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San Giuseppe Hospital in Milan - Journal of Medicine and the Person

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Highlights on great hospitals 75<br />

<strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> <strong>Hospital</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Milan</strong><br />

L’Ospedale <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> di <strong>Milan</strong>o<br />

Michele Augusto Riva * , Fra Valent<strong>in</strong>o Bellagente **<br />

*<br />

Research Centre on Chronic Degenerative Disease, University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Milan</strong>o Bicocca<br />

**<br />

Cappellania Ospedaliera, <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> <strong>Hospital</strong> - <strong>Milan</strong><br />

Pomegranate symbol <strong>of</strong> Bro<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>Hospital</strong>lers <strong>of</strong> St. John <strong>of</strong> God<br />

Melograno, simbolo dell’Ord<strong>in</strong>e Ospedaliero di <strong>San</strong> Giovanni di Dio<br />

<strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> (Sa<strong>in</strong>t Joseph) <strong>Hospital</strong> is located <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> heart <strong>of</strong> <strong>Milan</strong>, near <strong>the</strong> Romanesque basilica<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>San</strong>t’Ambrogio. It was founded <strong>and</strong> run by <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Hospital</strong>ler Bro<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> St. John <strong>of</strong> God, a Catholic order<br />

also commonly known as <strong>the</strong> Fatebenefratelli.<br />

This hospital was <strong>in</strong>augurated <strong>in</strong> 1874, with <strong>the</strong> bless<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />

Pope Pius IX, as a little private nurs<strong>in</strong>g home for chronic<br />

<strong>and</strong> subchronic <strong>in</strong>valids <strong>in</strong> lower socioeconomic classes.<br />

Indeed <strong>in</strong> <strong>Milan</strong>, <strong>in</strong> those times, <strong>the</strong>re was a bigger <strong>and</strong><br />

more important hospital belong<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> order <strong>and</strong><br />

founded, with <strong>the</strong> convent, <strong>in</strong> 1588. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> sixteenth<br />

century, <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> Fatebenefratelli had been very<br />

significant <strong>in</strong> <strong>Milan</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir scientific <strong>and</strong> social merits<br />

were acknowledged by all <strong>the</strong> rulers <strong>and</strong> dom<strong>in</strong>ations followed<br />

one after ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> Lombardy (Spanish, Asburgic/Austrian<br />

<strong>and</strong> Napoleonic dom<strong>in</strong>ances). After unification<br />

<strong>of</strong> Italy on July 7th 1866, <strong>the</strong> government <strong>of</strong> Bett<strong>in</strong>o<br />

Ricasoli issued a law (n. 3036) which reduced <strong>the</strong> activities<br />

<strong>of</strong> monastic orders <strong>in</strong> social <strong>and</strong> health fields. Accord<strong>in</strong>g<br />

to <strong>the</strong> new directives, religious people could rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />

hospitals, but without be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> owners. For this reason,<br />

<strong>the</strong> <strong>Hospital</strong>ler Bro<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> St. John <strong>of</strong> God stayed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

old hospital under secular adm<strong>in</strong>istration until 1885,<br />

when <strong>the</strong>y were compelled to go away <strong>and</strong> move to <strong>the</strong><br />

private newly founded <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> nurs<strong>in</strong>g home.<br />

Afterwards, new advances were made <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> hospital to allow its adjustment to<br />

changed health needs <strong>of</strong> residents <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>dustrial city<br />

like <strong>Milan</strong>. For example, a new pulmonology ward was<br />

opened to admit <strong>and</strong> treat people afflicted with tuber-<br />

<strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> si trova al centro di <strong>Milan</strong>o,<br />

nelle vic<strong>in</strong>anze della basilica romanica di<br />

L’Ospedale<br />

<strong>San</strong>t’Ambrogio. Venne fondato dalla Prov<strong>in</strong>cia<br />

Religiosa Lombardo Veneta dell’Ord<strong>in</strong>e Ospedaliero di<br />

<strong>San</strong> Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli nel 1874, con la benedizione<br />

di papa Pio IX. Inizialmente l’ospedale era nato<br />

come piccolo cronicario privato con l’obiettivo pr<strong>in</strong>cipale<br />

di accogliere malati cronici e subcronici appartenenti alle<br />

classi sociali più basse. Infatti a <strong>Milan</strong>o, <strong>in</strong> quei tempi, era<br />

già presente un ospedale più gr<strong>and</strong>e appartenente all’Ord<strong>in</strong>e<br />

e fondato, <strong>in</strong>sieme al convento, nel 1588. F<strong>in</strong> dal XVI<br />

secolo la presenza dei Fatebenefratelli a <strong>Milan</strong>o era stata<br />

importante e i meriti scientifici e sociali dell’Ord<strong>in</strong>e erano<br />

stati riconosciuti da tutti i governi e le dom<strong>in</strong>azioni succedute<br />

<strong>in</strong> Lombardia (dom<strong>in</strong>azione spagnola, austriaca e napoleonica).<br />

Dopo l’Unità di Italia, vennero emanate dal governo<br />

italiano guidato da Bett<strong>in</strong>o Ricasoli nuove leggi di restrizione<br />

delle attività degli ord<strong>in</strong>i religiosi (Legge n. 3036<br />

del 7 luglio 1866). Secondo le nuove normative, i religiosi<br />

potevano cont<strong>in</strong>uare a rimanere negli ospedali solo come<br />

dipendenti, senza mantenerne la proprietà. I Fatebenefratelli<br />

restarono nel vecchio ospedale sotto un’amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione<br />

laica f<strong>in</strong>o al 1885, ma poi furono costretti ad abb<strong>and</strong>onarlo<br />

e spostarsi nel cronicario privato di <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong>.<br />

Negli anni successivi, vennero <strong>in</strong>trodotte numerose <strong>in</strong>novazioni<br />

alla struttura del <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> per permettere<br />

l’adeguamento alle esigenze sanitarie della popolazione<br />

milanese. Venne aperta una sezione dedicata all’accoglienza<br />

e alla cura dei malati di tubercolosi, una patologia<br />

a quei tempi molto diffusa tra gli abitanti di una città<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustriale come <strong>Milan</strong>o. Allo scopo di trasformare<br />

quella che era una semplice struttura di accoglienza per<br />

malati cronici <strong>in</strong> una cl<strong>in</strong>ica più complessa, nel 1903<br />

venne creato un nuovo e più attrezzato reparto di chirurgia.<br />

Queste ultime <strong>in</strong>novazioni permisero all’Ospedale<br />

<strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> di svolgere la funzione di ospedale<br />

militare per l’accoglienza e il ricovero di cent<strong>in</strong>aia di feriti<br />

nel corso della Prima Guerra Mondiale.<br />

Nel 1923 vennero aperti una farmacia pubblica ed un reparto<br />

di maternità. Infatti, i Fatebenefratelli erano ben<br />

conosciuti come esperti nella produzione di preparati far-<br />

© Punto Effe, 2008


76<br />

JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & THE PERSON. JULY 2008, VOL. 6 NUMBER 2<br />

Orig<strong>in</strong>al Front <strong>of</strong> <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> <strong>Hospital</strong><br />

Facciata orig<strong>in</strong>ale dell’ospedale <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong><br />

culosis, a common disease <strong>in</strong> lower socioeconomic classes<br />

dur<strong>in</strong>g n<strong>in</strong>eteenth <strong>and</strong> early twentieth centuries.<br />

In 1903, a new surgical division was developed <strong>in</strong> order<br />

to convert a simple poor people’s home <strong>in</strong> a complex <strong>and</strong><br />

modern hospital for <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong> all k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> diseases.<br />

This last advance allowed <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> <strong>Hospital</strong> to be<br />

used as military <strong>in</strong>firmary <strong>and</strong> admit hundreds <strong>of</strong> wounded<br />

dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Great War. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conflict, a maternity<br />

ward was opened, along with a public pharmacy<br />

(1923). Indeed, Fatebenefratelli were well known as<br />

skilled producers <strong>of</strong> pharmaceutical compounds, ma<strong>in</strong>ly<br />

herbalist preparations. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> new maternity<br />

division responded to <strong>the</strong> need <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> demographical<br />

development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city, as a ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustrial center,<br />

dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Fascist regimen between <strong>the</strong> wars.<br />

In a room <strong>of</strong> <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong>, Riccardo Pampuri (1897-<br />

1930), a young physician who belonged to <strong>the</strong> Fatebenefratelli<br />

order, died from pleuritis, overwhelmed with attention<br />

by all his bro<strong>the</strong>rs. Pampuri was canonized by<br />

Pope John Paul II for his sa<strong>in</strong>tl<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> 1989. Today, <strong>the</strong><br />

room where he died is still preserved <strong>and</strong> can be visited.<br />

Health services <strong>and</strong> patient admissions cont<strong>in</strong>ued until<br />

August 15, 1942, when <strong>the</strong> hospital was entirely razed to<br />

ground by an Allied bomb<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g Second World<br />

War. Ten years later, it was totally rebuilt <strong>and</strong> opened<br />

aga<strong>in</strong>: bedspace was <strong>in</strong>creased from 205, before <strong>the</strong> war,<br />

to 300 <strong>in</strong> 1952, allow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> to become <strong>the</strong><br />

biggest <strong>and</strong> most modern private, non-pr<strong>of</strong>it cl<strong>in</strong>ic <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

city. Fur<strong>the</strong>r enlargements <strong>and</strong> improvement were <strong>in</strong>troduced<br />

<strong>in</strong> 1967, when its front w<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>San</strong> Vittore Street<br />

was modernized <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> central body <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g<br />

was erected, <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g its capacity to 400 beds.<br />

In 1974, <strong>the</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ic was <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> public health system,<br />

keep<strong>in</strong>g adm<strong>in</strong>istrative <strong>and</strong> legal autonomy <strong>and</strong> becom<strong>in</strong>g<br />

“Ospedale Generale di Zona” (Local General<br />

<strong>Hospital</strong>), which <strong>in</strong>dicated a hospital <strong>of</strong> importance <strong>in</strong> that<br />

maceutici, <strong>in</strong> modo particolare rimedi di tipo erboristico.<br />

Dall’altra parte, il nuovo reparto di maternità rispondeva<br />

al bisogno demografico, durante il regime fascista, di <strong>Milan</strong>o,<br />

la pr<strong>in</strong>cipale città <strong>in</strong>dustriale italiana.<br />

Pochi anni dopo, <strong>in</strong> una stanza del san <strong>Giuseppe</strong>, Riccardo<br />

Pampuri (1897-1930), giovane medico dell’ord<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

morì di pleurite, amorevolmente assistito dai suoi<br />

confratelli. Pampuri è una figura importante nella storia<br />

dell’ord<strong>in</strong>e dei Fatebenefratelli e, per la santità e straord<strong>in</strong>arietà<br />

della sua vita, venne canonizzato, da papa Giovanni<br />

Paolo II nel 1989. Oggi la stanza dove morì <strong>San</strong><br />

Riccardo è ancora conservata e visitabile.<br />

Le attività di assistenza sanitaria e di ricovero cont<strong>in</strong>uarono<br />

f<strong>in</strong>o al 15 agosto del 1942, qu<strong>and</strong>o l’ospedale venne completamente<br />

distrutto da un bombardamento aereo degli<br />

Alleati durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Occorsero<br />

dieci anni per la sua totale ricostruzione e la sua riapertura,<br />

con un <strong>in</strong>cremento di posti letto dai 205, prima della guerra,<br />

ai 300 nel 1952, permettendo al <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> di diventare<br />

il più gr<strong>and</strong>e e moderno ospedale privato cittad<strong>in</strong>o.<br />

Ulteriori ampliamenti e miglioramenti furono apportati nel<br />

1967, anno <strong>in</strong> cui fu completamente rimodernata la facciata<br />

su via <strong>San</strong> Vittore e ricostruito il corpo centrale dell’edificio,<br />

raggiungendo, <strong>in</strong> questo modo, 400 posti letto.<br />

Nel settembre 1974 la cl<strong>in</strong>ica <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> venne <strong>in</strong>se-<br />

<strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> <strong>Hospital</strong> nowadays<br />

L’ospedale <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> oggi


Highlights on great hospitals 77<br />

area. After <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Health System <strong>in</strong><br />

Italy (law 833/1978), <strong>the</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ic was acknowledged <strong>in</strong> all respects<br />

as General <strong>Hospital</strong> also by public authorities.<br />

In 1990, <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> became a teach<strong>in</strong>g hospital l<strong>in</strong>ked to<br />

<strong>the</strong> Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medic<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Milan</strong>, provid<strong>in</strong>g<br />

cl<strong>in</strong>ical tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to medical students <strong>and</strong> residents. In<br />

particular, at present <strong>the</strong>re are five university wards <strong>in</strong> which<br />

cl<strong>in</strong>ical research occurs: general medic<strong>in</strong>e, endocr<strong>in</strong>ology,<br />

urology, general surgery <strong>and</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical laboratory.<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ce August 2006, <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> has no longer been<br />

managed directly by Fatebenefratelli monks, but by a<br />

private company named <strong>Milan</strong>ocuore S.p.A.. However,<br />

<strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al spirit <strong>of</strong> reception <strong>and</strong> service to ill <strong>and</strong><br />

needy people is still kept, as <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong> scope <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> activity<br />

<strong>of</strong> all its health operators <strong>and</strong> employees.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Comuzzi A. Fatebenefratelli: quattro secoli di storia a <strong>Milan</strong>o. Liscate-<strong>Milan</strong>o,<br />

Cens, 1988<br />

AA. VV. Atti del Convegno “Fatebenefratelli, 400 anni a <strong>Milan</strong>o”. Liscate-<strong>Milan</strong>o,<br />

Cens, 1988.<br />

Battelli G. <strong>San</strong>ta Sede e Vescovi nello Stato Unitario, <strong>in</strong>: Chittol<strong>in</strong>i G e<br />

Niccoli G (a cura di). Storia d’Italia, Annali IX. Tor<strong>in</strong>o, E<strong>in</strong>audi, 1986<br />

Belloni L. La Medic<strong>in</strong>a a <strong>Milan</strong>o dal Settecento al 1915, <strong>in</strong>: Storia di <strong>Milan</strong>o,<br />

XVI. <strong>Milan</strong>o, Treccani degli Alfieri, 1962<br />

rita a pieno titolo nella rete ospedaliera pubblica, pur<br />

mantenendo l’autonomia giuridica e amm<strong>in</strong>istrativa, e<br />

assunse la classificazione di “Ospedale Generale di Zona”,<br />

ovvero di ospedale di livello nazionale, <strong>in</strong> base alla<br />

classificazione delle strutture ospedaliere dell’Ord<strong>in</strong>e<br />

dei Fatebenefratelli. Dopo l’istituzione del Sistema <strong>San</strong>itario<br />

Nazionale italiano (legge 833 del dicembre 1978)<br />

la cl<strong>in</strong>ica venne riconosciuta a tutti gli effetti come<br />

Ospedale Generale anche dall’autorità nazionale.<br />

Nel 1990 il <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> stipulò una convenzione con la<br />

Facoltà di Medic<strong>in</strong>a e Chirurgia dell’Università’ degli Studi<br />

di <strong>Milan</strong>o divenendo sede di formazione e tiroc<strong>in</strong>io per<br />

gli studenti di medic<strong>in</strong>a e per i medici specializz<strong>and</strong>i. Nello<br />

specifico, attualmente l’ospedale è sede delle seguenti<br />

Cattedre Universitarie: medic<strong>in</strong>a generale, endocr<strong>in</strong>ologia,<br />

chirurgia generale, urologia e medic<strong>in</strong>a di laboratorio.<br />

Dall’agosto 2006, il <strong>San</strong> <strong>Giuseppe</strong> non è gestito più direttamente<br />

dai Fatebenefratelli, ma da una società privata<br />

denom<strong>in</strong>ata <strong>Milan</strong>ocuore S.p.A. Ciononostante l’orig<strong>in</strong>ario<br />

spirito di accoglienza e dedizione ai malati e ai bisognosi<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ua ad essere conservato tra tutti gli operatori<br />

sanitari e i dipendenti.<br />

A cura di Luca Belli, luca.belli@fastwebnet.it<br />

© Punto Effe, 2008

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