br />
umravlesobis sur vils (da preferenciebs) gamoxatavs. imis gamo, rom es<br />
sistema ar war moaCens amomrCevlis mTeli speqtris azrebsa da interesebs,<br />
igi iswrafvis gazardos mmarTveli partiis (an partiebis) sakanonmdeblo<br />
Zalaufleba da dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas umciresobis partiaTa mcdelobas,<br />
Seiqmnan sakanonmdeblo niadagi.<br />
proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi. maJoritaruli sistemebis<br />
alternativas warmoadgens proporciul warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebuli<br />
saarCevno sistema, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi<br />
partiebisaTvis eleqtoratis mxardaWeris TiTqmis Sesabamisi warmomadgenloba.<br />
rogorc wesi, aseTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi qveyana dayofilia<br />
saarCevno ubnebad, saidanac irCeven ramdenime deputats. maT Soris Tanam<br />
43<br />
41<br />
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politikuri monawileoba<br />
349<br />
debobebi nawildeba partiebis mi er TiToeul ubanSi miRebuli xmebis raodenobis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
im mraval qveyanas Soris, romlebmac danerges es sistema, aris israeli,<br />
italia, belgia, norvegia da irlandia. germaniac iyenebs proporciuli warmomadgenlobis<br />
sistemas bundestagis (parlamentis qveda palatis) wevrTa<br />
naxevris asarCevad. rogorc wesi, kandidati ubanze igebs arCevnebs, Tu igi miiRebs<br />
xmaTa garkveul raodenobas. xmaTa minimaluri raodenoba ganisazRvreba<br />
gamoyofil mandatebze xmaTa raodenobis gayofiT. magaliTad, warmovidginoT,<br />
rom 102 cxrilis SemTxvevaSi proporciul warmomadgenlobasTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme. saarCevno ubanze gamoyofilia sami mandati da amomrCevelTa saerTo<br />
raodenoba 60 000ia. aseTi viTarebaSi kandidati arCeuli iqneba partiis<br />
mier miRebuli yoveli 20 000 xmis SemTxvevaSi. am formulis mixedviT orive<br />
kandidati, liberalic da konservatoric arCeulad CaiTvleba, vinaidan<br />
TiToeulma 20 000ze meti xma miiRo. saarCevno ubnis mesame warmomadgeneli<br />
ganisazRvreba regionuli gadanawilebis principiT, romelic Semdegnairad<br />
moqmedebs: demokratebis 5 800, respublikelebis 4 600 da damoukidebeli<br />
kandidatebis 9 600 xma gadaecema regions, sadac igi sxva saarCevno ubnebis<br />
xmebTan erTad daiTvleba da xelaxla gadanawildeba. im SemTvevaSi, Tu regionuli<br />
gadanawilebiT kandidati ver airCeva, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes qveynis<br />
masStabiT gadanawileba. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema<br />
uzrunvelyofs, rom arc erTi sarCevno xma ar ikargeba.<br />
Tumca, zogierTma qveyanam patara, umniSvnelo partiebis momravlebis<br />
Tavidan acilebis mizniT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemis modificireba<br />
moaxdina. aseT qveynebSi umciresobis partiebma unda miiRon<br />
gansazRvruli minimaluri xmebis raodenoba (saarCevno barieri _ mTAargm.<br />
Sen.), raTa saarCevno ubnidan hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli. germaniasa<br />
da ruseTSi es minimumi 5 procentia, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba 15 procenti da<br />
metic ki iyos.<br />
saarCevno siebi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli meTodia. amgvari sistemis dros partias SeuZlia saarCevno<br />
ubanze ramdenic surs, imdeni kandidati waradginos. am SemTxvevaSi partiam<br />
saarCevno biuletenSi unda moaxdinos maTi ranJireba _ Tu partia miiRebs<br />
xmaTa raodenobas, romelic sakmarisia mxolod erTi mandatis mosapoveblad,<br />
mandats miiRebs saarCevno siaSi miTiTebuli pirveli kandidati; Tu<br />
partia daagrovebs ori mandatis mosapoveblad sakmaris xmaTa raodenobas,<br />
maSin siaSi miTiTebuli meore kandidatic miiRebs mandats da a.S. saarCevno<br />
siebis sistema mniSv nelovnad aZlierebs partiebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebi xmas<br />
aZleven partias (da ara kandidats) da partia akontrolebs kandidatTa Tanmimdevrobas<br />
saarCevno biuletenebSi.<br />
arsebobs saarCevno siebis alternatiuli sistemebi. erTerTi maTgani<br />
emyareba calkeul, gardamaval xmis micemas da ufro metad aqcents akeTebs<br />
individualur kandidatebsa da personebze, vidre partiebze. kandidatebi<br />
Tavisuflad ecilebian erTmaneTs dasakavebel Tanamdebobebs. kvota winaswar<br />
aris gansazRvruli da yvela kandidati, vinc daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro
350 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
raodenobas, iTvleba arCeulad. magram es sistema ucnaur xriks Seicavs:<br />
yvela amomrCeveli miuTiTebs pirvel da meore arCevans. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
pirveladi arCevanis xmebis daTvlis Semdeg kidev rCeba auTvisebeli mandatebi,<br />
zedmeti xmebi, amomrCevlis meore arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadadis<br />
darCenil kandidatebze.<br />
saarCevno sistemaTa Sedareba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemas<br />
maJoritarul warmomadgenlobiT sistemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upiratesobebi<br />
gaaCnia. ufro naklebi xma ikargeba, SexedulebaTa ufro farTo<br />
speqtria warmodgenili da sakanonmdeblo organoSi ufro met partias SeuZlia<br />
hyavdes warmomadgeneli. es sistema mandatebi ufro samarTliani da miukerZoebelia,<br />
vinaidan Tanamdebobebi partiebs Soris nawildeba maT mier<br />
miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.<br />
Tumca, proporciul warmomadgenlobas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno siebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime arasasurveli movlena axasiaTebs, maT Soris partiis<br />
centralizaciis aSkara tendencia, erT sakiTxze koncentrirebuli<br />
partiebis aRmoceneba, ufro intensiuri saparlamento fraqcionalizmi,<br />
qveynis masStabiT konsensusis miRwevis garTuleba, politikuri partiebis,<br />
rogorc politikuri arCevanis ZiriTadi saSualebebis sasargeblod individualuri<br />
kandidatebis ugulebelyofa. zogierTi am movlenaTagani Sei<br />
Zleba sasurvelic ki iyos. miuxedavad maJoritaruli sistemis xarvezebisa,<br />
amerikelTa umetesoba ar emxroba axali, ucnobi sistemiT mis Canacvlebas.<br />
siaxlisadmi SiSi amerikuli politikis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.<br />
pirdapiri demokratia<br />
pirdapiri demokratia niSnavs, rom politikur sakiTxebs amomrCeveli<br />
TviTon wyvets. albaT amis sayovelTaod cnobili modelia qalaq niuinglendis<br />
municipalitetis Sexvedra. konstitucia, arCeuli warmomadgenlebis<br />
uzrunvelyofiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sasargeblod uaryofs<br />
pirdapiri demokratiis ideas.<br />
dRes bevrgan pirdapiri demokratia Tanaarsebobs warmomadgenlobiT<br />
demokratiasTan. zogierT demokratiul qveyanaSi, rogoricaa Sveicaria da<br />
avstralia, agreTve amerikis ramdenime Stati, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gverdi<br />
auaron kanons an Caanacvlon igi sajaro politikis specifikur sakiTxebze<br />
pirdapiri kenWisyriT. rogorc wesi, aseT kenWisyras plebisciti ewodeba.<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs pirdapiri demokratiuli monawileobas sami<br />
forma. referendumi tardeba maSin, rodesac kanonmdebloba an konstitucia<br />
sakiTxs an sajaro <strong>politika</strong>s gansaxilvelad warudgens amomrCevlebs.<br />
zogierT SemTxve va Si xmis micemas ufro sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (eleqtoratis<br />
preferencie bis maCvenebelia); sxva SemTxvevebSi ki imisaTvis, rom<br />
kenWisyraze dayenebuli sakiTxi ZalaSi Sevides, amomrCevlis Tanxmobaa<br />
saWiro. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi amomrCevels Tvi<br />
Ton gaaqvs gansaxilvelad xelmoweraTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobis
iniciativa, referendumi<br />
da impiCmenti<br />
iniciativa da referendumi<br />
iniciativa<br />
politikuri monawileoba<br />
351<br />
sqema 10-2. moqalaqeTa mier safuZvelCayrili iniciativa, referendumi da impiCmenti<br />
tatebis doneze<br />
wyaro: ibeWdeba Thomas E. Croninis wignis Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative,<br />
Referendum, and Recallis gamomcemelTa nebarTviT (Cambride, Mass.: Harvard University<br />
Press). saavtoro ufleba 1989, Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. ganaxlebulia Thomas Magstadtis<br />
mier, 2002w.<br />
Segrovebis Semdeg. gawveva aris politikuri meqanizmi arCeuli Tanamdebobis<br />
piris gadasayeneblad. igi iniciativis msgavsia da gansaxilvelad gadis<br />
moqalaqeTa xelmowerebis winas war gansazRvruli raodenobis Segrovebis<br />
Semdeg. [saqarTvelos referendums xelisuflebisaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTi<br />
aqvs, xolo plebiscits _ sarekomendacio _ mTargmn. Sen.].<br />
iniciativa da referendumi<br />
impiCmenti<br />
referendumi<br />
arc erTi<br />
arsebobs ori saxis iniciativa _ pirdapiri da iribi; referendumic<br />
ori saxis arsebobs _ saxalxo da sakanonmdeblo. ocdasamma Statma Statis<br />
masStabiT daakanona iniciativa an sa xalxo referendumi 18981959 wlebSi;<br />
oTxma Statma ki _ 1958 wlis Semdeg.
352 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
• ocdaSvid Stats aqvs garkveuli saxis iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi.<br />
• ocdaoTx Stats aqvs iniciativis raRac forma.<br />
• ocdaoTx Stats aqvs saxalxo referendumi.<br />
• ormocdacxra Stats gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo referendumi.<br />
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1778 wels Caatara sakanonmdeblo referendumi<br />
konstituciis miRebis mizniT, iyo masaCusetsi.<br />
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1898 wels daakanona iniciativa da saxalxo<br />
referendumi, iyo samxreT dakota.<br />
• pirveli Stati, sadac 1904 wels iniciativas eyara kenWi, iyo oregoni.<br />
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1897 wels qalaqebs misca iniciativisa da<br />
saxalxo referendumis Catarebis ufleba, iyo nebraska.<br />
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1907 wels sakuTar konstituciaSi gaiTvaliswina<br />
iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo oklahoma.<br />
• ukanaskneli Stati, romelmac 1992 wels daakanona iniciativa, iyo<br />
misisipi.<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia Initiative and Referendum Institute, http://www.iandrinstitute.org/factsheets/quickfacts.htm,<br />
accessed May 15, 2002.<br />
mravali demokratia politikur sakiTxTa pirdapiri xmis micemiT gadawyvetis<br />
cnobil magaliTebs gviCvenebs. 1962 wels safrangeTis prezidentma,<br />
Sarl de golma prezidentis pirdapiri arCevnebis Casatareblad referendumis<br />
gziT Sesworeba Seitana konstituciaSi. 1973 wels didma britaneTma,<br />
pirvelad mis istoriaSi, Caatara referendumi imis gansasazRvrad, gawevrianebuliyo<br />
Tu ara saerTo bazarSi (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis<br />
araoficialuri saxelwodeba). (xmaTa mcire upiratesobiT sazogadoebam<br />
mxari gawevrianebas dauWira). SeerTebul StatebSi pirdapiri demokratiis<br />
Tanamedrove periodi saTaves iRebs 1978 wlis kaliforniis cnobili Proposition<br />
13dan (sakanonmdeblo cvlileba), romelmac ara marto minimum gaanaxevra<br />
gadasaxadi kerZo sakuTrebaze, aramed safuZveli Cauyara sxvadasxva<br />
inicitivisa da re ferendumis saqveyno Catarebas.<br />
pirdapiri demokratiis mravali RonisZieba sakamaToa. magaliTad, 1996<br />
wels miRebulma kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativam kaliforniis<br />
konstituciis Secvlis gziT SezRuda pozitiuri diskriminaciis<br />
programebi da akrZala upiratesi damokidebuleba `sajaro samsaxurSi,<br />
sazogadoebriv ganaTlebaSi an saxelmwifo kontraqtebis dadebisas rasobrivi,<br />
sqesobrivi, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an erovnuli warmomavlobis<br />
safuZvelze. iniciativis damcvelebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis brZola<br />
gagrZelda misi miRebis Semdegac, rode sac mowinaaRmdegeebma sasamarTloebSi<br />
iniciativis arakonstituciurobis damtkicebis gziT misi ganxorcielebis<br />
gadadebas miaRwies. sasamarTlos Careva am SemTxvevaSi asaxavs<br />
saerTo tendencia: sasamarTloebi konstituciur problemebs pouloben
politikuri monawileoba<br />
353<br />
pirdapiri demokratiis gziT gatarebul bevr RonisZiebaSi da aferxeben<br />
pirdapiri demokratiis realizacias.<br />
sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan pirdapiri demokratiis<br />
farglebSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva qmedeba mudam demokratiis gama<br />
Zlierebel saSualebad aRiqmeboda. amgvar RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeboda<br />
mTavrobis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, amomrCevlis monawileobis<br />
gaaqtiureba da arCeul korumpirebul, Seusabamo an upasuxismgeblo<br />
warmomadgenlebze adeqvaturi reagireba. 9 pirdapiri demokratiis oponentebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom fulma da sxvagvarma dainteresebam SeiZleba Seusabamod<br />
didi roli iTamaSos amgvar specialur kenWisyraSi, vidre Cveulebriv<br />
sakanonmdeblo procesSi. isini imasac amboben, rom iniciativebi da referendumebi<br />
xSirad teqnikurad imdenad rTulia, rom saSualo amomrCeveli verc<br />
erkveva gansaxilveli sakiTxebis arsSi. Tumc,a am azrs ar iziarebs am procesis<br />
erTerTi cnobili mkvlevari, romelic amtkicebs: `Statebis gamocdileba<br />
aCvenebs, rom amomrCevlebs, rogorc wesi, kargad esmiT im sakiTxis arsi,<br />
romelsac isini xmas aZleven da Sesabamisad kompetenturad moqmedeben, gansakuTrebiT<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi farTod iyo gaSuqebuli.~ 10<br />
amgvarad, pirdapiri demokratiis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis negatiuri<br />
Se fasebebi gadametebulia. ra Tqma unda, oponentebis mxridan imis mtkiceba,<br />
rom fuli savaraudod daamaxinjebs plebiscitis Sedegebs, saukeTeso<br />
SemTxve vaSi TvalTmaqcobaa _ dRes fuli aris ZiriTadi (SesaZlebelia,<br />
umniSvnelovanesic) faqtori faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelobis amerikul ar<br />
CevnebSi. niSnavs es imas, rom iniciativebisa da referendumebis gavrceleba<br />
absoluturi si keTea? ara, es ar aris aucilebeli. Zalian gadaWarbebulma<br />
demokratiam SeiZleba problema Seqmnas. problemis gadaWra moicavs mis<br />
sworad dabalansebas. aseTi zomebi lokalur doneze TviTmmarTvelobas<br />
aZlierebs. magram Tu es zomebi mravalricxvovania da sakiTxebic rTulia,<br />
specifikuri interesebi izrdeba da kompetenturi amomrCevelis arsebobis<br />
albaToba klebulobs. dRes am mizezTa gamo pirdapiri demokratia aRiqmeba,<br />
rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis damateba da ara misi Semcvleli.<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?<br />
pirdapiri demokratiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas varaudi efuZneba imas, rom<br />
moqalaqeTa monawileoba bunebrivia _ maT undaT monawileoba miiRon demokratiul<br />
mmarTvelobaSi, magram zogjer isini procesSi ar daiSvebian.<br />
amgvari Sexeduleba sakmaod damajerebelia. ubralo mamakacebi da qalebi<br />
mTel msoflioSi ibrZodnen arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisaTvis, vinaidan<br />
isini didad afaseben Tavisufal arCevnebs da xmis micemis uflebas. is<br />
uflebebi, romelTa mopovebac adreuli TaobebisaTvis Zalian rTuli iyo,<br />
amJamad TavisTavad, cxad mocemulobad iTvleba. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad<br />
Cans SeerTebuli Statebis ma galiTze. Cndeba kiTva: ratom?
354 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtia is, rom arCevnebSi monawileTa procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
dabalia da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro klebulobs. 1960 wels kenediniqsonis<br />
arCevnebSi zrdasruli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 63 procentma miiRo<br />
monawileoba. 1996 wels raodenoba Semcirda 49 procentamde da odnav maRali<br />
iyo 2000 wels (50.4 procenti). 2000 wlis arCevnebi respublikelma jorj<br />
buSma amomrCevelTa kolegiaSi (romelic irCeva SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentisa<br />
da viceprezidentis asarCevad) Zalian mcire upiratesobiT moigo<br />
mas Semdeg, rac qveynis masStabiT faqtobrivad damarcxda. odnav met adamians<br />
rom mieRo monawileoba arCevnebSi floridis (zrdasruli mosaxleobis<br />
mxolod naxevarze naklebi mivida arCevnebze) an ramdenime sxva StatSi, ar<br />
Cevnebs namdvilad demokrati al gori moigebda.<br />
xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis<br />
procentuli raodenoba<br />
Sualedur arCevnebze amomrCevelTa maCvenebeli kvlav dabalia. is mkveTrad daeca<br />
mas Semdeg, rac 1971 wels xmis micemis asakma 18 wlamde daiwia da kvlav daRmavlobis tendenciiT<br />
xasiaTdeboda, Tu ar CavTvliT odnav matebas recesiis periodSi 1982 wels da<br />
mniSvnelovan matebas 1994 wels.<br />
misisipis Statis qalaq tenesisa da luizianaSi (sadac mxolod amomrCevelTa erTi<br />
olqi dafiqsirda noemberSi) amomrCevelTa maCvenebelma 20%sac ki ver miaRwia. mxolod<br />
oTx StatSi miiRo monawileoba xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis umravlesobam<br />
warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi: meni (55.6 procenti), minesota (54.8 procenti),<br />
montana (54.6 procenti) da alaska (52.5 procenti).<br />
sqema 10-3. SeerTebul StatebSi Sualedur arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />
196294w. eyrdnoba warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebis monacemebs (xmis micemis asakis<br />
mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba)<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 23 Tebervali, 1991w., 484.<br />
arCevnebSi monawileobis sxva sazomi aris Sualeduri arCevnebi (rodesac
politikuri monawileoba<br />
355<br />
ar tardeba saprezidento arCevnebi). 1962 wels Sualedur arCevnebSi monawileoba<br />
miiRo amomrCevelTa 46,3 procentma, 1994 wels es ricxvi 38.7mde Semcirda<br />
(ix. sqema 103); 1998 wels mxolod 36 procenti (mesamedze odnav meti)<br />
mivida gamokiTxvaze. arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenobas meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdeg 45 procentisTvis ar gadauWarbebia. sxva demokratiebTan SedarebiT<br />
(magaliTad italiaSi, belgiaSi, SvedeTSi, saberZneTSi, holandia<br />
Si, avstraliaSi, daniasa da norvegiaSi saSualod eleqtoratis 80 procenti<br />
iRebs monawileobas saprezidento an mis ekvivalentur arCevnebSi), amomrCevelTa<br />
aqtiuroba SeerTebul StatebSi samarcxvinod dabalia. 11<br />
amomrCevlis dabali aqtiuroba aris gamocana (da sircxvili), vinaidan igi<br />
im cvlilebaTa safuZvelze warmoiSva, romlebsac sruliad sxva efeqti unda<br />
hqonda. rogorc orma eqspertma aRniSna, amomrCevlis aqtiurobis klebis periodSi<br />
moxda bevri iseTi ram, rasac Teoriulad amomrCevlis monawileobis<br />
mateba unda gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi iyo grZelvadiani cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi:<br />
wesebi, dadgenilebebi, romlebic arTulebda kenWisyraSi amomrCevlis<br />
daSvebas, rogoric iyo saarCevno gadasaxadis daweseba, ganaTlebis<br />
cenzisa da qveyanaSi xangrZlivi binadrobis moTxovnebi, TiTqmis srulad<br />
gauqmda. xmis micemis mi nimalurma asakma 18 wlamde daiwia. Sedegad qveyanam<br />
Seqmna (struqturulad da iuridiulad) eleqtoratis didi masis arsebobis<br />
potenciali, romelSic mcire gamonaklisis garda, faqtobrivad yvela zrdasruli<br />
adamiani Sevidoda. 12<br />
ufro metic, 1993 wels e.w. `mZRoliamomrCevelis kanoni~ miRebiT axal<br />
amomrCevels SeuZlia daregistrirdes marTvis mowmobis aRebis an ganaxlebis<br />
dros. dabolos, dabali saarCevno maCvenebeli asve moulodnelia<br />
iqidan gamomdinare, rom `farTomasStabianma cvlilebebma mosaxleobaSi<br />
aamaRla ganaTlebis, Semosavlisa da dasaqmebis done, rac dakavSirebulia<br />
arCevnebSi aqtiurobis maRal maCvelebelTan~. 13 sinamdvileSi, albaT, upriania<br />
kiTxva ara `vin aZlevs xmas?~ aramed `vin ar aZlevs xmas?~<br />
monawileobis modelebi<br />
aqsiomaa, rom <strong>politika</strong>Si amerikis moqalaqeTa mxolod umciresoba iRebs<br />
aqtiur monawileobas. erTerTma pirvelma kvlevam, romelic Caatares julian<br />
vudvordma da elmo ruperma 1950 wels, aCvena, rom zrdasruli mosaxleobis<br />
daaxloebiT 70 procenti politikurad pasiuri iyo. 14 mogvianebiT Catarebulma<br />
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 26 procenti<br />
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aqtivistebs. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis monawileoba<br />
Semoifargleba mxolod xmis micemiT an saerTod politikisaTvis Tavis<br />
aridebiT. 15 aqtiuri monawileebis dadgena iolad aris SesaZlebeli: ufro<br />
metad aqtiurebi arian Suaxnis moqalaqeebi, vidre axalgazrdebi an xanSi Sesulebi;<br />
ufro metad ofisSi momuSaveni, vidre warmoebaSi dakavebulni; ufro<br />
metad daqorwinebulni, vidre martoxelebi; ufro metad TeTrkanianebi, vidre<br />
Savkanianebi da ufro metad Savkanianebi, vidre laTinoamerikelebi.<br />
maT, vinc monawileobas iRebs <strong>politika</strong>Si (xmis micemis gziT mainc), ro
356 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
gorc wesi, gavlenis moxdenis ufro didi rwmena aqvT. ar aris gasakviri, rom<br />
politikuri qmedunarianobis amgvari SegrZneba xSirad asaxavs bunebriv<br />
SesaZleblobaTa, individualuri mdgomareobisa da socialur garemoebaTa<br />
nazavs. Tumca ZalaSi rCeba kiTxva: ratom aris, rom amdeni amerikeli xmasac<br />
ki ar aZlevs da miuxedavad perioduli zrdisa, ukanasknel sam aTwleulSi<br />
maCvenebeli klebulobs?<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari eyrdnoba 1971 wels saarCevno asakis Tvramet wlamde<br />
dawevas da miuTiTebs, rom Tvrametidan ocdaerT wlamde moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi<br />
monawileobis maCvenebeli SedarebiT dabalia. moqalaqeTa gazrdili<br />
mobilu roba, damokidebulebis faqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiasTan<br />
identifika ciis kleba da mzardi SegrZneba imisa, rom individualuri qmedebebi<br />
araefeqtiania, <strong>politika</strong> ki mosawyeni an xelovnuri gaxda, sruli pasuxis<br />
mxolod nawilebia. ar sebobs Zalian bevri mtkicebuleba mosaxleobis generalur<br />
er TobliobaSi samoqalaqo valdebulebebis Semcirebisa. dabolos,<br />
xangrZlivi po litikuri kampaniebi (gansakuTrebiT saprezidento arCevnebis<br />
dros) da ugemovno satelevizio reklamebis arnaxuli Semoteva aRizianebs<br />
Zalian bevr amomrCevels.<br />
individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba<br />
am faqtorebma SeiZleba naTeli mofinos amomrCevlis monawileobis saerTo<br />
klebas. magram ras SeiZleba mivaweroT amomrCevlis aqtiurobis mudmivad<br />
dabali done? zogierTi sociologi Tvlis, rom SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
politikuri monawileobis SedarebiT dabali done farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
gaucxoebis damamtkicebelia, raSic amerikelebis mxridan mTavrobis undoblobas<br />
gulisxmoben. magram amerikelebis umetesoba sakuTar Tavs ar<br />
Tvlis gaucxoebulad an ukmayofilod miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanaskneli<br />
ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi isini gacilebiT ufro cinikurebi gaxdnen (ix.<br />
sqema 104). mTavrobisadmi undobloba mxolod nawilobriv xsnis amomrCevlis<br />
monawileobis klebas. ufro srulyofili axsna sxvagan unda veZioT.<br />
didi xnis win frangma mweralma aleqsis de tokvilma (18051859) dakvirvebis<br />
Sedegad daadgina, rom Tu Tanasworobis rwmena farTodaa gavrcelebuli,<br />
individebi sakuTar TavSi moralurad darwmunebulni xdebian. aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi socialur orientirTa sxva wyaroebs _ religias, ojaxs,<br />
monarqias, tradiciasa Tu mTavrobas _ iseTi wona ara aqvs, rogoric bevr<br />
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
tokvili am socialur Taviseburebas, romelsac individualizms<br />
uwodebda, ganixilavda, rogorc egoizmis moralur ekvivalents. is werda,<br />
rom<br />
individualizmi momwifebulobisa da simSvidis gancdaa, romelic Temis<br />
TiToeul wevrs axlobeli adamianebisagan gasamijnad ganawyobs;<br />
CamoaSorebs ojaxs da megobrebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari patara wris<br />
formirebis Semdeg man xalisiT datovos sazogadoeba, romelsac Tavdapirvelad<br />
miekuTvneboda. 16
politikuri monawileoba<br />
357<br />
tokvilis azriT, amerikelebi imdenad egocentristebi (da zogadad<br />
egoistebi) arian, rom sajaro sikeTeze zrunva gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe<br />
dadga. am sazogadoebaSi, warmateba ganisazRvreba, rogorc `mezoblebs Soris<br />
materialur keTildReobaSi Sejibri, rac amerikelebs pirad ambiciebze<br />
gamodevnebisaken ubiZgebs~. aqedan gamomdinare is askvnida, rom `amerikaSi<br />
fizikuri keTildReobisadmi swrafva... yvelaferSi igrZnoba~ da rom `kargi<br />
nivTebis SeZenis survili amerikeli xalxis umTavresi vnebaa~. 17<br />
`endobiT Tu ara vaSingtonis xelisuflebis qmedebis marTebulobas?~<br />
sqema 10-4. amerikuli cinizmis zrda<br />
wyaro: Thomas D. Gallagheris Wall Street Weighs the Election. © 1Lehman Brothers. ibeWdeba<br />
Americans Talk Issues Foundationis nebarTviT.<br />
tokvilis azriT, individualizmis damRupvel efeqts garkveulwilad<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda is, rom amerikelebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen Zalian mravalricxovan<br />
da mravalferovan samoqalaqo asociaciebSi. es asociaciebi<br />
afarToebdnen saSualo amerikelis Tvalsawiers da amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi<br />
TanamSromlobis waxalisebiT, sxvaTa azris pativiscemis swavlebiT<br />
da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebisa da umravlesobis<br />
ZalauflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, aZlierebdnen<br />
demokratiis safuZvels.<br />
dRes zogierT eqsperts swams, rom yvela saxis jgufSi monawileo ba da<br />
jgufuri aqtivoba SeerTebul StatebSi klebulobs. 1980dan 1993 wlam de<br />
boulingis moTamaSeTa ricxvi 10 procentiT gaizarda maSin, rodesac amave<br />
periodSi boulingis ligis wevrTa 40 procentiT Semcirda. es daskvna mocemulia<br />
robert patnemis cnobil naSromSi, romlis mixedviTac boulingi<br />
amerikuli cxovrebaSi cvlilebebissimbolod iqca. 18 amomrCevlis Semcirebuli<br />
aqtivoba am fenomenis politikuri analogiaa. patnemma agreTve miuTi<br />
Ta, rom religiur ritua lebSi da jgufebSi, profkavSirebSi, maswavleblebisa<br />
da mSoblebis asociaciaSi, tradiciul qalTa jgufebSi, rogoric
358 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
aris amomrCevel qalTa liga da sazogadoebriv klubebSi, vTqvaT, masonebSi,<br />
ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi monawi leoba Semcirda. asevea moxaliseTa<br />
servisorganizaciebSi, magaliTad, boi skautebSi.<br />
dRes amerikelebi mezoblebTanac nakleb dros atareben, vidre ocdaaTi wlis<br />
win. Sedegebi SemaSfoTebelia: Temis SegrZnebis Sesusteba da sxvebze zrunvis<br />
Semcireba _ rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.<br />
politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebuli Statebi politikuri ukmayofilebisgan<br />
Tavisufali ar aris. politikosebis misamarTiT amerikelebi sul ufro<br />
mzard ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen. magram amomrCevlis apaTia ZiriTadad<br />
ga momdinareobs ara rwmenidan, rom arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa umetesi<br />
nawili korumpirebulia an politikuri sistema daingra da aRdgenas aRar<br />
eqvemdebareba; politikis mimarT amerikelebis gulgrilobis mizezi ufro<br />
metad aris is, rom maT ar emuqrebaT safrTxe, zewola, ar ixdian uzarmazar<br />
gadasaxadebs, ar ganicdian sxvagvar Seviwroebas mTavrobis mxridan<br />
(rodesac ase xdeba, amomrCevlis aqtiuroba matulobs). Tu am kuTxiT<br />
SevxedavT, politikuri apaTia erTgvari fufunebaa. mxolod mdidar da<br />
kmayofil sazogadoebaSi Tvlis xalxi xmis mice mis uflebas bunebrivad, an<br />
epyroba mas, rogorc trivialur nivTs.<br />
metic, zogadi dakvirveba, rom farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri apa<br />
Tia politikis gadagvarebis niSania, SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. piriqiT, amerikuli<br />
demokratia funqcionirebda, rogorc stabiluri politikuri sistema<br />
da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda mudmivad mzard ekonomikasTan, miuxedavad<br />
politikuri monawileobis Zalian dabali donisa. rodesac Cveulebriv<br />
SemTxvevebSi apaTiuri adamianebi ucabedad politikiT gansakuTrebiT interesdebian,<br />
rogorc wesi, es imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanaSi yvelaferi<br />
kargad ar aris. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omamde cota xniT adre politikuri<br />
apaTia TiTqmis gaqra monobasa da Statebis uflebebze davis gamo, Tumca<br />
qveyana daSlis piras iyo. rodesac azrebi ise mkveTrad aris gayofili, rom<br />
kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli Cans da sakiTxi iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
moqalaqeTa did wres exeba, monawileoba da arastabiluroba erTdroulad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
Tumca, Secdoma iqneboda dagveskvna, rom radgan amerikul demokratias<br />
Se uZlia funqcionireba miuxedavad apaTiisa, xolo arastabiluroba xSirad<br />
aso cirdeba mzard monawileobasTan, amitom apaTia kargia da monawileoba<br />
cudi. erTi mxriv, apaTia, romelic aRmocendeba gaucxoebis Rrma grZnobidan,<br />
seriozuli dafiqrebis safuZvelia; meore mxriv, monawileobis maRali<br />
xarisxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi sikeTis WeSmarit erTgulebas efuZneba,<br />
saukeTeso saSualebaa zedmetad maRali xarisxis individualizmis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
dabolos, un da iTqvas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileobis<br />
maRali xarisxi demokratiisaTvis ar aris savaldebulo, warmomadgenlobi<br />
Ti xelisuflebis efeqtiani muSa obisaTvis amomrCevelTa minimaluri daintereseba<br />
mainc aucilebelia.
politikuri monawileoba<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?<br />
359<br />
mravalma zrdasrulma amerikelma ar icis mTavrobis liderTa saxelebi,<br />
ar icnobs saarCevno sakiTxebs da ar esmis <strong>politika</strong>. saxelmwifo samsaxurSi<br />
umaqnis kandidatebs irCeven; damnaSaveebi, romlebic garTobis mizniT kenWs<br />
iyrian ama Tu im saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze, iReben aTasobiT xmas. politikurma<br />
konsultantebma miuTiTes, rom bevr saarCevno maraTonSi (gansakuTrebiT<br />
qalaqebsa da soflebSi, sadac grZeli saarCevno biuletenia), asobiT an aTasobiT<br />
xma SeiZleba miiRos iman, vinc saarCevno siaSi ubralod pirvelia.<br />
ukanasknelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom aTidan oTxma amerikelma ver SeZlo<br />
sworad daesaxelebina viceprezidenti, xolo orma mesamedma ver SeZlo daesaxelebina<br />
pirovneba, vinc warmoadgens maT saarCevno ubans warmomadgenel<br />
Ta palataSi. amerikelebma amaze ukeT verc maTi mTavrobis funqcionirebis<br />
elementaruli faqtebis gansazRvra SeZles. TiTqmis naxevarma ar icoda,<br />
rom kanonis konstituciurobis dasadgenad saboloo instancia uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTloa, xolo oTxidan samma ar icoda, rom senatorebs irCeven eqvsi<br />
wlis vadiT. 19 rodesac aseT ucodinrobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rogor SeiZleba<br />
amerikelebma miiRon gaazrebuli an gonivruli gadawyvetileba? saqmis<br />
amgvari viTareba problemu ri iqneboda, jansaRi demokratia mxolod informirebuli<br />
da Wkviani mo qalaqeebis arsebobac rom moiTxovdes.<br />
magram mdgomareoba arc ise mZimea, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari warmoaCens.<br />
pirvel rigSi iq, sadac xmis micemis asakis mqone mosaxleobis umciresoba<br />
monawileobs arCevnebSi, es umciresoba, rogorc wesi, ukeT aris<br />
informirebuli, vidre is, vinc ar monawileobs. meorec, vinaidan moqalaqeebi<br />
Zalian cudad informirebuli arian, amerikelebma <strong>politika</strong>ze imdenive<br />
ician, ramdenic 1940ian wlebSi (da qveyanam es monakveTi sakmaod kargad<br />
gamoiara). 20 mesame _ is, rom amerikelebma ar ician bevri, SesaZloa bunebrivic<br />
iyos. amerikis mTavrobis gavleniani eqspertis, jeims vilsonis azriT problema<br />
aris ara is, `rom amerikeli xalxi aris uvici, arastabiluri an mimndobi,<br />
aramed is, rom amerikelebs ar miaCniaT saWirod <strong>politika</strong>ze fiqrSi im drois<br />
xarjva, romelsac isini atareben samsaxurSi, ojaxSi da megobrebTan.~ 21<br />
meoTxec, bevri amerikuli arCevnebi rTulia da moicavs mraval gaurkvevel<br />
saxelwifo da adgilobriv kandidats da sakiTxs (da amiT gansxvavdeba<br />
evropuli qveynebis arCevnebisagan, sadac moqalaqeebi mxolod partiebs aZleven<br />
xmas). mexuTec, bevr kandidats ar gaaCnia naTeli politikuri pozicia,<br />
xolo visac gaaCnia, ganzrax abundovnebs mas.<br />
dabolos, Tumca es gamokiTxvebi da kvlevebi aaSkaravebs farTod gavrcelebul<br />
politikur umecrebas, agreTve gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebma raRac<br />
mainc ician mTavrobisa da politikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, am nawilis SesavalSi<br />
ganxiluli kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom respodentTa umetesobam icoda<br />
prezidentis arCevis vadis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb da rom uotergeitis skandalis<br />
dros prezidenti iyo riCard niqsoni. aTidan TiTqmis cxram icoda,<br />
rom prezidenti klintoni demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo da aTidan rvam<br />
icoda, rom kongresma miiRo kanoni, romlis mixedviT kerZo struqturebs<br />
daevalaT TanamSromelTa SvebulebiT uzrunvelyofa bavSvis gaCenis an
360 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
ojaxuri aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. realurad safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT,<br />
rom amomrCevels SeuZlia kandidatebsa da sakiTxebze saRad msjeloba<br />
maSinac ki, Tu isini naklbad informi rebulni arian. 22<br />
mkvlelma 33.000 xma miiRo<br />
zogierTma amomrCevelma ar icis an ar anaRvlebs, vis aZlevs xmas. magaliTisTvis<br />
mo viyvanoT leonard riCardsi, romelmac 1990 wels minesotas<br />
winaswar arCevnebze 33 004 xma miiRo da mesame adgilze gavida. gamarjvebulma,<br />
maikl makgratma miiRo 148 617 xma. riCardss ar uwarmoebia saarCevno<br />
kampania, vinaidan henpinis cixeSi imyofeboda da mis mier Cadenil mkvlelobaze<br />
saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvas elodeboda. 1987 wlidan riCardsi<br />
sasjels ixdida sagadasaxado agentis sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis. saqmis<br />
ganmeorebiT ganxilvis ufleba mas misca minesotas uzenaesma sasamarTlom,<br />
radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas ar mieca ufleba piradad yofiliyo sakuTari<br />
Tavis advokati. saqmis xelmeored ganxi lvam riCards saSualeba misca wamoeyenebina<br />
Tavisi kandidatura arCevnebSi da amiT teqni kurad SeeCerebina<br />
procesis warmoeba. kampaniis dros riCardsis suraTebi daibeWda gazeTSi.<br />
mis misamarTad miTiTebuli iyo cixe, sadac sasjels ixdida.<br />
arCevnebis Sedegebze reaqcia sxvadasxvagvari iyo. `SeuZlebelia amomrCevelma<br />
Zali an bevri icodes yvela kandidatis Sesaxeb~, _ SeniSna saxelmwifo<br />
mdivanma joan gruvma. `unda gaxsovdeT, rom winaswari arCevnebi aris<br />
mxolod erTi safexuri. amitomac gvaqvs amdeni safexuri da imedia, aseTi<br />
ram aRar ganmeordeba. es ar aris srulyofili sistema, magram igi gasagebia.<br />
es aris realuri, Ria demokratiis buneba~. winaswari arCevnebis gamarjvebulma,<br />
makgratma Tqva: `me ar maqvs aranairi axsna imisa, ratom unda mieca<br />
misTvis vinmes xma~ da daamata: `me masze mxolod kargi vTqvi.~ arCevnebis<br />
Semdeg riCardsi isev gaasamarTles da sagadasaxado agentis mkvlelobis<br />
gamo samudamo patimroba miusajes. 1994 wlis maisSi mas sakuTari naxevari<br />
dis mkvlelobis bralic daemata.<br />
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kevin Diaz, ‘Blind Ballots? 33,004 Voted for Candidate<br />
Who’s in Jail’, Star Tribune, September 13, 1990, 1A, 17A; da Margaret Zack, ‘Richards<br />
Convicted of Killing Half Sister: Case has been Long and Costly, ‘Star Tribune, May<br />
13, 1994, 1B, 4B.<br />
politologi samuel popkinsi kargad xsnis, Tu informaciis uqonlobis<br />
dros rogor axerxeben amomrCevlebi xmis micemas gaazrebulad. is amtkicebs,<br />
rom amomrCevlebi iyeneben mwiri informaciis racionalobas,<br />
aerTianeben ra `codnasa da informacias warsuli gamocdilebidan, yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebidan, mediidan da politikuri kampaniebidan~. 23 amomrCevelma<br />
SeiZleba ar icodes, romeli partia warmoadgens kongresSi umravle
politikuri monawileoba<br />
361<br />
sobas da vin aris maTi senatori, magram maT ician ekonomikis, maTi Svilebis<br />
skolebis, sapensio gegmebis, abortis Taobaze Sexedulebebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb.<br />
moqalaqeebi politikuri mjelobisas `Semoklebebsa~ da `gamartivebul<br />
varaudebs~ iyeneben, magaliTad kandidatebze msjelobisas an partiis<br />
identificirebisa.<br />
popkinsiseuli naklebi informaciis mqone amomrCeveli arc idealuri<br />
moqalaqea, vinc sruli informaciis safuZvelze Wkvianurad aZlevs xmas da<br />
arc sruliad suleli. albaT samarTliania imis Tqma, rom bevri moqalaqe<br />
xmis micemas, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, imdenive dros da energias andomebs, ramdensac<br />
manqanis yidvas. aSkarad arakeTilgonivrulma arCevanma da manqanis<br />
sulelurma SeZenam SeiZleba Sedegebi gamoiRos, magram es ufro metad gamonaklisia,<br />
vidre wesi. Tumca gadamwyveti gansxvaveba manqanis myidvelebsa<br />
da amomrCevlebs Soris aris is, rom amomrCevlebs, rodesac midian saarCevno<br />
ubanze, gacilebiT mcire arCevani aqvT, vidre manqanis myidvelebs _ es aris<br />
problema da misi mogvareba mxolod arCeul warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT,<br />
romlebic, samwuxarod, misi armogvarebis kanonieri ufleba aqvT.<br />
dabolos, unda avxsnaT, ratom irCevs amomrCeveli kongresSi xelaxla<br />
Zvel warmomadgenels maSin, rodesac kongress, rogorc instituts, ar endoba.<br />
xSirad es SeiZleba iyos amomrCevlis mcdeloba, ganamtkicos saku<br />
Tari ekonomikuri da politikuri interesi am interesis damcveli yvelaze<br />
Sesaferisi warmomadgenlis arCeviT, gansakuTrebiT sxva Statebidan wamosuli<br />
konkurenciis fonze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamdebobis pirTa arCevisadmi<br />
amgvari midgoma mTlad kargad gasagebi ar aris, is racionaluria adgilobriv<br />
doneze. demokratiisaTvis dilemas ki qmnis is faqti, rom amgvari<br />
`komfortuli xmis micema~ mTlianobaSi aucileblad racionaluri ar aris<br />
saxelmwifo doneze _ umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis, kanonebisa da<br />
politikis doneze.<br />
monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari<br />
zogierTi gavleniani politikuri Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom `mmarTveli<br />
elita~ politikur process Tavidan bolomde akontrolebs. am Teoriis<br />
yvelaze popularuli versiis mixedviT, rigiT moqalaqeebs arCevnebisa da<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis Sedegebis miuxedavad, didi gavlenis moxdena<br />
arasodes SeuZliaT. politikuri sistemiT manipulireba zemodan ufro<br />
xdeba, vidre qvemodan. manipulatori ki aris Zalauflebis mqone elita, individebis<br />
mcire jgufi, romelsac aqvs ra eris bedze zemoqmedebis uzarmazari<br />
Zalaufleba, Sedis da gadis `mbrunav karSi~ industriis mmarTvelebsa da xelisuflebis<br />
daxvewil eSelonebs Soris. am mudmivi politikuri klasis statusi,<br />
sim didre da Zalaufleba uzrulvelyofs, rom mTavrobis yvela doneze<br />
xelmisawvdomoba mxolod ramdenime individis mier iyos monopolizebuli.<br />
mmarTveli elita xelisuflebas iyenebs piradi da ara sazogado interesebisTvis.
362 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia<br />
am Teoriebis mixedviT demokratias amomrCevlebi an sazogadoebrivi<br />
azri da sxvadasxva konkurentuli interesebi ki ar marTavs, aramed mdidar<br />
individTa mcire jgufi. am Teoriam mniSvneloba da gavlena 1950ian wlebSi<br />
moipova mas Semdeg, rac misiT sociologi rait milsi dainteresda. 24 milsma<br />
Seiswavla SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveli fena, romelic saTuTad inaxavs<br />
politikuri Tanasworobis princips. `mmarTveli elitisaTvis~ sayovelTao<br />
yuradRebis mipyrobiT sadavo gaxada `xalxis mmarTvelobis~ idea da gaCnda<br />
seriozuli kiTxva _ arsebobs (an odesme arsebobda) Tu ara igi amerikaSi.<br />
robert mixelsma aseve Seqmna elitizmis Teoria, magram misi mosazreba<br />
exeboda yvela Tanamedrove biurokratul organizacias. misi daskvnebi<br />
eyrdnobo da germaniis socialdemokratiuli partiis analizs, romelic<br />
pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebamde yvelaze didi socialisturi partia iyo<br />
msoflioSi. mixelsi Tvlida, rom vinaidan partia mxars uWerda simdidrisa<br />
da statusis Tanasworobas, is demokratiuli principebis erTguli unda<br />
yofiliyo. amis magivrad man aR mo aCina, rom partias marTavdnen elituri<br />
jgufebi, romlebic Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas iRebdnen kargad<br />
ganviTarebuli organizaciuli unarCvevebiT.<br />
SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis<br />
koaliciam niuiorkis<br />
safondo birJis win moawyo saprotesto<br />
aqcia, romlis drosac<br />
simbolurad ganasaxieres<br />
sikvdili. sabolood, mwarmoebelma<br />
Burroughs Wellcomema<br />
Seamcira wamlis Rirebuleba da<br />
xelmisawvdomi gaxada is imunodeficitis<br />
virusisa da SeZenili<br />
imunodeficitis sindromis<br />
mqone adamianebisaTvis.<br />
am aRmoCenam mixelsi miiyvana oligarqiis rkinis kanonis cnobil postulatamde,<br />
romlis mixedviT yvela msxvili organizacia, maT Soris mTav
politikuri monawileoba<br />
363<br />
roba, imarTeba erTnairad. mas sjeroda, rom rodesac demokratiuli organizaciebi<br />
iwyeben saqmianobas, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini aucileblad<br />
ufro oligarqiuli, biurokratuli da centralizebuli xdebian, vinaidan<br />
saTaveSi myofni iReben met informacias, codnas, komunikaciebze kontrolis<br />
SEesaZleblobasa da daxvewil organizaciul unarCvevebs. xolo masa<br />
(an moqalaqeebi) rCeba apolitikuri, misi wevrebi dakavebuli arian piradi<br />
saqmeebiT da abnevT mravalricxvovani sakiTxebis sirTule. am Sexedulebis<br />
mixedviT, xalxi, vis sasargeblodac Seiqmna demokratiuli institutebi,<br />
gardauvlad gamoidevneba politikuri da organizaciuli procesebidan, iseve<br />
rogorc korporaciul organizaciebSi mosamsaxure ebi da biurokratebi<br />
marTaven rigiTi aqcioneris anu xalxis saxeliT.<br />
elitistur TeoriebSi demokratia aRqmulia, rogorc mistifikacia an<br />
miTi: ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ras fiqrobs, ambobs an akeTebs xalxi, vinaidan mas<br />
ar gaaCnia realuri gavlena sazogadoebriv <strong>politika</strong>ze. Tu xalxis umetesobas<br />
sjera, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania, mxolod imitom, rom<br />
isini gulubryviloebi arian da ver xvdebian, rogor muSaobs `sistema~.<br />
umetesobas sjera, rom `demokratia ramdenimesTvis~ mmarTvelobis arss<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mxolod ramdenime Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom<br />
ameriku li politikuri sistema marTulia ramdenime privilegirebulis<br />
mier da yvelani mniSvnelovnad varT maTze damokidebuli, vinaidan xalxi,<br />
rogorc er Ti mTliani, ver marTavs sakuTar Tavs. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,<br />
`masebi arian avtoritarulebi, aratolerantulebi, arainteleqtualurebi,<br />
atavistebi, gaucxoebulebi, zizRiT aRsavseni da moZaladeebi~. 25 am kuTxiT<br />
`demokratiis ironia~ naTelia: xalxisaTvis realuri Zalauflebis micema<br />
_ marTvis ufleba, gamoiw vevs mxolod antidemokratiuli survilebis da<br />
politikis ganxorcielebas.<br />
pluralistebi da elitistebi<br />
elitisturi azrovnebis skolis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi arian pluralistebi.<br />
pluralistebic da elitistebic eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom yvela<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Zalauflebis gradacia da gansazRvruli jgufebi<br />
an individebi ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze araproporciul gavlenas<br />
axdenen. isi ni ver Tanxmdebian politikuri sistemis arsze.<br />
pluralistebis azriT, amerikuli politikuri sistema rTuli da decentralizebulia.<br />
isini aRiareben, rom interesTa sxvadasxva organizebuli<br />
jgu fe bi mTeli Tavisi energiis, resursebis da yuradRebis koncentrirebas<br />
axdenen erT sakiTxze (an sakiTxTa erT sferoze) da araproporciul gavlenas<br />
axdenen politikis am specifikur sferoze. isini agreTve aRniSnaven, rom<br />
drodadro uqoneli an arapopularuli jgufebi SeiZleba araadekvaturad<br />
iyos warmodgenili. magram arc erT individs an jgufs ar SeuZlia sazogadoebrivi<br />
politikis mTel speqtrze moaxdinos totaluri gavlena. politikuri<br />
sistema zedmetad mravalferovani, Tavisuflad moZravi da instituciurad<br />
danawevrebulia imisaT vis, rom Zalis aseTi akumulireba dauSvas. erTi cnobili<br />
pluralistis azriT:
364 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi cvlilebis damabrkolebeli<br />
mniSvne lovani garemoebaa ara Zalauflebis koncentracia, aramed misi<br />
gab neva... Zalaufleba sakmarisad koncentrirebuli rom yofiliyo, cvlile<br />
bis msurvels mxolod am Zalauflebis mqonesTan mouwevda molaparakeba<br />
da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze zewolasac moaxdenda. magram Zalaufleba<br />
imdenad gabneulia, rom bevr instanciaSi aravin aris, visTanac<br />
SeiZle ba molaparakeba an viszec ganxorcieldeboda zewola. 26<br />
ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom milionobiT amerikelisTvis arsebobs saxelmwifo<br />
dawesebulebaTa mxolod mcire raodenoba, niSnavs imas, rom pirdapiri<br />
po litikuri monawileoba SezRudulia. magram vinaidan Zalaufleba<br />
ase gabneulia da politikuri zewolis ganxorcielebis mravali saSualeba<br />
arsebobs, pluralistebis mtkicebiT, sazogadoebrivi interesi _ romelic<br />
ganimarteba, rogorc kerZo interesebis erToblioba _ sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT<br />
ukeTesad muSaobs konstituciuri demokratiis pirobebSi.<br />
pluralistebi ar uaryofen, rom maT, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT<br />
mTavrobasa da biznesSi, msgavsi warsuli da Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: eWvgareSea,<br />
rom Ivy League (amerikis CrdiloaRmosavleTSi mdebare 8 privilegiuri<br />
universitetis gaerTianeba) ganaTlebamiRebulTa umetesoba mdidari WASP<br />
(TeTri anglosaqsuri protestanti) ojaxis mamakacebi arian. magram pluralistTa<br />
azriT, mxolod is faqti, rom simdidre, statusi da ganaTleba<br />
axlo kavSirSia politikur monawileobasTan, ar amtkicebs sistemis Caketilobas<br />
da sazogadoebrivi politikis winaswar gansazRvrulobas; arc imas,<br />
rom demokratiuli moqalaqe oba simulaciaa. Znelia elitisturi Teoriebis<br />
uaryofa. Tumca, sazogadoeb rivi <strong>politika</strong> drodadro sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
gavlenis qveS namdvilad iyo. magali Tad, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg far<br />
Tod gavrcelebuli da mudmivad mzardi sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba efeqtiani<br />
saSualeba iyo amerikis konfliqtidan gamosayvanad. SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba xSirad dana wevrebu li iyos, magram es ar niSnavs,<br />
rom igi ar arsebobs an ararelevanturia.<br />
politikuri monawileoba<br />
avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi<br />
demokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT, <strong>politika</strong>Si mniSvnelovani monawileoba<br />
avtoritarul qveynebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi<br />
moqalaqeebi TiTqmis arasodes monawileoben TavianTi qveynis mmarTveloba<br />
Si. SedarebisTvis, totalitarul qveynebSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba xSirad<br />
waxa lisebuli an savaldebuloa. masobrivi mitingebi da politikur an partiul<br />
Sexvedrebze xSiri daswreba monawileobis imitaciaa da damkvirveblebi<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis yvelaze aqtiur safexurs masobrivi<br />
mobilizaciis reJimad moixsenieben. aseT saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi Car<br />
Tuli arian <strong>politika</strong>Si, magram mxolod maTze ideologiuri zemoqmedebisa<br />
da kontrolis, da ara maTi Sexedulebis gagebis mizniT.<br />
avtoritarul xelisuflebas ara aqvs kerZo gamokiTxvebis Catarebis mizezi,<br />
agreTve gamokiTxvebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba (Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris
politikuri monawileoba<br />
365<br />
arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi mTavrobam daafinansa sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebi).<br />
zogierT avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi daSvebulia da<br />
zogjer moqalaqeebs moeTxovebaT kidec arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca<br />
Sedegebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gayalbebuli da amis gamo azrs moklebulia.<br />
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani monawileobis<br />
formebis umetesoba. amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis waxalisebas (da<br />
demokratiis mxardaWeras) xelisufleba ZiriTadad afasebs, rogorc kanondarRvevas<br />
da mkacrad sjis. zogjer mniSvnelovani monawileoba SeiZleba<br />
aixsnas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul protestad da boikotis formac ki<br />
miiRos. erTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis Sekaveba<br />
maSin, rodesac monawileoba savaldebuloa, magram azrs moklebulia.<br />
moqalaqeTa mier monawileobis protestis ukiduresi formaa emigraciaSi<br />
wasvla da sakuTari qveynidan gaqceva. amgvari reJimebis udides ironiad<br />
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom misi moqalaqeebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani protesti<br />
_ qveynis datovebaa.<br />
politikuri partiebi<br />
mraval Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erTi individualuri xma Zalian sus <br />
tia imisTvis, rom is sazogadoebam gaigos. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeTa xmebs<br />
sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios, maTi raodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos.<br />
amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis yvelaze efeqtiani forma individualuri<br />
interesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaerTianebaa. politikuri partiebi da<br />
interes Ta jgufebi aris ori struqturuli tipi, romelic gamodgeba gaer<br />
Tianebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi aseTi struqturebis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba an efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, ra<br />
zomiT icavs xelisufleba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs da ramdenad<br />
mgrZnobiarea xal xis moTxovnebis mimarT.<br />
farTo speqtris politikuri partiebi sxvadasxva gansakuTrebul interess<br />
erTi qolgis qveS aerTianeben. ukanasknel wlebSi interesTa jgufebis<br />
gav lena SeerTebul StatebSica da evropaSic gaizarda; amave dros politikuri<br />
partiebis roli Semcirda. axla ganvixilavT amgvari ganviTarebis<br />
mizezebsa da mis Sedegebs demokratiebisaTvis.<br />
politikuri partiis mizania arCeviT Tanamdebobaze kandidatebis Ser<br />
Ceva, dasaxeleba da mxardaWera. politikuri partiebi yvela liberaluri<br />
demokratiis, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis ucvleli nawili gaxda. gasakviria,<br />
rom politikuri partiebi ar Sedioda damfuZnebel mamaTa Tavdapirvel<br />
gegmaSi. orpartiuli sistemis gaCena aSSis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
movlena gaxda.<br />
istoriuli winamZRvrebi<br />
aSSiskonstituciaSi politikuri partiebi ar aris naxsenebi; damfuZnebeli<br />
mamebis umetesoba partiebs ver itanda. jorj vaSingtonma Seqmna kabineti,
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